1) --L NASA Technical Memorandum 100830 > * Interfacial Adhesion: Theory and Experiment \ IBIASA-TB- IOOEUO) INTERFACIAL armsmi: N88-204 17 ‘ILEOEP BED EI(FEBIL61T {NASl) 52 p CSCL 11F Unclas 63/26 0133303 John Ferrante Lewis Research Center Cleveland, Ohio Guillermo H. Bozzolo Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, Ohio Clarence W. Finley Pennsylvania State University New Kensington, Pennsylvania and Amitava Banerjea Lewis Research Center Cleveland, Ohio Prepared for the Spring Meeting of The Materials Research Society Reno, Nevada, April 5-9, 1988 https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19880011033 2020-04-04T08:10:46+00:00Z
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Interfacial Adhesion: Theory and Experiment · reduction in shear strength with both oxygen and chlorine adsorption (Fig. 3). In this experiment, his concentrations represent partial
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1) --L
NASA Technical Memorandum 100830
> * Interfacial Adhesion: Theory and Experiment \ IBIASA-TB- I O O E U O ) INTERFACIAL armsmi: N88-204 17
‘ILEOEP B E D E I ( F E B I L 6 1 T {NASl) 52 p CSCL 11F
Unclas 63/26 0133303
John Ferrante Lewis Research Center Cleveland, Ohio
Guillermo H. Bozzolo Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, Ohio
Clarence W. Finley Pennsylvania State University New Kensington, Pennsylvania
and
Amitava Banerjea Lewis Research Center Cleveland, Ohio
Prepared for the Spring Meeting of The Materials Research Society Reno, Nevada, April 5-9, 1988
9. S.V. Pepper, J . Vac. S c i . Tech. - 20, 643 (1982).
10. G. B i n n i g , C.F. Quate, and Ch. Gerber , Phys, Rev. L e t t . 56, 930 (1986).
11. C.M. Mate, G.M. McCle l land, R . Er landsson, and S . Chiang, Phys. Rev. L e t t .
- 59, 1942 (1987).
12. J .L . Vossen, I b i d Ref. 2, p . 122.
13. C. K i t t e l , I n t r o d u c t i o n t o S o l i d S t a t e Phys ics , 3 ed., John Wi ley and Sons,
New York, 1966.
14. N.W. A s h c r o f t and N.D. Mermin, S o l i d S t a t e Phys ics , Holt, R i n e h a r t and
I Winston, New York, 1976. I
15. D.R. C la rke and D. Wolf, I b i d Ref. 2, p . 197.
14 I
16. J.R. Smith and J . F e r r a n t e , Phys. Rev. B 34, 2238 (1986) .
17. A . Yaniv , Phys. Rev. B 17, 3904 (1978) .
18. G . A l l a n , M. Lannoo, and L. Dobrzynsk i , P h i l . Mag. 30, 33 (1974) .
19. C.C. P e i , Phys. Rev. B 18, 2583 (1978) .
20. M.C. Payne, P.D. B r i s towe , and J.D. Joannapoulos, Phys. Rev. L e t t .
1348 (1987) .
21. D . P . D iVincenzo, O.L. Alehand, M. S c h l u t e r , and J.W. W i l k i n s , Phys
L e t t . 56, 1925 (1986) .
22. R . E . Thomson and D.J. Chadi , Phys. Rev. B 2, 889 (1984) .
23. R . Car and M. P a r r i n e l l o , Phys. Rev. L e t t . 55, 2471 (1985) .
24. J . F e r r a n t e and J.R. Smi th, Phys, Rev. B 3l, 3427 (7985) .
- * 58
Rev.
25. J.H. Rose, J . F e r r a n t e , and J.R. Smi th, Phys. Rev. L e t t . 47, 675 (1981) ;
J.R. Smi th, J . F e r r a n t e , and J.H. Rose, Phys. Rev. B 25, 1419 (1982) ;
J . F e r r a n t e , J.R. Smi th , and J.H. Rose, Phys. Rev. L e t t . 50, 1385 (1983) ;
J.R. Smith, J.H. Rose, 3. F e r r a n t e , and F. Guinea, Many Body Phenomena a t
Sur faces , D. Langre th and H . Suh l , eds . , Academic Press, New York (1984);
P. V i n e t , J . F e r r a n t e , J.R. Smi th, and J.H. Rose, J . Phys. C - 19, L467
( 1 986).
26 . S . M . F o i l e s , M . I . Baskes, and M . S . Daw, Phys. Rev. B 33, 7983 (1986> , and
Refs . C i t e d There in .
27. J.K. Norskov and N . D . Lang, Phys. Rev. B 2 l , 2131 (1980) .
28. M.J. S to t t and E. Zaremba, 22, 1564 (1980) .
29. J.R. Smi th and A . Baner jea, Phys. Rev. L e t t 3, 2451 (1987) .
30. J.R. Smi th and A . Baner jea , To be Pub l i shed J . Vac. S c i . Tech.
31. J . R . Smi th, P r i v a t e Communication.
32. D.S. Campbel l , Handbook o f Th in F i l m Technology, Ed. G . I . Ma isse l and
R . Gland, Chap. 12, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1970.
1 5 I
TABLE I . - ADHESION TESTS [SI
Fundamental
Use fu l ove r a wide range o f m a t e r i a l s .
Q u a n t i t a t i v e , r e p r o d u c i b l e over a wide range
Not i n f l u e n c e d by o t h e r m a t e r i a l parameters.
Allows d i r e c t measurement o f adhesion s t reng ths
o f adhesion s t reng ths
as d i s t i n c t from o t h e r parameters.
P r a c t i c a l Adhesion Tests
Q u a l i t a t i v e or th reshho ld tes ts - -no t designed t o q u a n t i f y adhesion s t r e n g t h . s e t bounds on whether adhesion i s g r e a t e r than some o f t e n i l l - d e f i n e d l i m i t i n g s t reng th .
J u s t designed t o
Q u a n t i t a t i v e t e s t s - - q u a n t i t a t i v e b u t n o t i d e a l va lues for adhesive s t r e n g t h a re ob ta ined, b u t w i t h t h e purpose o f s a t i s f y i n g some known eng ineer ing bound on the s t r e n g t h .
TABLE 11. - ENGINEERING TECHNIQUES FOR MEASURING ADHESION [Re f . 321
Met hod
Bend i ng Squashing Abras ion Hea t ing and quenching
S c r a t c h i n g
Hammeri ng I n d e n t a t i o n
P u l l i n g
Peel i ng
D e c e l e r a t i o n
E lec t romagnet ic
Shock wave B l i s t e r i n g
Pr i nc i p l e
Subs t ra te bent o r t w i s t e d u n t i l f i l m removed Subs t ra te squashed u n t i l f i l m removed B u r n i s h i n g or ab ras ion o f su r face t o remove f i l m Hea t ing and sudden quenching w i l l cause f i l m to
be removed because of s t resses developed by thermal expansion and c o n t r a c t i o n
F i l m sc ra tches th rough by probe. A l t e r n a t i v e l y p a r a l l e l grooves c u t i n t o t h e f i l m w i t h decreas ing separa t i on u n t i l i n t e r v e n i n g m a t e r i a l l i f t s from s u b s t r a t e
Hammering breaks up and removes f i l m Subs t ra te indented from s i d e oppos i te t o f i l m .
Coat ing examined for c r a c k i n g or f l a k i n g o f f a t va r ious stages o f i n d e n t f o rma t ion
F i l m p u l l e d o f f d i r e c t l y i f i t i s t h i c k enough. I f no t , back ing a t tached us ing :
So lder Adhesives E l e c t r o f o r m i n g
Adhesive tape E l e c t r o p l a t e d c o a t i n g
d e c e l e r a t i o n , which removes the f i l m . Var ious exper imenta l arrangements a re p o s s i b l e :
F i l m pee led o f f u s i n g a back ing o f :
The f i l m and s u b s t r a t e a r e s u b j e c t t o v i o l e n t
Coated b u l l e t stopped by s t e e l p l a t e U l t r a c e n t r i f u g e U1 t r a s o n i c v i b r a t i o n
App ly ing a f o r c e t o a conduct ing f i l m by a f o r c e
P u l s i n g the backface of a specimen w i t h a l a s e r F i l m depos i ted so t h a t no adhesion e x i s t s over a
p a r t i c u l a r a rea . A i r i s then in t roduced i n t o t h i s a rea and t h e pressure a t which f i l m s t a r t t o l i f t f rom the edge o f t he area o f no adhesion i s measured
D i f f e r e n t t e s t s cause nonun i fo rm s t r e s s
D i s c o n t i n u i t i e s i n shape o r m a t e r i a l can d i s t r i b u t i o n s , e.g., peel t e s t s .
a c t as s t r e s s r a i s e r s . Sur face roughness inc reases su r face area and a p p l i e d fo rces a re n o t n e c e s s a r i l y normal t o the surfaces.
Test Mac h i ne
Stored s t resses i n apparatus can a f f e c t r e s u l t s , for example, by c o n t i n u i n g t o cause f r a c t u r e or p e e l i n g .
Mechanical p r o p e r t i e s of t h e adherend or g lue
Mechanical P r o p e r t i e s of the couples: for example,
Temperature
S t r a i n r a t e
I n s t r i n s i c s t r e s s i n depos i ted f i l m a r e s u f f i c i e n t
hardness, d u c t i l i t y
t o cause de lamina t ion .
De fec t S t r u c t u r e
Locus o f f a i l u r e
17
TABLE I V . - SURFACE ENERGIES FOR SOME SELECTED METALS
[ I n e r g - cm-2.1
Element
A 1
N i
c u
A9
Fe
W
C r y s t a l face
( 1 1 1 ) PO1 Y (100) ( 1 10)
( 1 1 1 ) PO1 Y (100) (110)
(111) PO1 Y (100) (110)
( 1 1 1 ) PO1 Y (100) (110)
(110)
(100)
(110) PO1 Y (100)
PO1 Y
iz&F Theory
920
1280 1310
2 400
31 20 2 980
1830
2 380 2270
1270
1630 1540
1810
3490
3330
5880
----
----
----
----
-__-
___-
I
CS.M. F o i l e s e t a l . , Phys. Rev. 8 33, 7983 (1986). dJ.G. Gay e t a l . , J . Vac. S c i . Technol. A 2 , 931 (1984). eJ.A. Appelbaum and D.R. Hamann, S o l i d S t a t e Commun. 27, 881 (1978). fH.W. F i n n i s and J .E . S i n c l a i r , P h i l . Mag. A 50, 45 (1984). 9C.L. Fu e t a l . , Phys. Rev. 8 31, 1168 (1985).
18
TABLE V. - PERCENTAGE CHANGES I N INTERLAYER SPACINGS DUE TO RELAXATION
5 . M . F o i l e s e t a l . . Phys. Rev. B 33, 7983 (1986). bJ.N. Andersen e t a l . . J. Phys. C: S o l i d S t a t e Phys. 17, 173 (1984) CJ.R. Noonan and H.L. Dav is , Phys. Rev. B 29, 4349 (1984). dD.L. Adams e t a l . , J . Phys. C: eR. Feidenhansl e t a t . , Surf. S c i . 134. 329 (1983).
S o l i d S t a t e Phys. 18, 1753 (1985) .
19
TABLE V. - Conc luded.
S u r f a c e Adn,n+l Theory E x p e r i m e n t , - P e r c e n t
ECM , EAMa, P e r c e n t P e r c e n t
[ R e f . 301
Technique
Cu(100)
C u ( l l 0 )
Ad12
Ad23
Ad12 -6.5 -4 .9 -8 .550.6 -5.352.4
Ad2 3 2.7 .2 2.35.8
-3.5
1.6
1 3.351.5
-1.4 -2.151.7
-.3 0 . 4 5 i 1 . 7 -1 .15.4
1.7i.6
Leed9 Leedh Leedg Leedh
LeedP I o n s c a t t e r i n g !
LeedP I o n s c a t t e r i n g i
--------------- --__----__-_-__
S . A . L i n d g r e n e t a l . , Phys. Rev. B 29, 576 (1984) . gR. Mayer e t a l . , Phys. Rev. B 35. 3102 (1987) . hH.L. D a v i s and J.R. Noonan, Surf. S c i . 126, 245 (1983) . i D . L . A d a m e t a l . , Phys. Rev. L e t t . 49, 669 ( 1 9 8 2 ) . J Y . Kuk and L.C. Feldman, Phys. Rev. B 30, 5811 (1984) .
20
REAL STRAIN
(A) TYPICAL STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM.
rn rn 3 n rn I- I WITHOUT
ADHESIOy7 /
C
;TI LE
2 1 x ,/--x /?
,/’ x
L ADD IT I ONAL / ’ SEPARATION <-&IN - DEFORMATION DUE TO SURFACE FORCES
(B) LOADING AND UNLOADING WITH ADHESION (IDALIZED
FIGURE 1. - STRESS-STRAIN TEST.
STRESS-STRAIN CURVES S I NGLE CONTACT 1 . DIAGRAM FOR A TENSILE
0 BEFORE OXIDE PENETRATION 0 AFTER OXIDE PENETRATION
--- TYPICAL OF CLEAN SURFACE
0
8
O D lo1 102 103 1 o4 10
LOAD, pM
FIGURE 2. - ADHESION VERSUS LOAD WITH AN OXIDE FILM PRESENT FOR A TUNGSTEN FIELD EMISSION T I P ON A CLEAN AND OXIDIZED NICKEL, (FROM REF. 6 . )
22
0
0
A 0
. o
CHLORINE ON COPPER CHLORINE ON IRON OXYGEN ON IRON OXYGEN ON STEEL OXYGEN ON COPPER
(MINIMUM P S I
BOTH SURFACES [Dm COVERED
I I I 0 .2 .4 .6 .8 1 .o
C'
F IGURE 3. - EFFECTS OF OXYGEN AND CHLOR- I N E ADSORPTION ON S T A T I C F R I C T I O N FOR A NETAL-NETAL CONTACT AS A FUNCTION OF ADSORPTION COVERAGE. REF. 7.
23
1.50
1.25
t r w 1.00
8 .75
z I .SO
u L L LI
u
W
v,
.25
cu N i Fe 4 i c
o CLEAN 0 EXPOSED TO CHLORINE
A g 4 -
-
-
-
-
- 0
0 0 0
0 I I I I I I 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
( A ) PLOTTED VERSUS FREE ENERGY OF OXIDE FORMATION OF THE LOWEST METAL OXIDE.
2.8 1 !OXYGEN 2.4
2.0 t 4 zi
l a 6 t e a
1 10 100 1000
=" (B) RATIO OF STATIC FRICTION COEFFICIENT
T ION COEFFICIENT OF CLEAN CONTACT ( N i ) .
\
1 AFTER EXPOSURE TO GAS TO STATIC FRIC-
1
P
.1 1 10 100 1000 EXPOSURE (L ) 4
(C ) RATIO OF STATIC FRICTION COEFFICIENT
T ION COEFFICIENT OF CLEAN CONTACT (Cu) AFTER EXPOSURE TO GAS TO STATIC FRIC-
FIGURE 4, - SHEAR COEFFICIENT OF CLEAN. CHLORINATED AND OXYGENATED METALS I N CONTACT WITH CLEAN (0001) SAPPHIRE REF. 8.
24
(v 150 F 1.6 MM THICK
p 2 125 sio2 SUBSTRATE T i ++AI n 5 1'
v, '00 t-
I -
25 n I - 40 0 -100 L -200 -300
FREE ENERGY OF OXIDE FORMATION, KCAL/MOLE
FIGURE 5. - SPALLATION THRESHOLD FOR VARIOUS METAL FILMS DEPOS- ITED ON FUSED SILICA SUBSTRATES. ENERGY DENSITY I S THAT WHICH I S INCIDENT ON THE BACK SIDE OF THE SUBSTRATE, NOT ENERGY DENSITY AT INTERFACE, REF. 12.
(A) ENERGY VERSUS SEPARATION.
(B) FORCE VERSUS SEPARATION. FIGURE 6 . - EXAMPLE OF BINDING ENERGY CURVE.
25
/
INFLECTION POINT
( A > ENERGY VERSUS DISPLACEMENT.
(B) FORCE VERSUS DISPLACEMENT. FIGURE 7. - EXAMPLE OF ENERGY BARRIER TO SLIP.
26
1
I n
0 0 0 hl I
0 0 3 I
8 CD I
0
I 8 8 hl I
8 W
I
27
c U . G ~
U L U
U
v, W I e U 1 e u v)
z n
n
- . 2
- .3 0 Zn-Zn O AI -AI
- . 5
- .9
-1 .o
A Mg-Mg -.4 0 N3-Na
v AI-Zn -.5
- . 6
-.7
AI-fig
fi
0
- . 2 * W
). c3 = w c3
. g -.4
L, 9 pp -.6 n
a n
W
V v,
- .8
n AI-Na Q Mg-Na 0 Zn-Na o Zn-fig
1111 - 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
J 8
SCALED SEPARAT I ON, a- FIGURE 9. - SCALED ADHESIVE BINDING AS
FUNCTION OF SCALED SEPARATION ENERGY.
H i (MOLECULE) 0 AI -Zn ( INTERFACE) 0 0 (CHEMISORBED) A Mo (BULK)
-1 .o -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
SCALED SEPARATION, a* FIGURE 10. - BINDING ENERGY AS A FUNCTION OF INTERATOMIC SEPARATION FOR FOUR SYS- TEMS AS NOTED.
28
500
1000
t 1500
-1 .o 0 1 .o 2.0 3.0 2000
ERG/CM2
FIGURE 11. - SURFACE ENERGY AS A FUNCTION OF SEPARATION FOR 3 PLANES OF NICKEL.
29
v) W
.60
.40
I20
0
1.50
1 .oo
.50
0 .40 .80 1.20 1.60
(B) Ni (100). D,
FIGURE 12. - BARRIER TO SLIP ON TWO PLANES OF Ni IN THE MINIMUM ENERGY DIRECTION.
I n t e r f a c i a l Adhesion: Theory and Exper iment
. NASA TM-100830 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date
I C larence W . F i n l e y , and Amitava Baner jea 10. Work Unit No.
7. Author(s)
John F e r r a n t e . G u i l l e r m o H . Bozzolo,
505-90-01
8. Performing Organization Report No.
E-401 9
9. Performing Organization Name and Address 1 N a t i o n a l Ae ronau t i cs and Space A d m i n i s t r a t i o n
17. Key Words (Suggested by Author@))
Adhesion t h e o r y Adhesion exper iment
I
18. Distribution Statement
U n c l a s s i f i e d - U n l i m i t e d Sub jec t Category 26
11. Contract or Grant No. I
19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No of pages U n c l a s s i f i e d L'ncl a s s i f i ed 32
I Lewis Research Center I
22. Price'
A03
13. Type of Report and Period Covered 1 C leveland, Ohio 44135-3191
112. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address
N a t i o n a l Ae ronau t i cs and Space A d m i n i s t r a t i o n Washington, D.C. 20546-0001
I Technica l Memorandum 14. Sponsoring Agency Code
15. Supplementary Notes
Prepared f o r t h e S p r i n g M e e t i n g o f The M a t e r i a l s Research S o c i e t y , Reno, Nevada, A p r i l 5-9, 1988. John F e r r a n t e and Amitava B a n e r j e a , NASA Lewis Research C e n t e r ; G u i l l e r m o H. B o z z o l o , D e p t . o f Physics , Case Western Reserve U n i v e r s i t y , C l e v e l a n d , Ohio 44106; C l a r e n c e W . F i n d l e y , Chemistry D e p t . , Pennsylvania S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , New Kensington Campus, New Kensington, P e n n s y l v a n i a 15068.
16. Abstract
Adhesion, t h e b i n d i n g o f d i f f e r e n t m a t e r i a l s a t an i n t e r f a c e , i s o f genera l i n t e r e s t t o many branches of technology, e . g . , m i c r o - e l e c t r o n i c s , t r i b o l o g y , manu fac tu r ing , c o n s t r u c t i o n , e t c . However, t h e r e i s a l a c k o f fundamental under- s tand ing o f such d i v e r s e i n t e r f a c e s . I n a d d i t i o n , exper imen ta l techniques gener- a l l y have p r a c t i c a l o b j e c t i v e s , such as t h e achievement o f s u f f i c i e n t s t r e n g t h to s u s t a i n mechanical or thermal e f f e c t s and/or have t h e p roper e l e c t r o n i c p roper - t i e s . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e t h e o r e t i c a l d e s c r i p t i o n o f b i n d i n g a t i n t e r f a c e s i s q u i t e l i m i t e d , and a p roper d a t a base f o r such t h e o r e t i c a l a n a l y s i s does n o t e x i s t . Th i s p r e s e n t a t i o n w i l l r e v i e w b o t h exper imen ta l and t h e o r e t i c a l aspects o f adhe- s i o n i n nonpolymer m a t e r i a l s . The o b j e c t i v e w i l l be t o d e l i n e a t e t h e c r i t i c a l parameters needed, gove rn ing adhesion t e s t i n g a l o n g w i t h an o u t l i n e o f t e s t i n g o b j e c t i v e s . A d i s t i n c t i o n w i l l be made between p r a c t i c a l and fundamental ob jec - t i v e s . Examples w i l l be g i v e n where i n t e r f a c i a l bonding may govern exper imen ta l c o n s i d e r a t i o n . The p r e s e n t s t a t u s o f t h e o r y w i l l be presented a l o n g w i t h some recommendations f o r f u t u r e progress and needs.