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Leonardo’s Laptop:Human Needs and the
New Computing TechnologiesBen Shneiderman [email protected]
Founding Director (1983-2000), Human-Computer Interaction LabProfessor, Department of Computer Science
Member, Institutes for Advanced Computer Studies &Systems Research
University of MarylandCollege Park, MD 20742
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Interdisciplinary research community - Computer Science & Psychology - Information Studies & Education (www.cs.umd.edu/hcil)
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Scientific Approach (beyond user friendly)
• Specify users and tasks• Predict and measure
• time to learn• speed of performance• rate of human errors• human retention over time
• Assess subjective satisfaction (Questionnaire for User Interface Satisfaction)
• Accommodate individual differences• Consider social, organizational & cultural context
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Design Issues
• Input devices & strategies• Keyboards, pointing devices, voice• Direct manipulation• Menus, forms, commands
• Output devices & formats• Screens, windows, color, sound• Text, tables, graphics• Instructions, messages, help
• Collaboration & communities• Manuals, tutorials, training www.awl.com/DTUI
hcibib.org useit.com
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U.S. Library of Congress
• Scholars, Journalists, Citizens
• Teachers, Students
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Visible Human Explorer (NLM)
• Doctors
• Surgeons
• Researchers
• Students
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NASA Environmental Data
• Scientists
• Farmers
• Land planners
• Students
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Bureau of the Census
• Economists, Policy makers, Journalists
• Teachers, Students
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NSF Digital Government Initiative
• Find what you need• Understand what you Find
www.ils.unc.edu/govstat/
Census,NCHS, BLS, EIA,NASS, SSA
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International Children’s Digital Libary
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Zooming User Interfaces
www.cs.umd.edu/jazz www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/datelens
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Zooming User Interfaces: DateLens
www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/datelens
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Information Visualization
The eye…the window of the soul,is the principal means by which the central sensecan most completely andabundantly appreciate the infinite works of nature.
Leonardo da Vinci (1452 - 1519)
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Treemap: Stock market, industry clustered
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www.hivegroup.com
Treemap: Product catalogs
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Treemap: Gene Ontology
www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/treemap/
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LifeLines
www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/lifelines/
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Leonardo’s Laptop
The old computing is about what computers can do,
The New Computing is about what people can do
mitpress.mit.edu/leonardoslaptop
www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/newcomputing
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An Inspirational Muse: Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
Renaissance Man• Combined
science & art• Integrated
engineering & esthetics• Balanced
technology advances & human values
• Merged visionary & practical
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Goals for The New Computing
1) Usable: Reliable& comprehensible
2) Universal: Diverse users & varied equipment
3) Useful: In harmony with human needs
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1) Usable: Ending User Frustration
• Goal: make computer usage less frustrating• Identify top ten frustrations • Measure severity & frequency in lost time• Determine if the situation is improving
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1) Time diary study
Self reports & observations (111 students)• Pre-session survey:
• demographic information• computer experience and attitudes• level of computer anxiety, mood
• Users spend 2.5 hours (average) • Report their frustrating experiences• Post-session survey:
• assess mood after the session• overall frustration level• loss of time
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1) Frequent Frustrations (out of 373)
Internet Applications Operating System
timed out/dropped/refused connections (32)
error messages (35)
crashes (16)
long download time (23) freezes (24) wrong response (10)
web page/site not found (17)
missing/ hard to
find features (23)
slow response (8)
email (15) crashes (13) unexpected message boxes (6)
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1) Minutes lost (111 subjects) – 46%
Email OS Web browsing
Other minutes
lost
Productive minutes
Total minutes: 17,453Minutes lost: 7902
20811196 1230 3395
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2) Universal: Digital Divide Remains Troubling
U.S. Department of Commercewww.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/dn/
0102030405060708090
100
Less ThanHigh School
High SchoolDiploma / GED
Some College BachelorsDegree
BeyondBachelors
Degree
Perc
ent
Sept. 2001
Aug. 2000
Dec. 1998
Oct. 1997
Percent of Internet Use by Educational Attainment
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• User diversity: Accommodate users with different skills, knowledge, age, gender, disabilities, disabling conditions (mobility, injury, noise, sunlight), literacy, culture, income, etc.
• Technology variety: Support broad range of hardware, software, and network access
• Gaps in user knowledge: Bridge the gap between what users know and what they need to know
Communications of the ACM, May 2000
2) Universal: Diverse Users & Varied Equipment2) Universal: Diverse Users & Varied Equipment
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2) Universal Usability in Practice
www.otal.umd.edu/uupractice/
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3) Useful: Generative Theories
Beneficial theories:- Descriptive- Explanatory - Predictive - Prescriptive
but the big step forward will be
- Generative Theoriesto guide our invention of new technologies
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• Jefferson: Life, Liberty & the Pursuit of Happiness
• Roosevelt: Freedom of speech & expression, religion, from want, from fear
• Maslow: Hierarchy of human needs• Physiological• Safety• Love• Esteem• Self-Actualization
• Covey: Living, Loving, Learning & Leaving a legacy
3) Theories of Human Needs
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Relationships• Self: working on your own
• Family & Friends: 2-50 close intimates • Colleagues & Neighbors: 50-5000 acquaintances • Citizens & Markets: 5000 and more
Human Needs for Relationships
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Activities
• Collect: Information
• Relate: Communication
• Create: Innovation
• Donate: Dissemination
Human Needs for Activities
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Activities and Relationship Table (ART)
Relationships
Self
Family & Friends
Colleagues & Neighbors
Citizenry & Markets
Activities
Collect Relate Create Donate
Skeptics corner - Are relationships more complex? - Are these useful activities?
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Activities and Relationship Table (ART)
Relationships
Self
Family & Friends
Colleagues & Neighbors
Citizenry & Markets
Activities
Collect Relate Create Donate Identicam PhotoDiary
PhotoFinderPhotoMesa
Album sharing
StoryStarter Family photo history
PhotoFinder Kiosk
PhotoWall
PhotoFinder Webstarter
PhotoQuilt Photo sharing
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PhotoFinder www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/photolib
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PhotoMesa www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/photomesa
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Activities and Relationship Table (ART)
Activities Collect Relate Create Donate
Medical log Diary
Find-a- Friend
MusicLists Family vacation history
InfoDoorsGatherEmail
Send-a-Link
WebBushesWorldWide Med
Million person communities
Medical diagnosis
Tourist sharing
Relationships
Self
Family & Friends
Colleagues & Neighbors
Citizenry & Markets
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Future Directions
• E-learning: The new education
• E-business: The new commerce
• E-healthcare: The new medicine
• E-government: The new politics
• Mega-creativity
• Grander Goals & The Next Leonardo
www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/newcomputing
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Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
Three lessons 1) Usable: Reliable
& comprehensible
2) Universal: Diverse users & varied equipment
3) Useful: In harmony with human needs
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Human-Computer Interaction Laboratorywww.cs.umd.edu/hcil
The old computing is about what computers can do,
The New Computing is about what people can do
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Human-Computer Interaction Laboratorywww.cs.umd.edu/hcil
22nd Annual Symposium June 2-3, 2005
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• Action Items• Developers: Apply usability guidelines
& testing methods• Web producers: Develop UU statements• Managers: Provide responsible leadership• Journalists: Raise public expectations• Policy makers: Raise & clarify requirements• Funders: Expand research on usability• Educators: Disseminate scientific results • Researchers: Explore bold new visions
Getting to the Golden Age of Usability
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ACM Code of EthicsIn a fair society, all individuals would have
equal opportunity to participate in, or benefit from, the use of computer resources regardless of race, sex, religion, age, disability, national origin or other such similar factors.