Interest Convergence or Divergence?: A Critical Race Analysis of Asian Americans, Meritocracy, and Critical Mass in the Affirmative Action Debate

8/9/2019 Interest Convergence or Divergence?: A Critical Race Analysis of Asian Americans, Meritocracy, and Critical Mass in

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Interest Convergence or Divergence?: A Critical Race Analysis

of Asian Americans, Meritocracy, and Critical Mass in the Affirmative

Action Debate

Julie J. Park, Amy Liu

The Journal of Higher Education, Volume 85, Number 1, January/February

2014, pp. 36-64 (Article)

Published by The Ohio State University Press

DOI: 10.1353/jhe.2014.0001

For additional information about this article

Access provided by Southern Illinois University @ Carbondale (16 Oct 2014 19:21 GMT)

http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/jhe/summary/v085/85.1.park.html
http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/jhe/summary/v085/85.1.park.htmlhttp://muse.jhu.edu/journals/jhe/summary/v085/85.1.park.html


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Recognizing Negative Action:When Only Whites Benefit, Interests Diverge

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(Re)Defining Meritocracy: The Need for More Holistic Definitions

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14/30


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Redefining Critical Mass: More Than Just Numbers

Understanding Critical Mass

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15/30


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16/30


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Interest Convergence: But Who Truly Benefits?

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+8 0/%'2 (49 RY^ %124((&%10+6 % '1$'"#042 4- &%2'06 S1 #1 %2# 9/%2% '1+0'0,0'41#(

Q!O #>%2#?%+ #2% # :2'U%$ #++%0 $,% 04 0/%'2 24(% '1 0/%

1-)02 3$4-)&2#18'1?+ #1$ 4>%2#(( 2%:,0#0'41 '10%1#1"%C '0 '+ 140 '1=

"41"%'>#5(% 0/#0 #+ #1 #??2%?#0% ?24,:C !+'#1 !&%2'"#1 +0,$%10+ #2%

/%(:'1? '1+0'0,0'41+ 544+0 0/%'2 Q!O :%2"%10'(%+6 !0 /'?/() +%(%"0'>% '1=

+0'0,0'41+C !+'#1 !&%2'"#1+ #2% (%++ ('8%() 04 5% #$&'00%$ %>%1 9/%1

0/% :4++'5'('0) 0/#0 0/4+% 9/4 #2% #$&'00%$ ?%1%2#(() /#>% %W"%:0'41#(()

/'?/ +"42%+6 S1 :2%>'4,+ )%#2+ #0 (%#+0C !+'#1 !&%2'"#1+ /#$ 0/% /'?/%+0

-24& '1+0'0,0'41+ 0/#0 Q!O +"42%+ %2 /#+ (%$ \#+0 !+'#1 !&%2'"#1+


17/30


'1 :#20'",(#2 04 '1>%+0 +,5+0#10'#( 0'&% #1$ &41%) '1 0/% 0%+0 :2%: '1$,+=

=

4- +%(%"0'>'0) #1$ 2'?426

P1 # (%++ ")1'"#( 140%C !+'#1 !&%2'"#1 +0,$%10+C ('8% +0,$%10+ 4- #((

2#"'#(G%0/1'" 5#"8?24,1$+C "4102'5,0% 04 0/% $'>%2+'0) #1$ >'0#('0) 4- #

,1'>%2+'0) %1>'241&%106 \124(('1? # ?2%#0%2 :24:420'41 4- !+'#1 !&%2'=

"#1+ 5%00%2 #((49+ '1+0'0,0'41+ #1$ +0,$%10+ 04 $4$?% 0/% :40%10'#( /#U=

#2$+ 0/#0 #""4&:#1) 0/% 048%1 +0#0,+ 0/#0 94,($ ('8%() #2'+% 9'0/ (49%2

%124((&%10+ 4- !+'#1 !&%2'"#1 +0,$%10+6 ./'(% "%20#'1 /'?/%2 %$,"#0'41

=

"#1+ 2%:2%+%10+ # "#+% 4- '10%2%+0 "41>%2?%1"%C 0/%'2 +"#10 '1>%+0&%10

'1 +4"'#( #1$ #"#$%&'" :24?2#&+ 0/#0 94,($ +,::420 #1$ -4+0%2 !+'#1

=

0,2#( 2%+4,2"% "%10%2+ #1$ !+'#1 !&%2'"#1 +0,$'%+ :24?2#&+C '+ %>'$%1"%

When (Numerical) Critical Mass Backfires: Interest Divergence

O/% 2%(#0'>%() /'?/ %124((&%10+ 4- !+'#1 !&%2'"#1+ #0 +%(%"0'>%

/'?/%2 %$,"#0'41 '1+0'0,0'41+ 45-,+"#0%+ 0/% $4",&%10%$ "/#((%1?%+0/#0 !+'#1 !&%2'"#1 -#",(0) -#"% '1 2%"%'>'1? 0%1,2%C 0/% (49 1,&5%2

4- !+'#1 !&%2'"#1 +%1'42 #$&'1'+02#042+C 42 0/% -#"0 0/#0 !+'#1 !&%2'=

=

=

'"#1 +0,$%10+ "410'1,% 04 %1"4,10%2 # 2%(#0'>%() ,1+,::420'>% "#&:,+

('8%() 04 -%%( 0/#0 0/%) /#>% %W:%2'%1"%$ 2#"'+& -24& -#",(0) E!1"'+C

&'142'0'U%$ ?24,: 9'0/ >%2) 2%#( %W:%2'%1"%+ 9'0/ $'+"2'&'1#0'41 #1$

2#"'#( &'"24#??2%++'41+C 9/'"/ #2% +,50(% >%25#(C 141=>%25#(C #1$ >'=

J4&&41 &'"24#??2%++'41+ 0#2?%0%$ #0 !+'#1 !&%2'"#1+ '1"(,$% '1>#('=

=

S1 LM;;C !(%W#1$2# .#((#"%C # ./'0% +0,$%10 '1? '1 :4('0'"#( +"'=

%1"% #0 RJ7!C #1 '1+0'0,0'41 9'0/ # /'?/ 4>%2#(( :%2"%10#?% 4- !+'#1


18/30


5240/%2+ #1$ 0/%'2 +'+0%2+ #1$ 0/%'2 ?2#1$+ #1$ 0/%'2 ?2#1$:#+ #1$

=

'1? 1#0'41#( &%$'# #00%10'416

D%?#0'>% "#&:,+ 2#"'#( "('% #1$ %W:%2'%1"%+ 9'0/ $'+"2'&'1#0'41

9%((=5%'1?6 [%2"%:0'41+ 4- # 1%?#0'>% "#&:,+ "('% #2% ('18%$ 9'0/

0/%) #2% '-%+0#0'41+ 4- (#2?%2 +)+0%&'" 2#"'#( 4::2%++'41 EQ4(42U#14

%0 #(6C LMMMI6 H,20/%2&42%C 4>%2 0'&% 0/%) /#>% # 9%#2'1?C ",&,(#0'>%

:,5('" '?142#1"% 2%?#2$'1? 0/% $'>%2+'0) 4- 0/% !+'#1 !&%2'"#1 "4&&,=

=

/'?/%2 %$,"#0'41

Interest Divergence:When Universities Benefit and Asian Americans Lose

O/%+% 1,#1"%+ 9'0/'1 0/% !+'#1 !&%2'"#1 +0,$%10 :4:,(#0'41 #2%

4-0%1 4>%2(448%$ 5%"#,+% "2'0'"#( ++ '+ "4&&41() #++%++%$ 0/24,?/

#??2%?#0% 1,&%2'"#( 2%:2%+%10#0'41 #1$ %124((&%10 +0#0'+0'"+ #0 0/% :4'10

4- %102)6 ./%1 "2'0'"#( ++ #1$ 0/% 1,&%2'"#( 2%:2%+%10#0'41 4- !+'#1

!&%2'"#1+ #2% +%%1 #+ '10%2"/#1?%#5(%C '10%2%+0 $'>%2?%1"% '+ #0 9428

5%09%%1 ,1'>%2+'0'%+ #1$ !+'#1 !&%2'"#1+6 S10%2"/#1?'1? 0/% 094 '+ '1

0%+0 +"42%+6 %2C /'?/ 1,&%2'"#( 2%:2%+%10#0'41 4- !+'#1 !&%2'"#1+

04 0/% #"0,#( ,1'Z,% 1%%$+ 4- !+'#1 !&%2'"#1 "4((%?% +0,$%10+C (%#>'1?

'1 /'?/%2 %$,"#0'41C 0/% >'%9 0/#0 !+'#1 !&%2'"#1+ /#>% #"/'%>%$ =

342'0) +0#0,+ #1$ #2% 14 (41?%2 '1 1%%$ 4- #1) +:%"'#( :24?2#&+ 42 +,:=

:4206 S1$%%$C "(#'&+ 4- 4>%22%:2%+%10#0'41 +%%& 04 $'+:(#"% ?,#2#10%%+

-42 #$%Z,#0% :24>'+'41 4- 2%+4,2"%+ #1$ 2%"4?1'0'416 !0 0/% R1'>%2+'0)

4- J#('-421'#C T%28%(%)C 9'0/ '0+ 2'"/ /'+042) 4- !+'#1 !&%2'"#1 #"0'>=

'+&C ",22'",(,&C #1$ "4=",22'",(#2 #"0'>'0'%+C # "#&:,+ 2%:420 -4,1$ 0/%


19/30


-%%('1? 4- ?'1#('0)6 O/'+ 4"",2+ #0 #(( (%>%(+ 4- -#",(0)C +0,$%10+ #1$

=

'"#(() 02#1+(#0% '104 # +,::420'>% "#&:,+ %1>'241&%10 42 #$%Z,#0%()

=

41+02#0% /49 1,&%2'"#( 2%:2%+%10#0'41 #::%#2+ 04 5% # 1%"%++#2) 5,0 '1=

4- +0,$%10+ 4- "4(426

T#%U ELMMNI "410%1$+ 0/#0 0/% :'0-#(( 4- ?'>'1? ,1"2'0'"#( #,0/42'0)

('&'0 4,2+%(>%+ 04 #"8149(%$?'1? 41() #+:%"0+ 4- $'>%2+'0) 0/#0 #2% %#+=

0/% :2') '1$'"#042 4- 0/% +0#0% 4- 9%((=5%'1? -42 !+'#1 !&%2'"#1+ E42

#1) 40/%2 2#"'#(G%0/1'" ?24,:IC 9% 2%$,"% 4,2+%(>%+ 04 :2'>'(%?'1? 9/#0

'+ &4+0 %#+'() "4&&,1'"#0%$ 1,&%2'"#(() #1$ 4>%2(448'1? 0/% #"0,#(

&,(0'$'&%1+'41#( %W:%2'%1"%+ 4- !+'#1 !&%2'"#1 +0,$%10+ '1 /'?/%2 %$=

,"#0'416 T%"#,+% !+'#1 !&%2'"#1+ #2% ?%1%2#(() 140 "41+'$%2%$ ,1$%2

=

0'&%+ #&:() &42% #0 "%20#'1 '1+0'0,0'41+I 4- !+'#1 !&%2'"#1 +0,$%10+

#2% %124((%$ '1 +%(%"0'>% /'?/%2 %$,"#0'41 '1+0'0,0'41+ #1$ 0/#0 0/%+% +0,=

$%10+ /#>% 14 1%%$ -42 %W02# "#2% 42 +,::4206

O/% ?2%#0%+0 $'>%2?%1"% 5%09%%1 0/% +0%2 1#22#0'>% 4- !+'#1 !&%2'=

"#1+ /#>'1? #"/'%>%$ 1,&%2'"#( "2'0'"#( ++ #1$ 0/% #"0,#( 1%%$+ 4-

!+'#1 !&%2'"#1 +0,$%10+ '+ 0/% "#+% 4- Q4,0/%#+0 !+'#1 !&%2'"#1 +,5=

?24,:+C 9/'"/ #2% +%>%2%() ,1$%22%:2%+%10%$ '1 /'?/%2 %$,"#0'41 EO%2#=

1'+/'C LM;MI6 O/% :%2"%:0'41 4- 1,&%2'"#( "2'0'"#( ++ -42 !+'#1 !&%2'=

"#1+ $%02#"0+ #00%10'41 -24& 0/% :%2+'+0%10 ,1$%22%:2%+%10#0'41 4- 0/%+%

+0,$%10+6 .% 2%"4?1'U% 0/% :#2#$4W 4- $%"2)'1? 1,&%2'"#( "2'0'"#( ++

5,0 #(+4 ,+'1? '0 04 $'#?14+% /49 "%20#'1 +%"042+ 4- 0/% !+'#1 !&%2'=

"#1 +0,$%10 :4:,(#0'41 #2% %+:%"'#(() ,1$%2+%2>%$6 Y%?#2$(%++C 0/% +=

0%2 1#22#0'>% 4- !+'#1 !&%2'"#1 4>%22%:2%+%10#0'41 +04:+ 9'0/ # +'1?(%

1,&5%2X0/% :%2"%10#?% 4- 0/% #??2%?#0% !+'#1 !&%2'"#1 :4:,(#0'41X

#1$ $4%+ 140 #((49 -42 -,((%2 ,1$%2+0#1$'1? 4- /49 +4&% !+'#1 !&%2'=

"#1 %0/1'" +,5?24,:+ #2% 140 %>%1 #00%1$'1? "4((%?%6 O/% $4&'1#1"% 4-

,+'1? # +'1?(% &%02'" 04 ?#,?% !+'#1 !&%2'"#1 2%:2%+%10#0'41 '+ :#20()

$,% 04 0/% (#"8 4- $'+#??2%?#0%$ $#0# '1 0/% 2%:420'1? 4- -%$%2#( %$,"#=

0'41 +0#0'+0'"+6 T%"#,+% '1+0'0,0'41+ #2% ",22%10() 140 2%Z,'2%$ 04 2%:420

$'+#??2%?#0%$ $#0# 04 0/% S10%?2#0%$ [4+0+%"41$#2) \$,"#0'41 `#0# Q)+=

0%& ES[\`QIC 0/%2% '+ ('00(% '1"%10'>% -42 0/%& 04 "4((%"0 $#0# $'+#??2%=

?#0%$ 5) %0/1'"'0) -42 !+'#1 !&%2'"#1+6


20/30


Expanding Definitions and Assessments of Critical Mass:

A Case Bolstered by Asian AmericansO/% +0#0,+ Z,4 4- !+'#1 !&%2'"#1 %124((&%10 '1 +%(%"0'>% /'?/%2

%$,"#0'41 '1+0'0,0'41+ '+ # "#+% 4- '10%2%+0 "41>%2?%1"%C +%2>'1? 540/

0/% '10%2%+0+ 4- /'?/%2 %$,"#0'41 '1+0'0,0'41+ #1$ 04 +4&% %W0%10C !+'#1

Z,4 2%:2%+%10+ #1 '10%2%+0 $'>%2?%1"%C 9/%2% #"0,#(() +,::420'1? !+'#1

!&%2'"#1+ #1$ 9428'1? 04 2%"2,'0 #1$ 2%0#'1 ,1$%22%:2%+%10%$ !+'#1

!&%2'"#1 +,5?24,:+ '+ #::#2%10() 140 '1 0/% '&&%$'#0% '10%2%+0 4- 0/%+%

!+'#1 !&%2'"#1+ :24>'$% :2'&% %>'$%1"% -42 0/% '$%# 0/#0 1,&%2'"#(

"2'0'"#( ++ '+ '1#$%Z,#0% 04 02'??%2 0/% :24"%++%+ $%+"2'5%$ 5) b#10%2

=

>4"#0%$ -42 '1 /'?/%2 %$,"#0'416

Q,"/ #1 #::24#"/ 94,($ 0#8% '104 "41+'$%2#0'41 #++%0+ +,"/ #+ 0/%

"#&:,+ 2#"'#( "('%C 0/% 24(% 4- "#&:,+ ",(0,2%C #1$ '1+0'0,0'41#( +,:=

0/% +0#0% 4- "#&:,+ 2#"% 2%(#0'41+ "#1140 5% +4(%() $%0%2&'1%$ 5) %124((= =

+'0)I &,+0 5% >'%9%$ '1 0#1$%& 9'0/ "41+'$%2#0'41+ +,"/ #+ '10%2?24,:

2%(#0'41+C :+)"/4(4?'"#( :%2"%:0'41+C #1$ '1+0'0,0'41#( +,::420 -42 $'>%2=

#1$ ^#2'1 ELMM]IC 9/4 #++%20 0/#0 "2'0'"#( ++ +/4,($ 140 5% $%"4,:(%$

-24& 0/% #"/'%>%&%10 4- :4+'0'>% (%#21'1? #1$ +4"'#( 4,0"4&%+ -42 $'=

>%2+% :4:,(#0'41+6 O/%) +,??%+0 0/#0 # 1%9 "41"%:0,#('U#0'41 4- "2'0'"#(

++ 0#'(42%$ 04 /'?/%2 %$,"#0'41 '++,%+ '+ 1%"%++#2) 04 2%"4?1'U% 0/%

=

0'41+C 9% #?2%% 9'0/ c,1 #1$ ^#2'1 ELMM]I 0/#0 # 2%"41"%:0,#('U#0'41

4- "2'0'"#( ++ '+ 1%%$%$C %+:%"'#(() '1 2%(#0'41 04 4,2 ,1$%2+0#1$'1? 4-

!+'#1 !&%2'"#1+ #1$ 40/%2 +0,$%10+ 4- "4(426

Q4&% &'?/0 Z,%+0'41 0/% 1%"%++'0) 4- 2%"41"%:0,#('U'1? "2'0'"#( ++

=

4($ -42 #$%Z,#0% 2%:2%+%10#0'416 S1 0/'+ ('1% 4- 0/'18'1?C 40/%2 #+:%"0+

4- 0/% "#&:,+ 2#"'#( "('% #2% '&:420#10 5,0 #2% $'+0'1"0 "41+02,"0+

-24& "2'0'"#( ++6 %2C 9% #2?,% 0/#0 0/% ,0'('0) 4- "2'0'"#( ++

=

('#1"% 41 1,&5%2+ 0/#0 '+ "4,10%2:24$,"0'>% 04 0/% 4>%2#(( #1$ 42'?'=


21/30


1#( ?4#( 4- "2'0'"#( ++V 04 #((%>'#0% ?'1#('U#0'41 #1$ 048%1'U#0'41

-#"%$ '1 /'?/%2 %$,"#0'41C 9% 5%('%>% '0 '+ '&:%2#0'>% 04 '1"42:42#0% 0/%

"41"%:0,#('U#0'41 4- "2'0'"#( ++ 04 %1+,2% 0/#0 "2'0'"#( ++ '1 :2#"0'"%

R1$%2 #1 %W:#1$%$ ,1$%2+0#1$'1? 4- "2'0'"#( ++C 41% :40%10'#(

(%#21'1? 4,0"4&% &'?/0 5% 0/% $%>%(4:&%10 4- "2'0'"#( "41+"'4,+1%++

-42 !+'#1 !&%2'"#1 +0,$%10+6 O/% +4"'#( :24"%++ 4- 5%"4&'1? "2'0'"#(()

0/#0 "41+"'4,+1%++ '104 #"0'41 2%Z,'2%+ # "4&5'1#0'41 4- +02,"0,2#( $'=

&4+0 +0,$%10+C $%>%(4:'1? #1 !+'#1 !&%2'"#1 "2'0'"#( "41+"'4,+1%++C #

$%:#20,2% -24& 0/% :%2+:%"0'>%+ 0/%) :2%>'4,+() /%($6 !+ +0,$%10+ 5%=

"#&% '1"2%#+'1?() #9#2% 4- 0/% +4"'%0#( +02,??(%+ #1$ '++,%+ 0/#0 !+'#1

!&%2'"#1+ -#"%C 0/%) #(+4 5%?#1 04 2%"4?1'U% 0/% 02#1+-42'>% :4+=

+'5'('0'%+ 0/#0 "41+"'%10'U#0'41 "#1 /#>% -42 !+'#1 !&%2'"#1 #"0'>'+&6

Q'&'(#2 :24"%++%+ 4-0%1 4"",2 '1 !+'#1 !&%2'"#1 +0,$'%+ "4,2+%+6 !+

$4",&%10%$ 5) 2%+%#2"/%2+C 4::420,1'0'%+ 04 "411%"0 9'0/ 40/%2 !+'#1

!&%2'"#1 +0,$%10+ 540/ '10%((%"0,#(() #1$ "4?1'0'>%()C #+ 9%(( #+ +4="'#(() #1$ #--%"0'>%()C /%(: +0,$%10+ 5%"4&% "2'0'"#(() #9#2% 4- 0/%'2

&%10#( /%#(0/ +%2>'"%+C ",(0,2#(()="41+"'4,+ #"#$%&'" #1$ "#2%%2 "4,1=

+%('1?C #1$ 2%"4?1'0'41 4- 0/% ,1'Z,% 1%%$+ 4- !+'#1 !&%2'"#1 +0,$%10+

#2% 1%%$%$ 04 +,::420 0/% /4('+0'" $%>%(4:&%10 4- !+'#1 !&%2'"#1 "4(=

(%?% +0,$%10+6 H,20/%2C '1+0'0,0'41+ 1%%$ 0/% 044( 4- $'+#??2%?#0%$ $#0#

04 /%(: 0/%& ?#,?% 0/% 2%:2%+%10#0'41 #1$ %W:%2'%1"%+ 4- ,1$%2+%2>%$

!+'#1 !&%2'"#1 %0/1'" +,5?24,:+6 S0 '+ 140 %14,?/ -42 '1+0'0,0'41+ 04

=

# $'>%2+% $%&4"2#")6

S1 +4&% 9#)+C 0/% ",22%10 "#+% 4- ?%1%2#( '1+0'0,0'41#( 1%?(%"0 04=

9#2$+ !+'#1 !&%2'"#1+ ) 5% # /#25'1?%2 4- 9/#0 "4,($ /#::%1 '- +%=

(%"0'>% '1+0'0,0'41+ 9%2% 04 544+0 T(#"8C 7#0'14G#C #1$ D#0'>% !&%2'"#1

%124((&%10+ #5+%10 #1) +,5+0#10'#( "/#1?%+ 04 0/% 42?#1'U#0'41#( ",(=

0,2%+ 4- 0/%'2 "#&:,+%+6 \>%1 '- '1+0'0,0'41+ ?#'1%$ 0/% +02,"0,2#( $'>%2=

+'0) 0/#0 0/%) +4 $%+'2%C 2%"2,'0&%10 9'0/4,0 #$%Z,#0% #00%10'41 04 0/%

:%2+:%"0'>% ET%1+'&41C LMMNI6 O/% %W#&:(% 4- !+'#1 !&%2'"#1+ +/49+

=


22/30


0,0'41+ '104 '1"(,+'>% (%#21'1? %1>'241&%10+ 0/#0 +,::420 #(( +0,$%10+6

O/,+C 9% "/#((%1?% '1+0'0,0'41+ 04 2%0/'18 0/%'2 ,1$%2+0#1$'1? 4- "2'0'"#(

Conclusion

"4&:('"#0%$ 41% -42 !+'#1 !&%2'"#1+6 ./'(% ) /#>% #2?,%$ 0/#0

=

=0#?%$ 5) 1%?#0'>% #"0'416 %2C 9% #2?,% 0/#0 !+'#1 !&%2'"#1+ #2%

140 3,+0 :#++'>%() "##$%&$2 "#!

#$%& 0/% :4('") '0+%(- 5) "/#((%1?'1? 02#$'0'41#( "41"%:0'41+ 4- &%2'04"=

2#") #1$ "2'0'"#( ++ #1$ 4--%2'1? +,::420 -42 &42% /4('+0'" &%#+,2%+

4- 540/6 .% #$$ 04 0/% "41>%2+#0'41 5) ,+'1? 0/% JYO 0%1%0 4- '10%2%+0

"41>%2?%1"% 04 $%&41+02#0% /49 0/% $4&'1#10 1#22#0'>%+ 4- &%2'04"=

2#") #1$ "2'0'"#( ++ "44$")04 2%:2%+%10 0/% '10%2%+0+ 4- !+'#1 !&%2'=

"#1+ #1$ ) $4 +4 '1 0/% +/420 0%2&6 S1 -#"0C # $%%:%2 '1>%+0'?#0'41 2%=

>%#(+ 0/#0 '10%2%+0 $'>%2?%1"% '+ &42% :49%2-,(() #0 9428 '1 540/ "#+%+6

!+'#1 !&%2'"#1+ #2% %>'$%1"% 0/#0 '1+02%#& "41"%:0,#('U#0'41+ 4-

&%2'0 #1$ "2'0'"#( ++ $4 # $'++%2>'"% 04 +0,$%10+C !+'#1 !&%2'"#1 #1$

40/%29'+%C 0/,+ 1%"%++'0#0'1? 524#$%2C &42% /4('+0'" ,1$%2+0#1$'1?+ 4-

0/%+% 094 "41"%:0+6

P,2 #20'"(% %+ 1,&%24,+ "4102'5,0'41+6 H'2+0C 4,2 #1#()+'+ %W=

:#1$+ JYO #+ # -2#&%9428 -42 #$$2%++'1? 0/% ,1'Z,% "/#((%1?%+ -#"=

'1? !+'#1 !&%2'"#1+ '1 /'?/%2 %$,"#0'416 F,+0 #+ "2'0'"#( 2#"% 0/%42'+0+

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Interest Convergence or Divergence?: A Critical Race Analysis of Asian Americans, Meritocracy, and Critical Mass in the Affirmative Action Debate

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