InterActive PhysiologyExercise Sheets Below is a table display showing you the eight modules and topics covered in the IP Exercise Sheets, which begin on the next page. Module Exercise Topic Neuromuscular Junction Sliding Filament Theory The Muscular System Contraction of Whole Muscle Ion Channels Membrane Potential The Nervous System The Action Potential Ion Channels Synaptic Transmission The Nervous System II Synaptic Potentials and Cellular Integration Intrinsic Conduction System and Cardiac Action Potential Cardiac Cycle The Cardiovascular System: The Heart Cardiac Output Factors that Affect Blood Pressure Blood Pressure Regulation The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels Autoregulation and Capillary Dynamics Pulmonary Ventilation Gas Exchange The Respiratory System Control of Respiration Glomerular Filtration Early Filtrate Processing The Urinary System Late Filtrate Processing Introduction to Body Fluids Water Homeostasis Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance Acid-Base Homeostasis Endocrine System Review Biochemistry, Secretion and Transport of Hormones The Actions of Hormones on Target Cells The Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis The Endocrine System Response to Stress Anatomy Review Control of the Digestive System Motility Secretion The Digestive System Digestion and Absorption
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InterActive Physiology Exercise Sheets · · 2005-09-08InterActive Physiology Exercise Sheets ... 4. By what means of ... Incomplete tetanus Treppe Complete tetanus Temporal summation
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InterActive Physiology Exercise Sheets Below is a table display showing you the eight modules and topics covered in the IP Exercise Sheets, which begin on the next page. Module Exercise Topic
Neuromuscular Junction Sliding Filament Theory
The Muscular System
Contraction of Whole Muscle Ion Channels Membrane Potential
The Nervous System
The Action Potential Ion Channels Synaptic Transmission
The Nervous System II
Synaptic Potentials and Cellular Integration Intrinsic Conduction System and Cardiac Action Potential Cardiac Cycle
The Cardiovascular System: The Heart
Cardiac Output Factors that Affect Blood Pressure Blood Pressure Regulation
The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels
Autoregulation and Capillary Dynamics Pulmonary Ventilation Gas Exchange
The Respiratory System
Control of Respiration Glomerular Filtration Early Filtrate Processing
The Urinary System
Late Filtrate Processing Introduction to Body Fluids Water Homeostasis
Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
Acid-Base Homeostasis Endocrine System Review Biochemistry, Secretion and Transport of Hormones The Actions of Hormones on Target Cells The Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis
The Endocrine System
Response to Stress Anatomy Review Control of the Digestive System Motility Secretion
The Digestive System
Digestion and Absorption
The Muscular System: Neuromuscular Junction
1. What insulates each muscle cell? _________________________
2. Synaptic vesicles in the axon terminal of a motor neuron contain what
neurotransmitter? _________________________
3. An action potential in the axon terminal of a motor neuron opens what type
of ion channels? _________________________
4. By what means of membrane transport does the neurotransmitter leave the
axon terminal? _________________________
5. Binding of neurotransmitter to the receptors on the motor endplate open
what type of ion channels? _________________________
6. Opening of these channels leads to _______________ of the motor endplate.
7. How is the neurotransmitter removed from the synaptic cleft?
8. As a result of question 6, an action potential is propagated along the
_________________ of the muscle cell and down the _______________
into the cell.
9. The result of this action potential releases what ion from the terminal
cisternae? ________
10. a. What effect did molecule “X” in the quiz have on the muscle contraction?
b. Explain its mechanism of action.
c. What drug did molecule “X” act like? _______________
11. a. What effect did molecule “Y” have on the muscle contraction?
b. Explain its mechanism of action.
c. What drug did molecule “Y” act like? _______________
12. a. What effect did molecule “Z” have on the muscle contraction?
b. Explain its mechanism of action.
c. What drug did molecule “Z” act like? _______________
The Muscular System: Sliding Filament Theory
1. a. The thick filament is composed of what molecule?
_______________________
b. Flexing the head of this molecule provides what is known as the
_________________________.
2. The cross bridge (myosin head) contains binding sites for what two molecules?
a.
b.
3. Three molecules make up the thin filament.
a. Which molecule has a binding site for myosin cross bridges?
_____________________________
b. Which molecule covers this binding site?
_________________________________________________
c. Which molecule has a binding site for calcium ions?
______________________________________
4. What molecule must bind to the cross bridge in order for it to disconnect with
actin? _________________________
5. Hydrolysis of the molecule in question 4 returns the myosin molecule to the
_________________________ confirmation.
6. Binding of the cross bridges sequentially prevents _____________________
of the thin filament.
7. Name three roles for ATP in the contraction of muscle.
a.
b.
c.
8. What molecule is connected to the Z line? _________________________
9. Which of the following shorten during contraction? (may be more than one)
a. Thin filament
b. Sarcomere
c. H zone
d. Thick filament
10. a. What is the name of the condition in which muscles become rigid after
death? _________________________________
b. What is this condition due to?
The Muscular System: Contraction of Whole Muscle
1. Which of the following contract in an all or none fashion?
a. Whole muscle b. Single muscle fiber
2. The development of tension in a muscle, in response to a stimulus above
threshold, is called a _______________________________.
3. Identify the three phases of a muscle twitch from the following definitions:
a. Sarcomeres shorten _______________________________
b. Sarcomeres return to resting length __________________________
c. Sarcomeres at resting length _______________________________
4. a. Temporal summation results from:
b. In temporal summation, you must ______ (↑or↓) the time interval between
stimuli.
5. Below is a list of the five phases of temporal summation. Put in the correct
order and describe each stage.
Order Stage Description
Fatigue
Incomplete tetanus
Treppe
Complete tetanus
Temporal summation
6. In the Motor Unit Summation section, how many motor units were required to lift the weights when:
a. the weight was 160? ______________________
b. the weight was 80? _______________________
7. In the next lab simulation, what was:
a. the threshold stimulus? ______ V
b. voltage when recruitment was obvious? ______ V
c. voltage when all motor units were recruited? ______ V
8. a. In the Length-Tension Relationship experiment, at what degree of stretch was
the maximum tension developed? _______________________________
b. What would congestive heart failure be an example of?
_______________________________
The Nervous System: Ion Channels
1. What structures in the cell membrane function as ion channels?
2. Ion channels are selective for specific ions. What three characteristics of the ions are important for this selectivity?
a.
b.
c.
3. Channels can be classified as either active or passive channels. A sodium
channel that is always open would be classified as a/an __________channel.
4. Would sodium ions move into or out of the neuron through these channels?
_______________
5. Voltage-gated potassium channels open at what voltage? __________ mV
6. Acetylcholine (ACh) and GABA are neurotransmitters that open chemically-gated channels. What ions pass into the cell when these channels are activated?
a. ACh: ________________________ ions
b. GABA: ________________________ ions
7. Ion channels are regionally located and functionally unique. List all the areas on the neuron and the type of potential dependent on the following types of ion channels:
Channels Areas on the neuron Type of potential
Passive
Chemically-gated
Voltage-gated
8. From the quiz, place an “X” by the characteristics of voltage-gated sodium channels.
______ Always open
______ Found along the axon
______ Important for action potential
______ Opened and closed by gates
______ Found on the dendrites and cell bodies
______ Important for resting membrane potential
9. Name two channels (active or passive) through which chloride ions could pass into the cell through.
a.
b.
10. a. The Japanese puffer fish contains a deadly toxin (tetrodotoxin). What type
of channels does this toxin block? _______________________________
b. What potential would this toxin block? ___________________________
c. What specifically would cause death? ____________________________
The Nervous System: Membrane Potential
1. Record the intracellular and extracellular concentrations of the following ions (mM/L):
Intracellular Extracel lular
Sodium (Na+)
Potassium (K+)
Chloride (Cl–)
2. Excitable cells, like neurons, are more permeable to ___________ than to ___________.
3. How would the following alterations affect the membrane permeability to K+? Use arrows to indicate the change in permeability.
a. An increase in the number of passive K+ channels ___________
b. Opening of voltage-gated K+ channels ___________
c. Closing of voltage-gated K+ channels ___________
4. a. What acts as a chemical force that pushes K+ out of the cell? ___________
b. What force tends to pull K+ back into the cell? _____________________
5. When the two forces listed above are equal and opposite in a cell permeable
only to K+, this is called the _________________________ potential for K+
which is ___________ mV.
6. In an excitable cell, also permeable to Na+ and Cl–, the gradients mentioned
in question 4 would both tend to move Na+ ___________ the cell.
7. Would the gradients in question 4 promote or oppose the movement of Cl– into the cell?
a.
b.
8. Since the neuron is permeable to Na+ as well as K+, the resting membrane
potential is not equal to the equilibrium potential for K+, instead it is
___________ mV.
9. What opposes the movement (leakage) of Na+ and K+ ions? ______________
10. What will happen to the resting membrane potential of an excitable cell if: (Write pos or neg to indicate which way the membrane potential would change.)
a. ↑ extracellular fluid concentration of K+ ___________
b. ↓ extracellular fluid concentration of K+ ___________
c. ↑ extracellular fluid concentration of Na+ ___________
d. ↓ number of passive Na+ channels ___________
e. open voltage-gated K+ channels ___________
f. open voltage-gated Na+ channels ___________
The Nervous System: The Action Potential
1. a. The action potential changes the membrane potential from _______
mV (resting) to _______ mV and back again to the resting membrane
potential.
b. This results from a change in membrane permeability first to _______
then to _______ due to the opening of what type of ion channels?
_____________________________________
2. a. Where is the density of voltage-gated Na+ channels the greatest?
__________________
b. What areas of the neuron generate signals that open these voltage-gated
Use arrows in the spaces for questions 6 through 10.
6. A ↓ in hematocrit will result in ____ blood viscosity and ____ blood pressure.
7. An ↑ in fatty tissue will result in ____ total vessel length and an
____ blood pressure.
8. Arteriosclerosis will result in ____ vessel elasticity and an ____ blood pressure.
9. Excessive sweating will result in a short term ____ in blood volume
and a ____ in blood pressure.
10. An ↑ in epinephrine will result in ____ vessel diameter and an ____ in blood pressure.
The Cardiovascular System, Blood Vessels: Blood Pressure Regulation
1. a. Short term mechanisms for regulating blood pressure include regulating what three things?
1.
2.
3.
b. Long term mechanisms will regulate __________________________.
2. Two major arterial baroreceptors are located where?
a.
b.
3. Using up and down arrows, show the effect of increased blood pressure (BP) on the impulses sent to the brain, the effect on the parasympathetic (PNS) and sympathetic (SNS) nervous systems and the resulting change in blood pressure.
↑BP → ____ impulses →____ PNS and ____ SNS → ____ BP
4. As a result of these changes in the PNS and SNS, list two effects on the heart and one on blood vessels.
Heart:
Blood vessels:
5. Similar to question 3, show the effect of decreasing blood pressure.
↑BP → ____ impulses → ____ PNS and ____ SNS → ____ BP
6. In addition to effects on the heart and blood vessels, what hormones were
released from the adrenal gland? _________________________________
and _________________________________
7. a. What cells in the kidney monitor low blood pressure? _________________
b. What enzyme is released as a result of low blood pressure? _____________
c. What does this enzyme act on in the blood? _________________
8. Name two effects of Angiotensin II.
a. ________________________________
b. ________________________________
9. a. The main effect of aldosterone is: _______________________________
b. How does this increase blood volume? ____________________________
10. a. What other hormone will increase water reabsorption from the kidney?
_________________
b. What is the major stimulus for this hormone? ______________________
The Cardiovascular System, Blood Vessels:
Autoregulation and Capillary Dynamics
1. a. What regulates the flow of blood into true capillaries? ________________
b. If all sphincters are closed, blood is ___________ to the venules through
_____________ capillaries.
2. Use arrows to show whether high or low levels of the following would cause the feeder arterioles to dilate and the sphincters to relax:
a. O2 ________ c. pH ________
b. CO2 ________ d. nutrients ________
3. Physical factors also act as regulatory stimuli. How would the following affect arterioles?
a. Decreased blood pressure ____________________
b. Increased blood pressure ____________________
4. Name three structural characteristics of capillaries which allow for passage of materials out of the capillaries.
a.
b.
c.
5. a. Diffusion accounts for the passage of _________________________.
b. Non-lipid soluble molecules move by _________________________.
c. Water-soluble solutes, such as amino acids and sugars, move through
_________________.
6. Bulk fluid flows cause _____________ at the arterial end and
________________ at the venous end of the capillary.
7. a. In a capillary, what is equivalent to hydrostatic pressure?
b. Why is hydrostatic pressure low in the interstitial fluid?
c. Net hydrostatic pressure tends to move fluid ______ the capillary.
8. a. Osmotic (or Colloid Osmotic) pressure in the capillaries is _____________ compared to the interstitium.
b. Net osmotic pressure tends to move fluid _________ the capillaries.
9. Given a net hydrostatic pressure of 34 mmHg and a net osmotic pressure
of 22 mmHg, the force favoring filtration would equal _____ mmHg.
10. Indicate which of the following which move through the capillary walls by diffusion and which move through fenestrations and/or clefts:
a. Butter:
b. Fish:
c. Cola:
d. Potatoes:
The Respiratory System: Pulmonary Ventilation
1. a. The relationship between pressure and volume is known as _________ Law.
b. Indicate the relationship with arrows below
1. ↑ volume → ____ pressure
2. ↓ volume → ____ pressure
2. Mark “I” for the muscles that control inspiration and “E” for the muscles which control forceful expiration.
a. ____ Diaphragm
b. ____ Internal intercostals
c. ____ External oblique and rectus abdominus
d. ____ External intercostals
3. Intrapulmonary pressure ____s (↑ or ↓) during inspiration.
4. a. What pressure is always negative and helps to keep the lungs inflated?
______________________ pressure
b. It is most negative during _____________________.
5. a. If transpulmonary pressure equals zero, what will happen to the lungs?
______________________
b. This is known as a _____________________.
6. a. When the bronchiole constricts, what will happen to resistance?
____ (use arrows)
b. To airflow? ____ (use arrows)
7. Name two other important factors that play roles in ventilation:
a.
b.
For 8 through 10 fill in constrict or dilate, then ↑ and ↓ arrows:
8. Histamine will ____________ bronchioles → ____ resistance →____ airflow
11. Fibrosis will (↑ or ↓) ___ compliance making it __________ to inflate the lungs.
12. A decrease in surfactant will result in a ____ (↑ or ↓) in compliance.
The Respiratory System: Gas Exchange
1. The atmosphere is a mixture of gases. Write down the percentages for:
a. O2 ___________
b. CO2 ___________
c. N2 ___________
d. H2O ___________
2. Calculate the partial pressures of the following gases at both atmospheric pressures:
760 mmHg 747 mmHg
a. O2 ___________ ___________
b. CO2 ___________ ___________
c. N2 ___________ ___________
d. H2O ___________ ___________
3. What is the atmospheric pressure on the top of Mt. Whitney? ___________
4. Calculate the partial pressure of O2 on the top of Mt. Whitney. ______mmHg
5. a. Why does more CO2 than O2 dissolve in liquid when both gases are at the same pressure?
b. Name the law that explains this. _____________________
6. Efficient external respiration depends on three main factors - list them.
a.
b.
c.
7. What three factors cause the partial pressures of gases in the alveoli to differ from pressures in the atomosphere?
a.
b.
c.
8. When airflow is restricted so that the partial pressure of O2 is low and CO2 is high, what happens to the:
a. arterioles? ________________
b. bronchioles? ________________
9. Internal respiration depends on three factors - list them.
a.
b.
c.
10. The planet Pneumo has a total atmospheric pressure of 900 mmHg. Oxygen and carbon dioxide each constitute 30% of the atmosphere.
a. What is the partial pressure of oxygen on the planet Pneumo? ________
b. Which gas would be found in the highest concentration in your blood?
The Respiratory System: Control of Respiration
1. a. Where is the inspiratory center located in the medulla? _______________
b. Where is the expiratory center located in the medulla? ________________
2. What modifies these medullary centers?
a.
b.
3. What is the most important stimulus controlling ventilation? ___________
4. What ion directly stimulates the central chemoreceptors? _____________
5. Arterial Po2 must drop below what to stimulate the peripheral
chemoreceptors? _____________
6. If a person hyperventilates what will happen to the following in the blood?
a. Pco2 _____________
b. pH _____________
7. If a person hypoventilates what will happen to the following in the blood?
a. Po2 _____________
b. Pco2 _____________
8. a. What does lung hyperinflation stimulate? _________________________
b. The effect on inspiration is _________________________.
c. What is this reflex called? _________________________
9. Dust, smoke, and noxious fumes will stimulate receptors in airways.
a. Name the receptors. _________________________
b. Explain the protective reflexes.
10. Name four of the six factors that probably increase ventilation during exercise.
a.
b.
c.
d.
The Urinary System: Glomerular Filtration
1. What force drives filtration at the glomerulus?________________
2. Glomerular filtration is a process of ___________________
driven by the _____________________________ of the blood.
3. Common components of the filtrate are divided into four categories on the CD program. These include:
a.
b.
c.
d.
4. Blood pressure in the glomerulus is about _____ mmHg.
5. What two pressures oppose filtration and what are their values?
a.
b.
6. What is the normal net filtration pressure? _____ mmHg
7. With a glomerular filtration rate of 125 ml/min, how much plasma
would be filtered per day? _____ in 24 hours
8. In an exercising individual the afferent arteriole will dilate or constrict (circle one) to avoid excess fluid loss.
9. Two mechanisms that provide autoregulatory control over renal processes include:
a.
b.
10. High osmolarity (or high Na+ and Cl–) in the ascending loop of Henle will cause afferent arterioles to dilate or constrict (circle one) by releasing _______________________.
11. In periods of extreme stress, the sympathetic nervous system will override autoregulation. An increase in sympathetic flow to the kidney will result in what two important effects that will aid maintenance of blood pressure?
a.
b.
The Urinary System: Early Filtrate Processing 1. What are the two reabsorption pathways through the tubular cell barrier?
a.
b.
2. How can we cause water to diffuse from the lumen into the interstitial space?
3. Transport of what ion could cause the diffusion in question 2?
4. Summarize reabsorption in the proximal tubule.
5. What percent of the filtrate is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule? _________%
6. The simple squamous cells of the thin descending loop are permeable to
__________________ but impermeable to ________________.
7. The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to
_____________________ but impermeable to ____________________.
8. What is the role of the loop of Henle?
9. What is the role of the Vasa Recta?
10. From the quiz section, what does furosemide do?
11. If you increase furosemide, what would happen to the following? (↑ or ↓)
a. ____ Na+/K+/2Cl– cotransport
b. ____ Na+/K+/2Cl– retained in tubule
c. ____ interstitial osmolarity
d. ____ water reabsorption in descending limb
e. ____ filtrate and volume flow
f. ____ urine output
g. ____ loss of body water and electrolytes
The Urinary System: Late Filtrate Processing
1. Name the two types of cells in the late distal tubules and cortical collecting ducts and describe their function.
a.
b.
2. a. Aldosterone is stimulated by an increase or decrease in what ions?
1. _________ 2. __________
b. What does aldosterone increase in the basolateral membrane?
3. What does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increase in the luminal membrane?
4. In dehydration and overhydration, what would be the levels of:
a. ADH? ______ dehydration ______ overhydration (↑ or ↓)
b. Aldosterone? ______ dehydration ______ overhydration (↑ or ↓)
5. Describe what moves out of the tubule and what the osmolartity would be in the following nephron segments:
a. Proximal tubule ______ moves out ______ mOsm
b. Descending limb ______ moves out ______ mOsm
c. Ascending limb ______ moves out ______ mOsm
d. Late distal tubule ______ moves out ______ mOsm
6. a. By the medullary collecting duct, only _____% of the filtrate remains.
b. Under the following conditions, report the levels of ADH and subsequent urine osmolarity and flow rate:
Hydration ADH Urine Osmolarity Urine Volume
Normal
Dehydration
Overhydration
7. a. Urine with a “high normal osmolarity” and containg RBC’s and protein
would indicate: _______________
b. Urine with a very high osmolartiy and glucose would indicate:
_______________
c. Urine with a very low osmolarity and high volume would indicate:
_______________
8. An increase in plasma potassium levels would lead to what changes in the following? (↑ or ↓)
a. _____ Aldosterone levels
b. _____ Potassium excretion
c. _____ Sodium excretion
d. _____ Interstitial osmolarity
e. _____ Urine volume
Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance: Introduction to Body Fluids
1. a. Where are fluids absorbed? ____________________
b. Where are excess fluids and electrolytes lost?____________________
2. Name four of the six functions of water.
a.
b.
c.
d.
3. a. The amount of water in the body depends on the amount of ________________.
b. From the CD, list the person with the highest and lowest percentage of water and give the percentage.
1. Highest ___________________ _______%
2. Lowest ___________________ _______%
4. List the three fluid compartments and the percentage of total body water in each.
a. ___________________ _______%
b. ___________________ _______%
c. ___________________ _______%
5. Give an example of each of the following solutes:
a. Ions/electrolytes ___________________
b. Colloids ___________________
c. Nonelectrolytes ___________________
6. List the major extracellular and intracellular cations and anions
a. Extracellular cations: _______________ anions: _________________
b. Intracellular cations: ________________ anions: ________________
7. Within a fluid compartment, the total number of ____________________
must be equal to the total number of _________________________.
8. Name four of the seven functions given for electrolytes:
a.
b.
c.
d.
9. Osmosis: When more solute particles are added to one side of a container with a semipermeable membrane, which way will the water move?
10. What happens to a patient’s red blood cells when the following solutions are given:
a. Hypotonic solution _______________________________
b. Hypertonic solution _______________________________
c. Isotonic solution _______________________________
Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance: Water Homeostasis 1. Below are listed the four examples of disturbances in water homeostasis. Indicate if there is an
increase (↑), decrease (↓), or no change (↔) in volume and osmolarity. Give an example of each.
Disturbance Volume Osmolarity Example
Hypervolemia
Hypovolemia
Overhydration
Dehydration Dehydration
2. What are the four primary mechanisms to regulate fluid homeostasis?
a.
b.
c.
d.
3. Answer the following questions on antidiuretic hormone (ADH):
a. What is the major stimulus? _______________________
b. What is the direct effect of the hormone? _______________________
c. What effect will this have on plasma volume and osmolarity? _______________________
d. What effect will this have on urine volume and osmolarity? _______________________
4. List three ways dehydration leads to increased thirst:
a.
b.
c.
5. Answer the following questions on the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System.
a. What enzyme is released from the kidney in response to decreased
blood pressure? _______________________
b. What enzyme converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II? ______________
c. What are two effects of angiotensin II?
d. How does aldosterone cause more sodium to be reabsorbed in the kidney?
e. As a result, what happens to blood volume and blood pressure? _______
6. a. A decrease in blood volume and blood pressure will lead to a/an
______________ in the sympathetic nervous system (SNS).
b. This will result in a decrease (↓), and increase (↑), or no change (↔) in the following:
1. ______ Afferent arteriolar constriction
2. ______ Blood flow to the glomerulus
3. ______ Urine loss
4. ______ Renin release
7. a. Diabetes insipidus is due to ______________________________.
b. What will happen to the following:
1. ______ Urine output
2. ______ Plasma sodium
3. ______ Plasma osmolarity
4. ______ Thirst
Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance: Acid-Base Homeostasis
1. List the three important buffer systems in the body:
a.
b.
c.
2. Write the equation showing the relationship of CO2 and H2O levels with bicarbonate and hydrogen ion levels:
CO2 + H2O ↔ ___________ ↔ ___________
3. A decrease in respiration will result in _____ CO2 and will shift the equation
to the _______, resulting in an increase in _____ ions, making the plasma
more _______.
4. When body pH is decreased, what are the three compensatory renal mechanisms to restore pH?
a.
b.
c.
5. a. Normal arterial pH is ___________ to ___________.
b. What is the pH in alkalosis? ________________
c. What is the pH in acidosis? ________________
6. With ketoacidosis, show what happens to the following:
a. ______ Plasma pH
b. ______ (Left or right) shift of the carbonic acid/bicarbonate system
c. ______ Bicarbonate levels
d. ______ Respiratory rate
e. ______ Renal excretion of H+
7. With metabolic alkalosis, show what happens to the following:
a. ______ Plasma pH
b. ______ (Left or right) shift
c. ______ Bicarbonate levels
d. ______ Respiratory rate
e. ______ Renal excretion of bicarbonate
8. With respiratory acidosis, show what happens to the following:
a. ______ Plasma pH
b. ______ (Left or right) shift
c. ______ Respiratory rate
d. ______ Renal excretion of bicarbonate
e. ______ Renal excretion of H+
9. With respiratory alkalosis, show what happens to the following:
a. ______ Plasma pH
b. ______ (Left or right) shift
c. ______ Respiratory rate
d. ______ Renal excretion of bicarbonate
e. ______ Renal excretion of H+
Endocrine System: Endocrine System Review
1. Hormones act at specific target organs because these organs contain __________ specific for the
hormones.
2. Growth hormone, secreted by the _____ _______ gland, stimulates growth of bones and muscle by
activating intermediary proteins called ________________.
3. __________ (hormone) from the anterior pituitary stimulates secretion of cortisol from the ______
________ (gland). The anterior pituitary consists of _________ tissue.
4. The parafollicular or C-cells of the ____________ gland produce __________, a peptide hormone
that lowers plasma calcium levels.
5. Hormones secreted by the pancreatic islets of the pancreas include ___________ from the α cells
and _______________ from the β cells. Which of these hormones raise blood glucose levels?
6. Specialized muscle cells in the heart produce _________ (hormone), which increases excretion
of _______ (electrolyte) by the kidneys. 7. ___________ (hormone) promotes the final conversion of vitamin D to ___________ in the
kidney.
8. __________ (hormone) produced by G-cells in the pyloric antrum stimulates _____ secretion in the
stomach.
9. One ventral hypothalamic hormone (__________) is essential for the stress response and another
(___________) inhibits release of prolactin.
10. ___________ (hormone) is a stimulus for sperm production in the male and maturation of ovarian
follicles in the female.
11. ________, secreted by the pineal gland, helps regulate body activities with the light-dark cycle.
12. The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex primarily produces the hormone ___________, which
acts on the _________ (organ) to increase ___ (electrolyte) reabsorption.
13. _______ ________ (gland) is a modified sympathetic ganglion producing the amine hormones
known as _______________. This category of amine hormones includes both __________ and
______________ (two hormones).
14. The ___________ (organ) produces a steroid hormone called ____________ in the interstitial cells
and a peptide hormone called ___________ that inhibits FSH.
15. Large follicles in this gland (__________) contain a protein colloid called ______________ from
which the hormones _______ and ______ are made. These hormones regulate many metabolic functions
and are important for nervous system development and growth.
16. Nuclei in the ventral hypothalamus produce two hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary.
Name the two nuclei that produce these hormones and name the two hormones, one of which is
important for water balance.
Endocrine System: Biochemistry, Secretion and Transport of Hormones
1. Place the following hormones into one of the three categories of hormones (peptides, amines or