Intercultural music psychology Better late than never Intercultural music psychology Better late than never Richard Parncutt Centre for Systematic Musicology.

  Intercultural music psychologyIntercultural music psychology

Better late than neverBetter late than never

Richard ParncuttRichard ParncuttCentre for Systematic MusicologyCentre for Systematic Musicology

University of Graz, AustriaUniversity of Graz, Austria

Joint Meeting of the National Committees

of Austria, Slovenia, Croatia and Slovakia

of the International Council for Traditional Music

Vienna, Austria, 27 May 2011SysMus Graz

My right (not?) to speak…My right (not?) to speak…

My qualificationMy qualificationomusic psychology: music psychology:

o perception of structure, origins of tonality/ music, performanceperception of structure, origins of tonality/ music, performanceoethnomusicology: ethnomusicology:

o no “exotic” fieldwork…no “exotic” fieldwork…ointercultural music psychology: intercultural music psychology:

o preliminary empirical study (1986!)preliminary empirical study (1986!)oConference on Applied Interculturality Research (2009)Conference on Applied Interculturality Research (2009)

oMy motivation: interest inMy motivation: interest inomusic including its cultural diversitymusic including its cultural diversityointercultural interaction – countries, disciplines, gender…intercultural interaction – countries, disciplines, gender…

Social groups and discriminationSocial groups and discrimination

Any social group Any social group with a clear identitywith a clear identity any size, any hierarchical levelany size, any hierarchical level

Definition of group membershipDefinition of group membership ““being”being”

• appearance: skin color…appearance: skin color…• sound: language, dialect, accent…sound: language, dialect, accent…

““doing”doing”religions, academic disciplines…religions, academic disciplines…

communities of practicecommunities of practice

Tendency toward discriminationTendency toward discrimination competition for the same resourcescompetition for the same resources power differencespower differences justification by theories of self-superiorityjustification by theories of self-superiority

Conference on Applied Conference on Applied Interculturality ResearchInterculturality Research

Graz, April 2010

Short term aimShort term aim synergize practice and researchsynergize practice and research in all areas of interculturalityin all areas of interculturality

Long term aimLong term aim promote intercultural communicationpromote intercultural communication reduce racismreduce racism

cAIR: Communities of practicecAIR: Communities of practiceEqual opportunity as a prerequisite for constructive collaborationEqual opportunity as a prerequisite for constructive collaboration

Equal rights and obligationsEqual rights and obligations practitioners and researcherspractitioners and researchers practitioners/researchers in different areaspractitioners/researchers in different areas languages, religions, skin colorslanguages, religions, skin colors

Analysis, exposure and deconstruction of implicit theories of self-superiority

Skin color and povertySkin color and poverty

One billion people are hungry. They are mostly black.One billion people are hungry. They are mostly black.A child dies due to hunger or poverty every 5 s. A child dies due to hunger or poverty every 5 s.

International Conference on International Conference on

Financing for Development Financing for Development Monterrey, Mexico, 2002Monterrey, Mexico, 2002

• world’s 22 richest countries world’s 22 richest countries • pledge: pledge: 0.7% 0.7% of national income in ODA of national income in ODA

(official developmental assistance) (official developmental assistance)

~$200 billion/year (cf. Iraq war: ~$100 bn/year)~$200 billion/year (cf. Iraq war: ~$100 bn/year)

~could eliminate extreme poverty (Sachs, 2005)~could eliminate extreme poverty (Sachs, 2005)

Average current level of ODA ~Average current level of ODA ~0.33%0.33%

USA~ USA~ 0.22%0.22%

~

Intercultural music psychologyIntercultural music psychologyan interaction between two communities of practicean interaction between two communities of practice

InterculturalInterculturalincludes multi-, cross- and transculturalincludes multi-, cross- and transcultural

Music psychologyMusic psychologypsychol. research methods psychol. research methods musical questions musical questions

Intercultural music psychologyIntercultural music psychologyaka psychoethnomusicologyaka psychoethnomusicology

Prerequisite for successPrerequisite for successequal, deep, detailed collaboration equal, deep, detailed collaboration

of ethnomusicologists and music psychologistsof ethnomusicologists and music psychologists

Communities of practice in Communities of practice in intercultural music psychologyintercultural music psychology

Two independent potentials for othering and discriminationTwo independent potentials for othering and discrimination

1. Object of study1. Object of studyIndividual musical “cultures”Individual musical “cultures”

2. Disciplines2. DisciplinesEthnomusicology (mainly humanities)Ethnomusicology (mainly humanities)Music psychology (mainly sciencesMusic psychology (mainly sciences

Quick quizQuick quiz

Have you ever thought that scientists* have Have you ever thought that scientists* have no right to talk about non-Western no right to talk about non-Western

cultures or intercultural comparison?cultures or intercultural comparison?

Has a scientist* ever given you the Has a scientist* ever given you the impression that ethnomusicologists have impression that ethnomusicologists have no right to talk about sciences such as no right to talk about sciences such as

music psychology?music psychology?

““Science” in English refers to natural, social and Science” in English refers to natural, social and formal sciences; excludes humanitiesformal sciences; excludes humanities

Two specific-general dichotomiesTwo specific-general dichotomies

1. Cultural relativism versus universalism1. Cultural relativism versus universalismoethnomusicology vs comparative musicologyethnomusicology vs comparative musicologyouniqueness vs globalisation & universal rightsuniqueness vs globalisation & universal rights

2. Humanities versus sciences2. Humanities versus sciencesohumanities: specific musicshumanities: specific musicsosciences: general principlessciences: general principles

Aim in both cases: an appropriate balanceAim in both cases: an appropriate balance

““Better late than never” -???Better late than never” -???

Disappearing cultures Disappearing cultures

museum approach?museum approach?

OROR

Take advantage of the unused Take advantage of the unused potential of interdisciplinarity?potential of interdisciplinarity?

Recent research in Recent research in intercultural music psychologyintercultural music psychology

Few studiesFew studiesPractical difficulty: become a psychologist, get a Practical difficulty: become a psychologist, get a job, job, thenthen go on ethnomusicological field trip?! go on ethnomusicological field trip?!

Increasing awareness of issuesIncreasing awareness of issuesbeing aware of and avoiding cultural biasbeing aware of and avoiding cultural bias

“Universal recognition of three basic emotions in music”

Fritz … Peretz … Koelsch, Current Biology, 2009Fritz … Peretz … Koelsch, Current Biology, 2009

MethodMethodoMafa (Cameroun) rated emotion in Western recordingsMafa (Cameroun) rated emotion in Western recordingsofacial expressions happy, sad, scary…facial expressions happy, sad, scary…

ResultResultouniversal sensitivity for basic emotions in musicuniversal sensitivity for basic emotions in music

ProsProsogood psychological method, good journal, attracted attentiongood psychological method, good journal, attracted attention

ConsConsounsurprising (similar reports in other journals)unsurprising (similar reports in other journals)oWestern listeners did not rate Mafa musicWestern listeners did not rate Mafa musicono Mafa co-authorshipno Mafa co-authorshipocollaboration with ethnomusicologists?collaboration with ethnomusicologists?

““Lost in translation”Lost in translation”Demorest et al., Music Perception, 2008Demorest et al., Music Perception, 2008

MethodMethodoUS & Turkish participants hear unfamiliar US & Turkish musicUS & Turkish participants hear unfamiliar US & Turkish musicoAll participants are uni students in large citiesAll participants are uni students in large cities

ResultResultoBoth groups better at remembering music of own cultureBoth groups better at remembering music of own culture

Empirical demo of effect of enculturation on music cognitionEmpirical demo of effect of enculturation on music cognitionoTurks better at remembering Western than Chinese musicTurks better at remembering Western than Chinese musicoNo effect of musical expertise (No effect of musical expertise ( passivepassive enculturation) enculturation)

ProsProsoGood psychological methodologyGood psychological methodologyoSymmetrical roles of 2 cultures (music, participants, researchers)Symmetrical roles of 2 cultures (music, participants, researchers)

ConsConsotrivial result?trivial result?ono equal collaboration with a Turkish universityno equal collaboration with a Turkish university

““It is clear from these results that any study of music It is clear from these results that any study of music cognition needs to consider the match between the culture cognition needs to consider the match between the culture of the listener and that of the stimulus material. Future work of the listener and that of the stimulus material. Future work examining ‘universal’ properties of music processing must examining ‘universal’ properties of music processing must include participants and musics from several distinct include participants and musics from several distinct cultures to account for possible effects of enculturation. cultures to account for possible effects of enculturation. Research in music cognition that includes diverse music Research in music cognition that includes diverse music and subject populations will provide an effective empirical and subject populations will provide an effective empirical complement to the qualitative work of anthropologists and complement to the qualitative work of anthropologists and ethnomusicologists and lead to a more unified view of the ethnomusicologists and lead to a more unified view of the role of culture in shaping cognitive development in music.” role of culture in shaping cognitive development in music.” (p. 221)(p. 221)

““Lost in translation”Lost in translation”Demorest et al., Music Perception, 2008Demorest et al., Music Perception, 2008

““Bimusicalism”Bimusicalism”Implicit dual enculturation of cognitive and affective systemsImplicit dual enculturation of cognitive and affective systems

Wong, Roy & Margulis, Music Perception, 2009Wong, Roy & Margulis, Music Perception, 2009

MethodMethodoIndian, Western and “bimusical” listenersIndian, Western and “bimusical” listenersoRecognition memory and tension judgmentsRecognition memory and tension judgments

ResultsResultsoReplication of Demorest et al.Replication of Demorest et al.oResults for bimusical listeners lie between Indian & WesternResults for bimusical listeners lie between Indian & Western

ProsProsoGood method; symmetrical roles of 2 culturesGood method; symmetrical roles of 2 cultures

ConsConsoTrivial result?Trivial result?oImpoverished stimuli to increase experimental control Impoverished stimuli to increase experimental control (unaccompanied melodies on Sitar and piano)(unaccompanied melodies on Sitar and piano)omeaningless to rate tension of a melody when finished?meaningless to rate tension of a melody when finished?

FindingsFindingsoAsante know this music is dissonant (to scare enemies)Asante know this music is dissonant (to scare enemies)oHighly dissonant sounds can also fuse (contra Stumpf)Highly dissonant sounds can also fuse (contra Stumpf)

But…But…oDissonance can be due to roughness, independent of fusionDissonance can be due to roughness, independent of fusion

Misleading statements…Misleading statements…o““fusion is a neurophysiological phenomenon” fusion is a neurophysiological phenomenon”

o in fact experiential - an epiphenomenon of neural processingin fact experiential - an epiphenomenon of neural processing

o““fusion is a cultural construct” fusion is a cultural construct” o in any culture you can ask how many tones have been playedin any culture you can ask how many tones have been played

o““If a dissonance does not require a resolution, it may be considered a consonance, within its If a dissonance does not require a resolution, it may be considered a consonance, within its context” (citing Kolinski)context” (citing Kolinski)

o The definition of dissonance refers initially only to an isolated sonorityThe definition of dissonance refers initially only to an isolated sonority

Solution: Collaboration with music psychology!Solution: Collaboration with music psychology!

““Fusion theory and Asante ivory Fusion theory and Asante ivory trumpet music“ trumpet music“

Joseph S. Kaminsky, Muzyka, 2009Joseph S. Kaminsky, Muzyka, 2009

(Western) consonance(Western) consonanceaccording to music psychologyaccording to music psychology

3 psychological components, all universal?3 psychological components, all universal?oroughness (Helmholtz) roughness (Helmholtz) peripheral peripheralofusion (Stumpf, cf. Terhardt) fusion (Stumpf, cf. Terhardt) central, “hard-wired” central, “hard-wired”ofamiliarity (Cazden) familiarity (Cazden) central, “soft-wired”? central, “soft-wired”?

Arguments for a cross-cultural approachArguments for a cross-cultural approachoInfant sensitivity (motherese research)Infant sensitivity (motherese research)

o caring adults have consonant voicescaring adults have consonant voiceso angry adults can be dangerous angry adults can be dangerous

oGeneral definition of “consonance”General definition of “consonance”o Is this a good sound or pattern?Is this a good sound or pattern?o Do these two sounds or patterns go together?Do these two sounds or patterns go together?o No more culture-specific than “music”!No more culture-specific than “music”!

Cross-cultural similarities and differences Thompson & Balkwill, in Juslin & Sloboda 2010, Music and Emotionhompson & Balkwill, in Juslin & Sloboda 2010, Music and Emotion

““Of critical importance in cross-cultural research is an Of critical importance in cross-cultural research is an awareness of one‘s own cultural perspectives and how they awareness of one‘s own cultural perspectives and how they can bias every facet of the research, from the question can bias every facet of the research, from the question being asked, to the methodology employed, to the analysis being asked, to the methodology employed, to the analysis strategy employed, to the interpretation of observations. strategy employed, to the interpretation of observations. Consulting with members of the cultures under Consulting with members of the cultures under investigation is one important way of increasing an investigation is one important way of increasing an awareness of one‘s biases.” (p. 759)awareness of one‘s biases.” (p. 759)

Cross-cultural similarities and differences Thompson & Balkwill, in Juslin & Sloboda 2010, Music and Emotionhompson & Balkwill, in Juslin & Sloboda 2010, Music and Emotion

““Cross-cultural emotional decoding”:Cross-cultural emotional decoding”:

In evolutionary psychology we separateIn evolutionary psychology we separateophylogenetic (“genetic”, “inborn”)phylogenetic (“genetic”, “inborn”)oontogenetic (“cultural”, “learned”)ontogenetic (“cultural”, “learned”)

o universal (universals of environment and biology)universal (universals of environment and biology)o culture-specificculture-specific

THREE categories!THREE categories!

The difference is The difference is adaptation…adaptation…

……is music itself an adaptation?is music itself an adaptation?

relation between early musical predispositions & enculturation?relation between early musical predispositions & enculturation?

Infant musicalityInfant musicalitye.g. many studies by Trehub and collaboratorse.g. many studies by Trehub and collaborators

Sensitivity to...Sensitivity to... melodic contour; relative pitch/durationmelodic contour; relative pitch/duration specific musical intervals (e.g. fifths)specific musical intervals (e.g. fifths) changes in unequal scales/rhythmschanges in unequal scales/rhythms+ pulse + pulse (Winkler et al., 2009; Phillips-Silver & Trainor, 2005)(Winkler et al., 2009; Phillips-Silver & Trainor, 2005)

These are “predispositions”These are “predispositions”““evident in infancy, before they have obvious utility”evident in infancy, before they have obvious utility”(Trehub, 2001)(Trehub, 2001)

Origins of infant musicalityOrigins of infant musicalitytwo possibilitiestwo possibilities

““Genetic” Genetic” (Trehub)(Trehub)

selection for music (mate attraction, selection for music (mate attraction, training, social glue, motherese…)training, social glue, motherese…)

Learned Learned (Parncutt)(Parncutt)

prenatal exposure to changing maternal prenatal exposure to changing maternal sound, movement and hormone levelssound, movement and hormone levels

Both imply universal musical sensitivities!Both imply universal musical sensitivities!

Musical emotionMusical emotion

Hot topic in music psychologyHot topic in music psychologye.g. Juslin & Sloboda (2010)e.g. Juslin & Sloboda (2010)

Different from everyday emotoinDifferent from everyday emotoine.g. more nostalgia and spiritualitye.g. more nostalgia and spirituality

Paradox of simultaneous emotionsParadox of simultaneous emotionse.g. in rock: joy and angere.g. in rock: joy and anger

Not even understood in WestNot even understood in WestLet alone elsewhere!Let alone elsewhere!

Universals in (musical) emotionUniversals in (musical) emotion

My tip for psychologists: To avoid My tip for psychologists: To avoid reificationreification, anchor , anchor emotions to emotions to functionsfunctions (survival, reproduction) (survival, reproduction)oCold/heat and pain Cold/heat and pain discomfort discomfortoHunger and thirst Hunger and thirst satisfaction satisfactionoDisease and health; healing songsDisease and health; healing songsoFear and cosiness (dangerous situations)Fear and cosiness (dangerous situations)oAnger and acceptance (getting your own way); war songsAnger and acceptance (getting your own way); war songsoSexual lust and frustration; „love“ songsSexual lust and frustration; „love“ songsoLove and loneliness (parent-child, friends, lovers)Love and loneliness (parent-child, friends, lovers)oHappiness and sadness associated with the aboveHappiness and sadness associated with the above

Idea: it‘s ok to investigate musical emotion across cultures if the Idea: it‘s ok to investigate musical emotion across cultures if the (evolutionary) (evolutionary) functionfunction of the emotion is clear of the emotion is clearAssumption: no change in „human nature“ in 100 000 yearsAssumption: no change in „human nature“ in 100 000 years

Intercultural music psychology:Intercultural music psychology:Historical contextHistorical context

Around 1900Around 1900oStumpf and others Stumpf and others overy successful, considering social and cultural contextvery successful, considering social and cultural context

After World War TwoAfter World War Twoorise of ethnomusicology, fall of comparative musicologyrise of ethnomusicology, fall of comparative musicologyoseparation of ethnomusicology from “systematic musicology” separation of ethnomusicology from “systematic musicology” obroader context: “two cultures” of humanities & sciences (Snow)broader context: “two cultures” of humanities & sciences (Snow)separation at two levels: musical cultures, academic disciplinesseparation at two levels: musical cultures, academic disciplines

Intercultural music Intercultural music psychology: Solutionspsychology: Solutions

Deep, detailed Deep, detailed collaboration between collaboration between oethnomusicology and music psychologyethnomusicology and music psychologyohumanities and sciences in musicologyhumanities and sciences in musicology

Interdisciplinary peer-review proceduresInterdisciplinary peer-review proceduresoone reviewer from EM, one from MP, e.g.:one reviewer from EM, one from MP, e.g.:oMusic Perception Music Perception submissions submissions ethnomusicologists ethnomusicologistsoEthnomusicologyEthnomusicology submissions submissions music psychologists music psychologists

Conference on Interdisciplinary MusicologyConference on Interdisciplinary MusicologyJournal of Interdisciplinary Music StudiesJournal of Interdisciplinary Music Studies

Forums for constructive interaction among all Forums for constructive interaction among all subdisciplines or paradigms of musicology:subdisciplines or paradigms of musicology:

analytical, applied, comparative, cultural, empirical, ethnological, analytical, applied, comparative, cultural, empirical, ethnological, historical, popular, scientific, systematic, theoretichistorical, popular, scientific, systematic, theoretic

...and all musically relevant disciplines:...and all musically relevant disciplines:

acoustics, aesthetics, anthropology, archeology, art history and theory, acoustics, aesthetics, anthropology, archeology, art history and theory, biology, composition, computing, cultural studies, economics, biology, composition, computing, cultural studies, economics, education, ethnology, gender studies, history, linguistics, literary education, ethnology, gender studies, history, linguistics, literary studies, mathematics, medicine, music theory and analysis, studies, mathematics, medicine, music theory and analysis, neurosciences, perception, performance, philosophy, physiology, neurosciences, perception, performance, philosophy, physiology, prehistory, psychoacoustics, psychology, religious studies, semiotics, prehistory, psychoacoustics, psychology, religious studies, semiotics, sociology, statistics, therapysociology, statistics, therapy

promote interdisciplinary collaboration within musicologypromote interdisciplinary collaboration within musicology

All contributions have at least two authors. They represent at least two All contributions have at least two authors. They represent at least two of the following three groups: humanities, sciences, practically oriented of the following three groups: humanities, sciences, practically oriented disciplines.disciplines.

focus on quality rather than quantityfocus on quality rather than quantity

Academic standards are promoted by anonymous peer review of Academic standards are promoted by anonymous peer review of submitted abstracts by independent international experts in relevant submitted abstracts by independent international experts in relevant (sub-) disciplines. The review procedure is transparent, and the (sub-) disciplines. The review procedure is transparent, and the reviews are impersonal and constructive. reviews are impersonal and constructive.

promote musicology's promote musicology's unity in diversityunity in diversity

CIM promotes all interdisciplinary music research and treats all CIM promotes all interdisciplinary music research and treats all musically relevant disciplines and musicological subdisciplines equally.musically relevant disciplines and musicological subdisciplines equally.

Conference on Interdisciplinary MusicologyConference on Interdisciplinary MusicologyJournal of Interdisciplinary Music StudiesJournal of Interdisciplinary Music Studies

Conference on Interdisciplinary MusicologyConference on Interdisciplinary Musicologyprevious conferencesprevious conferences

Year Theme City Host

2004 - Graz University of Graz

2005 timbre MontréalObservatoire internationale de la

création musicale

2007 singing TallinnEstonian Academy of Music and

Theatre

2008 structureThessa-

lonikiAristotle University of Thessaloniki

2009 instruments France Université Pierre et Marie Curie

2010 culture Sheffield University of Sheffield

Conference on Interdisciplinary MusicologyConference on Interdisciplinary Musicologyin future, we need more ethnomusicology!in future, we need more ethnomusicology!

2017Emotion and expression

Belgrade, SerbiaFaculty of Music, University of Arts

2015Consciousness & imagination

Shanghai, ChinaRes Inst for Ritual Music

in China,Shanghai Cons Mus

2014 Technology Berlin, GermanyNational Institute for

Music Research

2013 Popular music Izmir, Turkey Dokuz Eylül University

2012 HistoryGöttingen, Germany

Musikwissenschaftliches Seminar, U Göttingen

2011 PerformanceGlasgow, Scotland

Centre for Music Technology, U Glasgow

Conference on Interdisciplinary MusicologyConference on Interdisciplinary MusicologyWhy?Why?

Fragmentation of musicologyFragmentation of musicology Starkly contrasting epistemologiesStarkly contrasting epistemologies Institutional separation of subdisciplinesInstitutional separation of subdisciplines Counterproductive power structuresCounterproductive power structures

Fragmentation of musicologyFragmentation of musicology

A “semiquantitative” history of music research:A “semiquantitative” history of music research:

0

20

40

60

80

100

année

pro

po

rtio

n

1600 1700 1800 1900 2000

systematic

ethnological

historical

Institutional separation of Institutional separation of musicological subdisciplinesmusicological subdisciplines

conflicts between “communities of practice”conflicts between “communities of practice”

out-groupout-group ((OthersOthers)) music acousticsmusic acoustics music psychologymusic psychology music physiology music physiology music computing music computing

intermediate• ethnomusicology• pop/jazz research• music sociology• music philosophy• performance research

in-group (“the” musicology)• music history• music theory/analysis• cultural studies

Power games in musicologyPower games in musicology

Ambiguous use of word “musicology”Ambiguous use of word “musicology” broad definition (correct) = all study of all musicbroad definition (correct) = all study of all music narrow = music history of western cultural elitesnarrow = music history of western cultural elites

Ambiguous use of “science”Ambiguous use of “science” broad definition includes humanitiesbroad definition includes humanities narrow (correct) excludes)narrow (correct) excludes)

Status of humanities Status of humanities in universities: too little power in universities: too little power in musicology: too much powerin musicology: too much power

Solution: “Integration”Solution: “Integration”

multidisciplinary balancemultidisciplinary balance promotion of minority disciplinespromotion of minority disciplines democracy, balance of powerdemocracy, balance of power

gender/culture balance gender/culture balance women researcherswomen researchers non-western researchersnon-western researchers

collaborationcollaboration teamwork and collegialityteamwork and collegiality intra- and interdisciplinary quality controlintra- and interdisciplinary quality control

Collegiality in Collegiality in interdisciplinary teamsinterdisciplinary teamssocial consonance and dissonancesocial consonance and dissonance

common goalscommon goals• research questionresearch question• excellenceexcellence

democracydemocracy• equal value and rights of team membersequal value and rights of team members• mutual respectmutual respect

transparencytransparency• clear statement of aimsclear statement of aims• openness to evaluationopenness to evaluation

quality controlquality control• evaluation within disciplinesevaluation within disciplines• realistic appraisal of strengths, weaknessesrealistic appraisal of strengths, weaknesses• mutual constructive criticismmutual constructive criticism

Role of internal quality controlRole of internal quality controlEuropeans can’t evaluate Ghanaian musicEuropeans can’t evaluate Ghanaian musicPsychologists can’t evaluate historical researchPsychologists can’t evaluate historical research

Musical subculture: Musical subculture: internal aesthetic normsinternal aesthetic norms procedures to promote “good” musicprocedures to promote “good” music

Academic subdiscipline: Academic subdiscipline: internal epistemological/methodological normsinternal epistemological/methodological norms procedures to promote “good” researchprocedures to promote “good” research

Definitions of “music”, its “study”, “musicology”Definitions of “music”, its “study”, “musicology”

The bottom lineThe bottom line

Interaction between musical culturesInteraction between musical cultures Respect their uniqueness and autonomyRespect their uniqueness and autonomy Promote “integration” (Parncutt & Dorfer, 2009)Promote “integration” (Parncutt & Dorfer, 2009)

Interaction between musicological subdisciplinesInteraction between musicological subdisciplines Respect their uniqueness and autonomyRespect their uniqueness and autonomy Promote “integration” of musicologyPromote “integration” of musicology