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Slide 1
Intermediate SFFMA Objectives: 16-02.01 16-02.04 2Hrs
received
Slide 2
SFFMA Objectives 16-02.01 Trainee shall identify areas assigned
for first- alarm response. 16-02.02 Trainee shall demonstrate both
mobile and portable radio equipment. 16-02.03 Trainee shall
identify supervisory alarm equipment provided in the fire station
and the prescribed action to be taken upon receipt of designated
signals. 16-02.04 Trainee shall identify fire location indicators
provided to direct firefighters to specific locations in protected
public or private properties.
Slide 3
Guidelines for Radio Communications Use plain English or clear
text without codes of any kind Clear text Standardized set of
fire-specific words and phrases, often used in the wildland fire
community Use a moderate rate of speaking Firefighter II193
(Continued)
Slide 4
Guidelines for Radio Communications Use a moderate amount of
expression in speech Use a vocal quality that is not too strong or
weak Keep things such as gum and candy out of the mouth Firefighter
II194 (Continued)
Slide 5
Guidelines for Radio Communications Be concise and to the point
Think about what should be said before keying the microphone
Firefighter II195 (Continued)
Slide 6
DISCUSSION QUESTION What is the guiding principle in emergency
services radio communications? Firefighter II196
Slide 7
Guidelines for Radio Communications Everyone on the fireground
should follow two basic rules Units must identify themselves in
every transmission The receiver must acknowledge every message
Firefighter II197 (Continued)
Slide 8
Guidelines for Radio Communications Do not transmit until the
frequency is clear Any unit working at an emergency scene has
priority over routine transmissions Do not use profane or obscene
language on the air Firefighter II198 (Continued)
Slide 9
Guidelines for Radio Communications All radio frequencies are
monitored Hold the radio/microphone 1 to 2 inches (25 mm to 50 mm)
from the mouth Firefighter II199 (Continued)
Slide 10
Guidelines for Radio Communications On the emergency scene
Avoid laying the microphone on the seat of the vehicle Do not touch
the antenna when transmitting Firefighter II1910
Slide 11
Arrival Reports Also called a report on conditions or situation
report Establish a time of arrival and inform other responding
units of what actions might be needed Firefighter II1911
(Continued)
Slide 12
Arrival Reports Format Situation found Action(s) taken/actions
to be taken Command status Firefighter II1912 (Continued)
Slide 13
Arrival Reports Some situations require more detail Address, if
other than the one initially reported Building and occupancy
description Nature and extent of fire or other emergency Attack
mode selected Firefighter II1913 (Continued)
Slide 14
Arrival Reports Some situations require more detail (cont.)
Rescue and exposure problems Instructions to other responding units
Location of Incident Command position Establishing Command Water
supply situation Firefighter II1914
Slide 15
Progress Reports Used to keep the communications center
continually advised Firefighter II1915
Slide 16
Progress Report Items Transfer of Command Change in command
post location Progress (or lack of) toward incident stabilization
Direction of fire spread Firefighter II1916 (Continued)
Slide 17
Progress Report Items Exposures by direction, height,
occupancy, and distance Any problems or needs Anticipated actions
Firefighter II1917
Slide 18
Tactical Channels Most often used for large incidents Small
routine incidents usually do not require a tactical channel In many
departments, units are initially dispatched on the primary dispatch
channel Firefighter II1918 (Continued)
Slide 19
Tactical Channels Upon arrival on the scene, units may switch
to an assigned tactical channel Firefighter II1919
Slide 20
Tactical Channels: Telecommunicator Roles Assign a tactical
frequency Ensure additional responding units are aware of the
assigned tactical channel Notify other agencies and services of the
incident and the need for them to respond Provide updated
information Firefighter II1920
Slide 21
Calls for Additional Resources Normally, only the Incident
Commander may strike multiple alarms or order additional resources
Know local procedure for requesting additional resources Be
familiar with alarm signals Firefighter II1921 (Continued)
Slide 22
Calls for Additional Resources When multiple alarms are struck,
a radio- equipped mobile communications vehicle can be used to
reduce the load on the communications center Firefighter II1922
(Continued)
Slide 23
Calls for Additional Resources Firefighters must be able to
communicate the need for team assistance Firefighter II1923
Slide 24
Emergency Radio Traffic Person transmitting the message should
make the urgency clear Telecommunicator should give an attention
tone, advise all other units to stand by, and then advise the
caller to proceed Firefighter II1924 (Continued)
Slide 25
Emergency Radio Traffic After the emergency communication is
complete, telecommunicator notifies all units to resume normal or
routine radio traffic Firefighter II1925
Slide 26
Evacuation Signals Used when the IC decides that all
firefighters should immediately withdraw All firefighters should be
familiar with their departments method of sounding an evacuation
signal Firefighter II1926 (Continued)
Slide 27
Evacuation Signals Radio broadcast Similar to emergency traffic
broadcast Message is broadcast several times Firefighter II1927
(Continued)
Slide 28
Evacuation Signals Audible warning devices Will work outside
small structures May not be heard by everyone Can be confused with
those being used by units arriving at the scene Firefighter
II1928
Slide 29
Personnel Accountability Report (PAR) A systematic way of
confirming the status of any unit operating at an incident When
requested, every supervisor must verify the status of those under
his or her command Firefighter II1929 (Continued)
Slide 30
Personnel Accountability Report (PAR) May have to rely on touch
or hearing to verify each members status Others in the chain of
command must rely on radio reports from their subordinates
Firefighter II1930 (Continued)
Slide 31
Personnel Accountability Report (PAR) Command can request a PAR
at any time, but one is usually requested when: The incident is
declared under control Change in strategy Sudden catastrophic event
Emergency evacuation A firefighter missing or in distress
Firefighter II1931
Slide 32
Incident Reports National Fire Incident Reporting System
(NFIRS) outlines information needed NFIRS uses the Internet to
transfer data from each state to the federal database A vital part
of the emergency Available to the public Firefighter II1932
(Continued)
Slide 33
Incident Reports An incident report should include detailed
information Entered into databases at the state and national level
Information is used for a variety of purposes Firefighter
II1933
Slide 34
Fixed-Temperature Heat Detectors Relatively inexpensive
compared to other types of systems Can be slowest to activate
Activate when heated to temperature for which rated Firefighter
II1634 (Continued)
Slide 35
Fixed-Temperature Heat Detectors Installed in highest portions
of room Should have activation temperature rating slightly above
highest ceiling temperatures normally inspected in space
Firefighter II1635 (Continued)
Slide 36
Fixed-Temperature Heat Detectors Activate by one or more of
three mechanisms Fusible device Frangible bulb Continuous line
detector Firefighter II1636
Slide 37
Rate-of-Rise Heat Detectors Operate on assumption that
temperature in room will increase faster from fire than from normal
atmospheric heating Designed to initiate signal when rise in
temperature exceeds 12 to 15F (-11C to -9C) in one minute
Firefighter II1637 (Continued)
Slide 38
Rate-of-Rise Heat Detectors Can be initiated at room
temperature far below that required for initiating
fixed-temperature device Reliable, not subject to false activations
Pneumatic rate-of-rise spot detector Firefighter II1638
(Continued)
Slide 39
Firefighter II1639 DISCUSSION QUESTION What are some places
that these detectors should not be installed because of false
activations?
Smoke Detectors Detect presence of smoke; must transmit signal
to another device that sounds alarm Respond to smoke or other
products of combustion Preferred over heat detectors Firefighter
II1641
Slide 42
Smoke Alarms Capable of Detecting presence of smoke Sounding an
alarm Firefighter II1642
Slide 43
Photoelectric Smoke Detectors Use photoelectric cell coupled
with tiny light source Function in two ways to detect smoke
Firefighter II1643
Slide 44
Ionization Smoke Detectors Detect minute particles, aerosols
produced during combustion Use a tiny amount of radioactive
material to ionize air molecules as they enter chamber within
detector Firefighter II1644 (Continued)
Slide 45
Ionization Smoke Detectors Firefighter II1645 Respond
satisfactorily to most fires Respond faster to flaming fires than
smoldering ones
Slide 46
Power Sources of Smoke Alarms Battery-operated Household
current Firefighter II1646
Slide 47
Firefighter II1647 DISCUSSION QUESTION How can we get citizens
to remember when to change their smoke alarm batteries?
Slide 48
Flame Detectors Types Among most sensitive detectors used to
detect fires Prone to being activated by nonfire conditions
Firefighter II1648 (Continued)
Slide 49
Flame Detectors Usually positioned in areas where other light
sources unlikely Positioned to have unobstructed view of protected
area Firefighter II1649 (Continued)
Slide 50
Flame Detectors Some single-band IR detectors sensitive to
sunlight, should be installed in fully enclosed areas UV detectors
virtually insensitive to sunlight, can be used in areas not
suitable for IR detectors Firefighter II1650
Slide 51
Fire-Gas Detectors Monitor levels of carbon dioxide, carbon
monoxide because these are only chemicals released from all fires
Initiate alarm signal faster than heat detector but not as quickly
as smoke detector Firefighter II1651 (Continued)
Slide 52
Fire-Gas Detectors Can be more discriminating than other types
Can be designed to be sensitive only to specific gases Firefighter
II1652 (Continued)
Slide 53
Fire-Gas Detectors Use semiconductors/catalytic elements to
sense gas, transmit signal to initiate alarm Not used as frequently
as other types Firefighter II1653
Slide 54
Combination Detectors Various combinations of previously
described means of detection may be used in single device
Firefighter II1654
Slide 55
Firefighter II1655 DISCUSSION QUESTION What are some examples
of combination detectors?
Slide 56
Indicating Devices Some produce loud signal to attract
attention in high-noise areas Some generate electronic tone audible
in almost any type of environment Some employ bells, horns, chimes
Firefighter II1656 (Continued)
Slide 57
Indicating Devices Others use speakers that broadcast
prerecorded evacuation instructions May include visual alarm
indicators to accommodate special circumstances/populations
Firefighter II1657 (Continued)
Slide 58
Indicating Devices May include strobe indicators Must meet
requirements of Americans with Disabilities Act in areas where
there may be people with hearing impairments Firefighter
II1658
Slide 59
Automatic Alarm Systems Transmit signal to off-site location to
summon organized assistance Produce automatic response upon
activation of local alarm May be installed to complement wet-pipe
or dry-pipe sprinkler systems Firefighter II1659
Slide 60
Auxiliary Systems Local energy systems Shunt systems Parallel
telephone systems Firefighter II1660
Slide 61
Remote Station Systems Similar to auxiliary systems but
connected to fire department telecommunication center
directly/through answering service by some means other than
municipal fire alarm box system Firefighter II1661 (Continued)
Slide 62
Remote Station Systems Firefighter II1662 (Continued)
Slide 63
Remote Station Systems Can be connected by leased telephone
line or radio signal on dedicated frequency Common in localities
not served by central station systems Firefighter II1663
(Continued)
Slide 64
Remote Station Systems May transmit coded or noncoded signal
Must have ability to transmit trouble signal to fire alarm center
when system impaired Firefighter II1664 (Continued)
Slide 65
Remote Station Systems May not have local alarm capabilities if
evacuation is not desired action in fire May be monitored by entity
besides fire department Firefighter II1665
Slide 66
Proprietary Systems Used to protect large commercial,
industrial buildings, high-rise buildings, groups of commonly owned
buildings in single location Firefighter II1666 (Continued)
Slide 67
Proprietary Systems Each building/area has own system wired
into a common receiving point somewhere on facility The receiving
station Capabilities Firefighter II1667 Courtesy of Paul
Ramirez.
Slide 68
Central Station Systems Very similar to proprietary systems;
instead of having alarm-receiving point monitored by occupants
representative on protected premises, receiving point is at
off-site, contracted service point called a central station
Firefighter II1668 (Continued)
Slide 69
Central Station Systems Central station is alarm company that
contracts with individual customers Firefighter II1669
(Continued)
Slide 70
Central Station Systems When alarm initiated at contracting
occupancy, central station employees take information, initiate
appropriate emergency response Firefighter II1670 (Continued)
Slide 71
Central Station Systems Response usually includes calling fire
department, representatives of protected occupancy Alarm systems at
protected property and central station most commonly connected by
supervised telephone lines Firefighter II1671
Slide 72
Supervising Fire Alarm Systems Designed to be self-supervising
Older systems Newer systems Sounds of alarm, trouble signals may
differ with each brand Firefighter II1672 (Continued)
Slide 73
Supervising Fire Alarm Systems Many fixed fire suppression
systems depend on signal from manual pull station/from automatic
fire detection device to trigger suppression system Firefighter
II1673
Slide 74
Auxiliary Services Available on Newer Systems Shutting down,
altering airflow in heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning
(HVAC) systems for smoke control Closing smoke/fire-rated doors,
dampers Firefighter II1674 (Continued)
Slide 75
Auxiliary Services Available on Newer Systems Facilitating
evacuation by increasing air pressure in stairwells to exclude
smoke Overriding elevator controls Monitoring operation of
commercial incinerator management systems Firefighter II1675
(Continued)
Slide 76
Auxiliary Services Available on Newer Systems Monitoring
refrigeration systems, cold-storage areas Controlling personnel
access to hazardous process/storage areas Detecting
combustible/toxic gases Firefighter II1676