integumentary system (skin)

Ch 4: Integumentary System Name (written in INK)

CLASSIFICATION OF BODY MEMBRANES

1. Complete the following table relating to body membranes. Enter your responses in the blanks.

Membrane Tissue Type Common locations Functions (epithelial/connective)

Mucous

Serous

Cutaneous

Synovial

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (SKIN)2. Four simplified diagrams are shown in Figure 4—1. Select different colors for the membranes listed below, and use them to color the coding circles and the corresponding structures.

⃝� Cutaneous membrane � Parietal pleura (serosa) � Synovial membrane⃝� Mucosae � Visceral pericardium (serosa) � Visceral peritoneum (serosa) ⃝� Visceral pleura (serosa) � Parietal pericardium (serosa) � Parietalperitoneum (serosa)

3. Figure 4-2 depicts a longitudinal section of the skin. Label the skin structures and areas indicated by leader lines and brackets on the figure.Select different colors for the structures below and color the coding circles and the corresponding structures on the figure.

Figure 4-1

⃝� Arrector pili muscle⃝� Adipose tissue⃝� Hair follicle⃝� Nerve fibers ⃝� Sweat (sudoriferous) gland

⃝� Sebaceous gland

Two types of sweat glands:

1. Far more numerous and found all over the body, function inelimination of excess body heat –

2. Found in the axillary and genital areas, secretion contains fatty acids and proteins that favor bacterial

The epidermis has no blood vessels. Oxygen and nutrients reach thecells of the

(bottom layer of epidermis) by thepassive

transport process of .

4. The more superficial cells of the epidermis become less viable andultimately die. What two factors account for this natural demise of the epidermal cells?

1.

2.

_

5. Label the diagram of the skin.

6. Complete the following statements in the blanks provided.

_________________________1. In the cold, blood vessels will move away from the body surface and get smaller. This is called

_________________________2. In heat, blood vessels move closer to body surface and get larger, called

_________________________3. Radiation from the skin surface and evaporation

Stratum

Stratum

Stratum Stratum Stratum

Blood vessel

Nerve fiber

Deep pressure

Pain receptorsLight touch

receptor

“bumpy” layer of dermis:

network layer of dermis:

of sweat are two ways in which the skin helps to getrid of body

(Continued next page)

_________________________4. Fat in the tissue layer beneath the dermis, called the ______ layer helps to insulate the body.

_________________________5. The waterproofing protein found in dead epidermalstructures such as the stratum corneum, hair, and nails is called

_________________________6. A modified cholesterol in the skin is converted to vitamin by sunlight.

_________________________7. A yellow to brown pigment produced by melanocytes, found in the stratum basale is . This pigment covers the cell nucleus to protect the DNA.

_________________________8. A localized concentration of melanin is a

_________________________9. A deadly cancer of the pigment-producing cells that metastasizes rapidly is

_________________________10. Apply the to examine pigmented spotsto recognize melanoma:A. Asymmetry – The two sides of a pigmented spot do

not matchB. Border irregularity – The borders are not smooth,

have indentationsC. Color – The pigmented spot contains areas of

different colorsD. Diameter – The lesion is larger than 6

millimeters_________________________11. Dehydration of the skin and wrinkling is

due to loss of the protein called

_________________________12. A decubitus ulcer (bedsore) results when skin cells are deprived of

_________________________13. The bluish cast of the skin due to inadequate oxygenation of the blood is

_________________________14. Reddened skin, caused by an increase in blood flow, is termed

_________________________15. An abnormal yellow color of the skin, usually a result of a liver disorder in which excessbile pigments circulate in the blood, is called

_________________________16. The term for pale skin resulting from bloodquickly leaving an area is

_________________________17. A bruise, or bleeding when blood vessels are broken but the skin surface is not, is a

_________________________18. Inflammation of the skin (allergic reaction) caused by chemicals touching skin is

_________________________19. An orange-yellow pigment deposited in the stratum corneum when a person eats large amounts of orange, yellow, and red foods, such as carrots is

_________________________20. The oily mixture of lipids, cholesterol, andcell fragments secreted by sebaceous glands is called

_________________________21. Friction causes thickening of the stratum corneum, called a

_________________________22.The externally observable part of a hair emergingfrom the skin is the

_________________________23. The dermis provides mechanical strength to the skin due to (2 answers)

_________________________24.A first degree burn damages the

_________________________25.A second degree burn damages the epidermis and some dermis and forms

_________________________26.dermis, may require skin grafts, life-threatening dueto loss of body fluids and infection

7. Using key choices, choose all responses that apply to the following descriptions. Enter the appropriate letter(s) in the answer blanks.

A. Stratum corneum D. Stratum lucidum G. Epidermis as awhole B. Stratum basale E. Papillary layer H. Dermis as a wholeC. Stratum granulosum F. Reticular layer _______1. Epidermal layer of translucent cells containing keratin

_______2. Epidermal layer composed of dead cells (two layers)

_______3. Dermal layer responsible for fingerprints (superior layer of dermis)

_______4. Vascular (blood vessels) region, gives skin reddish color when hemoglobin binds with oxygen

_______5. Epidermal layer involved in rapid cell division (mitosis); most inferior epidermal layer

_______6. Epidermal layer composed of scale-like cells full of keratin that constantly flake off

_______7. Site of elastin (flexibility) and collagen fibers (binds water)

_______8. Epidermal layer containing melanocytes, site of melanin formation

_______9. Major skin area from which the hair and nails arise

_______10. Major skin layer that is avascular, gets oxygen and nutrients via diffusion from region below

_______11. The epidermal layer that is also is also called the stratum germinativum

8. Figure 4-3 is a diagram of a cross-sectional view of a hair in its follicle. Complete this figure by identifying the two portions of the follicle wall by placing the correct name of the sheath, coloring, and labeling the diagram.

⃝� Cortex � Cuticle � Medulla � Follicle

Hair

Folliclewall

9. Complete the following statements about the finger nail.

____________________ 1. Nails consist of three parts. The portion overhanging the end of the finger is the

____________________ 2. The portion of the nail that is attached to the underlying skin is the

____________________ 3. The portion embedded in the skin is the

____________________ 4. The borders of the nail are overlapped by skin folds called

____________________ 5. The thick proximal nail fold composed of stratum corneum, commonly called the cuticle, is the . This structure is responsible for sealing the edges of the nailfold to the nail, which prevents substances from entering the body.

____________________ 6. The germinal cells of the nail matrix are responsible for nail . As the new cells are produced by the matrix they are pushed toward the distal end of the nail,become heavily keratinized, and die.

____________________ 7. The thick, white crescent-shaped area of the nail matrix at the proximal nail is the

10. Label the Nail Parts:

11. Using key choices, complete the following statements. Insert the appropriate letter(s) in the answer blanks.

Key Choices

A. Arrector pili C. Hair E. Sebaceous glands G. Sudoriferous glands (eccrine)B. Cutaneous receptors D. Hair follicle F. Sudoriferous glands

(apocrine)

_______1.A blackhead is an accumulation of sebum that has oxidized and

darkened. Sebum is produced by

_______2.Tiny muscles attached to hair follicles that pull hair upright during fright or cold (goosebumps) are

_______3.The sheath from which hair grows, composed of both epithelial andconnective tissues is the

_______4.The structure found everywhere on the body except the palms of the hands, soles of the feet, and lips and consists primarily of dead keratinized cells is

_______5.The specialized nerve endings in the skin that respond to temperature and touch are called

_______6.Due to increased hormones, the become more active at puberty. (two answers)

_______7.The structures that function in the elimination of excess body heat are the

_______8.Considered exocrine glands (three answers), excrete out of the body

Ch 4 At The Clinic (ANSWER ON ANOTHER PIECE OF PAPER.)

1. While cooking, Mrs. Ibanez suffered a grease burn on the dorsum of her left hand. There is a small area of skin that is red and painful with blisters but is not blanched or blackened. (p. 124)

a. What degree of burn does she have?b. Will the skin probably grow back or is she likely to have a scar?

2. A new mother brings her infant to the clinic, worried about a yellowish, scummy deposit that has built up on the baby’s scalp. The doctor informs her that the condition is called “cradle cap” (p. 120). a. What is the medical name for this condition?b. What causes this to occur?

3. Patients in hospital beds are rotated every 2 hours to prevent bedsores. a. What is the medical term for a bedsore (p. 117)? b. Exactly why is turning patients effective in preventing them? (Think

about what CAUSES a bedsore.)4. Count Dracula, the most famous vampire of legends, may have been based on a

real person who lived in eastern Europe about 600 years ago. He killed at least 200,000 people in the region he ruled. Count Dracula may have sufferedfrom porphyria. Often, the skin of patients with this disorder may burn or blister when exposed to the sun. a. Explain how sunlight works with the skin to produce vitamin D. (p. 112-

113)b. Explain how healthy skin protects the cells of the stratum basale from

the damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation in sunlight. (p. 116)5. A man caught his finger in a machine at the factory, and the entire nail was

torn from his right index finger. The parts destroyed included the body, root, bed, lunula, matrix, and cuticle of the nail. a. Explain why this fingernail is NOT likely to grow back. (p. 123)b. Explain why a normal nail bed appears pink but the lunula is white. (p.

124)6. A six-year-old child suffered a ruptured appendix and was rushed to the OR.

a. What serous membrane is in danger of becoming infected? (p. 110-111) b. During surgery, the surgeon will make an incision into the abdominal

cavity. Into which layer of this membrane will the surgeon cut first?7. A nurse tells a doctor that a patient is cyanotic.

a. What is cyanosis? (p. 119)b. What does this skin color change indicate about the hemoglobin?

8. Both newborn infants and aged individuals have very little subcutaneous tissue.

a. How does this affect their sensitivity to cold? (p. 113)b. What is another function of this adipose tissue?

9. The water in a swimming pool is hypotonic to our cells. a. Why don’t we swell and lyse when we go for a swim? (stratum lucidum and

stratum corneum, p. 115-116)b. Explain why we have dandruff.

10. A 40-year-old man is complaining that his face is wrinkled and he has several dark pigmented moles that are growing rapidly and are as big as large coins. He admits he used to stay in the sun a lot when he was younger.a. Explain for what each letter of the ABCD rule stands. (p. 127)b. Explain why he should be concerned with a diagnosis of malignant

melanoma.