International Census of Marine Microbes Explore the Explore the diversity diversity , relative , relative abundance abundance , and environmental , and environmental context context of all microbial life of all microbial life forms in the oceans forms in the oceans Archaea Eukarya Viruses Bacteria
International Census of Marine Microbes. Explore the diversity , relative abundance , and environmental context of all microbial life forms in the oceans. Viruses. Bacteria. Archaea. Eukarya. International - Global Coverage. Competitive Tag Sequencing - 869 samples 660 completed - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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International Census of Marine MicrobesInternational Census of Marine Microbes
Explore the Explore the diversitydiversity, relative , relative abundanceabundance, , and environmental and environmental contextcontext of all of all
microbial life forms in the oceans microbial life forms in the oceans
Archaea Eukarya VirusesBacteria
International - Global Coverage
Competitive Tag Sequencing - 869 samples 660 completed~13.5 million tag sequences
Final Data set will exceed 18 million tag sequences
Microbial Population Structure of the World’s OceanMicrobial Population Structure of the World’s Ocean
Frisian Island SyltGuaymas Methane SeepsGulf of AqabaGlobal Protist SurveyHood Canal WashingtonHawaii Ocean Time-SeriesIOMM Cooperative RunGulf of MaineLaCAR Cooperative RunLost CityMount Hope BayHelgolandNew Zealand SedimentOcean Drilling ProjectEnglish ChannelSurreptitious Algal BacteriaStation M SedimentsSpongesSpatial Scaling DiversityHumboldt Marine EcosystemBlack Sea
Microbial creatures of untold diversity dominate every corner of our biosphere. Estimates of 10 - 100 X diversity of animals.
The number of different kinds of bacteria in the oceans could eclipse 5 to 10 million
Deep SequencingDeep Sequencing
BacteriaBacteria ArchaeaArchaeaTotal Unique V6 Tag SequencesTotal Unique V6 Tag Sequences 30,10830,108 5,9795,979Total OTUs at 3% DifferenceTotal OTUs at 3% Difference 18,53718,537 1,9311,931Chao1 Estimator of Richness at 3% DifferenceChao1 Estimator of Richness at 3% Difference 36,86936,869 2,7542,754ACE Estimator of Richness at 3% DifferenceACE Estimator of Richness at 3% Difference 37,03837,038 2,6782,678
• Low abundance taxa in rank-ordered, taxon abundance curves• Microbial abundance curves are “long-tail distributions”
Concept of the Rare BiosphereConcept of the Rare Biosphere
• The tail is much greater than previously known• Diversity eclipses all prior estimates of
•Bacterial, Archaeal and Eukaryl diversity• Never-before-seen populations
High Abundance Populations
Taxon-rank distribution curve for microbial communities
Low Abundance Populations
The Rare Biosphere
Explaining the Rare BiosphereExplaining the Rare Biosphere
• Biogeography• Dispersal from yet to be discovered endemic
sites
Human
Sponge
Mouse
Rio TintoDeep subsurface
Sulfides/Basalts
Cariaco
Salt Marsh
Lau Seamount
Salt Pond
English Channel
Amunsen
Palmer LTER
Global Distribution of Abundant Tags
Explaining the Rare BiosphereExplaining the Rare Biosphere
• Biogeography• Dispersal from yet to be discovered endemic sites• Keystone species• Always rare - possibly slow growing or dormant• Persistently rare but capable of becoming
abundant
“Seed” organisms
Genomic novelty• Analogous to heterozygosity in animals or plants• Products of historical ecological change?• Responders to environmental shifts
May serve as sentinel for global change
Limits to KnowledgeLimits to KnowledgeOperational issues for the Rare Biosphere:
•Definition of microbial diversity - key data - •Start and length of the long tail •Existence of viral, archaeal and eukaryl Rare Biosphere •Tools necessary to define limits of the rare biosphere•Criteria for targeting studies of rare biosphere members
Questions about the Rare Biosphere and how can we seek answers?
•Is the Rare Biosphere globally distributed? or does the Rare biosphere reflect dispersal from endemic sites?
•Does membership in the Rare Biosphere shift across different spatial/temporal scales? •What mechanisms determine membership in the Rare Biosphere? •Why is there a rare biosphere? •Do microbes in the rare biosphere compete for niche space? •Is the rare biosphere a nearly unlimited source of genetic information that can
transfer between microbial populations?•How important are reservoirs in protecting microbial diversity?•Do rare organisms have a selective advantage? •Are there specific mechanisms that allow low-abundance populations
to become dominant in response to environmental shifts?•How does the rare biosphere shape the environment past, present and future?•How might rare organisms impact human health and well being?•Can the rare biosphere serve as a sentinel for global change?•Do rare microbes play a key role in preserving biodiversity?