Intellectual and Behavioral Functions • Cerebral Cortex – frontal lobe: somatic motor cortex – primary sensory areas: first part of cortex to receive sensory information • parietal lobe: somatic sensory cortex • occipital lobe: visual cortex • temporal lobe: auditory cortex – association areas / interpretive areas: perception of patterns of sensation • lines, edges, and color associated into an image • sounds associated into a word Fig. 14.22
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Intellectual and Behavioral Functions Cerebral Cortex –frontal lobe: somatic motor cortex –primary sensory areas: first part of cortex to receive sensory.
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Intellectual and Behavioral Functions
• Cerebral Cortex– frontal lobe: somatic motor cortex– primary sensory areas: first part of cortex to
– association areas / interpretive areas: perception of patterns of sensation
• lines, edges, and color associated into an image• sounds associated into a word
Fig. 14.22
Intellectual and Behavioral Functions
– common integrative area / general interpretive area
• somatic, visual and auditory association areas meet together
• sensory patterns coordinated into a thought Guyton,
Medical Physiology
Example of Cortical
Pathways• word seen
– visual cortex
• word understood– visual and general
interpretive area
• thought develops to speak the word– Wernicke’s area [left cerebral hemisphere]
• speech coordinated– Broca’s (motor speech) area [left cerebral hemisphere]
• signals sent to cortical areas that control muscles of speech
Guyton,Guyton,Medical Medical PhysiologyPhysiologycf. Fig.14.25cf. Fig.14.25and p. 558and p. 558
Hemispheric Lateralization
•These general patterns are true for nearly all right-handed people and two-thirds of left-handed people.•Sex differences exist: e.g., lateralization is more pronounced in males, whereas verbal skills are more broadly distributed in females.
• categorical hemisphere– left
hemisphere– verbal skills– analytical
skills
• representa-tional
hemisphere– right
hemisphere– visual,
spatial and aural skills
– emotional perception
Fig. 14.26
Dominance and Creativity• It is incorrect to call the left
hemisphere “dominant.” The 2/3rds of left handed people whose left hemisphere is categorical show that motor control and verbal/categorical skills can exist on different hemispheres.
• Creativity, if it’s to be effective, also needs planning and analysis. Therefore, creativity is not a specialized “right-brain” function, but requires good function of and good communication between both hemispheres.
Fig. 14.16
Reasoning
• Prefrontal Area:control and elaboration of thought– planning, problem
solving, concentration, delayed gratification, social control
– Lesions cause loss of ambition, inability to perform complex tasks, rapid changes in emotions, loss of embarrassment … .
Phineas Gage’s injury
Lobotomies used to be performed on psychotic persons (fewer signals sent to limbic system / less aggression). The patients became more docile; the price - loss of their previous personality.