Integration of Renewable and Green Energy Sources in Electric

Integration of Renewable and Green Energy Sources in

Electric Power Systems

Ali Keyhani, Professor,

The Ohio State [email protected]

The Ohio State University Mechatronics –Green Energy

Laboratory

12/20/2009The Ohio State University Mechatronics –

Green Energy Laboratory [email protected]

2

Outline of the Talk

Historical Perspective –

Problem Statement

Cyber-Controlled Smart Grid Systems of the Future

Education

Research

12/20/2009The Ohio State University Mechatronics –Green Energy

Laboratory [email protected]

Source of Data: BP (2000). Statistical review of world energy. BP, London.

Available at http://www.bp.com/Statisticalreview

http://www.bp.com/Statisticalreview



4

Source: Energy Information Administration, U.S Department of Energy (DOE), U.S Data History, Available at

http:// www.eia.doe.gov/



5

Source: Energy Information Administration, U.S Department of Energy (DOE), U.S Data History, Available at http://

www.eia.doe.gov/

Energy Sustainability Discussion

Primary Energy : All We Use Comes from the Sun. Energy sustainability requires use of resources at the same rate at which they are naturally replenished on earth without externalities.”

Source : BMW Group, 2000

12/20/2009 [email protected]

Energy Sustainability DiscussionEarth at night - 2007



Earth at night 2030


Production of CO2 Since 1700



Proven Energy Resources around the world

Petroleum Natural Gas Coal

Region 2002 preserved Resources (10^9 bbls)

R/P (years)

2002 proved Reserves (10^12 SCF)

R/P years 2002 preserved Reserves (10^9 tonnes)

R/P

(years)

North America 49.9 10.3 252.4 9.4 257.8 240

S. & Cent.America 98.6 42 250.2 68.8 21.8 404

Europe & Eurasia 97.5 17 2155.8 58.9 355.4 306

Middle East 685.6 92 1979.7 >100 ???? >500

Africa 77.4 27.3 418.1 88.9 55.3 247

Asia Pacific 38.7 13.7 445.3 41.8 292.5 126

World 1047.7 40.6 5501.5 60.7 984.5 204

Reserves-to-production (R/P) : R/P ratios represent the length of time that those remaining reserves would last if production were to continue at the previous year's rate. It is calculated by dividing remaining reserves at the end of the year by the production in that year.

BP website – www.bp.com12/20/2009 [email protected]

Speculate for Possible Solution• We need to stop and control the exponential

growth CO2 , level it and then reduce it .

• We need to develop a sustainable modern industrial society. How?

• Efficiency. Every Energy user---an energy producer

• Everyone must have a skin in the game.

• Smart Grid: “Real Time Pricing”

• Distributed Generation Systems (DG)



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This map represents smart meter deployments, planned deployments, and proposals by investor-owned utilities and some public power

utilities. http://www.edisonfoundation.net/IEE.As of this writing, approximately over sixty million customers have

been equipped with a smart meter.

12/20/2009 12The Ohio State University Mechatronics –Green Energy Laboratory

[email protected]

http://www.edisonfoundation.net/IEE



13

Cyber-Controlled Smart Grid Systems of the

Future

12/20/2009

The Ohio State University Mechatronics –Green Energy Laboratory

[email protected] 14

RFC

Transmission

System

Sub Transmission

MRG

MRG

MRG

MRG

MRG

MRG

MRGMRG

CFP

CFP

CFP

CFP

CFP

CFP

CFP

CFP

CFP: Cyber Fusion Point

MRG: Micro-grid Renewable Green Energy System

n 2

3

4

j

Sub Transmission

1

5k

A Cyber-Controlled Smart Grid of the Future with High

Renewable and Green Energy



15

Power Market

MRG

MRG

Cyber System

Router

Router

Router

Router

Router

RouterRouter

Router

MRG MRG

MRGMRG

EMS

Internet

The Cyber System.

12/20/2009The Ohio State University Mechatronics –Green Energy Laboratory

[email protected]

LAN/

WAN

Database

Database

0

0

0 Smart

Meter

Air Condition (A/C)

Space Heater

Washer

Electric Stove

Refregirator

HTTP

User ApplicationCSV-XML

SNMPSNMP Maneger

SCADA

Modbus TCP

Ethernet

TCP / IP

Web

Browser

Tra

ns

du

ce

r

RME

+ infoThermocouple

PT100

4-20 mA

0-10 V

Flow

Pressure

HumidityLevel

Temperature

Cyber-Controlled Smart Metering Systems



17


[email protected]

Smart Microgrid Systems

DC Architecture


[email protected]

Local

Utility

1

DG

2 3

DG

Local

Loads

DG

PV

array

DC Bus

DC/AC

AC Bus

Net

Metering

PV Roof Top DC

BUS

Asyn.

Gen.

Storage

DFIG

DC/AC

DC/DC

DC/

AC

AC/

DC

Step up Trans.

Step up Trans.

Step up Trans.

LV HV

HVLV

PV

Gen.

Station

PV

Gen.

Station

PV

Gen.

Station

Wind

Gen.

Station

Wind

Gen.

Station

DG

EMS

Infinite

Bus

Utility

EMS

Smart Micro Grid Systems

AC Architecture



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Smart Grid with High Penetration of Renewable Energy Sources

Transmission Netwrork

220, 380 kV

L1L2L3

HV/MV Transformer

25-63 MVA

Wind

Park

110 kV (L_L)

Large

Industrial

Consumer

MV/LV Transformer

100-630 kVA

L1L2L3

10-35 kV (L_L)

Biogas

Plant

Wind

Turbine Industrial

Consumer

L1L2L3

400 V (L_L)

N

PV Plant

P>100 kVA

~=

~=

Consumer

Consumer with

PV (<5 kVA)

~=

Consumer

Consumer with

PV (5-100 kVA)

Consumer

12/20/2009 21The Ohio State University Mechatronics –


The Weekly Load Variation Sampled Hourly



The Twenty Four Hour Load Variation Sampled

Every Five Minutes



Peak

Clipping

Smart Grid Load Management Techniques

74

• Peak Clipping: Peak clipping method seeks to reduce

the peak load demand and match it

with the power companies’ available

power generation

Valley

Filling

Smart Grid Load Management Techniques

75

• Valley Filling: This method is based on scheduling

certain load during the time of the day

when the load demand is low due

to consumer life style

High

Power

High

Energy

Electricity Storage

Spectrum

Load Following

Inertia Inertia

(seconds or less)

Stored Energy

(seconds to minutes)

Energy Management

Applications

EDC, AGC

(minutes to hours)

Figure 4. The Energy Management Time Scale of Power System Control





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Power

System

Speed Load

Control

(Primary)

Shaft

Power

Load

Tie Powers

Prime mover

&

Energy Supply

System

Valve

or

Gate

Supplementary

Controls

(AGC)

Tie Powers (metered)

Energy Control Center

Computers

Speed (frequency)

Governor

123

+

-

-



28

GeneratorTurbine

Prime

Mover

Energy

Source

Control

Loop

Governor

AVREXC.

Reset

Control

--

-

+

Power

System

Network

ω

+

ΔPc

Ʃ

+-

Freq.

Bias

-

+

+

+

ω

Freq. Ref

Interchange

Error

Economic

Dispatch

Pactual

Scheduled Area

InterchangeTie Line

Loads

Xr

-

Energy Control

Center

Data Links

Generating Plant

|Vt|

Vo



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Control of Steam Generators



30

AC

Output

MeasuredV ac and I ac

MeasuredV dc and I dc

DSPController

Switching

Signals

DCInput

+,

-

P, Q Ref.

P, Q Measured

V Measured

V

Ref

+

-

The Operation of an Inverter as a Steam Generator



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Undergraduate education : Modeling of microgrid systems consisting:

Sizing of Green energy microgrids

Power converters

PV farm and wind farm

Load models- Nonlinear loads ( power switching loads)

Storage-batteries and fuel cell based flow batteries

Combined heat hydrogen and power (CHHP) and micro turbines. Control of Converters – Active and Reactive power control

Distributed Generation (DG)



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Graduate Education-Research Issues.

Predictive modeling and monitoring

for self‐healing (adaptive systems)

diagnostics control technology.

Development of interactive smart

metering to improve load model

profiles.

Development of control technology for

future cyber-interconnected smart

microgrids, in which every node in the

system will be adaptive, controllable,

price-smart, operable as a microgrid,

and functioning as an island or a

synchronized system.



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Graduate Education-Research Issues:

Development of control technology for operation of

renewable sources as steam units

Cyber Controlled of Smart Grid

Development of control technology for voltage,

current, P and Q operation of inverter.

Single phase DC/AC converters

Three phase DC/AC Converters

Development of control technology for efficient

operation of storage systems, such as flow batteries,

battery system, flywheels, and supper-charging

capacitors.



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Graduate Education-Research Issues:

Voltage and Current Control DC/AC converters Total Harmonic

Distortion (THD) problem:

PID controller works very well for linear loads and achieves

acceptable level of THD harmonic reduction. However, with

nonlinear load PID controller cannot achieve satisfactory level of

harmonic suppression.

Specifically, reduction of 3rd harmonic component in the output of

single-phase inverter can seriously affect the system performance.

The PID controller can not suppress harmonic frequencies even if

PID controller gains are increased.



35

Graduate Education –Research Issues:

Voltage and Current Control

DC/AC PWM Inverter THD Reduction:

1. PID Controllers can not achieve THD, specifically the

third harmonics.

2. It is desirable to reduce THD due to 3rd, 5th, , 7th, 9th

harmonics

3. The control design should achieve the tracking of

reference output voltage and fast transient response

without steady state error.



36

OSU Mechatronics-Green Energy laboratory Research Contribution

1. Keyhani Ali, Mohammad Marwali, Min Dai “Integration of Green and Renewable

Energy in Electric Power Systems”, Wiley, ISBN: 978-0-470-18776-0, December

2009

2. M. N. Marwali and A. Keyhani, "Control of Distributed Generation Systems Part

I: Voltage and Current Control," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Volume

19, No. 6, November 2004, pp. 1541-1550

3. M. N. Marwali, J. W. Jung, and A. Keyhani, "Control of Distributed Generation

Systems Part II: Load Sharing," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Volume

19, No. 6, November 2004, pp. 1551-1561

4. Min Dai, M.N. Marwali, Jin-Woo Jung, A. Keyhani, "Power Flow Control of a Single

Distributed Generation Unit", IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 23, Issue

1, Jan. 2008. pp. 343 - 352

5. Min Dai, M.N. Marwali, Jin-Woo Jung, A. Keyhani, "A Three-Phase Four-Wire

Inverter Control Technique for a Single Distributed Generation Unit in Island

Mode", IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 23, Issue 1, Jan. 2008, pp. 322 -

331



37

5. Jin-Woo Jung and Ali Keyhani, "Control of a Fuel Cell Based Z-

Source Converter", IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Volume

22, No. 2, June 2007, pp. 467-476

6. Mohammad N. Marwali, Min Dai, and Ali Keyhani, "Robust Stability

Analysis of Voltage and Current Control for Distributed Generation

Systems," IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Volume 21, No. 2,

June 2006, pp. 516-526

7. A. Keyhani, "Leader-follower framework for control of energy

services," IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Volume 18, No. 2, May

2003, pp. 837-841

http://www.ece.osu.edu/~keyhani/

http://www.ece.osu.edu/ems/

Thank you. Hum Dingers

Integration of Renewable and Green Energy Sources in Electric

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