Intelligent Electrical Power Grids de... · 2019-04-23 · Intelligent Electrical Power Grids Collection of available MSc projects April 2019 Areas covered: Power system expansion

Intelligent Electrical Power Grids

Collection of available MSc projects

April 2019

Areas covered:

Power system expansion

Power system control

Power system protection

Power system transients

Power system reliability

Power electronics integration

Integration of renewables

Energy markets

Multi-energy systems

Co-simulations of energy systems

Cyber-security of smart grids

Big data analytics

Master’s Thesis Proposal

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Scope: This thesis project will focus on building mathematical model to regulate voltage through controlling

residential PVs and plug-in EVs in the future distributed power grid.

Problem definition: In recent years, the integration of photovoltaic generators (PVs) and plug-in EVs in distribution

network has a rapidly increase. It is easily predictable that the voltage will rise along the feeder due to the reversal

power flow from PV systems during daytime, while the voltage will drop during night. Moreover, the voltage will

fluctuate more frequently with the changes of sunshine. Opportunely, with the development of modern

information and communication technologies, it is available to measure power and voltage from measurement

devices and to control the voltage from a control center. Therefore, in order to maintain the voltage stability,

increase the penetration of PVs and decrease the curtailment of PV power; an optimal control strategy need to be

proposed.

Methodology: The challenge is to determine a best methodology to regulate the voltage considering the PV output

uncertainty, fairness among residents and so on. Firstly, analyze the characteristics of PV output power, its

influence on distributed network, and available devices applying to regulate the voltage. Then, determine control

methodology to regulate voltage profile. And finally you also need to implement your method in one of the high

PVs penetration power grid to verify its effectiveness.

Contact details:

PhD student: Aihui Fu([email protected])

Supervisor: Milos Cvetkovic ([email protected])

mailto:[email protected]



Cyber-Physical System Modelling and Simulation for Cyber Security Investigations

Scope: This thesis project will focus on developing an integrated model of a test power system and its

communication infrastructure for cyber security investigations.

Problem definition: On top of the power infrastructure reside information and communication technology (ICT)

layers for monitoring and control of the grid. The cyber and power systems together form a complex structure,

which is referred to as a cyber–physical system (CPS). If the power system’s observability and controllability are

compromised due to communication and cyber security problems, the grid can be exposed to catastrophic events.

As a result, there is a great need to model the system-of-system dependencies and interactions between ICT and

power grids. CPS models are needed to simulate cyber attacks, analyse their impact on power system dynamics and

develop mitigation techniques.

Methodology: For a standard test system, you will develop the dynamic model of the power grid using an

industrial-grade power system simulation tool (DIgSILENT PowerFactory). The cyber system model incorporates

essential ICT functionalities for real-time communication between the power grid and transmission system

operator. The ICT models of power substations and control centres will be developed using communication

network simulators such as OPNET, OMNet++ or NS-3. You will integrate the power and cyber system models using

our co-simulation framework. To conclude, you will simulate cyber attacks at the cyber system layer (unauthorized

access and control of remote terminal units and man-in-the-middle) and analyse their impact on power system

dynamics at the physical system layer in an integrated environment.

Research objectives:

Model an integrated CPS that incorporates both the power grid and its communication infrastructure.

Simulate cyber attacks and analyse their impact on power system operation.

Industry relevance/partner: Cyber security for power grids is an emerging issue. Utilities and power grid vendors

need people with in depth knowledge of both power and communication networks. This project is an opportunity

to learn about cyber-physical systems and cyber security for power grids.

Contact details: Alex Stefanov ([email protected])

Peter Palensky ([email protected])

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Fundamental harmonic study of systems with LCC+VSC technologies

Scope: This thesis project will be focused on developing a simulation study in order to analyze the

harmonic generation produced by Line Commutated Converter (LCC) and Voltage Source Converters

(VSC).

Problem definition: The progressive increment in the integration of renewable energy sources into the

power systems is directly influencing the amount of Power Electronics (PE) devices connected to the

electricity grid even at transmission levels. For that reason a fundamental study at harmonic frequencies

will result interesting in order to contribute with solutions for avoiding polluted harmonic grids in the

future.

Methodology: You will analyze and compare the harmonics generation produced by Line Commutated

Converter (LCC) and Voltage Source Converters (VSC) close each other, as a direct consequence of the

control structures present in these two types of HVDC technologies. After that, you will recommend (or

propose) relevant actions in order to contribute to reduce the total harmonic distortion (THD) in the

system if there is a violation detected in the grid.


Review and definition of technical specifications for VSC and LCC systems.

Partial modelling of the LCC+VSC systems.

Perform sensitivity analysis of the control functions associated.

Industry partner: No

Contact details:

PhD student: Arcadio Perilla ([email protected])

Supervisor: José Rueda Torres ([email protected])


Implementation of Synthetic Inertia control for offshore wind

power plants in PowerFactory

Scope: This thesis project will be focused on the implementation of Synthetic Inertia control for offshore

wind power plants in PowerFactory.

Problem definition: The progressive increment in the integration of renewable energy sources into the

power systems is directly influencing the amount of Power Electronics (PE) devices connected to the

electricity grid even at transmission levels. Recently these devices are able to contribute to the frequency

regulation of the grid by introducing special control techniques for these purposes.

Methodology: You will ascertain and compare the state of the art research in synthetic inertia in order to

implement these controls schemes in a quasi-stationary (RMS) model representation in PowerFactory.

The control approaches implemented will then analyzed in order to determine the influence of these

scheme in the frequency regulation of a three area power system.


Literature review in wind turbine modelling and synthetic inertia.

Implementation of several synthetic inertia controls approaches in PowerFactory.

Perform sensitivity analysis of the control parameters in terms of the frequency regulation for

the power systems to be considered.


Contact details:




The Illuminator – energy system integration development kit

Scope: This project aims to demystify energy system operations and to improve energy system

integration by creating an easy-to-use energy system integration development kit. This development kit

will be used to educate students on energy system integration questions, to illustrate challenges of the

energy transition to a broader community, and to test the acceptance and awareness of state-of-the-art

energy management concepts.

Method: The energy system integration development kit emulates the electricity grid and the power

system. It is, in essence, a set of low-power (e.g., up to 50 W) components that can be configured into a

low to medium-fidelity scaled-down version of the real-world electricity grid. The hardware components

and the accompanying software will be chosen and developed in such way to allow easy reconfiguration

and extensive scalability of the kit.

The entire kit will be developed using open source software and off-the-shelf hardware so that it could

be easily reproducible at any other place across the world. The test scenarios will be developed to

illustrate the energy transition paths going forward.

Your thesis project will focus on the design of the hardware layer of the development kit, the interface to

software part of the kit and the implementation of a simple test suite that shows the capabilities of the

platform (by illustration one of the energy transition scenarios). The interface will be developed for and

on Raspberry Pis; the software will be based on Python and Modelica.

This thesis is a part of broader activities led by the PowerWeb institute. You will get an opportunity to

share ideas and thoughts about this concept with many researchers from academia and industry.

Contact details: dr. ir. Arjen van der Meer ([email protected], main contact person)- dr Milos Cvetkovic, M.Sc. prof. dr. Peter Palensky


Smart integration of Blockchain in EV charging & management

General synopsis : The aim of this work is to explore the potential of Blockchain technology in optimizing the

process of Electric Vehicles (EVs) charging and management. There are several areas where blockchain can be

applied to, such as the subject of E-mobility roaming and smart charging optimization. Also, the issue of peer-to-

peer trading in decentralized local markets is one of the key enablers of blockchain. Not to mention, EVs are a

unique source of flexibility to the grid due to their dual nature of consuming and storing energy. Using state-of-the-

art technologies such as AI, big data analysis, ICT and smart contracts; the aim is to take advantage of the

robustness, resilience, security and decentralized nature of blockchain and exploit its potential in future smart

grids.

Contact details:

Postdoctoral Researcher: Ayman Esmat ([email protected])





Probabilistic Reliability Assessment of 10-Year System Development in the Netherlands

Scope: To implement the probabilistic assessment methodology developed in GARPUR project (Generally Accepted Reliability Principle with Uncertainty modelling and through probabilistic Risk assessment) for assessing the reliability level of different expansion options within a 10 year time horizon in Netherlands.

Problem definition: Current practice for reliability analysis in the context of transmission expansion planning is mostly based on multi-scenario deterministic power flow analysis combined with matrix-based risk appraisal. The GARPUR project has shown the consideration of probabilistic models of input variables (e.g. variability of renewable energy generation, weather dependent failure rates) has implications in the level of risk associated to a given candidate option for system development. GARPUR also proposed a generalized probabilistic methodology to assess the expected value of investment and operational cost in long-term transmission planning. This methodology considers, besides the probabilistic nature of input variables, also issues relevant for the shorter time frame (e.g. maintenance planning, re-dispatch, market behavior, failure of corrective control actions) that until now are generally ignored in long-term planning. Therefore, the application of the GARPUR methodology constitutes a valuable opportunity to develop existing (mostly deterministic) methodologies to account for the more variable system conditions of the future, while generating risk indicators of better quality.

Methodology: In this MSc research, the starting point concerns with the study of GARPUR probabilistic methodology for long-term transmission planning (its mathematical formulation) and the recommended improved probabilistic models for reliability analysis. Next, the GARPUR probabilistic methodology for long-term transmission planning shall be implemented by using the probabilistic models and tools available in TenneT TSO BV. Improvements of the models currently used by TenneT TSO BV, based on the recommendations issue by GARPUR shall be proposed and tested. The outcomes of this study shall be


compared with the outcomes of TenneT’s approach for definition of its bi-annual 10-year capacity statement - i.e. the so-called 2018-2028 Quality and Capacity Plan (2018 QCP).


• Determination of the feasibility and approximations needed to apply GARPUR probabilistic methodology for long-term transmission planning on a real-case study (Dutch transmission system).

• Development of a computationally efficient GARPUR methodology for long-term transmission planning based on available probabilistic models and software packages in TenneT TSO BV.

• Performing sensitivity analysis of the main parameters behind GARPUR methodology, which have a strong influence on the resulting level of reliability risk, to determine the bounds of acceptable risk level.

• Assessment of extensions, based on recommendations issued by GARPUR, of the existing probabilistic models used in TenneT TSO BV.

Industry partner: TenneT TSO BV

Contact details: • Postdoc researcher: Bart Tuinema ([email protected]) • Supervisor: José Rueda ([email protected])


Visualization of Indicators for Power System Stability

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Scope: To investigate the possibilities of visualization of indicators for power system stability. The main

objective is to develop a way to visualize stability indicators for clear interpretation in a control room.

Problem definition: In the future, power electronics (PE) will be applied more often in the power system.

Possible applications of PE are: solar PV, wind turbines, HVDC connections and PE-connected load. The

increased level of PE will have an impact on the stability behavior of the power system. Therefore, this

impact and the development of new Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for stability are currently being

considered in the MIGRATE project. To be useful in system operation, a good visualization of the stability

indicators is needed.

Methodology: In this MSc research, various possibilities of visualization of stability indicators will be

studied. Possible solutions might be: fuzzy inference system, risk matrix/diagrams, visualization in a

console. Various options will be studied and compared to answer the question: how can the information

best be presented, in a consistent way and without losing valuable information?


To investigate the challenges and possibilities of the visualization of stability indicators

To study and compare various possibilities of stability indicator visualization

To develop and propose a method of visualization that could be used in the control room


Contact details:

Postdoc researcher: Bart Tuinema ([email protected])

Supervisor: José Rueda ([email protected])


Fault-based Reliability Analysis of an MMC-HVDC Link by considering

its Control Structure Performance

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Scope: To develop a reliability model for MMC-HVDC connections, based on possible faults and the fault

behavior of the connection.

Problem definition: HVDC connections will be implemented more often in the future in (international)

offshore grids. As these offshore grids transport large amounts of electrical energy, it is important that

HVDC connections are as reliable as possible. Generally in reliability analysis, assumptions are made

about possible component failures and their consequence for the connection availability. To make the

reliability analysis more realistic, it is important to consider that the control structures within the

converter stations have an unneglectable role. Developing a reliability model, based on the more

probable AC faults (that can occur around the HVDC converter stations) and considering the influence of

the internal regulators (control blocks), is becoming a very interesting topic for the industry and scientific

community nowadays.

Methodology: The research starts with the development and analysis of a VSC-HVDC model of a two-

terminal MMC-HVDC link. Various possible faults in the connection are then studied, taking the

probability of these faults into account. Based on the fault behavior and the fault probabilities, a

reliability model of the HVDC connection will be developed then.


To create a VSC-HVDC model and to study various possible faults.

To create a reliability model of the HVDC connection based on the fault characteristics

To give recommendations about how the reliability of the HVDC connection can be improved.


Contact details:





Reliability Assessment of offshore HVDC Grids

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Scope: To develop a reliability model of (international) offshore HVDC grids. The reliability of offshore

grid will be assessed, while taking the behavior of the national power systems into account as well.

Problem definition: In the future, an offshore HVDC grid will be implemented in the North Sea to collect

the wind energy from large-scale offshore wind farms and to enable the international exchange of

electrical energy. As this offshore grid carries substantial amounts of electrical power, it is important that

this grid is highly reliable. Previous studies have shown that offshore components are less reliable than

onshore components, mainly because of the much longer repair time. Other studies showed that

implementing redundancy in offshore networks to increase the reliability often is not economical, but

this has to be verified for large-scale, international offshore grids. The inclusion of the (market) behavior

of national power systems is essential for studying the reliability of international offshore networks.

Methodology: In this MSc research, an approach to analyze the reliability of offshore HVDC grids will be

developed. The reliability of the offshore grid is assessed and the most optimal level of redundancy will

be determined. Describing the international load flow scenario is an essential part of this research.


Collection of the input information (like component parameters and load flow scenarios)

To develop a reliability model for offshore HVDC grids

To assess the reliability and give recommendations about the optimal level of redundancy


Contact details:




Anomaly Detection in the complex the power System

Fig1. Two-dimensional Anomalies

Scope: This thesis project will focus on anomaly detection in the complex power system.

Problem definition: In data mining, anomaly detection is the identification of rare items, events or

observations which raise suspicions by differing significantly from the majority of the data. It’s vital in various

applications of the power system, including detection of an intentional attack, technical fault, and

disturbance, etc. Cyber-physical energy systems of the future are increasingly complex systems with depth

integration of computation, communications, and control technology. However, the diverse nature of these

components, their interlinked topology, and the sheer size of the system lead to an unprecedented level of

complexity and quantity of data, which makes anomaly detection a more difficult task.

Methodology: Anomaly detection methods can be broadly categorized into statistical, proximity-based, and

deviation based. You will implement and compare different methods, such as mixture of Gaussians, K-nearest

neighbor distances and other machine learning methods to detect anomalies.


Specify the test system, including a model of the anomalies (type, magnitude, etc.)

Select appropriate methods and parameters to detect anomalies in high-dimensional scenarios

relevant to the power system.

Compare the performance and suitability of different anomaly detection methods.

Industry relevance/partner: You will address a problem of increasing industrial importance and learn about

data analysis methods.

Contact details:

Ph.D. student: Wang Chenguang ([email protected])

Supervisor: Simon Tindemans [email protected])



Master’s Thesis/Extra Project Proposal

Improving Modelica based OpeniPSL models for power system

dynamics and contributing to open source modelling efforts

Scope: The project will focus exclusively on reviewing existing power system models, specifically

electrical machine models, electrical load models, wind turbine and solar PV models. The existing models

developed under the OpeniPSL initiative are able to reflect basic system behaviour with reasonable

accuracy. However, there remains gaps in modelling behind these components due to which, more

accurate analysis is not feasible.

Methodology: This project aims to fill these gaps and contribute to open power systems modelling

initiative and OPENiPSL power systems library. Current models will be taken and used in a predefined

test case and analysed, shortcomings will be identified and relevant changes in base code of OpeniPSL

models will be made. The case studies will include some commonly encountered power system problems

and events such as faults, load disconnections etc.

In addition to filling the gaps, new functionalities, not existing in current OPENiPSL models will be

developed and implemented. Contributions can also be published in the next release of OPEN iPSL

library.

The scope of the project is broad and can be tailored to the requirements and interests of the students

after discussions.

Prerequisites: The student is expected to have in-depth knowledge of power system components, like

synchronous machines. The student must also have appetite for power systems modelling. Experience

with Modelica language is a plus.

Contact details:

PhD: Digvijay Gusain ([email protected])



Modeling and optimal scheduling of energy usage for an industrial park

Scope: This thesis will focus on developing an optimal scheduling algorithm for a complex energy

industrial ecosystem including a hybrid electric-gas boiler and an electric power heat pump.

Problem definition: Industrial areas are places of huge interest for analyzing the concept of energy

flexibility in a complex energy ecosystem. Conversion between one energy domain to another can help

increase reliability and counter uncertainty in generation and consumption. Variability in renewable

generation can be utilized by converting it to, let’s say, heat, to reduce our dependence on other

expensive fuel sources (like gas). Low quality heat can also be upgraded using electricity via heat pumps.

Uncertainty in renewable generation will be handled by optimally rationing the usage of energy to

charge EV fleets or heat water in the hybrid boiler for chemical processes in industrial area, or upgrading

waste heat using heat pumps. By using an optimal scheduling algorithm, the costs of energy can be

reduced and the dependence on natural gas can be reduced. The system will be modelled in

OpenModelica and scheduling algorithm will be developed in Python.


Develop relatively simple models for hybrid boilers and heat pumps in OpenModelica

Develop an optimal scheduling algorithm

Create a simulation case study to show the performance of the optimal scheduling algorithm


Contact details:

PhD student: Digvijay Gusain ([email protected])



Modular converter topology for accurate modeling of large scale elecltrolyser

Scope: This thesis project will focus on developing modular converter topology for large scale electrolyser

application in the range of hundreds of MW.

Problem definition: The scale of pilot Power-to-Gas projects built to date range from 100 kW to 10MW. The maximum rated power of one electrolyser module, that is already available in the market is about 2 MW to 3 MW. On the other hand, the capacity required for commercial projects in future will likely be large scale with capacities in the range of tens to hundreds of MW. Therefore a proper modular topology should be proposed in order to fulfill the needs of future power system industry. In addition, the understanding of interactions of large scale electrolysers within the power system, can be facilitated with practical models. Methodology: The challenge is to model the proper topology for accurate modeling of large scale elctrolyser system. To achieve this purpose, one electrolyser module with the maximum rated power will be implemented in PowerFactory, and then modular topology of electrolyser modules will be formed to represent the real layout of large scale electrolyser.


Presenting the modular converter topology for accurate modeling of real large scale electrolyser.

Investigating the reduction of total harmonic distortion (THD) in large scale electrolyser.

Proposing the control scheme, required to extend the capabilities of electrolysers for ancillary service applications.

Testing the robustness of controllers, when disturbances occur in power system.

Industry relevance/partner: You will learn about advanced modeling of modular converter topology for large scale electrolyser and you will get experience in one of the major industry tools in PowerFactory.

Contact details:

Post-Doc : M. Ebrahim Adabi ([email protected])

Supervisor: Jose Rueda Torres ([email protected])

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Modelling and simulation of ESS in PowerFactory for frequency

stability studies

Scope: This thesis will focus on developing a simulation model in PowerFactory for control and

integration of ESS (Energy Storage System) at the system level of multi area power systems.

Problem definition: Reduced inertia as a consequent of global Integration of power electronic based

components, is known as one of the main important challenges of future power grids. ESS at the large

scale for the grid application has a great potential to play a key role in the future, especially for providing

flexibility to the system and participating in frequency response ancillary services. Incorporating a proper

ESS model and control to improve dynamic response of the system is the main focus of this study.

Methodology: You will perform a proper ESS model (super capacitors or batteries) for transmission level

in PowerFactory. Performing control and analysis of the ESS for improving the frequency response after a

contingency on one test system (like the Great Britain, GB, test model) is the main task of this project.

Good knowledge in PowerFactory modeling and programming for control will be essential for this

project.


Literature review and State of the Art (SOA) on the subject.

Modelling of ESS in PowerFactory for frequency control scheme and of one multi area test power system.

Proposing a control methodology for ESS and dynamic improvement of the system frequency response.


Contact details:

Elyas Rakhshani ([email protected])

José Rueda Torres ([email protected])

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High level coordination of HVDC links in multi-area interconnected systems

Scope: This thesis will focus on developing a simulation model in DIgSIELNT Powerfactory for control and

coordination HVDC (High Voltage Direct Current) links at the system level of multi area interconnected

systems.

Problem definition: Considering the current trends of research for massive integration power electronic

based component into the grid, like European supergird, several HVDC links will appear between the

areas for interconnecting different regions or for transferring the power over a very long distance. This

issue will bring different challenges especially in terms of coordination and proper control of HVDC links

at the system level. The main focus in this proposal will be given to high-level control and coordination of

HVDC links, mainly in the scheme of AGC (Automatic Generation Control) operation, to deal with proper

damping of oscillations and frequency response improvement.

Methodology: You will perform a proper supervisory control system for coordination of VSC stations of

HVDC links with all different synchronous generators (the ones participating on secondary frequency

response) in one interconnected test systems. The used platform for this task will be DIgSIELNT

Powerfactory software. Small signal analysis with eigenvalues,(to show the damping effects of DC link)

mainly in the scheme of AGC interconnected system with HVDC will be part of your task as well.


Literature review and State of the Art (SOA) on the subject.

Modelling of a supervisory controller for frequency control scheme and HVDC coordination in PowerFactory.

Developing a tuning procedure for the gains of the controller using Python scripts.


Contact details:

Elyas Rakhshani ([email protected])

José Rueda Torres ([email protected])

Master’s Thesis\Extra project Proposal

Optimal Utilization of Flexible DERs through Market-based Control

Scope: This thesis project studies the feasibility of using real-time market-based control to achieve optimal coordination among distributed energy resources.

Problem definition: Increased penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs) and integration of intermittent renewable energy sources (RES) is an ongoing trend that may introduce various problems at the distribution level. Therefore, efficient operation of future power systems will require coordination among numerous, small, heterogeneous flexible DERs owned by self-interested agents. The need to consider multiple time-steps and uncertainties that arise from intermittency of RES are reasons why such a coordination task is complex.

Methodology: After framing the context of the problem, a comparative study can be used to determine the suitability of real-time market-based control as a coordination approach compared to other approaches (e.g. centralized optimization, direct-load control, etc.). Different case studies and scenarios are to be designed to investigate the advantages and pitfalls of real-time market based control compared to other approaches. Moreover, simulations can be used to highlight the limitations of the approach and the possible alternatives.

Research Objectives:

Investigate transactive control approaches in the scientific literature and select options for further study.

Define relevant model scenarios.

Provide insights on general scenarios where real-time market-based approach can be implemented successfully.

Demonstrate, by simulation, the advantages and practical limitations of real-time market-based control.

Industry relevance: Market-based control applied on coordination of flexible DERs is a recent research interest for aggregators, DSOs and energy retailers. Moreover, this research studies one of the options to open up the flexibility market to massive amount of resources, presenting business opportunities and reducing emissions.

Contact details:

Ph.D: Hazem Abdelghany ([email protected])

Supervisor: Simon Tindemans ([email protected])




A MATLAB toolbox for area identification in power systems

Scope: This thesis project is about the development of a power system area identification toolbox for the use in the industry (by TSOs). Area identification in power systems is a relevant topic, as well defined control areas enhance the performance of many existing and prospective area-based control schemes (e.g., load frequency control or secondary voltage control).

Problem definition: The toolbox should include several area identification algorithms implemented in MATLAB and an interface between these functions and PSS/E, the leading power system simulation software which is widely used in industry. After completing the toolbox and the interface, various case studies on relevant network models in PSS/E should be designed and conducted to verify the developed functionalities and their impact on power system.

Methodology: You will start with some existing code to couple MATLAB and PSS/E, as well with several implemented area identification algorithms in MATLAB. At first, the toolbox structure should be defined. Next, the MATLAB to PSS/E interface and the area identification algorithms should be adjusted and augmented in accordance with the specified toolbox structure. Finally, the case studies should be performed on several test networks to validate the toolbox and the algorithms.

Thesis objectives:

• Study area identification and area-based control of power systems.• Create a MATLAB-PSS/E toolbox that makes several area identification algorithms better usable

by professionals from industry (this requires coding in MATLAB and Python).• Evaluate the toolbox by performing case studies on several power system models.

Contact details: • PhD student: Ilya Tyuryukanov ([email protected])• Supervisor: Dr. Marjan Popov ([email protected])


Electrical Load Pattern Identification, Classification and Localization

in Intelligent Electrical Power Grids

Description: Each electrical load has its unique load signature (LS) presenting the features such as active and

reactive power, current harmonics or I-V trajectory. Non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) is a developing field

exploring the ways of energy disaggregation by use of advanced signal processing, pattern recognition and machine

learning techniques. The idea is that there is one smart sensor connected to electrical service point, that is capable

of identifying different devices in total aggregated demand. NILM usually involves three important processing

stages: data acquisition, feature extraction, and load disaggregation. The aggregated electrical characteristics such

as voltage and current are measured from the power inlet and processed through the data acquisition module

consisting of high sampling rate A-D converter integrated in smart sensor. Once the LS is captured, the

disaggregation algorithm searches for a similar signature from a database of several LSs corresponding to each

load. There are various load identification and disaggregation algorithms proposed such as support vector

machines, artificial neural networks, decision trees and probabilistic approaches based on Hidden Markov Method.

IEPG group will try to give its contribution to specific load detection in distribution grid with the sensor connected

to LV transformer.

Recommended knowledge: Python, C++, machine learning, embedded systems

Industry partner: Yes

Contact details:

PhD: Isidora Radević, [email protected]

Supervisor: Dr. Ir. Marjan Popov, [email protected]




Analysis and Design of a Dynamic Crowbar Protection to Enhance the

Fault Ride through Capability in Wind Turbines Type 3

Scope: This thesis project will focus on test the actual crowbar protection in a real time simulator and develop crowbar scheme in order to effectively connect and reconnect the Double Feed Induction Generator to the grid. Problem definition: Currently, the ability of low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) is one of the requirements established in grid codes in order to connect wind farms to power grids. In wind turbines with DFIG is difficult to achieve LVRT for its weak ability to withstand grid voltage disturbances. In order to keep DFIG connecting to power grid during faults, is commonly used, a rotor side crowbar protection. This is a simple but effective method against surge current caused by sudden dip of grid voltage during LVRT periods. Several strategies have been implemented for the use and design of crowbar protections. Most of them are based on specific types of faults and sceneries of the grid. In this sense an active control crowbar strategy is necessary to overcome most of the grid sceneries.

Methodology: You will thoroughly understand the behavior of the DFIG wind turbine and will implement a model in RSCAD. The model must include grid code specification as well positive and negative sequences control. Classical crowbar strategies will be implemented to understand the influence of the different strategies in the DFIG LVRT. A dynamic crowbar strategy will be develop to enhance the fault ride through capability and increase the power quality of the DFIG. Research objectives:

Develop the DFIG wind turbine model in RSCAD including grid code different

Test the actual crowbar schemes trough different sceneries

Propose a new scheme for a smooshed crowbar disconnection/reconnection.


Contact details:

Daily supervisor Dr. : Jose Chavez([email protected])

Supervisor: Marjan Popov ( [email protected])




Harmonic Analysis of Ferro Resonance Phenomenon by the Modified

Dynamic Harmonic Domain

Scope: This thesis project will focus on the ferroresonance phenomenon analysis by the Modified Dynamic Harmonic Domain. The phenomenon will be study to detail in power transformers and a system to reduce the phenomena will be develop. Problem definition: Ferroresonance usually results in overvoltages and/or high current spikes that may subject system devices to dielectric and thermal stresses resulting in failure or inaccuracy behaviors. Also, protective relays that measure these quantities are subject to incorrect operations causing unwanted outages. Ferroresonance is a widely studied phenomenon in the power system, but due to its complexity it is not well understood. Given the right conditions it can be cataloged in: Fundamental Mode, Sub-harmonic Mode, Quasi-periodic Mode, and Chaotic Mode. Methodology: the Modified Dynamic Harmonic Domain (MDHD) is a powerful methodology that consists on representing a time-varying quantity by the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) whose coefficients are allowed to vary slowly within a time span. The DFT permits to sampling a frequency domain signal with arbitrary frequency rate, thus allowing interharmonics, subharmonics and harmonics to be handled within the transient analysis. Doing a correct use of the MDHD technique is expected to have a clear understanding of the phenomenon given the opportunity to analyze, prevent and suppress effectively the phenomenon of Ferroresonance. As a plus the technic is potentially use in real time simulation and hardware in the loop analysis Research objectives:

Full understanding and application of the Modified Dynamic Harmonic Domain.

Ferroresonance evaluation and characterization in Transformers.

Dynamic control to reduce the Ferroresonance phenomenon based on frequency and damping impedance with a harmonic and/or interharmonic selection


Contact details:


Supervisor: Marjan Popov ([email protected])




High Impedance Fault Detection and Identification in Distribution Systems

Scope: This thesis project will focus on develop a new detection method for high impedance faults in distributed systems. Hardware in the loop (HiL) with relays from different vendors will be tested in a system with different scenarios including capacitor switching, synchronous generator switching, unbalanced load condition, DG switching as well faults with and without DG will the performance of the relays will be compared against the proposed detection method.

Problem definition: High impedance fault (HIF) is hard to detect owing to their relatively small magnitude compared to normal currents. When an overhead power line loses its support, fall on a poor conductive surface or substance, a high Impedance Fault results. As the fault current is very small during it becomes very difficult to be sensed by over current relay. Methodology: You will fully understand the fault detection methods for high impedance faults. Then a proposed identification method will be simulate in real time. The method will be tested in a system in different scenarios including distributed generators. The behavior of the proposed method will be tested against real relays in a HiL tests. Research objectives:

Develop a distributed system in real time

Develop and implement in real time a new detection method for high impedance faults

Compare the results with relays different vendors in a HiL test


Contact details:






Probabilistic assessment of damping control methods in power systems

dominated by power electronic interfaced renewable generation

Scope: Evaluation of the damping performance of a HVAC-HVDC system with high penetration of power

electronic interfaced generation.

Problem definition: The progressive phase out of conventional power plants with synchronous

generators entails the loss of big sources of damping for low frequency electromechanical oscillations. In

addition, the variability of the operating conditions introduced by the stochastic behavior of the non-

synchronous and power electronic interfaced renewable energy based power plants affects the

effectiveness of damping controllers.

Methodology: You will perform a probabilistic assessment of the oscillatory stability of the Great Britain

System in a configuration corresponding to the year 2035 (70% power share from RES). Observability and

controllability indicators will be defined for PMU signals and their variability will be studied to elucidate

the most attractive loops for supplementary damping control at wind power plants. Finally, you’ll

compare two state-of-the-art structures for damping control.


Literature review on probabilistic stability assessment, observability and controllability

indicators, and damping controllers.

Modelling of the damping controllers for wind power plant in PowerFactory for RMS simulations.

Develop of scripts in Python for probabilistic stability assessment and automatic calculation of

observability and controllability indices..

Application of the mean-variance mapping optimization for tuning of the damping controllers.


Contact details:


Co-supervisor: Da Wang ([email protected])


Placement of power system damping controllers based on normal form

analysis

Scope: Study and development of scripts in Matlab/Python to apply the principles of normal form

analysis to tackle the selection of the location of damping controllers, which shall be superimposed on

conventional and power electronic interfaced generation to mitigate poorly damped low frequency

oscillations.

Problem definition: The progressive phase out of conventional power plants with synchronous

generators entails the loss of big sources inertia. Additionally, the loss of phase out of synchronous

generators entails the loss if the main and major sources for damping control. In view of this, the

likelihood of having poorly damped low frequency (e.g. < 1 Hz) electromechanical oscillations is expected

to increase in systems with high penetration levels of power electronic interfaced generation (e.g. wind,

solar).

Furthermore, the variability of the operating conditions introduced by the stochastic behavior of the

non-synchronous and power electronic interfaced renewable energy based power plants affects the

effectiveness of the few remaining damping controllers. This situation can cause the system to have

more than one low frequency oscillatory mode.

Methodology: You conduct a comprehensive study on the theory behind normal form analysis, as well as

the physical nature of low frequency electromechanical oscillations. Next, scripts in Matlab/Python shall

be developed to perform the calculations needed from point of view of normal forms analysis. A case

study, based on one of the existing IEEE benchmark systems for stability analysis, shall be built by using

an open source tool, or alternatively, a commercial tool like DIgSILENT PowerFactory. The case study

shall have both, conventional and power electronic interfaced generation. Your scrips shall allow to

estimate oscillatory stability degree of the system as well as to quantify the interdependencies of

different oscillatory modes w.r.t. different locations and design parameters of damping controllers. The

approach based on normal form analysis will be validates based on comparisons with RMS simulations.

Finally, you’ll contrast the information obtained based on normal form analysis against the information

obtained by using the traditional approach based on (linear) state space model.


What are the limitations of current practice? Task: Literature review on oscillatory stability

assessment, design of damping controllers, and normal form analysis.


What are the characteristics of oscillatory modes in systems dominated by power electronic

interfaced generation? Task: Modelling of the benchmark system for application of normal form

analysis and RMS simulations.

What are the main limitations/simplifications needed to implement with Matlab/Python? Task:

Develop of scripts in Matlab/Python for application of normal form analysis for assessment

oscillatory stability and prospective design of damping controllers.

What are the limitations of normal form analysis based approach? Task: Sensitivity analysis for

comparison with RMS simulations and classical approach based on linear state-space model.


Contact details:


Co-supervisor: Domenico Lahaye ([email protected])


Automated Distance Relay Settings Adequacy After

the Network Topology Changes

Description: The focus of this study is to investigate the adequacy of the network relay settings for a new

(evolving) network topology and identify the consequent vulnerable relays at selected locations in the

transmission system. The proposed automated approach for adequacy checking of distance relay

settings is able to improve the transmission system operators actions by providing them with a decision

making tool to assess the adequacy of distance settings for an evolving network topology, especially the

long-term ones, so that a proper action can be taken either before or after the topology change as

needed. For example, in the scenario that the operator is provided with a list of switching actions for

corrective purposes, e.g. load shedding or cost reduction, he/she is able to assess the switching

candidates in regards to their impact on the protection security and dependability when selecting the

best option. If the topology has already changed due to maintenance purposes or cascading tripping as a

consequence of relay mal-operation, the operator could assess the protection security and dependability

for the current topology and take proper action.


The concept of distance of impact need to be developed.

The results from the European Network of Transmission System Operators(ENTSO) that

demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the approach in realistic user setting.

The results of parallelization using supercomputing facilities.

Discussion of how the computational burden can be reduced for implementation on real sized

systems.


Contact details:



Generator protection Siemens 7UM 85 and new frequency relays

Scope: The project is focused on testing new Siemens 7UM 85 relay by making use of Omicron Test system

Problem definition: The gas-turbines at the DOW power plant are providing steam and electricity for the

production plants. The DOW wants to apply this protective relaying on the existing 125MW gas-turbines.

The protection scheme should fulfil specific requirements. A typical testing of the relay should be done

on different cases (scenario’s).

Methodology: Modeling in ATP-EMTP and testing by making use of Omicron


Modeling of the generators with governors and excitation;

Modeling the electrical load on the production site by the use of the aggregated induction motor and static models;

Model the df/dt and voltage decay in different island scenario’s, predict the network behavior;

Do sensitivity test on some important parameters;

Define cases for the testing the relay, the relay should trip or stay stable during different network upsets;

Define islanding detection system at the 50 kV;

Define islanding load shedding system based on gas turbine operation mode;

Test new Siemens df/dt and frequency detection relay for islanding detection and load shedding non critical loads.

Industry relevance/partner: DOW Terneuzen

Contact details:

Supervisor: M. Popov ([email protected])



Fast transfer relay testing on RDTS system in combination with a 7UT

transformer relay.

Scope: The project is focused on testing on Siemens 7UTrelay by making use of RTDS

Problem definition: DOW installations are equipped with 6 kV motors that are supposed to be kept in operation.

There has been work done on this by using EMTP. In order to observe the performance of the motors, real time simulations will be needed. In this project, refined models should be built in RTDS environment and the testing of the relay will be performed in real time. The advantage is to see the performance of the motors during fault and after the fault is removed.

Methodology: RTDS modeling and real time testing


Building an RTDS model for DOW site Tarragona North 15 kV/ 6 kV systems

Modeling induction motor

Modeling a 15 kV generator

modeling the transient torques on the motors

test relay on different scenario’s with RTDS

define best settings and run sensitivities

Industry relevance/partner: DOW Terneuzen

Contact details:



Master’s Thesis and/or Extra Project

Future smart grid scenarios: Modeling and simulation

Scope: This is a set of several MSc thesis/extra projects that focuses on developing models and

simulations for future smart grids. Smart grid emerges as a combination of many technologies, including

power systems, communication grids, renewable energy, storage and electric vehicles, controls and

optimization, flexible consumption, etc. Since the future technological developments are uncertain, it is

important to create and model multiple scenarios to realistically represent potential outlook of the

future electricity grid including developments towards 100% renewable generation and business as usual

case.

Problem definition: The main challenge is to develop 1) case scenarios, 2) models, and/or 3) simulators

that represent more than one domain of smart grids. This can be done in many different ways, by

combining already existing models of sustainable technologies, or models of different energy carriers, or

by developing control and optimization strategies for more sustainable operation of smart grids.

Methodology: The student will choose one of the following three directions to put the emphasis on: case

scenarios, modeling or simulations. Development of case scenarios will require research on future grid

developments including projections on renewable energy deployment, electric vehicle and storage

adoption rates, heat pump and/or natural gas perspective, etc. Development of models focuses on

representation of new technologies, such as electrolizers, fuel cells, new communication protocols like

IEC 61850, ZigBee, and others. Finally, development of simulations, focuses on extending current

simulation tools, such as PowerFactory and RTDS, with new simulation capabilities and new models.

Industry relevance: This is a great opportunity to pick your favorite technology and build contextual

knowledge by developing future case scenarios, or obtain more in depth knowledge about the device by

developing its model and simulations. In addition, you will have exposure to commonly used industrial

tools, such as PowerFactory.

Contact details:



Cross-border participation in capacity mechanisms

Scope: This project investigates the security of supply benefits that result from the interconnection of

neighboring electrical systems – and whether current policy proposals accurately value these benefits.

Problem definition: In order to avoid supply shortages during low-wind peak load hours, a number of

European countries are deploying capacity mechanisms that incentivize construction of new generating

resources. The European Commission is adamant that such schemes should not discriminate against

foreign providers: for example, Dutch generators should be able to sell ‘capacity’ in the GB capacity

auction, by way of the BritNed interconnector between the two countries. Current proposals to manage

cross-border trading on capacity markets are based on a simple representation of a ‘capacity product’

(MW) analogous to energy (MWh). However, this may not do justice to its underlying complexity.

Methodology and objectives: The project scope and objectives will differ substantially based on your

interest. Some projects may involve co-supervision by Laurens de Vries at TPM. Options include:

In-depth study of different proposals for cross-border participation in capacity mechanisms

within the European context. This will involve substantial literature study and possibly

interviews.

Quantifying cross-border contributions to capacity markets using computational studies. You will

design a simple multi-area test system (e.g. a region with 3 or more countries) and quantify

capacity contributions using Monte Carlo simulations. This approach will require basic

knowledge of optimisation, programming skills (Python preferred). Useful electives include

Monte Carlo Simulation of Stochastic Processes, Scientific Programming for Engineers.

A detailed study of the techno-economic case for cross-border capacity trading. You will create a

simple two-area model with probabilistic models of generation and load. You will formulate

various methods for cross-border capacity investments, and assess whether they facilitate or

interfere with a fair allocation of capacity payments. This will require knowledge of economics

and the use of basic probability theory.

Contact details: Simon Tindemans ([email protected])


Distributed control of refrigeration loads and air conditioners

Scope: This simulation-based project investigates the behavior of large numbers of thermostatically

controlled loads equipped with a decentralized stochastic power tracking controller.

Problem definition: Thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) such as refrigerators are exceptionally

suitable as a low-cost provider of flexibility to the grid: their power consumption can be shifted by 10s of

minutes without noticeable effects on cooling performance. This project investigates the `real world’

robustness of a robust decentralised control scheme for heterogeneous TCLs, by considering sensitivities

to model misspecification, changes in ambient temperature, door openings, etc.

Methodology: This project consists of two main elements. First, the definition of relevant physical

models for refrigerators, and various power system use cases (e.g. frequency support, alleviating

ramping constraints or congestion). Second, implementing simulations in Python (control algorithm is

provided) to test use cases at scale and across many random realisations. You should be skilled in the use

of Python and familiar with elementary probability theory. A useful elective is Monte Carlo Simulation of

Stochastic Processes.


Define an appropriate study model (e.g. refrigerators, air conditioners) and research available

literature for mathematical models and their associated physical/practical constraints

Define power system use cases

Implement simulation tool

Quantify the performance of aggregate TCLs as flexible resource, and identify factors that

influence it.

Industry relevance: This project addresses an important industrial challenge. How can stochastic

appliances in a largely uncontrolled environment be relied upon to provide critical grid services?

Contact: Simon Tindemans ([email protected])


Boosting the efficiency of data-driven learning

Scope: Your project will investigate how intelligent

sampling methods can be used to increase the efficiency of

a data-driven learning process in the grid.

Problem definition: In the modern, data-driven grid, many

processes depend on learning from samples. Often, these

samples are not simply ‘found’, but collected at a cost to

the learner. For example, it may cost money to test the

performance of flexible demand services, or there may be a

hard limit to the budget that is available for complex

computations. A variety of intelligent sampling methods

exist to make better use of available resources without an

impact to the quality of learned models.

Outline descriptions: Specific projects will depend on your skills and interests, and on the availability of

supporting tools (currently in development within IEPG). Examples of projects in this area include:

Active learning for real world demand response. Aggregators can provide flexible demand

services using large aggregations of flexible loads. When contract with these flexible loads are

‘soft’ (e.g. price signals), the aggregator needs to learn the response of the aggregate load (e.g.

using machine learning), but this learning comes at a cost. Active learning (experimental design)

can help minimise these costs.

Active learning for grid security prediction. Accurate simulations of realistic grids are time

consuming, and it is appealing to use approximate machine learned models to speed up testing

of security constraints in real time. Intelligent approaches are required to optimally select

training points in order to improving model quality at the highest possible rate.

Combining models of multiple accuracy levels. Often, multiple models are available for the

same phenomenon, with different accuracy-performance trade-offs. In some cases, these

models can be combined, e.g. in a multi-level Monte Carlo approach, to boost overall efficiency

without sacrificing model quality.

Requirements for these projects are programming experience (preferably in Python, and using object-

oriented approaches) and a working knowledge of elementary statistics. Useful electives include Monte

Carlo Simulation of Stochastic Processes and Scientific Programming for Engineers.

Contact: Simon Tindemans ([email protected])


Master’s Thesis/Extra Project Proposal

EASY-RES Enable Ancillary Services bY Renewable Energy Sources

Scope:

This thesis project will focus on developing techniques and methodologies to test the ancillary services for power

grid stability and security in power hardware in loop with RTDS.

Problem definition: The stability and security of the traditional electrical power systems is largely based on the

operation of central power plants with synchronous generators (SG). Today, the SGs provide following ancillary

services to grid (i) Reactive power (ii) Inertial response (iii) High-frequency power smoothing (iv) Fault ride through.

In the future energy system, the growing penetration of converter-interfaced (thus inertia-less) solar panels and

wind turbines will eventually replace dispatchable SGs. Therefore, the future DRES inverters should also take over

the role of SGs in providing required ancillary services to the power grid.

Methodology/Research objective:

Simulation test models of DRES will be developed including converters controllers with ancillary services capability.

DRES of interest are wind turbines, solar panels and energy storage systems. Student can choose which DRES and

ancillary services s/he wants to focus on. The models will be simulated in Real-Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) and

tested with power hardware in loop. The converter controllers should be developed to provide services such as

adjustable virtual inertia and adjustable power-frequency droop curve.

Industry relevance/partner: Transmission and distribution system operators are partners of this project and are highly interested in future capabilities of DRES to provide ancillary services. Experience with RTDS is highly valued by the industry. Contact details:

PhD: Umer Mushtaq ([email protected])


This project has received funding from the European Union´s Horizon 2020 Programme for research and innovation under Grant Agreement no 764090.




Design And Hardware In Loop(HIL) Testing Of A Noble Control Strategy For

Fast Active Power Injection(FAPI) In A Low Inertia Power System

Scope: The main aim of this thesis work is to development and design of a noble control strategy for fast

active power injection to provide synthetic inertia in a massive power electronics penetrated power system

during disturbances(sudden demand-generation imbalance).

Problem definition: Inertia is an inherent characteristic of synchronous generators (SGs). When the

frequency of the grid falls, SGs automatically provide kinetic energy of its rotor to arrest the frequency

drops, thus helping to improving frequency nadir and ROCOF. However, high penetration of power

electronics based renewable energy resources into the grid ( i.e. Wind power, solar power, etc.) are

reducing the inertia. The decreased inertia worsens the frequency problem and threatens the system

stability and reliability. Therefore, the current demand of power system is to increase of inertia by fast

injection of active power during faults.


To carry out a comparative analysis of existing FAPI control methods, focus on improvement of

nadir and ROCOF.

To propose a new control strategy, which can be combination of two or more existing control

methods.

To design, implement and test the proposed method on hardware in loop test bench.

EMT Model of Low

Inertia Power

System in RSCAD

Grid Connection

3-Phase, 400 V,

50 Hz

Output signals

(V, I, F)

Input signals

(Current or power)

Reproduce

Network

(V, F)

15 kW Power Amplifier (Emulator of Electrical

Network)

Device Under

Test (DUT)

Measure Output

Current or

Power

of DUT

Model of Control

Strategy

REAL TIME TARGET (RTT)

Data exchange with RTDS

HIL based test bench for FAPI control strategy

NOVA Core

RTDS


Methodology:

In order to fulfil the objectives of the proposed study, methodology to carry out the study is presented as

follows.

A comprehensive Literature survey on control methods for fast active power injection.

Development of EMT Model of Low Inertia Power System in RSCAD to simulate on real time

digital simulator (RTDS)

Development of control strategy in matlab/ Simulink to run on real time target.

Making communication between RTDS and RTT to exchange data for hardware in loop testing.

Detailed analysis of results whether they are comply with grid codes or not.

Contact details:

Postdoc Researcher: Zameer Ahmad ([email protected])





DC fault analysis of HVDC grids

(a) A 4-terminal HVDC grid (b) Current waveforms seen by DCCBs

Figure 1 Fault interruption in a 4-terminal HVDC grid

Scope: The project is focused on DC fault scenario simulation and analysis in HVDC grids

Problem definition: Although DC grid protection must fulfil the similar objectives as AC grid protection, its

implementation will differ largely since DC fault currents are characterized by a high rate of rise, a large

steady-state value, and the absence of natural zero crossings. In order to secure the DC grid operate

safely and give a reasonable new DC protective solution, it is significant to do the related faulty scenario

simulation and analysis in the beginning. In this master project, the DC fault simulation and analysis will

be conducted and based on the replica models in RTDS. The objective of the project is to provide an

investigation and analysis on the possible impact factors of DC fault dynamics.

Methodology: Modeling, simulating and testing by making use of RTDS


Modeling of MMC VSC based HVDC grids and DC circuit breakers (DCCB);

Converter modelling and control strategy developing for normal and faulty operation conditions

Define critical fault cases with the considerations of different converter models and controllers, fault types and locations, Network structures, placement strategies of DCCBs, etc.;

Do sensitivity test and analysis on the important critical impact factors;

Considerations on DC protection and related communications;

Hardware-in-the-loop testing with RTDS.

Contact details:


Reflection

s

Fault occurrence

Converter blocking

DCCB interruption



Investigation of IEC 61850 based protection commutation solution for

HVDC grids

Figure 1 Architecture of IEC 61850 and applications in replica HVDC grids

Scope: The project is focused on the applications of IEC 61850 based communication solutions in HVDC grids

Problem definition: Standardization of the HVDC systems is still in an initial stage because historically

HVDC systems have been developed as turnkey projects by a single manufacturer. Although not perfect

yet, the IEC 61850 standard is intended to provide interoperability between all equipment in AC

substations. Many of these standards (e.g. IEC 61869, IEC 60255, IEC 61850 and IEC 60834) and

technologies used in AC protection can be adapted for DC protection to facilitate a multivendor-based

DC grid protection solution. Thus in this regard, the evaluation of IEC 61850 based protection

commutation solution is very beneficial before the practical applications.

Methodology: Modeling, simulating and testing by making use of RTDS and IEC 61850 based related programmable

communication interfaces


Modeling of HVDC grids based on RTDS;

Modeling of IEC 61850 communication gateway based on RTDS interfaces and Click Modular Router;

Define critical fault cases with the considerations of IEC 61850 communication links and data flows, data qualities, etc.;

Do sensitivity based test, analysis and evaluations on the important critical impact factors;

Considerations of requirements for the development of DC protection systems;

Hardware-in-the-loop testing with RTDS.

Contact details:



Intelligent Electrical Power Grids de... · 2019-04-23 · Intelligent Electrical Power Grids Collection of available MSc projects April 2019 Areas covered: Power system expansion

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