INTERGROUP RELATIONS IN PLURAL SOCIETIES PSYC 338
Jan 02, 2016
INTERGROUP RELATIONS IN PLURAL SOCIETIES
PSYC 338
How much do you agree or disagree that:
• It is a good thing for any society to be made up of people from different races religions and cultures.
• Immigrants should give up their original culture for the sake of adopting New Zealand culture.
• Immigrants should maintain their original culture as
long as they do not mix it with NZ culture.
• Immigrants should maintain their original culture while also adopting NZ culture.
LECTURE OUTLINE
• Overview and theoretical frameworks• Social Psychology• Cross-cultural Psychology
• Ethnocentrism• Stereotypes• Attributions• Similarity-attraction and cultural distance
• Threat• Integrated Threat Theory (Stephan)• Instrumental model of group conflict (Esses)
• Contact
LECTURE OUTLINE (cont)
• Model of Attitudes toward Immigrants in New Zealand• Multicultural Ideology• Acculturation Expectations • Multiculturalism and Biculturalism in New Zealand• Common Ingroup Identity• Conclusions
Table 29-1. Theoretical Approaches to the Study of Intercultural Relations in Plural Societies
GROUPSRESEARCHTRADITIONS
Dominant Ethno-culturalGroups
Non-dominant Ethno-cultural Groups
• Integrated ThreatTheory
• Instrumental Model ofGroup Confli ct
• Social IdentityTheory
Social Psychology:Intergroup Research
• Contact Hypothesis• Theory of Common In-group Identity
Cross-cultural Psychology:Acculturation Research
• InteractiveAcculturation Model
• Model ofAcculturationAttitudes
Ethnocentrism
• Stereotypes• Attributions• Similarity-attractiveness
01020304050607080
GreatBritain India Sth Africa China Samoa Somalia Australia
Countries
Favourability
Perceptions of Migrant Groups In New Zealand
THREAT THEORIES
• Integrated Threat Theory (Stephan)• Realistic threat• Symbolic threat• Intergroup Anxiety• Stereotypes
…. A flood of immigrants -many of whom will directly compete with Maori in terms of jobs, housing and access to health services.
There is a need to keep a tight lid on immigration if we are to avoid New Zealand’s identity, values and heritage being swamped.
Winston Peters, 2002
•Immigrants take jobs away from Nzers. 25%
• Immigrants bring diseases into NZ that not would not otherwise be here.
25%
REALISTIC THREAT % of agreement
N = 2020
THREAT THEORIES• Instrumental Model of Group Conflict (Esses)
• Resource stress• Salient Outgroup• Intergroup Competition
• Zero sum beliefs• Fear and anxiety
• Outcomes• Avoidance• Discrimination
•Allowing immigrant cultures to thrive means that NZ culture is weakened. 21%
• The more political power immigrants obtain, the more difficult it is for Nzers already living here. 28%
ZERO SUM BELIEFS % agreement
N = 2020
MAORI AND PAKEHA PERCEPTIONS OF THREAT (% of agreement)
Maori Pakeha
More jobs for immigrants means 61 29 fewer jobs for Nzers.
When immigrants promote their own values, it is at the expense of NZ values. 59 25Note: N = 500
CONTACT HYPOTHESIS
• More intergroup contact results in more positive intergroup perceptions and harmonious relations (Pettigrew & Tropp, 2000)
• Particularly under optimal conditions: voluntary, positive, equal status, cooperative, pleasant, intimate
MulticulturalIdeology
InterculturalContact
Attitudes towardImmigrants
PercievedIntergroup Threat
IntergroupAnxiety
SocialDominance
Attitudes tw.Diversity
Anxiety 2Anxiety 1 Anxiety 3SocialContact
NeighbourhoodContact
RealisticThreat
SymbolicThreat
Zero-sumBeliefs
Attitude tw.Immigration
Attitude tw.Immigrants
-.71 .75
1
.81
1.50
1.76
1.73
1.46
1
-.85
-.37 .22
.76.88.83
-.93
.77 .68 .80
Gen att
An integrated model of attitudes toward immigrants in New Zealand (Ward & Masgoret, 2006)
MULTICULTURAL IDEOLOGY IN NEW ZEALAND
It is a good thing for any society to be made up of people from different races religions and cultures.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
NZ Oz Sw Sp Nl Fr Lx UK Dn Fn It Pt Ir Bl Ge Aus Gr
Countries
Percentage Agreement
DIVERSITY INDICES
Society of Settlement
% Immigrants
Actual Diversity Index
Policy diversity classification
Settler societies Australia 24.6 -.08 High Canada 18.9 1.42 High New Zealand 22.5 .04 High Former colonial societies France 10.6 -.51 Low Germany 9.0 -.85 Low Netherlands 9.9 -.78 Medium UK 6.8 -.21 Medium Recent receiving societies Finland 2.6 -.65 Low Norway 6.7 -.97 Low Portugal 2.3 -1.11 Medium Sweden 11.2 -.59 Medium
ACCULTURATION EXPECTATIONS
• Integration• Assimilation• Separation (Segregation)• Marginalization (Exclusion)
ACCULTURATION EXPECTATIONS: NATIONAL SAMPLE(% of agreement)
• Immigrants should give up their original culture for the sake of
adopting New Zealand culture. 21%
• Immigrants should maintain their original culture as long as they do not mix it with NZ culture.
28%• Immigrants should maintain their original culture while also
adopting NZ culture. 82%
ADOLESCENTS’ ACCULTURATION PREFERENCES AND EXPECTATIONS
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
Pakeha Maori PI Chinese
Ethnic IdentityNational Identity
NATIONAL AND ETHNIC IDENTITY
ACCULTURATION PREFERENCES AND EXPECTATIONS: MAORI AND NZE
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
Integ. Separate Assimil. Exclusion
MaoriPakeha
MULTICULTURALISM AND BICULTURALISM
BICULTURALISM
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
More Same Less
NZEMaoriPacificChinese
MULTICULTURALISM
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
More Same Less
NZEMaoriPacificChinese
IMPLICATIONS OF MULTICULTURALISM
• Hyphenated, common ingroup identity• Better adaptation of culturally diverse
groups groups• Better intergroup relations
CONCLUDING COMMENTS
• NZers have a strong multicultural ideology
• Both migrants and members of the receiving community favor integration
• Biculturalism and multiculturalism are not seen as mutually exclusive
OUR CHALLENGE
TO ENSURE THAT• All ethnic groups in New Zealand feel secure
about their cultural identity and heritage• All ethnic groups are able to participate fully and
equally in New Zealand society• The status of Maori as partners in the Treaty of
Waitangi is protected as New Zealand evolves into a multicultural society
Additional ReferencesLynskey, M. T., Ward, C., & Fletcher, G. J. O. (1991). Stereotypes
and intergroup attributions in New Zealand. Psychology ad Developing Societies, 3 (1), 113-126.
Ward, C., & Lin, E.-Y. (2005). Immigration, acculturation and national identity in New Zealand. In J. Liu, T. McCreanor, T. McIntosh & T. Teaiwa (Eds). New Zealand identities: Departures and destinations. (pp.155-173). Wellington: Victoria University Press.