RESETTLEMENT OF INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS IN NIGERIA:
RETURN, RESETTLEMENT & INTEGRATION OF INTERNALLY DISPLACED
PERSONS IN NIGERIA: GEOGRAPHIC DESIGNS FOR DURABLE SOLUTIONS
PROCESS.
Meniru Nkem Levi [email protected]
Institute of Chartered Geographers of NigeriaHeadquarters, Bz
1&2, Sarduana CrescentOff, Junction Road, Kaduna. Saturday, 9th
July, 2016.
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INTRODUCTION
Rosado Caleb (1997), identified three forces already in place in
our society that make change inevitable. They are the increasing
wave of refugees, displaced population groupsthe breakup of what
appeared to be unified countries, resulting in internally political
strife and disunityRevival of ethnic nationalism
In June 20, 2016, World Refugee Day, the United Nations
announced that there are 65.3 million refugees and internally
displaced persons in the world today. Out of which, 38.2 million
are IDPs (ECHOFACT SHEETS, 2016), mostly found in Syria,
Afghanistan and Nigeria. 2.3millio million people are displaced in
Northern Nigeria, 5.2 million with food(Cadre Hamonise,2016)
Displacement Tracking Matrix Nigeria Report Round II, February,
2015 gave three reasons for the sudden increase of IDPs.natural
disastercommunity clashesterrorist attacks
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DTM, NIGERIA 2015
DTM, Round IX, April, 2016 identified insurgency in the North
East as the main reason for the escalation of IDPs in Nigeria.
IDP Population by Reason of Displacement, DTM ROUND IX, April
2016.7
DISPLACEMENT OF IDPs, 2015
www.unicef.org/infobycountry/nigeria.html 8
NUMBER OF IDPs IN NORTH EAST, NIGERIA
www.unicef.org/infobycountry/nigeria.html February, 20159
LGA DISPLACEMENT OF IDPs
DTM Nigeria, Report IX, April, 201610
LOCATION OF DISPLACEMENTS
DISPLACEMENT TRACKING MATRIX, ROUND IX, 201611
KEY SKILLS IN GEOGRAGHYJoseph Kierski, 2015
www.geography.hunter.cuny.edu
ASK GEOGRAPHIC QUESTIONS
What are the Best Possible Principle(s), Practices and tools for
obtaining and achieving Durable Solutions for theReturn of
IDPs,Reconstruction and Rehabilitation of their places of
origin?
DURABLE OPTIONS FOR THE RETURN, REHABILITATION AND
REINTEGRATION
The Brookings Institution-London school of Economics(2011) noted
that Durable options are achieved when the IDPsno longer require
specific assistance and protection that link to their
displacement.can enjoy their human rights without
discrimination.
PRINCIPLES GUIDING DURABLE SOLUTIONS PROCESS UNITED NATIONS
INTEROFFICE MEMORANDUM, 4TH OCT, 2011
IDPs RIGHT OF RETURN Tripartite Agreement(2013), Elizabeth
Terris et al(2011), Walter Kaelin(2008), Eva-Lotta Hedman (2006),
UNHCR (2002) identified the following elements as key to successful
and durable return of IDPs.IDPs are entitled to choose whether to
return to their place of origin, integrate locally where they were
displaced, or settle in another part of the country.Returnees
should not suffer from any form of persecutions. There safety must
be ensured.
According to UNHCR(1996)repatriation should be voluntary.UNHCR,
governments, private organizations NGOs have roles to play in
repatriationvoluntary repatriation should be both facilitated and
promoted. durable solutions can be achieved through sustainable
reintegration at the place of origin (return), sustainable local
integration in areas where IDPs take refuge (local settlement)any
durable solutions must address human rights, humanitarian
development, reconstruction and peace-building challenges.
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UNHCR has a supervisory role in facilitating, coordinating and
monitoring the voluntary repatriation and reintegration process,
www.unhcr.org, www.aims.org. It has a structured system of
Encashment Centers that ensures orderly return and allow for a
better protection, monitoring and tracking of returning
movements.
CAMP COORDINATION AND CLUSTER MANAGEMENT --- Displacement
Tracking Matrix (DTM)According to dtm-sop.pdf, DTM is a
participatory tool to track and monitor the IDPs in camps or
spontaneous camps or collective camps. It aids to track and monitor
the services, assistances, access and protection provided by
government, inter-government organizations, international
non-governmental organizations, community based organizations and
civil societies. It is the first hand information acquired within
short period of time about the IDPs population, location, size and
other settlement issues.
Oduwole Tajudeen and Fadeyi Adebayo (2013), noted that credible
information is needed on numbers locations, and conditions of IDPs
in order to design effective policies and programmes. According to
them, data should be disaggregated by age, gender and other key
indicators so that the specific needs of particular groups are
taken into account.
DTM QUESTIONNAIREdtm-sop.ptf
DTM REPORT FOR THE MONTH OF JULY
camp/nameshelterwashhealthnfieducFood
&Nutp&sreloc123456
AFFORDANCE MODEL
The Gibson Ecology theory of direct perception is based on
reciprocity, perceiver-environment concept needed to specify its
properties. Environment contain all the information. Perceiving
these properties is a matter of detecting the information available
in the environment. Gibson stated that all animals Perception is
automatic. According to him, affordance is the potential uses of an
object. We perceive this directly. All the information needed to
make sense of the environment is directly present in the visual
input. Perception depends on action.
RECONSTRUCTION AND REHABILITATION Case 1 : ACEH AND NIAS,
INDONESIA BRR Organizational Structure
BOTTOM-UP POLICY, EVOLUTIONAL APPROACH case 1 Case 1: Aceh and
NiasDeliberate strategies were put in place to make BRR effective
on accomplishing its obligations. Suahasil Nazara, Budy P.
Resosudarmo(2007) reported the need for shifting the
decision-making and management of BRR, the centralized national
commission, to district and local town authorities across Aceh and
Nias during reconstruction and rehabilitation was to reduce its
role to monitoring, countering corruption and problem solving, gap
filling, and donor relations.Building better back in Aceh,
Indonesia, Angela Kearney (2009), Representative, UNICEF, reported
that local governments led the building process.
bottom -top strategy
Suahasil Nazara, Budy P. Resosudarmo (2007)
MANDATE FOR NORTH EAST DEVELOPMENT COMMISIONABDUL-AZIZ NYAKO,
2015
RECONSTRUCTION AND REHABILITATION OF NORTHEAST NIGERIA
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF NORTH-EAST COMMISSION
ABDUL-AZIZ NYAKO (2015)
POTENTAIL RESPONSE MATRIX FOR DURABLE SOLUTIONS FOR REFUGEES AND
IDPS WITHIN 24 MONTHS AFTER CONFLICT
KEY ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN HUMANITARIAN RESPONSE
CLUSTERJONATHAN RANDALL, EMMA JOWETT(2010)
CLUSTERENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS THAT CAN AFFECT HUMANITARIAN
ACTIONSHUMANITARIAN ACTIVITIES THAT CAN CAUSE ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACTSWATER, SANITATION, AND HYGIENESHELTERCAMP CO-ORDINATIONAND
MANAGEMENTLOGISTICSEARLY RECOVERY
ALL THE POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF PROPOSED PROJECTS
ENVIRONMENTAL FILTER
SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS
IMPACT ANALYSIS decision factors environment relevance
S SCALING IMPACTS FINDING THE SIGNIFANCE OF IMPACTProf. Doutora
Maria do Rosrio Partidrio
KEY ELEMENTS OF EIA IN POST-DISASTER SETTING Jonathan Randal et
al (2010)
DESIGNS OF MITIGATING MEASURES
STANDARD PROJECT CIRCLE AND EIA Jonathan Randal et al (2010)
EIA TOOLS Samir Afifi (IGU)
EIA CHECKLIST
SIMPLE CHECKLIST
EIA MATRICES
SIMPLE MATRIX
PROJECTACTIONEvironmentalcomponentconstructionoperationutilitiesresidential/commercial
buildingsresidential
buildingsCommercialbuildingsparks/openspacesfloraxxair
qualityxwater qualityxxxemploymentxxtraffic
THE BENEFITS OF EIA IN HUMANITARIAN SETTING Jonathan Randal et
al (2010)
AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHSJonathan Randall and Emma Jowett(2010) place
maps as the first contact for environmental information gathering.
Studies have shown that aerial photographs can be used to depict
and analyze geographic features over time. Pre-and post areas of
conflict, IDPs destinations, camps are spatial and temporal
phenomena. When they are captured in maps, they are of tremendous
assist.
BAGA IN NORTH-EAST NIGERIA
45
BAGA TOWN, NORTHEAST, NIGERIA MARGARET MYERS,JAN 16,
2015,12:12PM EDT
BAGA TOWN RAIZED TO THE GROUND MARGERET MYERS, JAN 16,2015
CONCLUSION
The crises of refugees and internally displaced persons are the
challenges of this 21st Century and beyond confronting our world.
Having the right principles, practices, strategies and tools,
durable solutions may be found for the resettling and
rehabilitation of the IDPs.
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REFERENCES
Building Back in Aceh, UNICEF Indonesia Summary Report
(2009)Suahasil Nazara, Budy P. Resosudarmo (2007),Aceh-Nias
Reconstruction and Rehabilitation : Progress and Challenges at the
End of 2006United Nations Interoffice Memorandum, April,
2011.Christopher Valingot(2016) EUS Humanitarian Response, ECHO
FACTS, April, 2016Forced displacement - refugees and internally
displaced people IDPs, ECHO Factsheet , June,2016Joseph J Kerski
(2015): The top five skills you need for successful career in GIS
Education Manager [email protected]
Abdul-Aziz Murtala Nyako(2015), Concept Note on North East
Development Commission: An Institutional Framework For a
Sustainable Solution to the North-East National Security
Challengedtm-sop.pdfwww.unhcr.org, www.aims.org/af Oduwole Tajudeen
and Fadeyi Adebayo (2013),Issues of Refugees and Displaced Persons
in Nigeria, Journal of Sociological Research, Houdegbe, North
American University, republic of Benin. www.macrothink.org/jsr
Eva-Lotta E Hedman, The right to return: IDPs in Aceh. Refugee
Studies Centre, eva-lotta.hedman @ qeh.ox.ac.uk ,
www.rsc.ox.ac.uk
The Brookings Institution-London School of Economics (2011),
Resolving Internal Displacement Prospects for Local
Integration.Prof. Doutora Maria do Rosrio Partidrio EIA
Methodologies and techniques, Master on Environmental Engineering
Ibid. Michael James Braund (2008) The Structures of Perception: An
Ecological Perspective, Department of Philosophy, Brook University,
Canada. www.kritike.org/journal/issue3/june.James J Gibson (1950) A
Theory of Direct Visual Perception, Mifflin, Boston,Houghton