Integration and extension of a plastic-mulching/water-saving technique for rice production with higher yield and better resource use in southwestern China Lu Shihua Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural
Jan 17, 2015
Integration and extension of a plastic-mulching/water-saving technique for rice production with higher yield and better
resource use in southwestern China
Lu Shihua
Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural
Sciences, Chengdu, CHINA
Outline□ Introduction on Sichuan and Sichuan agriculture
四川和四川农业的概况□ Integration of rice plastic-mulching/water-saving techniques for high yield and efficient resource use
水稻覆膜节水高产高效技术的集成□ Extension of rice plastic-mulching/water-saving techniques for high yield and efficient resource use
水稻覆膜节水高产高效技术的推广
Outline□ Introduction on Sichuan and Sichuan agriculture
四川和四川农业的概况□ Integration of rice plastic-mulching/water-saving techniques for high yield and efficient resource use
水稻覆膜节水高产高效技术的集成□ Extension of rice plastic-mulching/water-saving techniques for high yield and efficient resource use
水稻覆膜节水高产高效技术的推广
Sichuan
Location of Sichuan in China
Engineering works of Dujiangyan irrigation system, Sichuan Province
Irrigated area: 200, 000 ha in 1949,
expanded to 670, 000 ha by 1998
Heaven on Earth
天府之国
四川省丘陵区流进长江的泥沙量为 6 亿多吨 / 年
Runoff from red soils in Sichuan province to the Yangtze River can be up to 600 million t/yr
2007年末四川省稻田和旱坡地的相对面积
Lowland paddy soils
2.08 M ha
Upland soils
1.96 M ha 52.9%47.1%
2007 25年末四川省大于 度坡地占旱坡地的比例
19.1% = 0.36 M ha
Relative area of upland and paddy soils in Sichuan by the year 2007
Proportion of upland soils with slope > 25 o in Sichuan by the year 2007
Village
2002 2003
Area
(Mu)
Grain yield
(kg/Mu)
Production
(t/yr)
Area
(Mu)
Grain yield
(kg/Mu)
Production
(t/yr)
Xinsheng
新胜620 480 298 583 350 204
Yanggong 阳公
414 400 166 414 268 111
Wangu
万古485 450 218 490 350 172
Sum
合计1519 448 682 1487 328 487
Area and yield in three villages of Jianyang City, Sichuan
Note: 1 Mu = 1/15 ha; 1 ha = 15 Mu
Heaven on Earth? 天府之国?
地下水硝酸盐含量随时间的变化
0
100200
300400
500600
7003
5月日
55
月日
75
月日
95
月日
115
月日
15
月日
35
月日
55
月日
75
月日
95
月日
115
月日
15
月日
35
月日
55
月日
75
月日
95
月日
115
月日
时 间
(mg
kg硝酸盐含量
-1)
刘文忠张九成
何志金罗国红
罗国昌余昌林
李登贵
成都市温江区天府镇 (1999-2001)
Threshold concentration by WHO
Dynamics of nitrate concentration in shallow groundwater in Tianhu Town, Wenjiang, Sichuan
Date
1. Shortage of labor 劳动力短缺乏
2. Low-temperature stress 低温冷浸
3 . Shortage of irrigation water 灌溉水无保障
4. Degradation of soil fertility 土壤肥力退化
5 . Overuse and misuse of fertilizer 施肥盲目
6. Damage by pests and weeds 病虫草害
7. Irrational cultivation techniques
栽培技术落后
8. Other problems 其它问题
Sichuan labor ‘army’ in countryside
川军: 389,961 部队
Children
Women
The elderly
Lodging of paddy rice due to overuse of N fertilizer
Fushun 2002 (waiting for water before transplanting)
Zhongjiang 2001 (irrigating by hand before transplanting)
Seasonal water shortages in Sichuan
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Dry year Normal year Wet year
Yiel
d (k
g/mu
)
Relationship between yield and precipitation in Ziyang City, Sichuan province
• Higher crop yield and more efficient resource use are crucial to Sichuan sustainable agriculture 作物生产实现高产高效是四川农业可持续发展的必由之路;
• Integrated management of soil-plant systems is the main way to realize higher yield and more efficient resource use 对土壤 - 作物体系的综合管理是实现高产高效的根本途径。
How to solve the agricultural problems in Sichuan?
How to manage soil-plant systems in integrated way? 如何进行土壤 - 作物体系的综合管理?
Outline□ Introduction on Sichuan and Sichuan agriculture
四川和四川农业的概况□ Integration of rice plastic-mulching/water-saving techniques for high yield and efficient resource use
水稻覆膜节水高产高效技术的集成□ Extension of rice plastic-mulching/water-saving techniques for high yield and efficient resource use
水稻覆膜节水高产高效技术的推广
Upland soils
Paddy soils
Serious Mn deficiency in wheat has occurred in soils with rice-wheat rotation, but no Mn deficiency in wheat in upland soils nearby
Comparison of Mn contents in plough soil of alluvial paddy soils with alluvial soils *
Soil Site pH Exc-Mn
(ppm)
Active-Mn
(ppm)
DTPA-Mn
(ppm)
Total Mn
(ppm)
Exc-Mn /Active-Mn (%)
Actice-Mn/TotalMn (%)
Alluvial paddy soil
Yuantong
崇州元通8.42 1.08 2.96 0.59 211 36.5 1.4
Alluvial soil 8.37 3.07 69.9 4.08 381 4.4 18.8Alluvial paddy soil
Yuantong崇州元通
8.40 1.12 3.11 0.69 217 36.0 1.4
Alluvial soil 8.35 1.18 69.1 4.84 395 2.7 17.5Alluvial paddy soil
Angu 乐山安谷
7.33 1.76 7.54 1.12 473 23.3 1.6
Alluvial soil 8.16 2.46 93.8 5.01 596 2.6 15.7Alluvial paddy soil
Angu 乐山安谷
8.00 1.44 8.42 1.68 455 17.1 1.8
Alluvial soil 8.17 2.70 96.7 6.74 569 2.8 17.0
* Each paired samples were collected from the same site: paddy soil vs. upland soil
水肥状况对
锰移动和水稻吸
锰影响的模拟土
柱试验
Effects of water and fertilization status on Mn movement and Mn uptake by rice using soil column experiment
处理Treatment
淹水无肥CK
淹水化肥NPK
淹水有机无机肥
NPKM
湿润有机无机肥
NPKM/W
Gray alluvial soil
61.3±25.6
31.8±18.0
37.8±10.7
5.9±2.2
Gray-brown alluvial soil
19.4±10.4
11.4±9.6
15.0±5.3
0.7±0.3
(Liu, Lu, Zhang et al., 1999)
Effects of water and fertilization status on Mn leaching (mg/column) during rice season
Rice plastic-mulch water-saving techniques consist of such techniques as:
□Plastic mulching for rice planting 水稻覆膜栽培技术□Upland rice nursery 水稻旱育秧技术
□Early rice seedling transplanting 水稻小苗移栽技术
□Rice triangle cultivation technique 水稻三角形栽培技术
□Integrated nutrient management for rice 水稻推荐施肥技术
□Furrow irrigation for rice 水稻厢沟灌溉技术
Plastic mulching (PM)
Plastic mulching (PM)
Straw mulching (SM)
Straw mulching (SM)
Traditional flooding (TF)
Traditional flooding (TF)
PM TF SM
Soi
l tem
per
atu
re(C
0 )
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
9:00
10:0
0
11:0
0
12:0
0
14:0
0
16:0
0
18:0
0
9:00
10:0
0
11:0
0
12:0
0
14:0
0
16:0
0
18:0
0
9:00
12:0
0
15:0
0
18:0
0
Early tillering Middle tillering Late tillering
A: Soil surface (0 cm depth)
B: Soil subsurface (10 cm depth)
10:0
0
9:00
11:0
0
12:0
0
14:0
0
16:0
0
18:0
0
9:00
10:0
0
11:0
0
12:0
0
14:0
0
16:0
0
18:0
0Time of day (hour:minute)
9:00
12:0
0
15:0
0
18:0
0
PM SM TF
Effect of cultivation systems on soil temperature
Plastic mulching can controlled weeds in paddy field
Plas-tic
mulch 地膜覆盖
Straw mulching 秸秆覆盖
Results seen in Jianyang 2006
在不同覆盖方式下氮肥对水稻产量的影响
200. 0
300. 0
400. 0
500. 0
600. 0
700. 0
800. 0
0 4 8 12 16kg/ mu)施氮水平(
kg/m
u)产量(
盖膜盖草裸地
PMSMBare soil
Yield
(kg/mu)
N rate (kg N/mu)
Effect of N levels on rice yield under different mulching styles
N rate(kg/ mu) 4 8 12 16AE (kg/kg)
PM盖膜 28. 7 23. 4 19. 4 15. 3 SM盖草 9. 4 4. 4 10. 1 6. 0 Bare soi l裸地 5. 3 9. 6 6. 0 6. 1
Recovery rate (%)
PM盖膜 32. 8 11. 6 17. 0 16. 1 SM盖草 -1. 0 -6. 3 1. 7 4. 4 Bare soi l裸地 3. 2 8. 3 5. 8 8. 7
Effect of mulching styles on nitrogen use efficiency at various N rates
不同施氮水平下覆盖方式对水稻氮肥利用率的影响
2001年 SRI 进入四川
Norman Uphoff 教授
Yuan Longping 院士
SiChuan 四川Ren Guanjun 副院
长
马达加斯加
水稻
21t/ha
SRI
What is SRI?超稀植 Super-sparse cultivation with wide spacing
单苗 Single seedlings per hill (in original version; this has been modified for Sichuan conditions)
幼苗早栽 Young seedling cultivation
摆栽 Careful planting cultivation
有机肥 Organic fertilization emphasized
中耕 Intercultivation (middle tillage) for weed control, also for aerating the soil
处理 (%)糙米率 (%)精米率 (%)整精米率 长宽比 (%)垩白米率 ( )垩白度 级1苗 81. 65 64. 21 55. 42 2. 51 18. 50 6. 852苗 80. 51 63. 94 46. 60 2. 58 27. 50 10. 593苗 80. 75 63. 22 48. 70 2. 55 38. 50 15. 404苗 79. 48 62. 29 45. 20 2. 48 42. 50 16. 58
Effects of transplantion seedlings in single hole on rice quality of Xianyou 1
Effects of different transplantion densities on rice quality of Gangyou 22
处理 (%)糙米率 (%)精米率 (%)整精米率 长宽比 (%)垩白米率 ( )垩白度 级20cm*20cm 81. 12 66. 36 56. 30 2. 26 83. 83 39. 1130cm*30cm 79. 88 65. 91 57. 13 2. 24 79. 67 38. 1140cm*40cm 79. 47 65. 58 56. 72 2. 22 78. 00 36. 9350cm*50cm 79. 96 66. 71 58. 79 2. 25 70. 00 30. 17
Main results of 2001
Crop development with transplanting at 6-leaf stage
Crop develop-ment with transplanting at 4-leaf stage
不同移栽期对水稻氮肥效应的影响
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0 4 8 12 16施氮水平(kg/mu)
(kg/
mu)
产量
2叶期4叶期6叶期
Yield
(kg/mu)
N rate (kg N/mu)
Effect of N levels on rice yield under different transplanting stages (at 2-leaf, 4-leaf, and 6-leaf stages)
Effects of transplanting stages on N use efficiency by rice at different N applied rates
不同施氮水平下移栽期对水稻氮肥利用率的影响
N rate(kg N/ mu) 4 8 12 16Agronomic Efficiency (kg/kg)
2- l eaf stage 37. 0 19. 5 15. 6 12. 44- l eaf stage 30. 7 15. 1 15. 3 15. 76- l eaf stage 28. 7 12. 9 12. 7 15. 4Recovery rate (%)
2- l eaf stage 65. 8 44. 5 27. 2 23. 84- l eaf stage 54. 4 34. 5 26. 4 29. 26- l eaf stage 38. 7 14. 2 21. 3 21. 8
Three seedlings, one at each angle of a triangle
三苗三角
Three seedlings planted together 三苗丛栽
Tool to dig holes for spacing the rice seedling transplanting
Rice seedling transplanting
Water management
Date Site Cultivar Yield (kg/mu)
Persons to harvest and identify yield
8 Sep.2003 Yanggong, Jianyang
Chuanxiang-you 2
507.7(7.6 t/ha)
Ma Jun, Zhu Bo et al.
4 Sep. 2005 Guilin, Jianyang Chuanxiang-you 9838
694.0 (10.5 t/ha)
Tian Yanhua, Tan Zhonghe et al.
21 Aug 2006 Xiangshui, Yanjiang
? 610.6(9.2 t/ha)
Tian Yanhua, Tan Zhonghe et al.
24 Aug 2007 Tangjiatian, Lezhi
? 745.4(11.2 t/ha)
Zhang Hongsun, Tan Zhonghe et al.
13 Aug 2007 Machaocun, Anju
? 661.3(9.9 t/ha)
Tan Zhonghe, Hong Yikui et al.
24 Aug 2007 Qingsan, Anzhu ? 607.1(9.1 t/ha)
Zhang Hongsun, Tan Zhonghe et al.
4 Sep. 2007 Fenghuang, Jianyang
Chuanxiang-you9838
780.7(11.7 t/ha)
Tian Yanhua, Tan Zhonghe et al.
Effect of rice plastic-mulching water-saving techniques on rice yield in Sichuan Hilly regions (2003-2007)
2006年响水村采用和未采用农户水稻产量的差异
0100200300400500600700
会员户 非会员户
(kg/
mu)
产量
Farmers using our techniques
未采用户Farmers not using our techniques
Yield (kg/mu)
9 t/ha
5 t/ha
Yield differences between farmers adapting and not adapting our technologies
Traditional cultivation
Plastic mulching cultivation
2006
Date Site Farmer Organized Institute
Responsible experts
Yield
(kg/mu)
08.8.03 大安区牛佛镇红旗村 曾元帅 四川省农科院 谭中和 , 徐富贤等 678.6
08.8.13 宜宾县厥溪镇大坪村 牟修言 宜宾市科技局 谭中和 , 樊雄伟等 564.3
08.8.14 内江市中区全安镇吼冲村
陈大远 内江市科技局 谭中和 , 樊雄伟等 729.4
08.8.19 仁寿县珠家乡黑虎村 廖列兵 四川省科技厅 谭中和 , 石勇等 760.3
08.9.01 雁江区雁江镇响水村村 李俊清 四川省科技厅 谭中和 , 马均等 780.1
08.9.01 雁江区雁江镇响水村村 陈生富 四川省科技厅 谭中和 , 马均等 767.7
08.9.01 雁江区雁江镇响水村村 杨 华 四川省科技厅 谭中和 , 马均等 668.0
08.9.11 什邡市湔氐镇中和村 赵道华 四川省农科院 李跃建 , 陶龙兴等 640.0
08.9.19 简阳市东溪镇凤凰村 刘子杰 四川省科技厅 谭中和 , 马均等 787.7
08.9.19 简阳市东溪镇凤凰村 李同映 四川省科技厅 谭中和 , 马均等 694.9
08.9.19 简阳市东溪镇凤凰村 张兴福 四川省科技厅 谭中和 , 马均等 632.9
平均 700.4
Effect of rice plastic-mulching water-saving techniques on rice yields in Sichuan hilly regions (2008)
Average yield: 10.5 t/ha Yield range: 8.0-11.7 t/ha
Irrigation times and cost reduction by adapting the rice plastic-mulching water-saving techniques
采用与未采用覆膜技术农户的灌水次数与灌水开支 Type of Farmer
Irrigation no. of times
Irrigation cost(Yuan/mu)
Farmers using the techniques
(after adaptation)0.31 3.85
Farmers using the techniques
(before adaptation)1.92 21.54
Farmers not using the techniques
3.17 37.33
Nutrient input reduction by adapting the rice plastic-mulching water-saving techniques
采用与未采用覆膜技术农户的养分投入量 (kg/mu)
Type of Farmer
N P2O5 K2O
Farmers using the techniques
(after adaptation)7.07 3.70 1.22
Farmers using the techniques
(before adaptation)12.02 5.43 0.10
Farmers not using the techniques
12.65 2.96 0.96
Reduction of labor numbers by adapting the rice plastic-mulching water-saving techniques (days/mu)
采用与未采用覆膜技术农户的用工量 (个 /mu) 统计 Type of Farmer
Trans-planting
Manage-ment
WeedingHarvest-
ingTotal
Farmers using the techniques
(after adaptation)6.8 0.8 0.5 3.6 11.7
Farmers using the techniques
(before adaptation)6.2 4.5 4.5 3.6 18.8
Farmers not using the techniques 6.2 5.2 7.7 4.2 23.2
2009 年 8 月被四川省科技厅、农业厅和粮食局审定为
首批全省粮食丰产主体技术
2007 年 4 月
被四川省科技厅、农业厅和水利厅
审定为
首批全省现代农业节水抗旱重点推广技术 One of the first ‘key’ extension techniques in Sichuan province
Outline□ Introduction on Sichuan and Sichuan agriculture
四川和四川农业的概况□ Integration of rice plastic-mulching/water-saving techniques for high yield and efficient resource use
水稻覆膜节水高产高效技术的集成□ Extension of rice plastic-mulching/water-saving techniques for high yield and efficient resource use
水稻覆膜节水高产高效技术的推广
The current situation of China agricultural extension我国农业推广的现状
• Imperfect agriculture promotion network 推广网络“线断、网破、人散”• Research and extension services are isolated from each other 研究与推广相互脱离• Agricultural extension is out of touch with farmers’ requirements 推广与农民的需求脱节
Misunderstandings about agricultural extension我国农业推广的误区
• Technology-oriented staff, lack of extension personnel in field 技术至上,见物不见人• Government-led, ignoring the dominant position of farmers 政府主导,忽视农民的主体地位
Association 协 会
Farmer农 民
Experts专 家
technical guidance
guide 指导
ser
vice
服务
agricultural technicians
from County 县乡农技人员
村社能人
技术指导
Membership fee 会费effect 影
响
culti
vatio
n 培
养
专家、农技人员、农村能人、农民四位一体
Experts + Farmers’ organization
(association/cooperative) + Farmer
“专家 + 农民组织( 协会,合作社) + 农户”
intergrate various advantages of extension modes 集多种推广模式的优势于一体
“拉队伍”:整合力量,提高效率
Experts: Best source of technology diffusion
专家:最佳的技术传播源• Technology: solve the problem of technological discontinuity
in primary agricultural sector 技术性:解决了基层农技部门的技术断层问题• Authority: easy to mobilize farmers, enhance the effect of
technical publicity 权威性:便于发动农 民、增强技术宣传效果• Security: make farmers to have safe feeling, then they would
like to accept new technology 安全感:可以使农民有安全感,能很快接受• Inspiration: easy to change awareness and behavior of farmers 感染力:容易改变农民认识和行为
We love this game!
Technician: Essential bridge for technology diffusion
农技员:不可或缺的传播桥梁• Familiar with the situation of rural
people 熟悉下面情况• Consolidate experts and farmers 连接中间力量 对接上面专家• Understanding of local customs 了解风土人情• With practical experience 具备实践经验
• Widest coverage
覆盖面最大 • Closest to farmers
离农民最近• Most authority
带动性最强• Lowest cost
成本也最低
Outstanding Villager: the only full-service person村社能人:唯一的全程服务人选
Association (cooperative) :a mandatory organization to improve efficiency
协会(合作社):提高效率的必要组织• Form farmers’ organizations 增强了农民组织化程度:由分到合,质的飞跃,有利于许多
工作的开展;• Enhance farmers’ ability to undertake risks and pressure 承受风险、压力能力增强,并且组织规模越大,这种能力越强。会员之间的正面作用,促进少部分会员甚至其他农户转变,极大提高新技术推广效率;
• Provide a service platform for farmers 给农村带头人提供服务农民的平台和条件;• Constraints of rules and regulations in the Association 协会章程、制度约束。
优势互补,各得其所Advantage between the two sides can make up
each other, and both sides can get what they want
Core Villager核心农户
(村社能人)Technician
农技员
Experts专 家
Association协会
(合作社)
“Dream team” for agricultural extension 农技推广“梦之队”
Innovation of methods and mechanisms方法和机制的创新
• Restore the dominant position of farmers
还农民主体地位• Integrated extension
综合推广• Attention to the quality of farmers
重农民素质• Develop their markets of agricultural products
开拓农产品市场
Farmer-centered
必须以农民为中心Improve communications & interaction
加强交流互动
Farmers need to join in the extension effort
参与式推广
Farmers are the subjects of agriculture. Tey need advice, not command like from patriarch
农民是农业的主体农民不需要家长只需要参谋
这种开会形式很好,多让大家参
加这次会议是历史从来未有过的明确、开朗表达
自己的意见
这次开会很好,方式很民主,合作社大有希
望
会议开得很好,气氛热烈,效果很好
这次会义开得好,建义经后桶一房
治
We got very positive and valuable feedback from farmers after the meeting
Field trials of village experts
土专家的田间试验
receptive容易接受
Drought-resistance, water-saving 抗旱保湿
Keep soil warm,increase tillers增温促蘖
Weed suppression 抑制杂草
From single technology promotiom to integrated extension
从单一技术推广到综合推广• Synthesis of techniques: organic wholeness needs
integrated management
综合技术:有机整体需要综合技术、综合管理,单一技术无法发挥最佳效果
• Comprehensive development: farmer + rural improvement + agricultural productivity
综合发展:把技术推广放到对农民、农村、农业更有利的农村发展的事业中去做
Single-technology promotion PK Comprehensive agriculture promotion
单一的技术推广 pk 综合的农业推广• Single-technology promotion 单一的技术推广Direct objective: Make farmers learn new technology and know how to use it
Indirect objective: Increase farmer's income. But this goal is constrained by markets, resources and policies, so this method is high risky.
直接目标:让农民掌握技术 “授鱼” 外因 治标 间接目标:增加农民收入 市场、资源、政策制约 风险大
• Comprehensive agriculture promotion 综合的农业推广Direct objective: Improve farmer's general knowledge substantially.
Indirect objective: Push forward agriculture development generally. In this way, we can strengthen cohesiveness and have bigger space to improve.
直接目标:提高农民综合素质 “授渔” 内因 治本 间接目标:推动农村综合发展 增强凝聚力,空间大
Support education of children leftbehind 支教留守儿童
Promote farmers' cooperation推动农民合作
Concern about life for the elderly关注留守老人
Aim to develop modern agriculture发展现代农业
Comprehensive Development
综合发展
February 2011: creation of 4interest-based research groups1. 粮油小组 (grain and oilseeds )2. 蔬菜小组 (vegetables )3. 果树小组 (fruit trees )4. 养殖小组 (cultivation)
合作社老年协会和妇女协会开展丰富多彩的文化活动
Elders’ AssociationAssociation of Women
• Cultivating modern farmers 培养现代农民(农民问题、基础): 农民是三农的主体,也是根基,没有现代农民做支撑的现代农业
只能是空中楼阁。 不能为了片面追求农业高效而只注重企业和资本,忽略了农民,特别是留守的弱势农民
• Developing ecological agriculture 发展生态农业(农业问题、手段):技术推 广、产业化、生态
农业• Building rural happiness 建设幸福农村(农村问题、目的):水到渠成,建设和谐、文
明、幸福的新农村
Promote integrated development of rural area推动农村综合发展
Larger goal: less difficulties, better results
目标更大、难度更小、效果更好
Two local experts from Xiangshui village who worked in Zigong and Neijiang in March 2008
Extension area in Yanjiang, Ziyang City
2010: 10,700 ha (160,000亩 )
2009: 10,000 ha (150,000亩 )
2008: 7,000 ha (100,000 亩 )2007: 4,000 ha (60,000亩 ) 2006: <20 ha (280亩 )
Local meeting for demonstration of water-saving technique for Sichuan province
Thank you !