Intel Processors Gunjan Gupta 10BEC112 Nirma University
Dec 07, 2014
Intel ProcessorsIntel Processors
Gunjan Gupta10BEC112Nirma University
OutlineOutline
Evolution of Intel MicroprocessorsScaling from 4004 to Core i7 (Processors which changed the world)Courtesy of Intel n Wikipedia
40044004
First microprocessor (Nov 15, 1971)
For Busicom calculatorCharacteristics
10 mm processPMOS 2300 transistors400 – 800 kHz4-bit word size16-pin DIP package
80088008
8-bit follow-on (Apr 1,1972)Dumb terminals
Characteristics10 mm processEnhancement load PMOS logic3500 transistors500 – 800 kHz8-bit word size18-pin DIP package
Note 8-bit data pathsIndividual transistors visible
80808080
16-bit address bus (Apr 1,1974)
Used in Altair computerTraffic light controllerCruise missile
Characteristics6 mm processEnhancement load NMOS logic6000 transistors2 MHz8-bit word size40-pin DIP package10X the performance of the 8008
8086/80888086/8088
16-bit processor (June ,1978-9)
IBM PC and PC XTRevolutionary productsIntroduced x86 ISA
Characteristics3 mm process29k transistors5-10 MHz16-bit word size40-pin DIP package
10X the performance of 8080
8028680286
Virtual memory (Feb 1,1982)
IBM PC-ATCharacteristics
1.5 mm process134k transistors6-12 MHz16-bit word size
Regular data-paths andROMsBit-slices clearly visible3-6X the performance of the 8086
8038680386
32-bit processor (Oct 17,1985)
Modern x86 ISACharacteristics
1 mm process275k transistors16-33 MHz32-bit word size100-pin PGA(Pin Grid Array)
32-bit data-path,microcode ROM,synthesized control
8048680486
Pipelining (Apr 10,1989)
Floating point unit8 KB cache
Characteristics1-0.6 mm process1.2M transistors25-100 MHz32-bit word size168-pin PGA
Cache, Integer datapath,FPU, microcode,synthesized control
50X performance of the 8088
PentiumPentium
Superscalar architecture (Mar 22, 1993)2 instructions per cycleSeparate 8KB I$ & D$
Characteristics0.8-0.35 mm process3.2M transistors60-300 MHz32-bit word size296-pin PGA
Caches, datapath,FPU, control
Runs on 5 volts
Pentium Pro / II / IIIPentium Pro / II / III
Dynamic execution (Nov 1995-9)3 micro-ops / cycleOut of order execution16-32 KB I$ & D$Multimedia instructionsPIII adds 256+ KB L2$
Characteristics0.6-0.18 mm process5.5M-28M transistors166-1000 MHz32-bit word size
Pentium 4Pentium 4
Deep pipeline (Nov 20,2000)Very fast clock256-1024 KB L2$
Characteristics180 – 65 nm process42-125M transistors1.4-3.4 GHzUp to 160 W32/64-bit word size478-pin PGA
Units start to becomeinvisible on this scale
Pentium MPentium M
Pentium III derivative (2002)Better power efficiency1-2 MB L2$
Characteristics130 – 90 nm process140M transistors0.9-2.3 GHz6-25 W32-bit word size478-pin PGA
Cache dominates chip area
2005-Present2005-Present
Core2 DuoCore2 Duo
Dual core (July 27,2006)1-2 MB L2$ / core
Characteristics65-45 nm process291M transistors1.6-3+ GHz65 W32/64 bit word size775 pin LGA
Much better performance/power efficiency
Core i7Core i7
Quad core (& more) (Nov 17,2008)Refinement of Core architecture2 MB L3$ / core
Characteristics45-32 nm process731M transistors2.66-3.33+ GHzUp to 130 W32/64 bit word size1366-pin LGAMultithreading
On-die memory controller
AtomAtom
Low power CPU for netbooksPentium-style architecture512KB+ L2$
Characteristics45-32 nm process47M transistors0.8-1.8+ GHz1.4-13 W32/64-bit word size441-pin FCBGA
Low voltage (0.7 – 1.1 V) operationExcellent performance/power
SummarySummary
104 increase in transistor count, clock frequency over 3 decades!
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