International center for Pashto studies - Afghanistan Digital ...

The academy of sciences of AfghanistanInternational center for Pashto studies

PASTOQuarterly

Printed in ( SCO languages in C`abul_ Afghanistan

Serial No:57 -58 round2 - volume6 -7 spring -summer 2008

ESTABL,ISHMENT:1978Kabul - Afghanistan

rr)I Ù.4m.-)1 1 r.J.

Editorial Board:1-Assistant senior Researcher Adu[bari 1Rashed2- senior Researcher Wasruttah Sobman3- Senior Researcher Nimatuffah Antier4- Assistant Senior Researcher Nasruttah Zurmati5- Researcher Tlawtajan Taniwat6- Researcher Nooruthaq Azizi7- .Mrs Tamara 14ayawandi

Editor -in chief: Assistant Senior Researcher Shir gut Awista

Co- Editor : habibutrahman rahimi

Composed & Designed by :Abdul ZahirShakeeb

Annual subseriptionKabul: 120AfsProvinces: 150AfsForeign counties: 20us$Price of Each issue in Kabul: 30Afs

The address :The Academy of sciences of Afghanistan , International center for

Pashto studies ,Sherpur Wat - KabulTel: 0799626866- 0799378101

/Li jmiiidi

1- beJ HOCTb TaNapa MaúßauijIu 1

2- The Pushtuns S. R. N. S. Mangal 14

3- The Strategy ... Mirwais... Ghulam.N.M 28

4- National leader... A.S.R. J.K. I-lekmaty 56

5- Resolvable Development... Pr.Dr.G.N.Tarin 77

6- Pashto Slang Pro.Neamatullah Ander 88

7- A brief Background... Assist. Pro. M. Mir Rad 97

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14 The Pashtuns

By Senior ResearcherN. Sobman Mangal

The Pushtuns

Historical studies reveals that the pashtuns are oneof the branch of Eastern Aryans Race, who occupieda huge part of the Asian Continent. A large numberof the Pushtuns are dispersed all over Afghanistanand lower Pashtun -khwa (or North -Westernfrontier of the present Pakistan). Around onemillion of the Pashtuns live in India (where most ofthem speak Indian languages). Nearly (50000)Pashtuns are inhabited in Iran Islamic Republic anda small number in Sinkiang(China), Kashmir andAustralia, where they were brought with theircamels by Englishmen in 19 century A.D. ProfessorHamidullah Amin (Now, a consultant of HigherEducation Ministry) is Written a book relevantAustralian Afghans, Who's' descendants speakEnglish, but they are proud to be Afghans. Based onrecent census, there are more than fifty millionPashtuns living inside Afghanistan and beyondDurand border line (Lower Pashtun Khwa). HencePashtuns are an old and grand group of Aryan race,whose ancestors were relatives of ancient Saka. Atpresent 62 0/0 of the Afghan population is related tothe Pashtun ethnic.

Historically, the Pashtuns have completed thenationality stage and entered the nation status as an

15 X pjÿLLy* The Pashtuns

English Writer; Mr. Elphinston is called thePashtuns as a nation. There are around (200) tribes,who are scattered all -over Afghanistan and beyondDurand borderline. All these tribes have closeethnical and language affinity with a great Aryanethnic, Sakas, whose ethnical relation withPashtuns' is a complicated issue, which study isgoing on since a long time. It is required to quotesome views of the orientalists and Afghan linguistsrelevant this matter. Sakas and Pashtuns:Orientalists and Afghan scholars have largelystudied the Sakas history and language and thereare enough documents and works relevant thissubject. Sayed Bahadursha Zafar Kaka Khel writesthat: the Sakas and Partiyans were ancientinhabitants, who resided Aryana and formed abranch of Sythians. The Afghan archeologist andhistorian, the deceased Ahmad Ali Kohzad regardsthe Sakas as an Indo- European sythians. However,there are documents and new sources which revealsthe fact that the Sakas and Sythians are two namesof one branch of Aryans, who are recorded indifferent names in different docaments. Ahmad AliKohzad has analyzed the words (Azdihak) ofAvestan language and (Dahak)(probably of the samelanguage) and according to his views, these werenames of Sami rulers, But recent researches andresources shows that the Azdihak and DahakArabicized form is Zhak(L ), which is coincide

16 The Pashtuns

with Sakas, who were wandering desert people inthe old times and struggled against the followers ofAvesta religion, so that they considered them as theenemy of the religion or called Satan (Ahriman) orAhraman or Turan or Dragon. It is clear that mostof the followers of Avestan religion were also Sakas,who were relatives of the desert Sakas.

The above mentioned Bacterian tribes arerecorded in different sources with different names.In the Old Persian manuscripts it is written Saka(S1), in the old Greek it is recorded as Skeef andSak or Sa in the Indian (Hindi) language. Someother sources called them Sythians.

The deceased professor, Dost mohamadShinwari has studied the Sakas ethnography andlanguage and shed lights on their history and lightedup some dark corners of their social life. Accordingto his views, the Sakas great ethnic group migratedfrom its original land (Afghanistan) towards thenorth around 1000 B.0 and spread out to Black seaand Chinese Turkishan. But a number of thempreferred to settle in their native land. Differenttribes of Sakas occupied a very large territorybetween 1000 B.0 and 1000A.D. On the base ofgeography, Sakas are divided into the followinggroups:

1 - The Homa Werga Sakas: This group of theSakas resided Pamir and it's surrounding areas

17 The Pashuns

before christian era and Herodotes called themAmorgy, who dispersed up to Murghab.2 - The Trans - Soghdian Sakas.3 - The Trans - Ural Sakas.4 - The Sakas with Long pointed caps who werewandering nomads in the north of the Syr Darya(Saihoon River).

There are different Sakas tribes, such as DeirBeacan, Apaseek, Khwarasmi or Khwarazmi, Atee,Kaka Rwaky, who are called Amorty, Takhary, whoare also called Dahy, Asee, Osoty, Atasy, Ogasy andGaly. These tribes were resided Amu Dary (AmuRiver), Khwarasm, Tukhar and Syr Darya.

Ancient Greek historians - Strabon and llekatistates that the Sakas Union or great Sakas league(Massa Sagit) is called the Unuon Of dwellers ofmountains, deserts and rivers' islands.

A branch of sakas is also named Pasian, Whoaccording to some views, are the present dayPashtuns.

Professor 1)r. Mujaware Ziar has conducted anew research titled ((Pashto and Pashtana on thebase of linguistics)) which contains informationrelevant Sakas history and language. Studying theworks of Afghan scholars and orienttalists such asDost Mohammad Shinwari, I)r, Habibullah Tagay,Kuhzad, G.M. Ghubar, M.Anwar Nomiallay,Morgenstern, Dorn, Roverty, Bop, Troomp, Muller,Bellue and I)ar Mestetater, Mr. professor Ziar reach

18 The Pashtuns

new conclusions and new achievement in his book.Professor Ziar substantiated that Pashtuns are notBalkhian emigrants, they have lingual and ethnicalrelation to a very great Aryan ethnic -Sakas, Whoselife history is recorded in Asia and Europecontinents. They were those Sakas, who are calledSkayi, or Massa Git, Sak, sythians, Skoot Sas, etc.Chinese emperor built the great Chinese wallmorder to check Sakas invasion toward China.Sakaw invasions threatened Egyptian empire. In themean time Sakas invasion spread to Turkey andtoward Danube (in Europe). Greeks called themSkut, because they carried a cup with themselves.According to Herodotes, European Sakas calledthemselves Skelt. Mr. Professor Ziar argues that theSakas migration to Europe will possibly be the lastmovements of Indo European towards Europe.

Sakas land was included in Dariush the Greatempire as a fifteenth province. His ancestor,emperorKurush the Great (Cirus the Great) had invaded theSakas territory and according to some views, thedeath of this famous Hakhamanishid's emperor isattributed to Sakas. Alexnder the Great also invadedSakas territories, but defeated.

19 I he Pashtuns

Sakas' language as an old Aryan language:

Professor Ur. Ziar argue that the old Aryan.Languages first period begins in 3000 B.0 andcontinue up to 520 B.C, during which time therewere five ancient languages:.1- Avesta., 2- the Old Persian (liaKhamanishid's language. 3- Medic Langue. 4- theParthians language. 5- the Sakas language. Ile statesthat the Bakhterian language and the Khatan Sakaslanguage as well Sughdi Khwarazmi and Alanilanguage were originated from the Sakas language.According to his opinion these languages are thedaughters of the Sakas language as well as Pashto,Pamiri, Yesghnobi (Yedgha), Ositi and Ormari asit's grand daughters. Aresta was the Zarosterians'religious book language, which contains two phases:the first phase is related to the ancient part of thislanguage, which is called the Gata Avesta. The saidpart of the language belongs the time when Zarosterused it for writing his religious hymns book, whichcontains (17) hymns or Gatas, Yasna lieptani andsome Wrashi (prayers).The second phase belongs to the youngest part ofAvesta, which contains different subjects andreligious texts of different times.The Old Persian, Medi and Parti languages arerelated to the Iranian branch or western Aryan

20 I he l'ashluns

languages. The Old Persian was the formal languageof the Hakhamanishids empire This language iswritten in Eilami ( Arami) letters, which is a branchof Cuniform writing. There are many texts andwritings relevant Sakas history in the ancient time,but we have nothing in hand about their language.Afterward, when their descendants, the Kushanidand Yeftalids took power, this language used astheir formal language and some writings andmanuscripts or coins are now available of the saidlanguage, especially Khutan Sakas language, whichemerged around 250 13.0 in the Central Asia andnorthern Afghanistan. Although it is said that Sakaswere active warriors, but besides their militaryactivity, they were Knowlegeable people and had itsown literature and culture. Tela Tapa (a historicalsite in Samangan province) is a good sample of theircultural progress. It is argued that Tela Tapa (goldhill) Contain an ancient treasury of gold relics,which belonged to Queen Zarina, an empress ofSakas. Some literary works of Sakas languageremained in Oseti language, which related to Sakas'language -(Oseti is a province of the Republic of theRussia). Professor Ur. Ziar argues that the SakaWord is resemble to the Present Pashto WordSakedel- (wandering or emigrating), so that the SakaWord is somehow preserved in the Pashto language.Ur. Ziar writes: ((there are some other words likeKaspian and Caucasus, which indicate proximity to

21 ..51,44X The Pashtuns

the Saka name. the people of Caucasus region arevery handsome and according to the legend it is ahomeland of fairies. Sakas were also handsomepeople and resided in mountainous region ofCaucasus. The present Osetians are considered to bethe descendant's of the Sakas. Tha Sakawand villageof Logar Province and the Badakhsan district ofIskasim (lshkashim) are the residential areas ofSakas.A glance at the history of the Sakas:Professor Dr. Ziar has pointed out that at the timewhen the Ilakhamanishids' state established inPersia, there were two large ethno -lingual groups inAryana, The Sakas and the Avesta followers, whospoke Avesta language. According to Mr. Ziar, thefollowers of the Avesta religion or the commonpeople who spoke Avesta language disappeared ormixed with other lingual groups. So that the saidwriter views that the Sakas existence at those timesis clear, although they fought to the north, east andwest of the Aryana country, however, they had firmethno- lingual ties with their homeland- Aryana.Unlike the Ilakhamanishids, the Sakas had littletime for worshipping the religion. As mentioned, theSakas migrated to different parts of Central Asia,even to Europe. A branch of them remained in itsown homeland, Aryna, so that these Native Sakaswere also follower of Zaroster religion andsometimes there were guerrels between Sakas of

The PllShlUlls

Aryana and "Trans Amu River Sakas. On the otherhand the Ilakhamanishids, and the Sasanids State ofPersia confirmed and embraced Zaroster religion asa formal religion of the empire.Sakas fought against Ilakhamanishids, Partians asdAlexander the Great. Following the death ofAlexander the Great. a Greeco- Bakhterian stateemerged in Aryana. During this time Sakas invadedagain the Ereeco- Bakhterian and Partiansterriotories. They forced Partians to leave Bakhterregion and replaced their authority over the area.Afterward they also conquered Drangiana, whichwas named Sakistan or the land of Sakas(256 -130B.C). They moved downward and gradually broughtthe territory between Sakistan and northern India,under their control. Professor 'Liar argues thatSakas are the Founder of an Afghan state between(600 -400 B.C), The Kushanids and Euptalids arealso their offspring, who ruled since the first centuryA.D up to the sixth century A.D. According to Mr.Ziar's statements, Sakas conquered Sakistanfollowing they forced Greeco-Bakhterian rulingdynasty to leave northern Ilindukush and movesouthward to the area, which is called the southernskirt of the Hinkukush. They then capturedArghandab region up to Abasin River. GandaharaProvince of Aryana was ruled by Sakas kings-

Muga(72 B.C), Izis (5813.C) and his son Izilis (45 -40WC). The Greek historians called the land between

"); *;...9144* The f'ashtuns

Arghandab and Indus as Ino- Sythia or the countryof Indus Sakas which is called Kepin by Chineseauthorities.Following the Sakas pule, another dynasty -Pahlawayans ruled the above mention territory.Pahlawayans were a mixed ruling group of Sakasand Parthians individuals, who ruled Arghandaband Helmand Valleys and then conquered the KabulGreeco -Bakhterian dynasty and spread their rule toIndia. The founder of Pahlawa dynasty is calledVenunes (120 13.C). Pagora is the last king of thesaid dynasty (75 -70 13.C), who followed by kushanidbranch of Sakas.The founder of Kushanids dynasty is Kajulukadphises, who conquered southern Afghanistanand Gandhara region from his rivals, the Greeco-Bakhterian and Pahlawa kings (78A.Ú). Ilis sonVerna Kadphises ruled Afghanistan and a part ofIndia up to 110 A.D. After a short halt, a powerfulKushanids emperor Kanishka took power of a vastempire (120 A.Ú). this disccndants continued theirrule upto 22o A.1), when Sasanids state was formedin Persia and the Great Kushanids' rule came to anend. Sasanids emperors extend their rule to theKushanids territories and gradually seized it,During the Sasanids period, there were small. Statesin Aryana under the title of Kaidari feudality, whopaid tribute to Sasanids, But soon After theyoverthrowed Sasanids authority and ruled

24 rr 7'he I'ashtuns

independently in central Aryana and ruledindependently in central Aryana and Bakhteria andthey called their king Kaidara (22o -425 A.D) . Theykept their independence against their rivals -Sasanids and their close ethnical relatives Euptalidsduring the third century A.D. Kaidaras are alsocalled the smaller Kushanids. The Kabul smallerKushanids king, contrary to its close relative -Kaidara king of Bakhler, set up friendly relationswith Sasanids, Indian Guptas rulers and Euptalids,who surrounded his country from the south, northand west. Whenever, the I3akhter Kaidara kingdomcollapsed, the king, himself fled to the Kaidara ofKabul, where he united with him and both set upclose relationship with the Indian Gupta king.Euptalids occupied the territory of Bakhterfollowing the fled of it's ruler, and then they movedto the south. A Sasanids' king Ilermez the second,married the daughter of the Kabul Kushanids kingand therefore the Kabul Kushanids continued theirrule up to the fifth century A.D. Whenever the newforces of Euptalids rushed towards the KabulKushanids kingdom, the king and his family leftKabul and fled to Chetral and Gilgate. But followingthe Euplalids defeat, they again re- establcshed theirpower in Afghanistan and India. Euptalids ruledAfghanistan and India for nearly a century (425-528). They succeeded to terminate feudality systemin Afghanistan where the Kaidara kings divided the

25 I he l'ashtuns

county in different principalities. The first ruler ofEuptalids, named ltalito or Ephtalinus, whoconquered Cataghan and Badakhshan(Takharistan), Balkh and Soghdiana in 425 A.U.Originally Euptalids were Sakas and had closeethnical ties with Kushanids. King ltalito ruled for35 years (425 -460 A.U). Another Euptalids king wasAkhshenawar, who took power in 460 A.l) andconquered the lands beyond Herat from Sasanidsking Feroz Shah. Ile seized Feroz Shah and his sonKubad, but soon afterward he released them on thepromise, not to invade Aryana country. But Ferozforgot his promise and attacked the Aryanaterritories, but defeated and killed and the Persiankingdom had to pay tribute to Euptalids, whooccupied Helmand and the rest western areas. TheKabul Kushanids and other eastern groups setuptheir relation with the Euptalids Authority.According to Ghulam Mohammad Ghubar a branchof Euptalids was called Zawli. The present southeastern province of Zabul nomination is alsoattributed to the said name. Ghubar states: "Ferozsuccessor, Blash ousted his brother Kubad, who fledto the court of Akhshnawar. The king married hisdaughter to Kubad and helped him to take power ofthe Persian kingdom. The Sasanids Kings like Wash,Kubab and Khusraw the first coins are written byBakhterian or Euptalids letters. Akhshnawar unitedAfghanistan. Ile died at the end of the sixth century

26 *:914:1* The Pashtuns

A.D. The third king of Euplalids was namedTuramana, who was one of the famous figures andgrand lord of Akhshnawar court. Ile followed hisboss path and started conquests in the Indian lands,and overthrowed the Gopta king, Skanda.Turamana son, Mehrkula followed his fatherconquests inside India and extended Euptalidsempire in India, but Skanda Gopta regained hispower and attacked Mehrkula and ousted him fromIndia in 528 A.D. following this defeat Euptalidspower was weakened inside Afghanistan andresulted in the emergence of the feudality and thedivision of the power among different rivals of theEuptalids kingdom. The north and the south ofHindukush again captured bythe smallerKushanids. Badkhshan, Badghis, Gharjestan,Jaghury, Bamyan and Kapisa territories ruled bydifferent feudal governments. The Kapisa princehad a larger territory, where the smaller Kushanidsking took power after a long period, when his forefathers fled to Chetral. In the meantime Kabul alsore- captured by another small Kushanids king.These smaller Kushanids kings fought against Turksinvaders, Sasanids and afterwards against Arabsarmy until the eleventh century A.D. They alsofought Safarids (Sestan rulers) and Ghaznavids, butfinally defeated and retreated to the eastern areas ofAfghanistan. On the decline of the Euplalids EmpireTurkish tribes moved downward in Central Asia

I Ile Pashtuns

and with the help of Sasanids they OccupiedSughdia, Khwarazm and other parts to the north ofAmu I)aria. ln return, Sasanids king oustedEuptalids from Bakhter, so that Euptalids empirecollapsed and the Turks and Sasanids Coalitiondivided the Euptalids possessions in the north andsouth of the Amu Rive (Amu Daria) (566A.Ú).But soon after the unity of the Sasanids and Turksdispersed and disappeared and Turdo Khan Son ofDezabol captured the southern lands of Amu Riveras Takhar and Bakhter from the Sasanids. So thatthe northern Afghanistan divided into 37 Turkishprincipalities or feudal states and the situationcontinued up to 756 A.D. As stated above thenorthern parts of Afghanistan became as colonies ofTurks and the western part of the country governedby Sasanids' kingdom. But central and eastern partsof the Afghanistan still were under the rule ofAfghans. Kapisa and Kabul government expandedits possessions. In the the meantime theprincipalities of Turks in the north of Afghanistangradually struggled against each other and on theother hand they came under the pressure of theChinese Tangas. Sasanids also encountered withinternal chaos and weakened. Therefore theKabulistan Ratbil kings brought all the central andeastern lands under their control, and representedto the extent as the Afghan government.

28 :9144* I he Stratrg...

C.N.Mubtakir-lrran eel -B-tip. vista

The Strategy and Diplomacy ofMirwais IIottaki

1709- 1715

Mirwais is the son of Shah Alam (a tribal Khanfrom the liottaki Gholzaee) and was born in 673.Ilis mother "Nazo" was the daughter of one of theIlottaki khans.Recause of respect, the Afghans calhim "Mirwais Nikka" (grand father), and hismother "Nazo Anna" (grand mother). Mirwais hadthree brothers by the name of:Mir Abdul AzizMir YayaMir Abdu QabirMirwais had two sons by the name of:Mir MahnmoodMir Hussain.

The wife of Mirwais was the daughter of Jaffarkhan from Abdali Sadozai tribe.

Mirwais grew in Kandahar City atmosphere atwhich time livestock herding was more popularamongst the Pashto speaking tribes. Kandahar citywas flourishing in industry, trade, craftsmanship,and culture. The people of the south had a moreprosperous life than those in the eastern mountains.

79 i he Strategy...

Contrary to local tribal feudal traditions, Mirwaispersonally chose business for livelihood and becamepart of the middle city class while securing hisrelations also with the khans (chiefs). Tribes, andthe tribal Nobles.

Mirwais witnessed closely the despotism,tyranny, and the discrimination of the ForeignGovernment on his fellow citizens. Through hisbusiness, he learnt what a great amount of incomefrom the transit goods was being poured in thepockets of the foreigners, and how his countrymenare forced to work as laborers for businessmen andpatrol the trade highways. Ile also noticed that hiscountrymen have to feed 20,000 foreign soldiers fortheir own suppression and must suffer thehaughtiness of Iranian Foreign Governors with theabject, captivity, and lack of equality. Ile knew ifhostilities of the tribes are removed and dispersed,Forces of the Tribes are gathered together, then theforeign domination can be overthrown and thenation will be free from the foreign domineeringchains. Therefore, he laid the foundation for theachievement of this great objective and duty.

For this purpose, besides having generalrenown, it was necessary that a person should alsohave general popularity and be trustworthy. Thetribal khans already knew him and regarded him oftheir range. The city people had witnessed his

30 l'hc StratctIv._.

honorable and wise management and trusted him.The only thing left was freedom of action, which wasnot possible against a Military Government.Therefore, Mirwais approached the enemy in afriendly manner. 13y discussions and giving goodadvices to Gurgen (Iranian Governor in Kandahar)and assisting in collecting taxes from the rebellingtribes, and the general management, he attractedthem to him to the extent that Gurgen didn't takeaction on a new issue without consulting him. Thesecapabilities and efficiency of Mirwais persuadedGurgen to appoint him Mayor of the city, which alsoincluded the duties of chef of police at that time. Inthis capacity, Mirwais gained the trust of the people,and in all matters became the liaison between thepeople and the Government. At the same time, heestablished friendly and sympathetic relations withthe tribal chiefs, especially when he was the son -in-law of the Abdali tribe and not being hated bythemes.

The people had become intolerable with toomuch oppression and were seeking a remedy, andMirwais wrote a letter to Shah Hussain Salavi inwhich he had pleaded for justice against theoppressions by Grgen. This letter was signed byMirwais and some well -known persons in the Cityand was sent to the Court in Isfahan in order thatthe tyranny free hand of Gurgen be stopped and the

>1 S_I¿y_1 1 he StríllC2V...

people be given the Opportunity to carry out theirwork more freely. But, the corrupt court of Isfahanhad no time for such things. Instead, Gurgen wasinformed of this action and discharged Mirwaisfrom his post as mayor and chief of police and senthim under arrest to Iran with all the others who hadsigned the petition charging him with being inenmity with the Government of Iran. After that,Gurgen intensified his harsh treatment and tyranny.The Ghilzaee Tribes became more inflamed againstthe Government with this action of Gurgen. TheAbdali tribes had already become great enemies ofthe Iranian Government when Gurgen haddestructed their organization by looting them anddispersing them into Bakwa and Farah Provincesand distributing their lands to Ghilzaee tribes.

Mirwais, who was under surveillance in Isfahan,was able to quickly get acquitted from theallegations. tie also had closely studied the peopleand the essence of the administration of theGovernment in Isfahan and understood that theCourt had become corrupt. The king was inefficient,and the Staff in the Court were disqualified and self-interested. The experienced and qualifieddistinguished persons and officials had beendismissed and replaced by disqualified, corrupt, andsuperstitious persons. The Administration didn'thave a central organization. The king himself was

*r I he Stratcu ...

busy with reading incantations, benedictions,amulets, fortune telling, arithmomancy, anddiscussions with eunuchs of the hare while thepeople of Iran were suffering from payment ofheavy unaffordable taxes and other charges andbeing also suppressed by the cruel GovernmentOfficials, Khans, and landowners. Mirwais becameconfident that obtaining freedom from such acorrupt System was easy. Rut, the generalagreement and approval of the people ofAfghanistan was the first step and condition beforetaking such an action while the leadership of thepeople was under the control of Local Khans andMullahs (persons versed in theology and sacredlaw). These Khans were partly compatible with theGovernment of Safavi and partly were busycompeting and clashing with each other. TheMullahs were also stupefied and intimidated peopletaking swords against Muslim brethren. Mirwaiswho had won the trust of the Safavid Court and theShah by his diplomacy and reasoning and hadraised suspicion in the Isfahan government towardsthe Administration of Gurgen, requested forpermission to go to IIaj (pilgrimage to Mecca).

On his journey, he held discussions with peoplewho were experienced in politics and finallyapproached the Religious Scholars and requestedthem for a written advice on legal and religious

33 rr I he Stratcp ...

matters to the people of Afghanistan who gave himthe desired Verdict in w riling based onMohammedan Law. Ilis objective was to incite thepeople against the invaders from the religious pointof view and also to satisfy and silence the Mullahs ofKandahar. Therefore, he included the followingarticles to the religious verdict:(1) If a Government deranges a Muslim Nationfrom carrying their religious duty; does this Nationhave the right religiously to free themselves from thedomination of such Government?(2) If the Chiefs of Tribes may have obtained oathof allegiance from the people for a tyrant King; dothe people have the right to religiously cancel andinvalidate such an allegiance?

The Religious Scholars of Ilaj wrote theiraffirmative answer and verdicts to both of these twoquestions. After that, Mirwais returned to Isfahan.

His Diplomacy and policy had turned thesuspicion of the Court, Shah, and Prime Ministertowards Gurgen, and contrary to Gurgen'spreference, Mirwais was reappointed to the post ofMayor and Chief of Police in Kandahar. The Shahalso officially confirmed Mirwais being the Chief OfGhilzaee Tribes in Kandahar because the SafavidCourt was suspicious of the arrival of a RussianAmbassador by the name of "Israel ". ThisArmenian ambassador was a fellow- countryman of

34 l hC StriltCv, ...

Gurgen who also has had business, political, andmilitary activities for years in France, Italy,Germany, Austria, and Russia, and now wasappointed as ambassador of Russia. It was said inIsfahan that this man was thinking of establishingan Armenian monarchy. Therefore, the danger andthe possibility existed that GURGEN WILL also bepersuaded by him to join Russia and together withthe Armenians in Iran take actions and rebellionagainst Iran. Since the court of Iran had determinedthat Mirwais was on their side and the focal pointagainst Gurgen, to keep the balance, theyimmediately sent him to Kandahar.

On his way to Kandahar, wherever Mirwaisfound a tribe, a Chief of tribe, or a Mullah, gotdismounted from his horse and started discussingwith them. lie indicated to them the corruption inthe Court of Iran and the need for obtainingfreedom. The same time, he showed them the verdictof the Religious Scholars. Mirwais advised them onthe need for the unity of all the tribes, Mullahs, andKhans, making them wait for the general action inKandahar. The people of Farah, Seistan, andKandahar, including ethnic groups of Tajik,Hazara, Pashtoon, and Baluch recognized him astheir Leader For freedom. When Mirwais arrived inKandahar, superficially, he assisted Gurgen and onthe other side was in contact with Chiefs of all

he Strategy...

Abdali, Ghilzaee, and other tribes within andoutside the Kandahar City planning for an overallrebel. These continuous and wise activities ofMirwais lasted until 1709 A.D. and finally in a secretJirga (Assembly) in "Manja" (30 miles to northeastof Kandahar), a final resolution was made thatGurgen should be annihilated with all IranianForces and a Free National Government should beestablished, In this Jirga, the duties of the Chiefsand their Tribes were determined to be ready toprotect their freedom against any MilitaryExpedition from Safavi Government of Iran.

The continuous efforts, capability, and initiativeof Mirwais made it necessary that this .lairgahappily accept Mirwais at the Head of this NationalArmy. The prominent particularity or characteristicof this historical Jirga was contrary to the past, allChiefs of Abdali, Tajik, Hazara, Baluch, includingthe influential Mullahs, were united in a singleUnited National Force.

The following were the well -known participantsof the Jirga:(1) Mirwais Khan(2) Yaya Khan, brother of Mirwais(3) Mohammad Khan known as Haji Anko,the son of Mirwais' brother.(4) Yunus Khan Kakar(5) Noor Khan Barij

36

(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)

*:9.1,;,,* The Strategy...

(Gul Khan BaburiAriz Khan NoorzaeeSydal Khan NassiriBabu Jan BabbiBahadur KhanYusuf KhanMullah Pir Mohammad known as MyajiAnd others.The rules of this Jirga were carried out

quietly and secretly. This concealment was soskillfully carried out that until the due date none ofthe Government Officials got the slightest awarenessabout it while the forces were being mobilizedeverywhere. One of the rules of the Jirga was thatsince there are a lot of Iranian and Gaurji soldierswithin the fortified City Castle of Kandahar,something should be done to reduce their number.To achieve this objective, the payment of taxes byBaluch people was entirely denied through theassistance of the Baluch Chiefs. From the other side,Mirwais incited Gurgen to send Military Divisionsto suppress the Baluchs and to collect Taxes inTerrin. Likewise, at the same time Kakaris inArghistan refused paying taxes. Gurgen personallygot out of the City with a Military Division to punishthem, and got busy beating, arresting, imprisoning,and looting them. At such a time, they invited him atthe Village of "Deh Shaikh" in Arghistan where in

37 *,9í4;u* The Strategy...

the middle of the night Mirwais came with avengingtroops who cut them all in pieces. This massacre wasdone in such a way that even a single enemy wasn'tleft alive. Immediately, with his 3,000 Warriors,Mirwais took the horses and weapons of the enemyand galloped towards the city. The Guards of theCity Gates erroneously opened the Gates thinkingGurgen is returning with his Forces. Until themorning, none of the Iranian or Georgian soldierswere left alive.

For the first time, the free NationalGovernment was proclaimed in daytime in 1709A.D. by annihilating the enemy where all thePashtoons, Dari speaking Tajiks, Hazaras, Uzbeks,and Baluch Afghans stood in one row against theForeigner.

The Hottaki Government in Kandahar (1709 -1738)The Government that was founded after the

assassination of Gurgen, was in fact the nucleus forthe establishment of an overall Government for thefuture of Afghanistan. In the beginning this processfaced a lot of difficulties because in the westernProvinces of Afghanistan such as Seistan, Farah,Heart, Merv, Nishapur, Mashad, and others, theSafavid Governors were dominant. Likewise, in theeastern Provinces, Indian domination andcommanding was ruling up to Kabul and Ghazni.

38 *:314.4* I'he Strategy...

And these foreign dominant regions betweenKandahar and the northern autonomous Provincesof Afghanistan were creating a long and widebarrier. Therefore, Mirwais tried to strengthen theinitial step that was to be taken in Kandahar, andconcentrated all his attention to this Province. Hewas correctly feeling and estimating the weight andhardship of the National responsibility and the localsocial circumstances. He was himself encircledbetween the chains of the tribal Feudal Forces andhad defeated the Forces of Foreign invaders with thehelp of these local tribal Feudal Chiefs. He didn'tWant and wasn't able to establish a centralizedFeudal Government even though the Jirga had givenhim the Leadership and the authority, and theMullahs were also in harmony with Mirwais afterreading the Verdict by the Scholars in Mecca andMedina. Since Mirwais knew all of them, he was,therefore, carrying out his plans with precision andcarefulness. instead of taking the title of askinginciting jealous and competition of the Tribal Chiefstoward himself, he introduced himself as the Chiefof tribe having equal rights with all other localChiefs. But, because of respect, the people calledhim "Haji MIR Khan ".

Mirwais was able to keep all the Feudal Chiefsaround the idea of banishing the Foreign Enemyand achieving National independence until the end.

39 [he Strategy...

He, therefore, established a Voluntary Army of5,000 -armed men comprised from all the tribes. Herthen kept the previous financial, Judicial, andExecutive Offices in Kandahar City. Beforeeverything else, he sent forces to suppress theBaluchs in Terrin who were now successfullyreturning. When the enemy troops learnt about theassassination of Gurgen and themselves beingsurrounded, they fought to the last breath of theirlives for survival and finally escaped towardsGirishk. But, were followed and all were killed andonly 16 Georgians were able to escape and reportthe annihilation of Gurgen and Iranian Army toIsfahan. Before Iran COULD MAKE ANY MOVE,Kandahar was fortified and ready for any attackand all the Tribes and Tribal Chiefs and the Peoplein the City were standing behind the Government.

Like a skillful politician, after finishing theurgent tasks, he immediately wrote a letter to theking of India and expressed his disagreement withSafavid Government, and indicated his trust for thefriendship with the Indian Government. He aimedall his Forces and Operations towards Iran becauseMirwais knew that his this rebellion would not beleft without retaliation. Just for the sake ofsuperficial diplomacy, he sent a letter to the SafavidGovernment stating,

40 The Strategy...

"While I was busy with the farm work in mylands, people who could not tolerate the tyranny andoppressions of Gurgen, have killed him and havechosen me as their Chief if the Shah may not listento the hearsay of the self -interested persons, andmay ignore these incidents; in that case I will be ableto secure peace and gradually silence these revolts"

Of course, this letter of Mirwais could notconvince the Safavid Government. But, it did thismuch to delay the immediate Expedition of Forces toKandahar because the Safavid Court was in anindecisive position by this letter of Mirwais andthought it proper to learn more what actuallyhappened prior to Military Operations. Therefore,they sent Janni Khan as their Representative toKandahar. This man was saying,

"If the stay of Iranian Forces are accepted inKandahar City; the Shah of Iran will abandon hisclaim avenging for Gurgen's murder. Otherwise, hewill do this by force ".

But, Mirwais kept this Representative busy withdiscussions for sometime and as soon as he knewthat he is returning, he imprisoned him so theSafavid Court may not learn about the activities inKandahar soon and to gain a little more time formobilization. Therefore, the castles aroundKandahar as well as those located' on the enemy's

41 The Strategy...

way were all fortified, and the gathering and makingof arms started within the city.

When Janni Khan didn't return in time,Isfahan got more alarmed and sent 10,000 soldiersto Kandahar in 1710 A.U. under the command ofMohammad Khan, Governor of Heart who was afriend of Mirwais and had accompanied him on hispilgrimage to Mecca. The representative of this manwho was warmly received and with honour inKandahar was conveying the same old message ofSafavid Shah in which case, and if Mirwais willaccept the condition, he himself (Mirwais) willremain as the Governor of Kandahar. But, Mirwaisdidn't reply and quietly sent his old friend'sRepresentative to jail. The prolonged deep silence ofKandahar caused that Mohammad Khan shouldmove his troops further towards Kandahar forattack. With newly established troops of 5,000Mirwais advanced to stop him. Although, thesetroops did not have military experience and trainingor familiarity with artillery, but had high morale.Collectively, all clamoring, and with heavy swords inhands, the afghan cavalry made way through thecentre of the enemy's well -organized army. Thissudden attack of the afghan cavalry at the middle ofthe enemy's army put them to flight. The Iraniantroops leaving their dead chief commander with

42 "['he Strategy...

thousands of other dead bodies on the battlegroundand ran away.From now on, the Iranian government decided tosend a strong army to Kandahar to settle this issueonce and for all. Therefore, they sent an army of30,000iranian and Georgian soldiers in 1711A.D.under the command of Khusrau Khan Gurji(Gurgen's nephew)to Kandahar. This armyconfronted Mirwais' defending army on the shoresof Helmand River and was able to defeat Mirwais.Mirwais ordered that the Gates of Kandahar City beclosed and let Khusrau easily besiege the city. On hisway, Khusrau brought Zaman Khan s/o I)aulatKhan Abdali who was a POW in Kirman. Khusraurecognized Zaman Khan as chief of Abdali Tribes inKandahar. He asked Zaman Khan to approach andpersuade his Abdali Tribes to fight the Ghilzaees onthe Iranian's side. After the proclamation ofindependence, Abdullah Khan had been brought toKandahar and appointed Chief of Abdali Tribeswhile Zaman Khan's father had forced him to takerefuge to Multan sometime earlier. His enemyhaving now been appointed chief of his tribe whowas supporting Mirwais. Zaman Khan had to takethe side of the Iranians and Khusrau.

But, Zaman Khan gave preference toNational Interests than those of his own and joinedhis tribal competitor ".

43 l'he Strateg...

Now that Khusrau was completely disappointedfrom the Abdalis, he relied on his own troops andbesieged the City. The people in the city bravelydefended. Even the siege took long, but theydefended the city, Mirwais who had kept himselfoutside the City, in a very wide circle (belt), cut allthe supply lines to the enemy's Army by severalpatrolling groups. When Khusrau saw himself andhis army in such a situation, he fought hard tocapture the City whose Army bravely and fiercelyfought because this was the battle of life and deathfor the Iranian Army. But, the city defenders alsoresisted strongly knowing that loosing this battlemeant loosing their independence and theirstruggles for so many years. At this time, the attackof Mirwais started from outside the City with 16,000Warriors. Khusrau was killed by a bullet from theCity defenders and the Iranian army was trying toescape towards Farah. But, such a thing was notpossible. Mirwais from outside and the city peoplefrom inside were squeezing the Iranian army andkilling them. In this way. The 30,000 Iranian Armywas annihilated. A part of the army wanted toescape, but the Afghans were waiting for them inambush and stopped them. Finally, just a fewhundred of this 30,000 Iranian army escaped bydeviated by paths and were saves. In return, the

44 G.fÿy.1X. The Strategy...

Independence of Kandahar was completelystrengthened in this same year (1712 A.I).).

Although, another Army was also sent underthe command of Mohammad Zaman Khan in 1713A.D. from Kirman. But, before reaching Kandaharthe people attacked them on the way andannihilated them because up to this time, Mirwaishad turned Farah up to outskirts of Kandahar,Kalat, and Muqur into One United National unitand all the people of these Provinces knew him as aNational Champion and their Chief.

Mirwais Khan, this initiative Champion andFounder who had destroyed the Foreign Dominationand had earned the Freedom and the Nationalindependence in a part of Afghanistan and hadpractically opened the way, had a very short life. Hehadn't yet completed his plan that he died in

1715A.1). at the age of 41 and was buried inKukaran.

In view of the good personality and services ofMirwais Khan, a Jirga of about 40 Tribal Chiefschose Abdul Aziz Khan, the brother of MirwaisKhan, as the Head of the State in Kandahar becauseMahmood and Hussain, the sons of Mirwais werel8and 14 years old. But, Abdul Aziz did not possessthe capabilities of Mirwais and was not able toadminister the newly founded Feudal Government.As a first step, the outstanding Abdali Chiefs

45x,},,;.u* "I he Strategy...

(Abdullh Khan sto Hyat Sultan and Zaman Shah stoDaulat Khan) parted with the Government and witha great number of their tribes got out of Kandaharand chose western part of the country (Farah,Herat, and Asfzar) for living. From the other side,Abdul Aziz felt that maybe the great Feudal Chiefswanted equal rights with him. Therefore, withoutconsulting the Jirga of Elders, he personallyapproached the Safavi Government in order tostrengthen his position. In thes approach anddiscussion, he friendly asked the SafavidGovernment not to ask them for the payment oftaxes and not to send soldiers to Kandahar and toconfirm Abdul Aziz's Government as beinginherited.

Shah Mahmood (1716 -1725)As soon as these discussions of Abdul Aziz

were disclosed, all the people, the Chiefe of Tribes,and the Family of Mirwais revolted against him. MirMahmood the son of Mirwais who was supported bythe people of Kandahar including the Uzbeks thereheaded these rebels. While even one year hadn't yetpassed from the Government of Abdul Aziz, butfrom this time on, an irreconcilable hostility wascreated in the Family of Mirwais Khan and soontook the form of Two Groups in the Tribes ofGhilzaee. However, the Jirga of Elders were

46 The Strategy...

convened who chose the 19 years old Mir Mahmoodand gave him the name of Shah Mahmood to replaceAbdul Aziz. Even Mir Ashraf, the son of Abdul Azizhad also participated in this Jirga and took the oathof allegiance to Shah Mahmood.

Shah Mahmood's Militay Expedition to IsfahanIn 1721 A.U., Shah Mahmood started his

Military Expedition to Isfahan with 28,000soldierscomprised from Pashtoons, Uzbeds, Hazaras, andTajids. He had a weak Artillery and Zanborak(being carried by camel to battlefield which tookposition on Front Line and could hit targets up to300/400 metes from the back of the camel).He went to Iran through Kirman. After havingcaptured Bam and Kirman, he started towardsIsfahan. There were 60,000 soldiers and a great well-

organized Artillery in Isfahan.Shah Mahmood reached Gulna -abad. 10 miles

away from Isfahan, without any lighting and took astrategic position.

Shah Hussain Safavi sensing his weakness, senthis Prime Minister, Mohammad Quli Khan, to ShahMahmood proposing peace and accepted to pay37,000 gold coins.

Shah Mahmood did not accept the offer of ShahHussain Safavi and fixed his conditions for peace asthe following:

47xx I'he Strategy...

(1) Shah of Iran should return the Provinces ofKhurasan (the present Khurasan) to Afghanistanbecause it is an historical part of Afghanistan.(2) The Shah of Iran should give in marriage agirl from the Royal Family with dowry of 125,000 ingold to Shah Mahmood.

The Shah and the Ministers of Iran wereirresolute. But, the Governor of Khuzistan,Abdullah Khan, opposed and preferred fighting.Therefore, 50,000 soldiers with 24 big cannons cameout of Isfahan City to combat with the AfghanArmy.

This was a very intensified battle and theIranian Artillery caused a lot of casualties to theafghan Troops. As he had claimed, Abdullah Khan,the Governor of Khuzistan, showed his bravery andhis military capability and also took prisoners fromthe afghan Army. But, Amanullah Khan, the afghanCavalry Commander, harassed the enemy with hisForces. Swords in hands, the Afghan CavalryWarriors fearlessly attacked the Iranian Artillery.Having accepted heavy losses under the cannon andgun fires, they captured the enemy's Artillery. Afterthat, the lire of Cannons, Zanboraks, and Gunswere concentrated towards the Iranian Army andtheir casualties reached 25,000 soldiers. AhmadKhan, the Artillery Commander, and Rustam khan,

48X ÿ¿y Y. 1 ile Strategy...

the Commander of the royal Slaves, were amongstthose who were killed.

Therefore, resistance against a devoted armyfar away from home and their county wasimpossible. The rest of the Iranian Army defeatedlyreturned to the city of Isfahan. After scatteredbattles, the Army of Iran became so nervous thatthey cut the throats of the afghan Prisoners (POWs).Amongst these POWs, three persons from ShahMahmood's Family were also killed. This abnormalaction resulted not only to the killing of all IranianPrisoners captured by the afghan army, but alsoresulted to personal enmity between the two Kingsand increased the military and political hostility.When the Government of Iran was besieged withinthe City of Isfahan,had no hope for help fromanywhere. All the approaches of the Safavid Shahthrough his Crown son, Tahmasp Mirza, were notanswered favorably.

The Afghan Troops tried to close the incomingand outgoing supply lines from Isfahan city.Gradually, food was becoming scarce. The more thesiege was being prolonged, the more the people weregetting disappointed. Finally, in 1722 A.D., after 8months of siege, Shah Hussain decided to surrenderand personally came to Shah Mahmood'sHeadquarters with his High Cout Officials. In hisrespect Shah Mahmood stood to receive him and sat

49 "I'he Strategy...

with him on one seat. During their discussions, theyoung Afghan (25 years old) addressed "father" tothe old Shah who had reigned for 30 years and saidpolitely,

"the dignity, glory, rank of this world are suchunfaithful and not permanent. Allah gives to whomHe wishes, and takes from whom He desires so. I amconsoling you end without your consultation will notdo anything ".

In reply, Shah Hussain put the kingdom Crownof Iran on Shah Mahmood's head with his ownhands and congratulated him.

The next day, Shah Mahmood took possessionof the Isfahan capital with its Treasuries and Arms.He determined a residence and salary for the Shahand the Royal Family. To secure his domination,Shah Mahmood made Isfahan his Capital, and MirHussain, his brother, was retuned to rule inKandahar. Shah Hussain developed the Pashtoliterature and encouraged the poets and writers.

Shah Ashraf (1725- 1729)By hostilities, Two Groups were created in the

Ruling Aristocrat Ghilzaee families that separatedIran from Kandahar, and gradually the GhilzaeeGovernment declined in Iran. However, after ShahMahmood's death, the Afghan Leaders convened aJirga in Isfahan and unanimously chose Mir Ashraf,

50 . The Strategy...

the Commander -in- chief, as king. The post ofCommander -in -Chief was given to the famousGeneral, Sydal Khan Nassiri. While this man was askillful and brave soldier (General), was also aneducated person and poet in Pashto language.

51 'r he Strategy...

The battle of Shah Ashraf with TurkeyShah Ashraf was precisely watching the

movements of Ottoman and Russian Governmentstowards Iran. The Troops of Shah Ashraf haddecreased in number during the Civil Wars. Thebreak off of relations with Kandahar had not givenhim enough time to remedy this shortage. He,therefore, was forced to get along with his smallnumber of Troops, and was trying to solve matterswith prudence and diplomacy avoiding the use ofarms.

Therefore, in 1726 A1)., Shah Ashraf sent anAmbassador (Abdul Aziz) and a letter to theTutkish Government stating his friendship, Islamicand religious fraternity, and respects to the IslamicCaliphati. In addition, requested the Ottoman Armymay withdraw from the western part of Iran. TheTurkish Government didn't pay any attention to hisproposal and instead asked Shah Ashraf to evacuateIran and return the Throne to Shah Hussain Safavi.This demand was followed by Military Expedition.60,000 Cavalry and Infantry Turkish Troops with70 big cannons under the command of AhmadPasha, the Governor of Baghdad, Governor HussainPasha, and General Abdul Rahman started movingtowards Isfahan.

52 The Strategy...

Since Shah Ashraf was at a decisive stage, hekilled Shah Hussain Safavi to disappoint theTurkish Government in their plan putting him backon the Throne, and with his small but strong AfghanArmy moved to face the Turks.

Both of the Armies confronted each other atmiddle of Isfahan and Yazd Highway in 1726A.D.This was the first time in history that a battle wastaking place between the Afghan and the TurkishForces. It was a matter of life and death for theHottaki (Ghilzaee) Government because if theAfghan Army may have been defeated, there wouldhave been no way to recompense or retaliate whilethe Ottoman Turkish Government had a greatcountry behind it.

The war started and the Afghan Cavalry flash -like attacks defeated that great Turkish Armywithin a few hours. The Artillery of TurkishOttoman Government Lost 50 cannons and left12,000 Cavalry and Infantry dead bodies of theirsoldiers on the battleground and the rest escaped.This defeat was so unexpected and intensified thatall stocks and supplies of the Ottoman TurkishArmy were left behind.

Even with such a great victory, Shah Ashrafdidn't ignore his prudence and except the arms, sentall the War Booty back after the defeated TurkishArmy. Through an Ambassador, Ismael, he sent a

53*..9141* The Strategy...

message to the Turkish Government in 1727A.1)saying:

Even with such a great victory, Shah Ashrafdidn't ignore his prudence and except the arms, sentall the War Booty back after the defeated TurkishArmy. Through an Ambassador, Ismael, hè sent amessage to the Turkish Government in 1727 A.U.saying:

"We have the same religion with our Turkishbrethren and the goods of Muslim brothers areharam (religiously prohibited) to us. The respect ofthe Islamic Caliphate is our duty. We don't wantwar with our Turkish brothers but wish to havepermanent peace ".

This strange and unexpected policy ofvictorious Shah Ashraf who had practically showedthe Afghan Military Power, made such animpression on the policy of the Turkish Governmentthat they abandoned their claim of the possession ofIsfahan by the Afghans. They officially recognizedthe Hottaki Government of Iran by sending theirAmbassador, Rashid Pasha, proposing peace, andsinging agreements.

Since Shah Ashraf could understand betterthe situation of the Afghan Government and itssurrounded position, for the time being couldn't askfor the return of more lands taken by the Turksfrom Iran. Therefore, he accepted the Turkish

54* The Strategy...

proposal for peace and friendship. Forstrengthening the relations, he sent MohammadKhan Baluch as Ambassador to Turkey. These newrelations also resulted to a Treaty (in 12 Articles)where the Turkish Government had undertaken torender privileged facilities for the Iranian Hajis(Pilgrims to mecca).

The Battle of Shah Ashraf with the Russians

The war that took place in "Roadsar" betweenthe troops of Sydal Khan and General Arlov, theAfghan troops conquered the war and Arlov askedfor reconciliation. Shah Ashraf entered indiplomatic discussions with Russia and in 1729 A.U.concluded a Treaty with that Country. This Treatywas signed in February of 1729 A.U. in the City of"Rasht" between the Representatives of ShahAshraf and the Russian Empire. The text of theTreaty is on page 331, vol. I, of Ghobar's book"Afghanistan in the Course of, History ".

The main factors for the decline of ShahAshrars Government in Iran were:

The break off of relations withAfghanistan.

His newly recruited Iranian soldiers,most of whom were Kurdish, didn't fight against

55 The Strategy...

Nadir Afshar and abandoned the battlegroundwithout fighting.

56 National Leader...

National leader, Freedom Hero,Mirwais the Grand Father

Part Two*(By Asstt. Senior Researcher J.K. Hekmaty)

After killing Gurgin and his entourage of onethousand men, Mirwais wanted to capture the cityof Kandahar from the Persian forces who were wellequipped and much stronger than Mirwais'smilitiamen an therefore played a most daring trickon them. Mirwais put on Gurgin's cloths himselfand ordered his men to wear the uniforms of thekilled enemy forces and they did. Thus theyconfidently marched on the city with Mirwais beingtheir leader in Gurging's pompous costume. The cityguardsmen thinking they were Gurgin and hisPersian entourage naturally showed to resistanceand were thus duly killed by Mirwais's men who aresaid to have been three thousand in number. Havingachieved his immediate mission, our national herostruck the last blow to the oppressor Gurgin and thefirst one to the Safavid occupying forces inKandahar and its adjacent areas. All of Mirwais's

* Almost the entire discussion and analysis of this article on our nationalleader and freedom hero his based on the comprehensive work of Abdur RaufBenawa "Mirwais Nika ", 1325, General Press, Kabul, the writer.

57 National Leader...

actions were based on careful planning and shrewdpolitical thinking.

In fact, the killing of the savage Durgin was alsobased on the Islamic idea of justice and selfdetermination with the approval or theFatwa(Verdict) of the Islamic scholars in SaudiArabia. As we said earlier, When Gurgin wanted tofree himself from Mirwais's monitoring andobservation of his malicious deeds in Kandahar, hesent him to the Safvid Court in Persia with a lot oflies regarding the personality of this great nationalhero of freedom. However, to Gurgin's surprise,Mirwais was not only able in a short while to attractthe good attention of the Safavid king Shah Hussain,but the latter openly declared him as faultlessregarding all the propaganda that Gurgin hadwritten against him in his letter to the Safavidmonarch. The king and his courtiers went as far asto fully trust Mirwais as an extremely wise man andgave him the privilege of attending some of the highranking meetings in the Court. Thus he was able toattain the confidence and trust of some the mostinfluential elements including Etimadud Dania, thetrust worthiest man and the first minister of theking who was never in favor of Gurgin, MorecoverMirwais was free to fell at home and have freediscussions with the king's men of authority. They

58*:914:1* National Leader...

listened very carefully to his words and calmstatesman's like speeches. Those who were againstGurgin would not hide their ill felling in open beforeMirwais because he was able to criticize this cruelruler of Kandahar and could at times warn theCourt of the bad consequences that Gurgin'soppression could have in that part of the SafavidKingdom Moreover, not before long he got thepermission from the king to go to Mecca forperformance of the Haj (Pilgrimage) ceremoniesthere. There Mirwais got the best opportunity to notonly raise the voice of his oppressed people and getsupport for their legitimate cause of freedom as well,but obtained an open letter of a Fatwa (verdict)legalizing Mirwais's actions to free his belovedpeople from the atrocities of the faithless Gurgin. Asthe idea of nationalism and national freedom wasnot flourishing in those days yet, any Islamic rulercould rule by will under the simple name of being aMuslim king's representative no matter how cruelhe might be. And any revolt and resistance againsthim would be punishable to death unless the clergyof the highest status approved this. And the religiousauthorities in Mecca had that authority to approvean act of disobedience against even a king, let alonehis subordinates like Gurgin.

59 National Leader...

Mirwais thought that he could utilize theopportunity for the best of his oppressed people.First he presented the conditions under which hispeople lived in Gurgin's era and having convincedthe clergymen of Mecca, the highest holey place inIslam and the most authoritative personalities in theIslamic world and, as we said the highest religiousscholar of Mecca bestowed upon Mirwais the neededverdict of doing away with the cruel and unjustruler of Kandahar as he did. Thus by obtaining theFatwa, Mirwais will not be held responsible for anact of disobedience and treason against themonarch's representative.

When Mirwais finished Gurgin's work, heperformed a prayers of thanking God saying this inhis prayers, "Oh, God, this was one of the dutiesthat my mother had assigned me to carry out, I didthis as a service for you and for your people." (1) Hedid this on the night of the day when they finishedthe last pockets of the Gurgin army in Kandaharand Mirwais declared the freedom andindependence of his people.After accomplishing his mission, Mirwais was awareof the consequences of his and his followers' revoltagainst the Safavid ruler in Asfahan and, in order toby time and delay the Safvid monarch's reactionand reoccupation of Kandahar, he sent a very

60rx National Leader...

diplomatic letter to the king in which he explained indetails all the mischievous and cruel deeds of Gurginin Kandahar, reminding him as how he hadforewarned the king of the bad consequences of hisgovernor's actions could have. Ile wrote that, if theking would agree, he could take care of the situationand bring things back to normal. Ile knew the kingwould not be satisfied by his explanations and thataction would be taken against his oppressed people.So while the Persians did not take the matter as tobe a determining point and did not haste to takeimmediate reprisals action, this gave Mirwais moretime and tried to renew his past relations with theMughal king of India in Delhi with whom he hadacquaintance and good relationship from the timewhen he was a great merchant doing business in thatcountry and at times giving lavish gifts to that king.In his letter Mirwais had asked the ruler of India forassistance should the ruler of Asfahan takeadversary action against Mirwais and his people. Inthe meantime he had informed Shah Hussain ofPersia not to make hasty decision regarding thematter. Since Mirwais could not trust that the Shahwould rest at peace, he instructed the elders in thethird Jirga that he held after the victory in

Kandahar to stand by him and among other things,tell their people both farmers and craftsmen todouble their productivity and get ready for

6l *:3:14,1* National Leader...

defending their land against the Safavids' invadingarmy. So the farmers produced as much as theycould and the craftsmen, especially those who madewar materials also doubled their efforts. After theharvest time, Mirwais ordered his people to collectall their produce to the last bit, leaving all the areaswith nothing to feed on, both for the men and for theanimals of the enemy.The leader's words of his heart: after crushing thePersian armies in kandahar, our national leader andfreedom hero, Mirwais called a third Jerga to sharehis heart's words with his people through theirleaders. Mirwais stood and started speaking in a softand attractive language as usual saying as follows:Oh, Pashtuns, faithfully I am saying to you that mysole purpose was only and only your freedom andfreedom is that priceless favor of (God) for thewining of which all the tactics and fighting tookplace. Gurgin was done for. For the Pashtuns ofKandahar, who have combated against andcompeted with the powerful Mughuls, the task ofbeating the army that consist of the androgynousmen of Asfahan, is not so heavy; (2)If you give hands with me and be united andsupport me, I will slacken and throw away thechains of slavery and abjectness from your nicksand the flag of your liberty and honor will behoisted in every part of your country and in all the

62 X National Leader...

nations of the world, and the oppression yoke of theShiites of Persia will be removed from yourshoulders. (3)"Trust in God; keep your hearts happy. While ourintentions are clean and pure, we can, with the willof God, succeed against the strong Rawafiz (acursive name given to the Shiites by the Sunnis).Now the affairs of the Persian state are in control ofthe disqualified persons, and that state has beenfollowing the course of decline for a long time. WhenI was in Asfahan, I was aware of all of theirconditions. The government authorities are going intwo ways in tactics and in ideas and views they arecontradicting each other, each trying to bring downthe other, for everyone is following their own selfishwills and wishes; all are drowned in lustful andvoluptuous living all the time; they have forgottenthe state and the nation; there was no one to talkabout the obligations towards the country ... if wefail in our resistance, the king of India is ready tohelp us, but if we make selfless efforts and givesacrifices, all of the land and property that we haveseized or we are capturing will be ours; is it fair tolose all our victories back to our enemies? Use yourhigh Pashtuns zeal and ambition so that the (fourpeaces of gold and cupola) that are going to Persiaevery day and all the property that is going out ofthe country to the foreigners, we could keep for

63 National Leader-...

ourselves and gain even more also in order to enrichourselves and solve our problems by that property;(5) besides the destruction of this agnostic group isthe duty of all Muslims and fighting against them isa holy war in the way of Cod." (6)Mirwais starts working: as soon he finished theproject of doing away with Durgin, our nationalleader, Mirwais officially started his work andordered his people to be fully prepared for theaftermath of the event. As we said he ordered hissubjects, better say his followers because he neversaw his people with the eyes of ruler or a king, buthe always preferred the title of Milli Mashr (national leader) and thus considered himself as onlythe first among equals, as it was true about thestatus of Ahmad Shah Baba (Ahmad Shah, thegrand father), who was chosen by the differenttribal leaders (1747) as the king of Afghanistan in1747 and ruled for 27 years a big Afghan Empire,but who still considered himself as the "the firstamong equals" and this is the true singe of a genuinenational leader in the context of the Pashtun orAfghan society. It is this type of leadership that canand does really rally the actual and genuine supportof his people at all possible costs.And this is where an imposed leader cannot find areal backing of his people. Imposed leaders havenever succeeded in Afghanistan in the right sense of

64* :,,;,.4* National Leader...

the word. The best examples of such rulers andleader were those during the communist,Mujahideen and Taliban eras in this country.President Karzai, who was elected by a greatmajority of the voters, has trouble mainly because ofthe Taliban insurgency, drug mafia, widespreadpoverty among the people and corruption in thegovernment plus warlords at the local level.Anyway, Mirwais instructed persons of all crafts todo their best in their efforts of production with aview to being prepared for the worst regarding thePersians possible attacks on Kandahar, for instance,the farmers, were instructed to grow as much asthey could and to collect their harvests as fully andquickly as possible; those metal craftsmen whomade weapons and prepared ammunitions, weretold to double and triple their craftsmanship. Alsoreconstruction work was completed regardingfortification of the city fort.At the same time he took shrewd precautions onpolitical side also, in fact, he was able to play the tworulers of Persia and India against each othersuccessfully. As we mentioned earlier, to the court ofIndia he wrote a cordial letter in which he remindedthose authorities of the good neighborly relationsthat had existed among the Mughal Snni leaders andthe Afghan People who were the followers of thesame Islamic sect. In his letter Mirwais requested

65National I.eadcr...

the Indian authorities saying that since conditionswere normal and tranquility prevailed in thatcountry, the Authorities were requested to supporthim in time of necessity and so he was assured ofthat assistance. Regarding the Perians, Mirwais onlyhoped to buy time and played delaying tactics bytrying to give the Safavid monarch the idea as ifnothing had taken place in Kandahar to the latter'sdisappointment and worry, and if it had happenedindeed, the king should not make hasty decisions, atthe same time, however, Mirwais warned ShahHussain that, should the king decide to takeadversary decision it would cost the Persianinvaders too heavily because the Pashtuns had beenunjustly oppressed and therefore provoked to taketheir final decision of life and death. Thus in hisletter, after formalities, Mirwais says, "1 hadpreviously cordially informed you that Gurgin andhis deeds should be kept under scrutiny and that hisactivities would leaded to crisis in the country, andas 1 see it, my prediction has come true. When Ireached Kandahar, before long the Pushtun tribesgot together, and as Durgin had been very cruel andoppressive, by some trick they caused him go out ofthe city and there and thus they rushed in ti kill himwhiled I was working in my farmland. Then theysummoned med and appointed me as their leader.These people have formed big groups of armed men

66 National Leader...

and are ready for any action, and therefore, it wouldnot be wise to make a mistake regarding a personlike me who is a well wisher of yours. Had it been inthe case of an ungrateful person, he would havemade things much worse and not returnable tonormalcy ... Although I may sound incredible, but Iassured your Majesty, that tactfulness andmoderation could bed the best option, otherwise theconsequences may be only more bloodshed anddisastrous ... "(7) This noted of Mirwais made thePersian monarch not to take the matter too seriousas far as his rule and authority was concerned, andso first tried to threaten the Pashtuns and theirleader through envoys to Kandahar so that theywould choose be the subjects of the Safvid kingagain. Moreover the monarch sent a person by thename of Mohammad Jami Khan to Mirwais whotried to be too much boastful about Shah Hussainand his strength, but to whom Mirwais replied bysaying that, "if you are saying that wisdom and tactlies in the minds of those who live in luxury andcomfort, you are wrong because our mountains alsocontain wise men and the men of knowledge, if yourking had been able to do much, there wouldn't havethe need for your unworthy nonsense speeches ".(8)Mirwais ordered that the envoy be arrested and putin jail.

67 National Lcadcr...

For the second time Shah Hussain his other envoyby the name of Mohammad Khan, an old friend ofMirwais from the days of pilgrimage when the twowere in Mecca and the ruler of Hirart. ToMohammad Khan Mirwais said that "it's good that1 owe you the hospitality of being my friend,otherwise you would have faced the destiny of yourpredecessor." (9) Thus when the Safvid court sawthat Mirwais and his Pshtuns are not giving in, theypredpared an army of 31 thousand armed troopsthat was headed by Khsrau Khan, the nephew of thelate Durgin. Khusru Khan was told to punish thePashtuns and revenge the killing of this uncle and sohe accepted the job quite happily. In his mission,Khusrau Khan first started by playing tricks oftreachery. That was, he, with the approval from thecourt of Safavids, appointed Abdullah Khan anAbdali by tribe as Governor of Hirat and persuadedhim to march towards Kandahar against Mirwais,who was from the tribe of Ghilzi. Thus Khusrau,knowing that the best trick to play against thePashtuns is to disunite them among themselves, i.e.divide and rule. In fact, this has been the mostfrequent formula used by the enemies of thePashtuns thorough out the history of Afghanistan.An this was a treacherous trick that Khusrau Khanwanted to us against Mirwais by inciting the Abdalisfight the Ghilsis. The trick was rather successful, but

68 National Leader...

failed half way in between. That is Khusrau Khandid march his forces, towards Kandahar, butsomehow Abdullah Khan realized he was fightingagainst his Pashtun brothers and changed his mindand excused himself from fighting against Mirwaisand changed his course of action completely.Khusrau Khan, however continued his marching of31 thousand armies towards Kandahar. As Mirwaishad taken all the precautions, he tactically letKhusrau come close to Kandahar and himself stayedbehind in the south on the banks of Helmand river.Khusrau Khan besieged the city and the siege lastedup to one year. Meanwhile Mirwais was gatheringthe youths of various tribes and was gaining morestrength on daily and weekly basis and Khusrau'sforces were losing the zeal and morale with whichthey had come so far; on the one hand, nothing wasleft of foodstuff near and around Kandahar becauseof Mirwais's strict orders to his people to leavenothing on which his enemy forces could rely forsubsistence, and on the other, Mirwais had closed alldirections to prevent anything from entering theenemy lines and was intensifying their attacksagainst the Persian forces. In the mean time splittingand disunity took place among the besieging forceswhereby the Persians choosing one way while theGurgis were going on a different path. Havingobserved this disparity among the Persian forces,

69*:914.,* National Leader...

Abbas Quli Khan, Muatamid (confidant) of theSafavid court came to Kandhar and told about thesituation to Mirwais by which Mirwais got evenmore courage and fortified his sixteen thousandstrong armies with harnessing eight hundred camelloads of weapons, and so attacked the enemy fromthe south of Kandahar. As a result of the battle,Khusrau followed the fate of his uncle Gurgin andall his troops, but about seven hundred whodesperately fought their way back towards Persia,were killed. Mirwais thanked his God after victoryand salvation of his land and at thed same timedistributed the bounties of the war among hispeople. This was in the year 1713. One year later in1714, the Persian court made another attempt underthe leadership of Rustam Khan, who died on theway and his armies escaped in retreat. After allthese hard times of struggle for the liberation of hiscountry, Mirwais was the first person who, exceptthe Abdalis of Hirat, united all the ethnics and tribesof Afghanistan in such a way that nobody else haddone so (10) and made the old city of Kandahar theseat of the Pashtuns' leadership.

The freedom Hero's death and last words: Aftercarrying out many wars and hard campaign, ournational leader, Mirwais was able to expel theenemies from our land for the last timed and

70:fir National Lcader...

extended his territory in the west as far as Farahand Sistan, but could not achieve all his great hopesof making progredsss other than strengthening theunity of his people, as timed was left short for himand death aborted all his other patriotic plans,According to ßenawa, the writher of the Afghno -Persian war has written about as follows: "Thisrenowned and scholarly hero ruled in Kandahar forseven years an stood fast against the very strongPersian empire and never let despair weaken hisstrong will and determination until his physicalstrength was gradually melted away by old age; hisphysic was weakened and became sick. All thePashtuns were saddened because of his sickness;every day scores of them came to ask about hishealth condition and listened to his inspiringinstruction and followed his words. (11)

The last words of the leader and Freedom Hero:According to the above mentioned source, whenMirwais felt weakness in himself, he called thePashtun leader and gave them the following advicein short sentences:

"Entrust all your works to God and trust in God;carry out the war valorously;

71 National I.cad et- ...

"In every task assume dignified stance andprotect your dignity; "Be united all the time andin every place;Strengthen every tissue and organ of your body;"Never obey the Persians' rule;"Shun your enemies with all your possible mightwhen they attack on you because your enemiesare hastily following the course declined due tothe differences in the Court and because of thecorruption and treachery that exists among theirpeople;"Don't be afraid of the magnitude of theirnumbers because you are united, and you havetrusted in God." (12)

In that moment, his breathing became shorterand shorter and did not have the strength tospeak any more. However, as a last effort, heopened his eyes with difficulty and beforereciting the "Kalima -e Shahadat" (The word ofWitness) - to God, Mirwais said, "CaptureAsfahan.." (13), and then, after a long sigh, hebreathed his last. (14)

Now let's briefly reflect on the personality ofMirwais and see as to why he has been called the

72 % 4Sÿy_IX National Leader...

National Leader, Freedom Hero Mirwais Nika (theGrand father).Mirwais was a most humble and selfless man whodid not exhibit any criteria of greed and covetednessas trader and merchant when he was tradingbetween India and Afghanistan (then Khurasan). Hewas always fair in his dealings. Nor was he a selfassertive dictator to impose his will and wishes onothers. He was never abscessed with authority andambition titles like the King, the Emperor or thingsliked that. All he wished was to leaded his peopletowards freedom and independence and self - rule.He was a most talented guide an orator who spokesoftly and wisely and logically. He always tried toconvince his audience and never used threats orcoercion in leading his people of whom he was mostproud. That is why he preferred the title of nationalleader not the title of king, as he really deserved itbut, in the title maybe Mirwais felt a sense of toomuch pride and self - agglomeration andpompousness, the qualities that he did not want forhimself, therefore voluntarily chose and acceptedthe titled of National leader; he was the nationalleader because he represented the will and thewishes of the whole Afghan nation to obtain therightful placed for his people among other nations ofthat day, and there was none other than him in thecountry who has done anything in those days for our

73 National I,cadcr...

people. Moreover, Mirwais truly deserves the title ofbeing our historic National Leader in the history ofAfghanistan until this day. He never competed forthe title with any other tribal or ethnic leader of theday, but was willingly chosen by his people as theirking, but he preferred and chose the title forhimself, and that's why nobody has ever questionedMirwais being the National Leader throughout thelong years in our history and will continued to bedconsidered so by all the people of Afghanistan. Ilewas the first leader who took all his decisionsthrough consultations by holding Jirgas as a solesource of taking the right decisions. In fact, althoughthe Jirga tradition is as old as our country andnation going five thousand years back to the time ofancient Arians, but in modern times, Jirga wasrevived by this national leader years before AhmadShah IDurani's Jirga of Shair Surkh of Kandahar in1747 where the latter was selected and appointed asthe King of our country. Mirwais held his first realJirga in Kokran in 1709. Altogether he held fourmain Jirgas until 1717.

Mirwais was freedom Hero because it was for thefirst time that after a period more than twocenturies after the fall of the Ghorid dynasty whenAfghanistan then Khrasan was partitioned by ournorthern, western and eastern powerful neighbors

74 National Leader...

the Shabanis, the Persians or the Safvids and theMoghuls of India, respectively. Mirwais championedthed country's independence, although in a smallsize, before Mirwais or his Elotaki dynasty, suchbrave men like Khusal Kahn Khatak and BayazidRoshan and his followers had, indeed struggled veryhared to win the freedom for our people, butunfortunately none of them was blessed with thetype of unity among the people as Mirwais was, andthey had failed in their scared caused just becausetheir enemies were strong and their own peopledisunited. In fact, Mirwais was and acted more likea shrewd politician rather than a warrior. Ile wonhis goal by using tact and policy, and whennecessary, trick against his enemies like Gurgingand the Safavid Court of Asfahan of Persia, thus inorder to justify his people's caused, Mirwais soughtand secured the verdict of the highest religiousauthorities in Mecca. Otherwise Mirwais feared hewould be tapped and condemned as a rebel againstan Islamic ruler of Asfahan since there was noquestion of national stat yet. l-le was so wised that heanalyzed the authorities including the king ofAsfahan, Shah Hussain Safavi himself and securedhis freedom in that country despite the fact that hehaed beden sent there as an exile by Durgin, theoppressor of Kandahar and the rest of our people.Mirwais not only obtained permission from the king

75*:0,;,,* National Leader...

to perform the Haj pilgrimage and through it theverdict of freedom of action against Curgin, but alsosecured the trust and confidence of many in ShahHussain's Curt one of the important personalitiesbeing Abbas Quli, the Court confidant, who wasapposed to Gurgin and his oppressive policies.Moreover, Mirwais was born free, grown freed andlived freely by first securing his own freedom ofaction against the enemy and then tactfully andcourageously secured the freedom of his people andcountry and successfully established theindependent dynasty of the Hotakis (1710 - 1727).Moreover, Mirwais rightly deserves to bed calledFreedom Hero. We can go on defending his rightfultitle, but the foregoing should suffice for the sake ofour discussion here.And Mirwais's third and last title, MirwaisNika(Mirwais the grand father or Papa Mirwais) isa customary honorary title given to any elderly manof a kind and good character who is respected by allin the society for his kind manners and behavior.And Mirwais was not only this type of elder, but alsoeven more than that. We do have such titles for ourimportant personalities whether being king andmonarch or otherwise.Ahmad Shah Baba, Khushal Baba, Rahman Baba,Hamza Baba, to name a few, have all been honoredwith this title.

76*314.71:* National leader...

1. Millison, History of Afghanistan (Pashtotranslation, p.209, Sayed Jamaluddin Afghan,Tatmatulbayan, p.78, Sir John Malkum, p. 198. (InBenawa, Mirwais Nika, P. 68 and Pata Khazana(hidden treasure), p.177).2. Millison, Pashto translation of Millison's HistoryAfghanistan, p. 210, quoted by Benawa in "MirwaisNicka ", p.69.3. Millison, p. 211, I bid.4. The life of Nader Shah, son of the sword (inPersian), p. 10, I bid5. Translation of "Tatmatulbayan, p.p. 81 - 82, Sir.John Makum, p. 191. In Benawa, Mirwais Nika, p.77.6. Millison's Pashtu Translation of History ofAfghanistan, p. 217, Brown, History of theLiterature of Iran (Persian translation, vol. 4, p.

101), 1 bid.7. "The History of Afghano - Persian war""Mirwais Nika ", p. 91.8. 1 bid.9. Afghano - Persian war. P. 010. I bid11. "The History of Afghano Persian war" inBenawa, Mirwais Nika," P. 91.12. 1 bid.13. Afghane - Persian war, p. ( )14. I bid.

77

Prof: Dr. Ghulam Najmuddine (Tarin)

Resolvable...

Resolvable Development of Surface

Water in Afghanistan

Water is a necessary vital substance for life of allorigin bodies it surrounded almost 1/4 region ofterrestrial - -- ground water is available to varies kind in

nature like lakes, rivers, small rivers sea, oceans andfountains.

Afghanistan is a country which has not directtouch with the oceans and counted in countries which

surrounded to dry' ground also it has not any ocean inits geographic region which effected on geographicstates of this country.

In the hydrographie studies of Afghan, we findthat the surface water as (river forms, lake forms) and

ground water (well forms, caries form) effect life ofhuman especially density of population and settlement

of population which lives in this country i. e morenumber of peoples of Afghan. Live or centralized in

78*,..914,1* IZCSolvahle...

places which have full water and other facilities in the

desert of south Faster and western of I lendo Koshe and

Baba mountains live a large number of people its main

causes flow of Rivers which have permanent waters in

rural area of our country more of people use water of

river, fillet and wells for drinking and cultures it must

be mentioned the geographic structure of Afghan. Is

effected in the hydrographie and petrologic subjects of

this county like makes of Rivers and division of flow

waters.For example series of mountains and higher

areas of Afghan which contain central area as a

predominate

central line started from north east of elevated area of

Pamir and continues to south west side which divided

Afghan in to various natural valleys more of this

mountains have permanent snow and good store of

water the flow and permanent water of Afghan have

sources from this stores this water flowed to different

sides and made different watery areas.

General division of surface water in Afghan

Area: (General map of Afghanistan Rivers No)

79* g,,,,,,* Resolvable...

1 - in dose part or south eastern system: - Kabul

River, belong to this system and it is left partners areKonar River, Alingar River, Panjsher River and

Gorband River and it is right partners are logar River

and sorkh rood river. Also Korm River and GomalRiver started from south eastern of mountains ofAfghan. Kabul river and its partners flowed in southern

series of Ilendokosh and 13aba mountains and

surrounding 52000 km 2 area length of this system is

350 km which more than 250 km of this system located

in Afghan area according to the assess and counting

amount of this river in one year is 8 milliard m3 rivers

of this system have destroy action in deep side andmade (v) like valleys this destroy action of these rivers

are severe rivers of system include to parts of logarprovince, Kabul province, parwan Province, Laghman

Province, Nangarhar province, Kapisa province and

pakteia province, paktika province water of this system

spent in mentioned provinces.

2 - North eastern system belong to oxus River(oxus system) this system is beginning from northnortheastern of IIendo Kosh and terband of turkustan

80 JF djÿLLX Resolvable.:.

mountains some part of this system is connected with

oxus river like Kokcha river and Kondoze river butsome other part are not reached to Oxus river and don't

out from Afghan . and finished in north desert of I -lendo

Kosh the morghab River and IIarirood River whichlocated in north western of Afghan. Also include to this

system which leave Afghan Land.

General information about rivers of these

systems are.

a -- Oxus river with Kokcha and Kondoze River

it supplying part is 90000 km 2 and area of supplying in

Afghan. Is 3,8% length of Kokcha river is 300 km and

amount of flow water in one year is 5 milliard m3

length of Kondoze river is 420 km it water reserve area

is 37000 km2 and amount of flow water in one year is

2,3 milliard M3 affording to the registration dabet of

Oxus River in Karkey area which all copartners of this

river connect to it is 2050 m3 / sec but in part of ural

lake it dabet is 1490 m3 / sec.

b - Rivers which did not reach to the oxus river

like Balkhab (it's length is 330 km and water reserve

81 Resolvable...

area is 17000 km2 and amount of flow water in oneyear is 1,6 milliard m3 .

samangan or Tashqoughan river (it's length is180 km and water reserve area is 11,5 km2 and amount

of flow water in one year is 8 million m3.

Shereen l agab river (it's length is 200 km)amount of flow water in one year is 286 million m3

total supplying area of mentioned rivers are 68000 km

and made 10,4% basin area of our country upper region

of these rivers have expand supplying area but in

middle parts are slight.

C - morghab and I larirood rivers beginning from

series if parapamiza mountains (length of morghabriver is 330 km in Afghan, area it supplying area inAfghanistan is 5,6 %) .

I larirood river it's length is 550 km in our

country and if supplying area in afghan. Is 6 %.

These rivers are include in north western system

(I- Iarirood) it upper region is developed and it middle

region is longitudinal water of this river absorbed in out

of our country it must be mentioned that the totalsupplying area of Oxus river is 234000 km2 and

82 Resolvable...

surrounding 35,8% basin area of Afghanistan whichinclude area of I3adakhshan province, and peoples of

mentioned provinces spent from this water drinking and

culture.

3 -- South western system which belongs toHelmand and system part . this system includes in right

side from Kajrood, Mossadala , Khashrood and Farah

rood in left side from I lelmand and Arghandab rivers

these rivers beginning from south of Baba and black

mountains conversance area of this system is very

expanded and surrounding almost half area of Afghan.

Helmand River is from longest and largest rivers

of Afghanistan that beginning and finishing between

Ground of Afghan.

Maximum water of this river spent for culture

and also this water is biggest source for production of

electricity it's length is 1 100 km and it supplying area

is almost 155000 km2 and it basin area is 23,6% of our

country.

Amount of more water of this river in one year is

10 milliard m3 length of Dellta of Ilelmand river is 75

km and it width at lower part is 100 km.

83 Resolvable...

Structure of its delta is very interesting.

Some other rivers also located in south westernof country e - g.

A - Farah Rood river it supplying area is 3300km 2 and made 4,4% basin area of Afghan.

B - Adraskan river it supplying area is 22000km2 and made 3, 5% basin area of our Homeland.

C - Gazni river it supplying area is 16080 km2

and made 2, 5% basin area of our country.

According to the counting rivers of Helmand and

system area have 340000 km2 basin area and

conversance more than half area of Afghan, and made

51,8% supplying area of our country also this system is

larger than the other system in Afghan supplying areas

of helmand and system including Arozghan Province ,

Helmend Province Nemroze Province , Ghoor Province

Fara Province ,Ghazni Province and Zabul province.

According to the counting the use of river water

in Afghan are:

Trayelling area is 1816000 Hektar land. Vacancy

of water in cultural land is equal to 623000 Hekter land.

84 * Resolvable...

This is necessary for mentioned that all of afghanground face by face to vacancy of water so the controlof destroy action of water is necessary in Afghanistan.

It must be mentioned Hence of mentioned waterAfghanistan have closed area to water (lakes) which are

called Hamoon Helmand, Hamoon posiak, Hamoon

Sabry or Zarcool, cool Chagmateen cool Shave, Gazni

lake Navor els.

At the end we can give result of mentioneddescription our water supplying system is made to anirregular form and damaged in last wars which cause of

loss water now Afghan, is face by face to death because

the last years there were no snowing and raining so the

resolvable development of surface water in Afghan is a

necessary step.

Project document for resolvable development ofsurface water in Afghanistan are.

1 - Construction and reconstruction for waterdams (band) for resolvable of water and production of

electricity and culturing.

2 - Cleaning of water dams and water canalswith machinery every year.

85 Resolvable...

3 - the water that comes down from high hillsthere are no dams for storage of them, if there are small

dams for them we can use them for many purpose for

instance electricity power and water supply regarding

agriculture etc.

4 - As there are many basins in our country athigh (4500 - - 5500) meter mountains so that, if we café

these basin or constructed them, we could use these

water in many agriculture systematic programs.

5 - In order to prevent the loses of the water, we

must construct the general water canals and otherwatery branches, so, that we would be able to make

extra water for our spring and autumn seasons irrigation

for agriculture. The technical and professional people

would organize this system for fest order.

6 - For best reserving of the water we request to

prepare the drop watery system so that it may givepositive results in such droughty countries.

7 - for new water development and storagesystem, it would be requested to learn and research of

Hydrologic and Hydrogeology information with expert

86 ici:1464*Resolvable...

specialist people related to hydrologic and water sourceministries,

8 - For hard controlling of hydrotechnic stationand the water running quantity, it would be requestedthat hydrology stations would be constructed at highand law regions.

9 - In order to prevent the infection of watersource the toxic and chemical materials like CD - Hg -Pb - so that these are extremely toxic for health andagriculture, it would be requested that toxic water mustbe entered in the ground not mixed with the surfacewater.

10 - It would be requested that this now watercontrolling regulation must be prepared according to

the regions and population.

At the end would be mentioned that our countryis damaged after tow decades and is at the moment ofreconstruction and renovation we want to be benefitedof the conference, so we are thanking from theparticipation in our conference.

87 Resolvable...

Reference:

1 - O.A. slaveen.

General, Geology or principle of afghan Geology issue

of (meer) Moscow (1984)

2 - Areze, prof. Ghulam Gelani, Nautral Geography of

Afghanistan.

Issue of Kabul University (1360)

3 - Areze, prof. Ghulam Gelani physical Geography.

Issue of Kabul University (1359).

4 - wast fall, A.O and Latkovich, V.G surface waterResources investigation plan for afghan U.S Geological

survey,

Administrative report, Kabul (1966).

88*:9:14,71:*

By: Pro. Neamatullah "Andar"

Pashto Slang...

Pashto Slang100 - Jis" s,,o; ,t;.: zan zamaray kawal

s -d om L y) a->

The one who considers him as lionalp a)19jyi tiles J a .> S

On who takes part in a fight like lion4ic> Jt;- )R+ 4.4

Everyone should act like lion when fightwith his enemy

t, _9 i

bravery, courage101- J ,43 t>- : zan zharrawal

and threat

WesternIJt-9I 36- J" y `sS9r

The one who weeps for his /her plightï r 415

When one is faced with a great danger

SrSw4yl) 59rrs4xm.3ti%4I3. vLi of

89

boy

*:9:14,* Pashto Slang...

I weep myself in you pay attention to the

and I can not do any thing041 a, 3

have concern about oneself102- J,è.; 3L.4- : zan zhghoral

himself

Eastern

The one who saves himself / herself0ì14, L.33 JJSa;L9'.l>a

To avoid danger , to save oneselfcS9 í;1m91 a o)L >9y vl>> l L Jl 1 f

Every human being shall effort to save

JJ.'9 JvL...31.4--

save, protect oneself

103- J,t w 3 -: zan sparai

To present oneself to someoneJ o r1 1y1 a;9yol 4;03 J IS 4;L?,-

To surrender oneself to someone andaccept his orders

90

would be

Pashto Slang...

.5 a,9 L.A. jLs-1,L.,.y ä sl..lr jl> 4wcm

He has surrendered himself to God so he

saved from every kind of dangerl cß,1.obey, surrender

104- J't..,3e-: zan Satal

The one who keeps himself safeJsS 4JL ji.s591

To pay peculiar attention to his/ herclothes, food and family

Ahmad keeps himself tidy and healthyhe eats delicious food and wear beautiful

clothesJjrS may° c Jg? a;1oL lT

to pay peculiar attention to oneselfto be tidy

105 J, ä JL- : zan hag to sparai

ç5>L 9 4; y Jla J S-The one who accepts the truth

91

o ä (

*9:14,* Pashto Slang...

L3Jl,6-.íul)Li.- 36- L,I 2.S 4SWhen somebody dies, it is said that he

has surrenderedhimself/ herself to he truth (God) (death)o, 9 ti rya v1á A

Ahamd's father surrendered himself tothe truth ( death )

Sl9y'j.LS4Ato die

106 3t4- : zan spinawal

36- `SsáThe one who makes himself white ( clean

L.5.: 36- 4459 5`" °89I.)9' Ler 415

S4.< 9I CI.JTo make clean oneself against accusation

X59`" v9' SL9 acv 1l A ascm

He cleaned himself against theaccusation of murder

Innocent107- J,s oy, 36- : zan sra zar kawal

92

gold

behavior

Pashto Slang...

The one who change himself / herself to

.3)1 59 `49>9' o a.l a, a

To behave with people in a good way ,his

increases his / her respect and valueli .5 a 19 a 9 µ ^ S S ° J y 4.jert

Hi is an important man and his goodbehavior make him gold to the people

S9 >>

respect108 36- : zan czizal

Eastern

The one who bums himself / herself

J.,<,,.;, 36.To try a lot for in life ,to feel sympathy

for

3L4- ,J s sá a r° t aJ wpm

He feels sympathetic whenever he seesthe troubles of people

93 Pashto Slang...

sad109- J,.. 3 - : zan shmiral

EasternJ o <6;6- L S ßw9 J6-

The one who counts himself / herself inJ91 19 4 JL;.-

L)JI) wtlSThe one who considers himself /herselfa personality and important dignitary

Ahamd's father conceders himself in agroup of great politicians

an important personality110- J t : zan ghatawal

Western

The one who conceders himself /herselfgreat

94

and wish

people do

*.31,,.4* Pashto Slang...

L.512,)»

The one who considers himself / great

the people to respect him

4.7J9 & 4 4;.

He considers himself great but the other

not care about hima>99'.) al> a

to hope the people to conceder him great112-- :zan gharrawal

to side

Lastern

59 919T4L. 09'_J `S9yOne who rolls himself /herself From side

+ t99I .A.; a9)l>>

J95 S)lS J91To be conservative in decision

s9ISroy ,t>s.sSAOtA a.;tie

95

from

Pashto Slang...

He does not help me but he is just sliding

side to side36- c s,lS llh o

conservatism113- J.. 1 . 36- , : par zan ghashi lagidal

s,°central

To be hurt be arrows

To become sad because of a hadhappening

His son's death was an arrow to him andit made him sad

unhappy114- Jui , 31ß. :par zan gham anbarawal

Western

The one who piles the sorrows andworries on him

J'Sl l. a9q9 Si 9~~ a.;l> al> a

96

oneself

Pashto Slang...

To create worries and difficulties by

S9 >L.;I 3L;-- a"He is too patient because he always findshimself a lot of problems and sorrows

difficulties115 - J 3l>.) : da zan ghoshi khwarral

western

The one who eats his /her own flesh4.1.93) ' 479191 LS.) (95>

To be in trouble of a great problemJL>> 45 >9 °> 49S A o/ o> S9 >>

My son does not study so I eat myown flesh because of him

>sannoye

116- J9,ß ;.: zan herawal

The one who forgets himself / herself9>t? 9>9' 4-4 .1,9>>91 9>49ä

97 A brief background...

In the Name of Allah the most mercifuland Compassionate

Preface: the Knowledge Development has broughtconsiderable changes in the life of human societies thesechanges. These are deeper and faster in societies, whereinthe academic and technical revolutions have taken place andthe living Standard is improved quickly.

Technical and academic revolutions are theprocreation of a society needs. Individuals of each societysearch for the means of the betterment of their living insidethe earth, under the oceans or through the atmosphere of theearth and developed the methods of better living viadiscoveries and inventions.

The Educational institutions are the base of practicalprogress. The individuals of a society learn the principles ofthe sciences at the universities. Amongst the graduates, whoare talented and genius, join the research institutions, wherethey use some means of research and offer new academicfindings to the world.

In the past, the research issues were confined tocultural, historical and language studies in Afghanistan until1978 during the last mentioned year. Natural sciences issuesresearch also added to the above fields of knowledge, sothat it paved the way to the modern sciences and technicsand access to new means of living.

98 A brief background...

Islamic studies and research began in 1995 in theAcademy of sciences of Afghanistan and the religiousscholars of different training centers of the country havebeen hires and they are conducting research in various fieldsof Islamic studies section. Social, cultural and economicproblems are analyzed from Islamic point of views by thescholars of this branch of the Academy of Sciences and theytake part in the Progress of the development process.

Fortunately the Afghanistan Science Academy haspreserved its academic entity as a research institution andcontinues research activities in Natural Sciences, HumanSciences and Islamic Studies Section.

The Afghanistan Science Academy is registered inUNESCO and ISESCO organizations and sometimesreceives their financial support, but according to the workprocedures of the Academy of Sciences however it is stillnot introduced fully in our society.

Most of the foreign countries and organization are notaware of the existence of the Academy of Sciences ofAfghanistan, therefore it is not received the internationalassistance, which is donated to the rehabilitation of ourcountry.

The Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan, is gratefulto the government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan,for its help to save this academic organization and thesupport which enabled the governing Body of the Academyof Sciences to pay attention to the well being of the scholarslife and their research activities.

There for it was required to introduce the Academy ofSciences of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan by

99 A brief background...

publishing this pamphlet in English, Pashto and DariLanguages.

Assistant Professor, Mohammad Mir RadDirector of the cultural and foreign relations

department

100 *gî1;.,1* A brief background...

A brief background of the Academy ofSciences of Afghanistan

Prior to the development of the Academy of Sciencesof Afghanistan to its present level, there were differentcultural institutions, which were busy in cultural activities,such as (allows:

1 - The Pashto Maraka: this cultural institution wasregistered in the regulation of the Ministry of Education in1922 AD (1301 AH).

2 -- Herat Literary Society, Which was established inthe Heart city in 1932 A.D (1311) A.H.

3 The Kabul literary Society. established in 1931((1310 A.H) Kabul city.

4 the Kandahar Literary Society, established in 1932(1311 A.H) in the Kandahar city.

5 - Amongst the above mentioned cultural institutions,Heart literary Society continued its work until the presenttime.

6 - The cultural institutions of the Pashto Maraka. theLiterary Society of Kandahar and the Literary Society ofKabul were contracted in 1937 (1316) and formed PashtoTolana (the Pashto Academy), which is started its work inthe ministry of Education and the Kabul Magazine was itspublication organ.

7 - The History Society was established in theframework of the ministry of Information and culture in1942 (1321) and started its publications by publishing the((Afghanistan)) and ((Aryana)) Magazines.

101 A brief background...

8 - The Aryana Dairatel maaref (AryanaEncyclopedia) Society established in the framework of theministry of Education in 1327 (1967) and then joined to theministry of Information and Culture in 1965 (1344) andafterward to the Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan in1978 (1357).

9 The International Center for Kushan Studies,established in 1354 (1975) and registered in UNESCO.

10 - The Archeological Society is established in theframework of the Ministry of Information and culture in1967 (1346) and then joined to the Academy of Sciences ofAfghanistan in 1982, but according to the decree No 4792dated 23/9/1381 it is shifted to the Ministry of Informationand Culture. On the base of this decree the InternationalCenter for Kushan Studies preserved in the framework ofthe Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan.

11 The International Center for Pashto Studies isestablished in the framework of the ministry of Educationwith the recommendation of international seminar in 1975(1354). The Pashto magazine is published by this Center.

12 According to the approval of the council ofministers dated 25 /12/1348 (1969) and the decree No. 10dated 2/1/1349 (1970) of the king, the AfghanistanAcademy was established.

13 - By the contraction of the above mentionedinstitutions, the Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan cameinto being in 1357 (1978), as an independent academic andresearch institution and started its work in different humanand natural sciences fields, with the following purposes:

102 A brief background...

l -- Rendering long term academic plans in differenthuman and natural sciences fields, which are essential andeffective to the development of national economy andculture?

2 Studying and evaluation of water resources, soil,temperature, energy, minerals, raw materials and othernatural sources as well as specifying the resources and itseffective use.

3 - Applying the newest outcomings in nationaleconomy and presenting the specific schemes in this way.

4 - Taking part in designing the current and long termplans for the culture, social and economical development ofthe country.

5 Ascension and promotion of the prestige andcredibility of the knowledge in the country.

6 - Development and preservation of the culturalentity of the ethnics resided in the country.

7 - Guidance and coordinating of the academicresearch activities which is to be rendered in the highereducation institutions and other academic organizations inhuman and natural sciences sections.

Academy of Sciences works in the followingSections:

A - Natural Sciences Section:1 - The physics and Technical center.2 - The chemistry, Biology and Agriculture center.3 - The garth Science and Seismology center.4 -- The Medical Sciences Center.B -- The Human Sciences Section.a - the Social Science Center.

103*:9:14,4* A brief background...

- The Economics Institute.- The laws Institute.- The Journalism Institute.- The Philosophy and Psychology Institute.- The History and Ethnogphy institute.b -- The Encyclopedia Center.c - The Languages and Literatures Center.- The Pashto Language and Literatures institute.- The Dari Language and Literature Institute.- The Brethren Nationalities Languages Institute.e The International center for Pashto Studies.f The International Center for Kushans Studies.C - The Islamic Studies Section is started its work at

the end of 1374 (1995) and conduct researches in the fieldsof Beliefs and Culture, Jurisprudence (Islamic Sharia) andLaw, and Tafsir Hadith (Interpretation of the Holy Quranand the sayings of the prophet, Hazrat Mohammad (peacebe upon him).

D - The Ariana Encyclopedia Center, the revisingprocess of which is started according to the decree No, 116,dated 14/5/1381 (2001) of the Interim Government ofAfghanistan.

E The Pamir Languages Department establishedaccording to the decree No, 4529 dated13 /8/1382 (2002) ofthe Provisional State of Afghanistan in the framework of theBrethren nationalities.

F - The world Philosophical Mathematic Center isshifted to the Academy of Science of Afghanistan by the

104*,9:14:ty:* A brief background...

Order No, 533 dated 26/1/1382 of the Provisional state ofAfghanistan. and according to the Command No, 4448,dated 6/8/1382, 2002 A.D of the Provisional state ofAfghanistan, it is placed beside the Academy of Sciences ofAfghanistan.

The Academicians and the candidateAcademicians:

Nine scholars for the posts of the Academicians and 32scholars for the posts of the Candidate Academician wereapproved in 1365 (1986) as follows.

A - Academicians:

1 -- Suleiman Layeq, the chairman of the Academy ofSciences. His field is literature.

2 - Professor Abdul Shokor Reshad. member of theAcademy, field: literature.

3 - Professor Abdul Ahmmad Jawid, member of theAcademy of Sciences in the literature field.

4 - Abdul Wahed Surabi, field: economics.

5 Abdullah Shareq, field: geology.

6 -- Ghulam Dastagir Panjshiri, field: literature.

7 - -- Professor Dr. Ghulam Faroq Etemady, field:History.

105 A brief background...

8 - Faqir Mohammad Yaqobi, field: physic.

9 - Mohammad Mosa Wardag, field: medicine.

10 -- Professor Burhanadin Rabani, by the approvalNo, 520, dated 2/10/1380 (2001) of the Governing Board ofthe Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan.

11 - Abdul Ahad Ashrafi.

B - The Candidate Academicians:

1 - Ahmad shah Jalal, professor of the KabulUniversity.

2 - Associate professor Dr. Asadullah Habib, KabulUniversity.

3 - Professor, Dr. Bolbol Shah Jalal, Director of thechemistry, biology and agriculture center.

4 - Dr. Haidar Masood.

5 - Dr. Samiya Ebadi, member of the Academy.

6 Abdul Rahman Pahwal, // // ,

7 - Abul Rahim Khoshdel, Kabul University.

8 - Abdul Rashid Raoof, Director of the plan andagriculture of the Ministry of planning.

106 A brief background...

9 - Abdul Sarni Ghafari, Director of the waterproblems Institute.

10 - Abdul Samad Salim, Director of the faculty ofGeo Sciences, Kabul University.

11 - Abdul Ghafor Baher, Advisor minister. (advisorof the presidential office)

12 _ Professor Abdul Kabir Ranjbar, member of theAcademy of Sciences of Afghanistan.

13 - Abdul Hamid Nababti Vice Minister of theHigher Education.

14 - Ali Ahmmad, Professor of the state medicalInstitute of Kabul.

15 - Professor Shah Ali Akbar Sharestani, Director ofthe faculty of Literature, Kabul University.

16 - Ghulam Abubakar, Vice -Minister of theAgricultural and Land Referm.

17 - Mohammad Bahram, Director of the AgriculturalResearches Institute.

18 - Professor Faqir Mohammad Zmarai, KabulUniversity.

19 - Gul Ahmad Khaledi, Deputy Director for theAgricultural Researches Institute.

107 A brief background...

20 Mohammad Ibrahim Atayee, member of theAcademy of Sciences of Afghanistan.

21 - Mohammad Azam Sestani, the Director of theSocial Science Center.

22 -- M. Akram Osman, head of the history Instituteand Ethnography.

23 -- M.Anwar Nomialai, member of the Academy ofSciences.

24 - Professor M.Amin Iman, Kabul University.

25 -M.Husain Helali, Chancellor of the Kabul PolyTechnics Institute.

26 - Professor M.Rahim Elhamm Director of theLanguage and Literature Center.

27 - Professor M.sediq Rohi, member of the Academyof Sciences.

28 - M.Zahir Ofoq, Vice Chairman of the Academy ofSciences of Afghanistan.

29 - M. Yaqob Wahedi, member of the Academy.

30 - Dr. Mahmmod, Habibi, Deputy of the journalistsOrganization and member of the Social Sciences Center.

108 A brief background...

31 - Meher Mohammad Nazi, Chancellor of the KabulMedical Institute.

32 - Professor Mir Husani Shah, Kabul University.

Honorary Academicians:

1 - Ayatullah - Al Ozma Shaikh M. Asif Mohseni, bythe Order No, 2168, dated 30/4/1386 (2207) of the IslamicRepublic of Afghanistan.

The Chairmen of the Academy of Sciences ofAfghanistan:

1 - Associate Professor Dr. Gul Mohammad Norzai.

2 Academician Sulaiman L,ayeq.

3 - Assistant Professor Guldad.

4 - Professor Dr. Abdul Kabir Ranjber.

5 - Abdul Ahad Ashrati.

6 - Professor Mohammad Mohsen Formoli,

7 - Mullah Mohammad Husain Mostasid.

8 - Mawlawi Khalilullah Ferozi.

9 - Professor Abdul Bari Rashed.

109 A brief background...

In accordance to the article 47 of the Constitution ofAfghanistan (1382) 2003 A.D) the Academy of Sciences ofAfghanistan is as an independent state organization worksfor the development and coordination of the researchactivities and conduct research projects in the NaturalTechnical Sciences. Human Sciences and the IslamicStudies Sections.

The Governing Body of Academy 'of Sciences is theupper academic council, ., which takes the decisions,composed of the Academicians, the candidate academicians,the members of the higher academic council.

The Governing Body determines the relevant issues ofthe development of knowlade and the basic academicresearches in the country. It is noteworthy that the HigherAcademic Council is composed of the chairman of theAcademy for the academic affairs. The Governing Board,chaired by the chairman of the Academy, approve theacademic plans and coordinate academic researches.

According to the law of the Academy of Sciences,enforced in 1360 (1981), the following Academic ranks andtitles arc registered:

1 _ Assistant Researcher.

2 Researcher.

3 - Vice Chief Rescarcher.

4 Chief Researcher.

110 A brief background...

According to the present law of the Academy ofSciences (1387) (2008), the following adjustments areborough in the.above mentioned academic titles:

1 - Assistant Researcher = Junior Assistant Professor.

2 - Researcher = Assistant Professor.

3 - Vice Chief Researcher - Associate Professor.

4 - -- Chief Researcher Professor.

Publications of the Academy of Sciences

NO Name Year of theEstablishment

Publisher Period Language

1 KabulMagazine

1310 (1931) TheLanguageandliteratureCenter

Quarterly

Pashto

2 Zerai (Journal) 1316 (1937 // Weekly //

3 ArianaMagazine

1321 (1942 SocialSciencesCenter

Quarterly

Dari andPashto

4 AfghanistanMagazine

1346 (1967) // // English

5 KushanStudiesMagazine

1356 (1976) TheInternational Center

// Pashtoand Dari

111 A brief background...

1356 (1976)

for KushanStudies

TheInternational Centerfor PashtoStudies

// In

UNESCOLanguages

6 PashtoMagazine

7 KhurasanMagazine

1359 (1980) LanguageanLiteraturecenter

// Dari

Pashto,Dari

8 TibiatMagazine

1368 (1989) NaturalSciencesSection

//

9 TibianMagazine

1379 (2000) IslamicStudiesSection

// Pashto,Dari

Pashto,Dari

Pashto,Dari

Pashto,Dari

10 Tafakur(Journal)

1386 (2007 Publications Directory

Monthly

Quarterly

11 RegionalStudiesMagazine

1385 (2006) RegionalStudiesCenter

12 Sciences&TechnologyMagazine

1386 (2007) NaturalSciencesandTechnology

SixMonths

112 A brief background...

Foreign relations:

Whenever Afghanistan relations with the worldrenewed, the Academy of Sciences gained the fallowingorganizations membership:

1 - Federation of Asian Science Academies andSocieties (FASAS).

2 - Intern Academy Panale (IAP).

3 - Third World Academy of Sciences (TWAS).

4 - Association of Academy of Sciences (AASA).

Furthermore, academic cooperation protocols are

signed with the Academies of Pakistan, India, Tajekistanand Turkey. Afghanistan tries to set up its relation withother academies and research organizations of the world anddevelop its academic activities.

Premises of the Academy of Sciences

1 - The ethnographical museum of the Academy ofSciences:

According to the decree No, 45 dated, 15/3/1381 (200)of the Interim Administration of Afghanistan the old castleof the Shah BoBo Jan, which is a building of the Academyof Sciences allocated to the ethnographical museum. The

113 A brief background...

rehabilitation process of the historical building is started andwill be put to use next year (2009).

Based on the decree, missions are dispatched to theprovinces to collect ethnographical relics. With theassistance of the governors, valuable necessaries, whichrepresent the ethnics life specification, are provided andstored in the suitable places. Whenever the rehabilitationworks completed, the museum will be formally opened bythe president of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan in2009.

2 - The Sha BoBo Jan Building

The Building area is 18681 m2 and has a legal deedNo, 2082/310 DATED 18/8/1362 (1983). To the north ofthe building area, which is next to the compound of theMinistry of the Interior Affairs, there is another sevenstories building, which is under the construction. This newbuilding will be completed in 1389 (2009) and will be usedby administrative personnel and academic members.

3 - The present Presidium Building:

This building is located next to the Literacy LearningDeputy - Minister Office. It is called the Central office(Presichium or headquarter) of the Academy of Sciences.The building contains Chairman Office and the offices ofthe administrative directors of the Academy of Sciences.Preciously, the building was a personal premise, which wasbelonged to Abdul Hakim son of Mohammad Yusuf. Since

114 A brief background...

1340 (1961) it is a nationalized property, due to theindebtedness of its owner to the Bus Ltd, Mortgagee andConstruction Bank, and the Offices of the Revenue andIncome Collector of the Chief Accountancy of Kabul.

The said building is submitted to the Academy ofSciences of Afghanistan by the approval No, 3368 dated13/2/1361 (1981) of the Executive Committee of theCouncil of ministers. According to the decree No, 83, dated,18/8/1382 of the president of the provisional Islamic state ofAfghanistan, the Building is included in the state premises.

4 -A building on the crossroads of the Academy ofSciences of Afghanistan is also belongs to the Academy ofSciences. The Institutes of the Languages and LiteratureCenter are accommodated in this building.

The building is rehabilitated by the state developmentbudget.

5 -A building, located in Qalai -Fatullah also belongs

to the Academy of Sciences. The Offices of theInternational Center For Pashto Studies, the InternationalCenter For Kushan Studies and the Institute of Archeologyare accommodated in the building.

Library:

The library of the Academy of Sciences ofAfghanistan contains totally 21951 title - books, whichcomprising 28522 volumes. It is divided into three sections:

115 A brief background...

1 -- The Reference Section: this section is composed of(13) parts, among others, the encyclopedias such asAmericana, Britannica, the Islamic larger encydopedia. theDeh Khuda, the Persion literature Dictionary, Year- books,the Serajul Akhbar newspapers collections, Serajul Atfaland Aman -i- Afghan are mentionable. The reference sectioncontains (6612) title -books, which comprising 8110volumes.

2 - The circulation section: the circulation departmentcontains 13441 title -books (17999 volumes) in differentfields of the natural sciences, human sciences and IslamicSciences.

3 - The Magazine section: this section has 1898published title -books (2413 volume) which are originallythe academic projects of the scholars of the Academy ofSciences of Afghanistan, newspapers collections,newsletters, magazines and laws.

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