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Interhospital Conference Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University
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Interhospital Conference

Feb 23, 2016

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Interhospital Conference. Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University. Identification Data. ผู้ป่วยเด็กทารกเพศชาย อายุ 2 เดือน ภูมิลำเนา อ.แม่ลาน้อย จ.แม่ฮ่องสอน ผู้ป่วยมีไข้และงอแงมากขึ้น 2 สัปดาห์ก่อนมาโรงพยาบาล. Chief Complaint. Present Illness. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Page 1: Interhospital  Conference

Interhospital Conference

Department of Pediatrics,Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University

Page 2: Interhospital  Conference

Identification Data ผปวยเดกทารกเพศชาย อาย 2 เดอน

ภมลำาเนา อ.แมลานอย จ.แมฮองสอน

ผปวยมไขและงอแงมากขน 2 สปดาหกอนมาโรงพยาบาล

Chief Complaint

Page 3: Interhospital  Conference

Present Illness 2 สปดาหกอนมาโรงพยาบาล ผปวยไปรบ

วคซน DPT1-HBV2 และ OPV1 เยนวนนนผปวยมไขสง งอแง ตวลาย มอาการตาคางมองขนบนประมาณ 1 นาท ผปวยไมมอาการเกรงกระตก ไมมอาการปสสาวะอจจาระราด หลงจากหยดเกรงผปวยซมลง มารดาไดพาไปตรวจทโรงพยาบาลชมชน ผปวยไดรบการรกษาตวในโรงพยาบาล 1 สปดาห แพทยวนจฉยวามภาวะตดเชอในกระแสเลอด หลงจากอาการดขน ผปวยกลบบานได

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Present Illness 4 วนกอนมาโรงพยาบาล ผปวยมไข ถายเหลว

เปนนำาสเหลองครงละไมมาก มฟองปน ไมมมกเลอด วนละ 4-5 ครง และผปวยงอแงมากขน มารดาไดพาไปตรวจทโรงพยาบาลชมชน แพทยตรวจรางกายพบ V/S: BT 39.5 °C, BP couldn’t be measured, RR 50-60 breaths/min, PR 180 beats/min (weak)GA: a male infant looked pale and mottling

Page 5: Interhospital  Conference

Present Illness แพทยไดให fluid resuscitation และ

วนจฉยวาผปวยมภาวะตดเชอในกระแสเลอด ผปวยไดรบ Cefotaxime 300 mg/kg/day

ผลการตรวจทาง arterial blood gas พบ pH 6.727, PaCO2 18.1 mmHg, PaO2 168.2 mmHg, HCO3

- 2.2 mEq/L, BE -29.3, DTX 211 mg%

แพทยไดให 7.5% NaHCO3 IV 2 ครง แลวสงตวไปยงโรงพยาบาลศนย

Page 6: Interhospital  Conference

Present Illness PE: BT 38 °C, BP 93/57 mmHg, RR 52 breaths/min, PR 152 beats/min,

lungs wheezing both lungs, liver 2.5 cm below RCM, spleen couldn’t be palpated

LP: CSF sugar 138/295 mg/dL, protein 64.8 mg/dL, CSF culture no growth

Hemoculture: coagulase-neg Staphylococci 1 specimen, urine culture no growth

Page 7: Interhospital  Conference

Present Illness ผปวยไดรบการรกษาทโรงพยาบาลศนย 4 วน

โดยแพทยวนจฉยวามภาวะตดเชอในกระแสเลอด โดยให Cefotaxime 300 mg/kg/day ตอ, IV fluid, PRC transfusion 1 ครง, 7.5% NaHCO3 อก 2 ครง อาการยงไมดขนจงสงตวมาโรงพยาบาลมหาราช

Page 8: Interhospital  Conference

Past History บตรคนแรก Antenatal period: มารดาฝากครรภ

ผลการตรวจเลอดคดกรองปกตด ไมมโรคเบาหวานระหวางตงครรภ

Perinatal and neonatal period: มารดาคลอดครบกำาหนดอายครรภ 37+5 สปดาห ดวยวธการ cesarean section เนองจากมภาวะ cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD) Apgar 8, 10 ท 1 และ 5 นาทตามลำาดบ นำาหนกแรกเกด 3,067 กรม

Page 9: Interhospital  Conference

Family History พอแมสขภาพแขงแรงด ไมมคนอนในครอบครวมอาการเหมอนผปวย

Page 10: Interhospital  Conference

Physical Examination GA: A male infant, active,

BW 4.91 kg (P50), Lt 58.5 cm (P50-

75), OFC 36.5 cm (P25-50) V/S: BT 36.7 °C, BP 106/58

mmHg, RR 48 breaths/min,

PR 118 beats/min HEENT: no pale conjunctivae, no

icteric sclerae, anterior fontanelle 1X1 cm not tensed, posterior fontanelle finger tip , no enlarged tonsil, no injected pharynx, tympanic membrane intact both sides

Page 11: Interhospital  Conference

Physical Examination Heart: regular rhythm, normal

S1 and S2, no murmur Lungs: clear and equal breath

sound Abdomen: mild distension,

active bowel sound, soft, no mass, liver 2 cm below right costal margin, liver span 7 cm, spleen can’t be palpated

Extremities: no deformity, no edema

Page 12: Interhospital  Conference

Physical Examination Skin: no rash Neurological examination:

motor power grade V all extremities, deep tendon reflex 2+ all area, pupil 3 mm RTL BE, no facial palsy

Page 13: Interhospital  Conference

Problem List Recurrent sepsis Metabolic acidosis History of consangunity

Page 14: Interhospital  Conference

Problem ListA 2-month male infant with History of sepsis

- Postive hemoculture for coagulase-neg Staphylococci 1 specimen, hypotension, mottling

Suspect a seizure episode Acidosis Hepatomegaly

Page 15: Interhospital  Conference

Family History

I

II

III

IV

Page 16: Interhospital  Conference

Problem ListA 2-month male infant with History of sepsis

- Postive hemoculture for coagulase-neg Staphylococci 1 specimen, hypotension, mottling

Acidosis Hepatomegaly History of consanguinity

Page 17: Interhospital  Conference

Differential Diagnoses

Page 18: Interhospital  Conference

Investigation

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Page 19: Interhospital  Conference

Complete Blood Count Hb 10.3 g/dL, Hct 34.2%, WBC 5,100 cells/mm3,

Neutrophils 14%, eosinophils 4%, basophils 1%, lymphocytes 74%, monocytes 6%,

Platelets 181,000/mm3

RBC 4X106 cells/mm3

MCV 86 fL, MCH 26.2 pg, MCHC 30.3 g/dL, RDW 14.2%

Page 20: Interhospital  Conference

Peripheral Blood Smear Normochromic normocytic RBC Normal number of WBC,

lymphocyte predominate, no blast seen

Normal platelet count, normal size and staining of platelets

Page 21: Interhospital  Conference

Blood Chemistry BUN 4 mg/dL, Cr 0.5 mg/dL, Na 141 mmol/L, K 5 mmol/L, Cl

107 mmol/L, HCO3

- 18 mmol/L, Glucose 20 mg/dL (non-fasting) Ca 9.7 mg/dL, P 3.8 mg/dL, Mg

2.09 mg/dL

Page 22: Interhospital  Conference

Liver Function Test Total protein 6.3 g/dL, albumin

3.6 g/dL, globulin 2.7 g/dL, ALP 375 U/L, Cholesterol 172

mg/dL, AST 216 U/L, ALT 55 U/L, Total bilirubin 0.81 mg/dL,

direct bilirubin 0.23 mg/dL

Page 23: Interhospital  Conference

Bone Marrow Examination

Page 24: Interhospital  Conference

Bone Marrow Examination

Page 25: Interhospital  Conference

Bone Marrow Examination Normal cellularity, normal

megakaryocytic, myeloid and erythroid series, M:E = 5:1, decreased segmented form, blast < 5%

Impression: decreased segmented form

Page 26: Interhospital  Conference

Capillary Blood Gas pH 7.428, pO2 63 mmHg, O2sat 92.7%, pCO2 30.4 mmHg, HCO3

- 20.3 mmol/L, BE -2.5

Page 27: Interhospital  Conference

Other Laboratory Test Blood ammonia 212 micromol/L

(18-74), Blood lactate 7.34 mmol/L (1.1-

2.3), Triglyceride 670 mg/dL (< 200)

Page 28: Interhospital  Conference

Liver Biopsy Severe PAS (+, glycogen

material)/PAS with diastase (+, digested)

Consistent with glycogen storage disease (GSD)

Page 29: Interhospital  Conference

Liver Biopsy

H&E X 160

Page 30: Interhospital  Conference

Liver Biopsy

H&E X 160

PAS X 160

PAS with Diastase X 160

Page 31: Interhospital  Conference

Culture Results Hemoculture: no growth X 2

specimens Stool culture: no Salmonella

and Shigella

Page 32: Interhospital  Conference

Neutropenia in Children Definition

- Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) < 1,000/mm3 in infants- ANC < 1,500/mm3 in children and adolescents

Lanzkowsky Manaul of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 5th ed.

Page 33: Interhospital  Conference

Evaluation of Patients with Neutropenia

History and physical examination emphasis on

Related phenotypic abnormalities

Determination of bacterial infection is present

Evaluation of lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly and any other sign of an underlying associated chronic illness

A history of recent infection and drug exposure

Nathan and Oski’s Hematology of Infancy and Childhood, 7th ed.

Page 34: Interhospital  Conference

Acidosis, Hypoglycemia

Glycogen storage disease Ib

Isovaleric acidemiaMaple syrup urine disease

Hepatomegaly

Methymalonic acidemiaProprionic acidemia

No hepatomegaly

Characteristic odor

NoYes

Lanzkowsky Manaul of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 5th ed.Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 19th ed.

Page 35: Interhospital  Conference

GSD Type I Von Gierke disease Rare inherited diseases

resulting from a defect in the glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) system- GSD type Ia; defect of Glucose-6-phosphatase alpha (G6PC)- GSD type Ib; defect of Glucose-6-phosphate translocase (G6PT)Nelson Textbook of

Pediatrics, 19th ed.Froissart R, et al. OJRD.

2011.

Page 36: Interhospital  Conference

GSD Type I

Chou JY, et al. Nature Reviews Endocrinology. 2010.

Page 37: Interhospital  Conference

GSD Type I Annual incidence of around

1/100,000 births- GSD type Ia 80%

Autosomal recessive inheritance The risk of recurrence is 25% at

each pregnancy.

Froissart R, et al. OJRD. 2011.

Segel GB, Halterman JS, Pediatr Rev. 2008.

Page 38: Interhospital  Conference

GSD Type Ib

Main diagnostic criteria Hepatomegaly (around 3

months of age) Fast-induced hypoglycemia Hyperlactacidemia Hyperlipidemia Neutropenia

Froissart R, et al. OJRD. 2011.

Page 39: Interhospital  Conference

Neutropenia in GSD Type Ib Unknown mechanism Not to be due to defect in bone

marrow production Also abnormal neutrophils and/or

monocytes functions- Decrease in respiratory burst and motility in response to stimuli- Recurrent infections, mucosal ulcerations and inflammatory bowel diseases (70% of adulthood)

Froissart R, et al. OJRD. 2011.

Page 40: Interhospital  Conference

GSD Type Ib Mutation in G6PT gene

(SLC37A4) on chromosome 11 at 11q23

Over 160 patients reported worldwide, more than 81 mutations identified (40% missence mutation)

Froissart R, et al. OJRD. 2011.

Page 41: Interhospital  Conference

Treatment for GSD Type Ib Preventing hypoglycemia

- Continuous nocturnal nasogastric drip feeding- Slow-absorption carbohydrates; uncooked starch

G-CSF 5 mcg/kg/dose two to three weekly injection

Liver transplantation in patients who are refractory to medical treatment, liver malignancy, multiple liver adenomas and liver failure

Froissart R, et al. OJRD. 2011.

Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 19th ed.

Page 42: Interhospital  Conference

ProgressionDate 28/10

/532/11/

534/11/

536/11/

5310/11/53

15/12/53

Hb 10.3 8.4 8.6 9.0 8.5 9.7Hct 34.2 25.2 26.8 26.6 26.1 30.3WBC 5,100 8,000 15,90

012,40

011,30

07,00

0Platelets 181,0

00245,0

00268,0

00241,0

00215,0

00279,000

Neutrophils

14 6 3 17 28.9 12.8

Lymphocytes

74 64 85 64.3 61.1 81

Monocytes

6 18 8 14.6 2.4 2.1

Eosinophils

4 2 2 3.3 6 2.4

ANC 714 640 477 2,108 3,266 896

Page 43: Interhospital  Conference

Progression Continuous formula drip via

nasogastric tube plus uncooked corn starch

Genetic counseling Last follow up at age 1 year 6

monthBW 10.5 Kg (P25-50), Ht 76 cm (P3)Hb 11.1 g/dL, Hct 34.4%, WBC 4,710 cells/mm3, Neutrophils 18.1% (ANC 853 cells/mm3), platelets 305,000/mm3

Page 44: Interhospital  Conference

ProgressionLast follow up at age 1 year 6

month BW 10.5 Kg (P10), Ht 76 cm (P3) Hb 11.1 g/dL, Hct 34.4%, WBC

4,710 cells/mm3, Neutrophils 18.1% (ANC 853 cells/mm3), Platelets 305,000/mm3

Blood lactate 6.04 mmol/L (0.8-1.5), AST 68 U/L, ALT 32 U/L

Page 45: Interhospital  Conference

Thank You For Your Attention