Intelligence

Intelligence

Who is the most intelligent individual pictured here?

• Is intelligence one general ability, or several specific abilities?

• Different cultures deem “intelligent” as whatever attributes enable success in those cultures

• Is a talented artist who can’t do math “unintelligent”? Is a brilliant scientist who can’t follow a road map “unintelligent”?

What is “Intelligence”?

• Intelligence – mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

General Intelligence

• Charles Spearman

• Intelligence is defined as a single measure of general cognitive ability (g), such as an IQ test score, your SAT score, or your DSTP scores. Primarily measures only academic prowess.

Theory of Multiple Intelligences

• Howard Gardner– Linguistic– Logical-Mathematical– Body-Kinesthetic– Spatial– Musical – Interpersonal– Intrapersonal– Naturalist– Existential*

• Howard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences

• How Intelligent Are Animals?

• Boosting Brain Power

•Linguistic – A person's ability to construct and comprehend language

•Journalists, poets, novelists, storyteller

• Logical-Mathematical – Our ability to work with numbers, to mentally process logical problems and mathematic equations

• Scientists, accountants, navigator, surveyor

•Spatial – How we comprehend shapes and images in three dimensions.

•Artists, cab drivers, architects, chess player

•Musical - The ability to perform and compose music.

•Pianist, Composers, Singer

• Intrapersonal – Intrapersonal intelligence allows us to reflect and understand our own well being - who we are, what feelings we have, and why we are this way.

•Body-Kinesthetic - To possess control of movements, balance, agility and grace.

•Athletes, dancers, craftsperson

• Interpersonal – The ability to interact with others, understand them, and interpret their behavior known as interpersonal intelligence. Social skills.

• Politicians, clergy, talk show host, salesperson

• Naturalistic – experiencing and understanding in the natural world, plant and aquatic life

• Rangers, Guides, Environmentalists, Zoologists, Archeologists, Geologists

• Existential Intelligence*- Individuals who pose and ponder questions about broad themes such as life, death, justice

• Philosophers and Thinkers, Human Rights Activists

Emotional Intelligence

• Salovey and Mayer• Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences

PLUS:–Emotional Intelligence – superb social skills, manages conflicts well, and has great empathy for others

Triarchic Theory of Multiple Intelligences

• Robert Sternberg

-Analytical

-Creative

-Practical

• Analytical – Assessed by intelligence tests, which present well-defined problems having single right answers; academic intelligence. Commonly referred to as “book smarts”.

•Practical Intelligence – the ability to adapt to the environment, reflecting was is commonly called “street smarts”.

•Creative Intelligence – the ability to effectively deal with novel situations by drawing on existing skills and knowledge.

Intelligence Anomalies

• Savant Syndrome – a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing; some people are mentally handicapped in almost every aspect except for one very specific ability.

• Prodigies – an individual with otherwise normal abilities except for a single exceptional talent

• Savant Piano

• Savant Drawing

• Basketball Prodigy

• Piano Prodigy

• Art Prodigy

Assessing Intelligence

• How is intelligence determined?

Testing

Two Types of Intelligence Tests

• Achievement Test – a test designed to assess what a person has already learned

• Aptitude Test – a test designed to predict a person’s future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn

One Example of an Aptitude Test is an IQ Test

• Intelligence Test – a written method for assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others using numerical scores– Student A got a 1300 SAT score, while

Student B got a 900 SAT score. Student A is “more intelligent”.

Two Types of IQ Tests

• Stanford-Binet – the most widely used written intelligence test

• Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests

• Factor Analysis – a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one’s total score– Along with your score on a test, there is a

breakdown of your performances on individual sections of the test – 600 Verbal, 700 Math on a total SAT score of 1300

How do you determine IQ?Step 1

• Mental Age – the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance.

–A child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8.

How do you determine IQ?Step 2

• Intelligence Quotient (IQ) – defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to the chronological age (ca), multiplied by 100. (MA / CA) X 100–An 8-year old student that takes an IQ

Test scores as well the average 10-year old.

–10/8 = 1.25 X 100 = 125 IQ

IQ Scale

• Over 140 - Genius or near genius

• 120 - 140 - Very superior intelligence

• 110 - 119 - Superior intelligence

• 90 - 109 - Normal or average intelligence

• 80 - 89 - Dullness

• 70 - 79 - Borderline deficiency

• Under 70 - Definite feeble-mindedness

• The Flynn Effect – The average IQ of people has generally risen over the last century. This doesn’t mean that people have necessarily gotten “smarter”. Schools have gotten better, technology has gotten better, access to education has gotten better…….the environment has helped to increase general IQ, not a natural increase in brain power.

Constructing An Intelligence Test

Establish A “Standard”

• Standardization – defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested “standardization group”– The “control” test group (a

representative sample of the entire population you are comparing scores to) scored an average of 1000 on the SAT. You scored a 1200 on the SAT. You are “above” the standard.

Is The Test “Reliable”?

• Reliability – the extent to which a test yields consistent results, and how well it can be replicated

Checking Reliability

– Split-Half Reliability – Half of the students answer all of the odd questions, the other half answer all of the even questions on a test. The scores should be similar if the test is consistently testing the same knowledge throughout.

– Equivalent Form – Students who receive Form A of a test should score similarly to those students who received Form B regarding the same information.

Is The Test “Valid”?

• Validity – the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

• Content Validity – the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest–If a test is supposed to test your

knowledge of mathematical principles, the questions should be on math, not history or writing skills

• Predictive Validity – the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior– Is a test is designed to measure mechanical

aptitude, people who receive high scores should ultimately prove more successful in mechanical jobs than people that scored low

Reliability and Validity

• It is possible to have a test that is reliable, but not valid. Such a test consistently measures something, but not what it is intended to measure.– IE. A vocabulary test given in math class

is reliable as far as testing vocabulary, but is not a valid measure of a student’s mathematical intelligence.

Reliability and Validity

• It is impossible to have a test that is valid, but not reliable. If individual scores fluctuate wildly, then they cannot consistently correlate with other scores, whatever those scores may be.– Tests cannot be accurately measuring a given set of

material if scores on those tests vary wildly. On multiple tests of a single mathematical principal you score an 89, 34, 56, and a 99, the tests cannot have been consistently testing the same material, nor can they be good indicators that you know or don’t know the material.