Integrating R into Introductory Statisticsmc301/talks/Integrate_R_useR2012.pdf · 2015-01-19 · C˘etinkaya-Rundel, Bray Integrating R into Introductory Statistics useR! 2012 - June

Integrating R into Introductory Statistics

Mine Cetinkaya-Rundel (Duke University)Andrew Bray (UCLA)

useR! 2012 - June 13, 2012

Sta 101 at Duke University

First course in statistics for non-majors, mostly students who aresocial sciences majors

Weekly lab sessions using R

Labs are written for an interdisciplinary introductory course but can bemodified for discipline-specific coursesCan also be used in a first data-analysis course for stats majors, ideallyby reducing step-by-step instructions

We will be releasing these labs at openintro.org/stat/labs.php

Cetinkaya-Rundel, Bray Integrating R into Introductory Statistics useR! 2012 - June 13, 2012 1 / 15

http://www.openintro.org/stat/labs.php





























Why R?

Unlike most software designed specifically for courses at this level, R is

free and open-source

powerful and flexible

relevant beyond the introductory statistics classroom


Why R?






Why R?






Why not R?

perceived challenge of teaching programming in addition to teachingstatistical concepts

labs and activities that try to find the right balance of standard andcustom functionsconsistent syntax highlighting helps

working with a command line tends to be more intimidating thantraditional GUI based tools

GUI tools also have a learning curvea user-friendly IDE (like RStudio)


Why not R?






Why not R?






Why not R?






Why not R?






Why not R?






RStudio

What it helps resolve:

loading and viewing data

saving code

code history

workspace organization

plot history

What still remains a challenge:

working with a command line


RStudio

What it helps resolve:

loading and viewing data

saving code

code history

workspace organization

plot history

What still remains a challenge:

working with a command line


Balance

Teaching coding as a way of introducing/reinforcing concepts,especially those that are otherwise difficult to convey withoutcomputation

simulationssampling distributionsconfidence levelsbootstrappingrandomization tests...

Minimize coding for repeated mechanics and for implementationissues that are outside the scope of the course


Balance

Teaching coding as a way of introducing/reinforcing concepts,especially those that are otherwise difficult to convey withoutcomputation

simulationssampling distributionsconfidence levelsbootstrappingrandomization tests...

Minimize coding for repeated mechanics and for implementationissues that are outside the scope of the course


Confidence levels

Resample from the population many times and construct manyconfidence intervals (loops)

Plot these confidence intervals and highlight those that do notcontain the true population parameter (custom function)


Confidence levels



pop <- ames$Gr.Liv.Area

samp.mean <- rep(NA, 50)

samp.sd <- rep(NA, 50)

n <- 60

for(i in 1:50){samp <- sample(pop, n)

samp.mean[i] <- mean(samp)

samp.sd[i] <- sd(samp)

}

lower <- samp.mean - 1.96 * samp.sd / sqrt(n)

upper <- samp.mean + 1.96 * samp.sd / sqrt(n)

Source: De Cock, Journal of Statistics Education. 2011. 19(3).


Confidence levels




Confidence levels



plot.ci(lower, upper, mean(pop))

mu = 1499.6904


Statistical inference

Traditional curriculum for an introductory statistics course includesvarious statistical inference techniques

When introduced as disconnected topic these can be overwhelming tostudents

To help unify inferential concepts, use one function that does it all,but still requires students to think about the nature of the data andencourages them to conduct exploratory data analysis












Custom inference function

Standard statistical inference like Z-tests and T-tests as well as simulationbased inference.

inference <- function(data, group = NULL, est = c("mean", "median",

"proportion"), success = NULL, order = NULL, nsim = 10000, conflevel =

0.95, null = NULL, alternative = c("less","greater","twosided"), type =

c("ci","ht"), method = c("theoretical","simulation"), drawlines = "yes",

simdist = FALSE)

data: response variable, quantitative or categorical

group: explanatory variable, categorical for grouping (optional)

type: confidence interval (ci) or hypothesis test (ht)

method: theoretical or simulation

...


Custom inference function

Standard statistical inference like Z-tests and T-tests as well as simulationbased inference.

inference <- function(data, group = NULL, est = c("mean", "median",

"proportion"), success = NULL, order = NULL, nsim = 10000, conflevel =

0.95, null = NULL, alternative = c("less","greater","twosided"), type =

c("ci","ht"), method = c("theoretical","simulation"), drawlines = "yes",

simdist = FALSE)

data: response variable, quantitative or categorical

group: explanatory variable, categorical for grouping (optional)

type: confidence interval (ci) or hypothesis test (ht)

method: theoretical or simulation

...


inference Ex. 1 - simulated data

Input:

set.seed(62012)

d <- rnorm(100)

gr <- c(rep("gr1",50), rep("gr2",50))

inference(data = d, group = gr, est = "mean", type = "ht", method =

"theoretical", null = 0, alternative = "twosided")


inference Ex. 1 - simulated data

Output:One quantitative and one categorical variable

Difference between two means

n_gr1 = 50 ; n_gr2 = 50

Observed difference between means = -0.2475

H0: mu_gr1 - mu_gr2 = 0

HA: mu_gr1 - mu_gr2 != 0

Standard error = 0.21

Test statistic: Z = -1.179

p-value: 0.2382

gr1 gr2

-3-2

-10

12

3

-0.25 0 0.25


inference Ex. 2 - real data from student project

Difference between the number of sexual partners of male and femaleadults. (Source: National Survey of Family Growth)

Input:

inference(data = partners, group = gender, type = "ci", est = "mean",

method = "theoretical")

Output:

One quantitative and one categorical variable

Difference between two means

n_female = 12190 ; n_male = 10397

Observed difference between means = -0.432

Standard error = 0.0361

95 % Confidence interval = ( -0.5 , -0.36 )

female male

01

23

45

67


Labs

openintro.org/stat/labs.php



Labs




Labs




Student reactions - labs

Positive:

“I like them. I feel like in the real world we’ll be using software to do stats,so I’m glad we’re learning how to use it.”

“I LOVE the labs. They really help cement basic statistic ideas, and Iespecially love that you can finish them in class.”

“The labs are a lot of fun. It’s great being able to create our own simulationsand watch R Studio calculate everything. I also enjoy learning some code.”

Negative:

“The labs are alright. Sometimes I feel like I’m just plugging in stuff and Ifeel disconnected from what I’m really doing. It’s also frustrating when thecode doesn’t work.”

“Wish other students focused more.”


Student reactions - R

Positive:

“Super useful and powerful software. It’s exciting to be introduced to it.Once again, don’t always feel comfortable writing code/ understanding whatI’m doing.”

“I like it! I kind of know MATLAB, which has helped with the coding a bit,but it’s a little more intuitive/easier, and very helpful.”

“I am not a computer person at all, but I find RStudio very easy to use.”

“I like it better than STATA which we used for [another class]. The userinterface is easy and there is plenty of help for it online. Overall, it’s prettygood.”

Negative:

“I am not a fan of coding in general. I used Python before and RStudio isbetter (for me) than Python was, but I am not a fan of either.”

“Easy to use, language is not too hard to understand although errormessages could be more informative.”

“I don’t think RStudio will have any use to me outside of this class.”Cetinkaya-Rundel, Bray Integrating R into Introductory Statistics useR! 2012 - June 13, 2012 13 / 15

Additional considerations

Labs should be fully integrated with the curriculum

What concepts from the textbook are covered in this lab? Whatconcepts, if any, are not covered in the textbook? Have you seen theseconcepts elsewhere, e.g. lecture, discussion section, previous labs, orhomework problems? Be specific in your answer.

Works best in a classroom environment where they can get immediatesupport

TAs should be familiar and comfortable with the material


Questions?

Contact: [email protected], www.stat.duke.edu/ mc301

Labs: openintro.org/stat/labs.php



Integrating R into Introductory Statisticsmc301/talks/Integrate_R_useR2012.pdf · 2015-01-19 · C˘etinkaya-Rundel, Bray Integrating R into Introductory Statistics useR! 2012 - June

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