Internal migration and socio-demographic changes in Malaysia Tey Nai Peng International Conference on Migration, Urbanization and Development organized by National Population and Family Development Board, and Population Studies Unit (University of Malaya) 8 July 2013 at Faculty of Economics and Administration University of Malaya
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Internal migration and socio- demographic changes in Malaysia Tey Nai Peng International Conference on Migration, Urbanization and Development organized.
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Internal migration and socio-
demographic changes in Malaysia
Tey Nai Peng
International Conference on Migration, Urbanization and Development organized by National Population and Family Development Board, and Population Studies Unit
(University of Malaya)8 July 2013
atFaculty of Economics and Administration
University of Malaya
Scope and objectives of the paper• Re-examines levels, trends and patterns of
internal migration for 1991 and 2000.• State and regional level analysis• Reasons for the concentration in the Klang
Valley• Migration selectivity• Effects of migration on - Demographic changes - Socio-economic changes
Theories and Hypotheses• Ravenstein’s law of migration - Most migrants only proceed a short
distance, and toward centers of absorption • Lee’s push and pull factors- migration directed to areas with more
jobs and higher incomes• Neoclassical economic theory- the main reason for labor migration is
wage difference between two geographic locations • Chain migration – migrants from a certain city of region tend to
migrate to the same area as others from their city or region. It can also refer to the process where relatives who have previously migrated to a new country can sponsor family to migrate to the same city by sponsoring them.
• Migration is selective, especially by age and education• Inter-regional predominates intra-regional migration (except KL
Selangor), because for a small country distance is not a deterrent• Govt policies affect migration, which in turn is instrumental to achieve
the objectives of restructuring society
Data sources and measures• 2% sample data from 1991-2000 censuses• Measures –obtained by cross-classifying by current
state and state of birth/5 years ago - Life time migration (place of birth)- Recent migration (place of residence 5 years before
the census) Note: in 2000 census, 7.2% unknown place cf to 1.9% in 1991, and these are assumed to be inter-state migrants).
- Estimate for % that changed states between 1996 and 2000 varies from 4.8% (published figure) to 11.6% if include persons with unknown state
Bi-polar migration in 1970sLife time in, out and net-migrants (U-u migration
made up about 2/3 in 1995-2000, from 50% in 1986-1991, r-u migration decrease from 17% to 12%)
Life time and 5-year migrants
% living in other states 5 years ago(Data for 2000 include 7.3% of unknown state of origin, and this is as high as
13-14% in KL/Selangor, 10% in Sarawak and 7% in Sabah)
Percent distribution of 5-year migrants by receiving states
Migration status (1996-2000). In Pen. Malaysia, inter-state predominates intra-state migration.
Migration selectivity. Persons aged 20-24 have the highest propensity to migrate. Young women > men
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
15 to 19
20 to 24
25 to 29
30 to 34
35 to 39
40 to 44
45 to 49
50 to 54
55 to 59
60 to 64
4.1
9.0
7.66.5
5.44.2
2.81.9 1.7
0.9
3.8
10.1
8.3
5.9
4.1
2.71.8 1.5 1.4 1.2
1996-2000
Male
Female
Percentage distribution of migrants (1996-2000) by age and sex. Younger women made up
29.5%
Educational level by migration status (1996-2000)
Persons aged 20-39 were most mobile (during 1996-2000). Higher proportion of young Malays have migrated as
compared to non-Malays –objectives of NEP
The pulls in Klang Valley• Rapid industrialization – one third of the
approved manufacturing projects for the period 2001-2005 located in Selangor
• Administrative/business/commercial/financial and educational hub
• Job availability -In 2000, 28.3% of all jobs in the country, 38.9 % of 2.7 million modern sector workers lived in KL/Selangor, up from 33.2% of 1.7 million in 1991
•
Klang Valley has the highest income level. Net in-migration rate is highly correlated with household
income
Correlation between net migration ratio and urbanization level
Other reasons for the attraction to Klang Valley
• Concentration of institutions of higher learning in the region
• Housing development• Better facilities – health care, entertainment etc• Preference for the bright lights of the city• Chain migration and existing network – presence of
relatives and friends in KV facilitates migration • Central location and easy accessibility• Port and airport
Consequences: Unequal population growth The population of Selangor grew rapidly at 6% p.a. Perak,
Kelantan and Perlis had a growth rate of less than 1 %
Selangor increased its share of total population to 19 percent in 2010, from 12% in 1980. Perak registered
the sharpest decline
Between 2000 and 2010, the population in some districts had grown rapidly, others had experienced
Internal migration has affected the age sex composition of the population of each state. This is borne out by the sharp contrast of changes depicted by the population pyramids in 1970 and 2010 for Selangor (with rapid increase and concentration in the prime working age) and Perak (showing a decrease in the young age population and an ageing population).