Intel

History Intel Corporation is an American multinational semiconductor chip maker

corporation headquartered in Santa Clara, California, United States founded in July 18, 1968.

Intel was founded by 1.Gordon E. Moore (of "Moore's Law" fame, a chemist and physicist),

2.Robert Noyce (a physicist and co-inventor of the integrated circuit), 3.Arthur Rock (investor and venture capitalist).

Moore and Noyce initially wanted to name the company "Moore Noyce".

Instead they used the name NM Electronics for almost a year, before deciding to call their company Integrated Electronics or "Intel" for short. Since "Intel" was already trademarked by the hotel chain Intelco, they had to buy the rights for the name.

Intel Major Products :

Bluetooth chipsets Flash memory Microprocessors Motherboard chipsets Network interface cards

Intel was an early developer of SRAM and DRAM memory chips, and this represented the majority of its business until 1981.

Its first product in 1969 was the 3101 Schottky TTL bipolar 64-bit random access memory (RAM). That same year Intel produced the first metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) static random access memory (SRAM) chips.

Intel created the first commercially available microprocessor (Intel 4004) in 1971.

Early 1980s its business was dominated by dynamic random access memory chips However, increased competition from Japanese semiconductor manufacturers

had, by 1983, dramatically reduced the profitability of this market, and the sudden success of the IBM personal computer convinced then-CEO Andrew Grove to shift the company's focus to microprocessors, and to change fundamental aspects of that business model

SRAMS & Microprocessor :-

The company's first products were shift register memory and random-access memory integrated circuits.

Intel grew to be a leader in the fiercely competitive DRAM, SRAM, and ROM markets throughout the 1970s

Intel engineers Marcian Hoff, Federico Faggin, Stanley Mazor and Masatoshi Shima invented Intel's first microprocessor.

The Intel 4004 was introduced to the mass market on November 15, 1971.

DRAM to Microprocessors :-

In 1983, President Andy Grove drove the company into a focus on microprocessors as increased pressure from Japanese memory-chip manufacturers..

A key element of his plan was the notion, then considered radical, of becoming the single source for successors to the popular 8086 microprocessor.

Intel embarked on a major marketing and sales campaign for that chip nicknamed "Operation Crush".

In 1975 the company had started a project to develop a highly advanced 32-bit microprocessor, finally released in 1981 as the Intel iAPX 432 also named as 80186

Intel extended the x86 architecture to 32 bits instead.

1 The 4-bit processors 8 32-bit processors: the 80486 range 13 64-bit processors: Intel 64 – NetBurst microarchitecture1.1 Intel 4004: first single-chip microprocessor 8.1 80486DX 13.1 Pentium 4F1.2 Intel 4040 8.2 80486SX 13.2 Pentium D2 The 8-bit processors 8.3 80486DX2 13.3 Pentium Extreme Edition2.1 8008 8.4 80486SL 13.4 Xeon2.2 8080 8.5 80486DX4 14 64-bit processors: Intel 64 – Core microarchitecture2.3 8085 9 32-bit processors: P5 microarchitecture 14.1 Xeon3 Microcontrollers 9.1 Original Pentium 14.2 Intel Core 23.1 Intel 8048 9.2 Pentium with MMX Technology 14.3 Pentium Dual Core3.2 Intel 8051 10 32-bit processors: P6/Pentium M microarchitecture 14.4 Celeron3.3 MCS-96 Family 10.1 Pentium Pro 14.5 Celeron M4 The bit-slice processor 10.2 Pentium II 15 32-bit processors: Intel 32 – Intel Atom4.1 3000 Family 10.3 Celeron (Pentium II-based) 16 64-bit processors: Intel 64 – Nehalem microarchitecture5 The 16-bit processors: origin of x86 10.4 Pentium III 16.1 Intel Pentium5.1 8086 10.5 Pentium II and III Xeon 16.2 Core i35.2 8088 10.6 Celeron (Pentium III Coppermine-based) 16.3 Core i55.3 MCS-86 Family 10.7 Celeron (Pentium III Tualatin-based) 16.4 Core i75.4 80186 10.8 Pentium M 16.5 Xeon5.5 80188 10.9 Celeron M5.6 80286 10.10 Intel Core6 32-bit processors: the non-x86 microprocessors10.11 Dual-Core Xeon LV6.1 iAPX 432 11 32-bit processors: NetBurst microarchitecture6.2 i960 aka 80960 11.1 Pentium 46.3 i860 aka 80860 11.2 Xeon6.4 XScale 11.3 Mobile Pentium 4-M7 32-bit processors: the 80386 range 11.4 Pentium 4 EE7.1 80386DX 11.5 Pentium 4E7.2 80386SX 11.6 Pentium 4F7.3 80376 12 64-bit processors: IA-647.4 80386SL 12.1 Itanium7.5 80386EX 12.2 Itanium 2

List of Microprocessor

A microprocessor or processor is the brain of the computer and it performs all the computational tasks, calculations and data processing etc.

It is a multipurpose, programmable device that accepts digital data as input, processes it according to instructions stored in its memory, and provides results as output.

General-purpose microprocessors in personal computers are used for computation, text editing, multimedia display, and communication over the Internet etc …..

The microprocessors can be classified based on the basic following features.

1. Instruction Set :-

It is the set of the instructions that the Microprocessor can execute.

2. Bandwidth :-

The number of bits processed by the processor in a single instruction

3. Clock Speed :-

Clock speed is measured in the MHz and it determines that how many instructions a processor can processed

ALU

Control Unit

Registers

RAM & ROM

RAM :- Ram is basically uses a space for its calculations and holds a number for another computer operations. It is not a part of Processor.

ROM :- ROM is a in-build memory. It actually tells the processor how to handle the commands. It is also not a part of Processor.

Control Unit :- It loads the instructions to Registers after getting the information from the RAM or ROM.

Registers :- It is a small area inside the Processor which is store a single value. Inside the Register processor does a major calculations.

ALU (Arithmetical Logical unit) :- It is more complicated unit in the processor. Its actually does the mathematical calculations like adding,Subtracting, multiplication.

It comprised of 6 main Components1) Prefatch Unit (PFU) :- It forward the next software instruction to CPU2) Segment Unit :- Knows the exact memory location for the next instructions3) Paging Unit :- It retrieves the information from RAM.4) Decode unit :- It translates the language that the processor can understand.5) Execution unit :- It carries software commands.6) BI (Bus Interface Unit) :- Sending to correct location (i.e. RAM)

Introduced on November 15, 1971

Single-chip microprocessor

Originally designed to be used in Busicom calculator.

It was first Microprocessor by INTEL

It was 4 BIT Microprocessor

Next upgraded microprocessor is Intel 4040

Introduced on April 1, 1972

It was first 8 BIT microprocessor

It could execute 50,000 instructions per second.

Introduced on April 1, 1974

It was 10 times faster than 8008

It could execute 5,00,000 instructions per second.

Introduced on June 8, 1978

It was the first 16 BIT microprocessor.

It could execute 2.5 million instructions per second.

It could multiply & divide the instructions.

Introduced in 1982

It was the first 32 BIT microprocessor

It could address 4 GB of memory

Introduced in 1989

It was also 32 BIT microprocessor

Cache memory was introduced.

Intel Turbo Boost Technology :- It is found only in core i5 and i7 processor. It gives you performance when & Where you need it. It automatically speeds up the each core of the processor when your pc needs extra performance. This is achieved by using EIST technology (Enhanced Intel Speed Test)

• Intel Hyper Threading TechnologyIt is found in i3 and i5 processor. Its 4 way multi-tasking. Each core of the processor can work on 2 tasks at the same time.

It has implemented in the processor to speed up the system performance. It has integrated the cache memory in the processor itself.

The first Core i3 processors were launched in 2010

hyper threading support, and virtualization

support 64-bit versions of Windows

It has cache 3 MB and clock speed 2.30 GHz

Introduced in September 2010

4 physical cores

support 64-bit versions of Windows

64 Kb L1 cache & 512 Kb L2 cache & 4 MB L3 cache

64-bit processors

Introduced in November 2010

4 physical cores

256 KB L2 cache and 8 MB L3 Cache

781 million transistors

More Performance :- Core & Cache Technology

More security and reliability

More scalability

Lower TCO

Intel Xeon Products :- E7- 8800 / 4800 / 2800

The Xeon microprocessor from Intel is a CPU brand targeted at the server and workstation markets.

The Xeon CPUs generally have more cache than their desktop counterparts in addition to multiprocessing capabilities.

It includes Hyper-threading. It is an Intel-proprietary technology used to improve parallelization of computations (doing multiple tasks at once) Performed on PC microprocessors.

Each processor core that is physically present, the operating system addresses two virtual processors, and shares the workload between them when possible. Hyper-threading requires not only that the operating system support multiple processors, but also that it be specifically optimized for HTT

Intel announced that it planned to purchase McAfee, a manufacturer of computer security technology in the year 2010

Intel's Classmate PC is the company's first low-cost netbook computer.

In June 2011, Intel will introduce the first Pentium mobile processor with clocked at 2 GHz, is faster than existing or upcoming mobile Celerons.

In July 2011, Intel announced that its server chips will use new sensors that can improve data center cooling efficiency.

In 2011, Intel announced that it is working on a Car Security system that connects to Smartphone's via an application.

• AMD (Advance Micro Devices) is major competitor for Intel.

• In the mid nineties Intel begins to face true competition.

• In the desktop PC processor segment, Intel earned 75.8% market share, a gain of 4.8%, AMD's share dropped to 24.1%, a loss of 4.8%.

• In the x86 server/workstation processor segment, Intel finished with 95.1% market share, gain of 0.6%, and AMD earned 4.9%, a loss of 0.6%.

• Intel still enjoys the most market share in both the overall worldwide PC microprocessor market (79.3%) and the mobile PC Microprocessor (84.4%) in the second quarter of 2011, the numbers decreased by 1.5% and 1.9% compared to the first quarter