Slide 1 INTEGRATING COMPANION ANIMAL KNOWLEDGE INTO AQUATIC VETERINARY MEDICINE C. I Walster BVMS MVPH CertAqV MRCVS ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 2 Diversity Over 300 species across several Phyla farmed Around 2000 species kept as ornamentals Numerous species hunted or used for sport Varying habitats/ecosystems Varying physiological requirements ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 3 Veterinary Roles General Disease Ecology – VHS in the Great Lakes Environmental – Water Quality, AMR, pollutants Epidemiology Fisheries Management Aquaculture/Ornamental Fish Farms Aquaponics Sea food inspection Fish distributors and pet retailers Private practice clients -Koi ponds / house calls Public Aquariums / Zoos Research – zebra fish Gill Snip Fin Clip ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________
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Integrating companion animal knowledge into aquatic veterinary medicine
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Slide 1 INTEGRATING COMPANION ANIMAL
KNOWLEDGE INTO AQUATIC
VETERINARY MEDICINE
C. I Walster BVMS MVPH CertAqV MRCVS
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Slide 2 Diversity Over 300 species across
several Phyla farmed
Around 2000 species kept as ornamentals
Numerous species hunted or used for sport
Varying habitats/ecosystems
Varying physiological requirements
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Slide 3 Veterinary Roles General Disease Ecology – VHS in the Great Lakes
Environmental – Water Quality, AMR, pollutants
Epidemiology
Fisheries Management
Aquaculture/Ornamental Fish Farms
Aquaponics
Sea food inspection
Fish distributors and pet retailers
Private practice clients -Koi ponds / house calls
Public Aquariums / Zoos
Research – zebra fish
Gill Snip
Fin Clip
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Slide 4 Veterinary Roles and Reality Fish Farms similar to poultry or pig practice
Fisheries Management – working for Governments or NGO’s
Sea Food Inspection – public health role
Fish Distributors and Pet Retailers - Industry
Private Practice Clients -Koi Ponds / House Calls
Marine Mammals – lots of interest, few jobs possibly the military or university
Public Aquariums / Zoos – Inspection, Research, Public Education, Conservation
Zebra fish – Laboratory animal medicine
Gill Snip
Fin Clip
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Slide 5 Farming - Why the requirement?
Harvest Fisheries59MMT (19%)
Farmed Fisheries 63MMT (17%)
Poultry 59MMT (16%)
Beef/Veal 57MMT (16%)
Pork 90MMT (26%)
Lamb/Mutton 8MMT
(2%)
Other Animal Protein 25MMT
(7%)
2010 Global Animal Protein Production
Currently aquatic animals provide the protein requirements to half the human population
“Predictions are that by 2050 half the animal protein consumed by people will come from aquaculture.”
Barry O’Neil, President OIE – May 2009.
"Fish to 2030: Prospects for Fisheries and Aquaculture”. World Bank, FAO and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
Image from www.fcrn.org.uk
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Slide 6 Ornamentals - Why the requirement?
Romans kept Conger eels Chinese kept Goldfish Japanese kept Koi In some countries e.g. UK, Germany,
USA as much as 10x combined population of cats and dogs
Marines and some freshwater are a useful source of income for indigenous peoples – worth more than as food
Helps protect natural environments –Project Piaba and New England Aquarium
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Slide 7 Current Issues LACK OF LICENCED TREATMENTS
various programs INAD’S USA, Draft EU Vet Med Reg – Cascade
Disease – limits returns, insurance issue
Mis-information Resistance to
current treatments
Water Resources and other users
Misinformation
K. de Balogh FAO (2010)
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Slide 8 THINGS YOU ALREADY KNOW
THINGS YOU ALREADY HAVE
THINGS YOU MIGHT NEED
Environment
Water Quality
Management
History
Clinical Exam
Diagnostic Tests
Diagnosis
Treatment
Microscope
Surgical Instruments
X-ray
Ultrasound
In-house Biochem
Skin Scrape
Gill Biopsy
Blood Sample
Post Mortem Sampling
Anaesthetic Machine
Water Quality Test kit
Faecal sample
Confidence
If not go to
www.wavma.org
Disease Ecology
Geographical
Vectors
Reservoirs
Hosts
Temperature
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Slide 9 THE HISTORY
i. Pond or tank, indoor or outdoor, freshwater or marine?
ii. Volume and stocking density?
iii. Species kept
iv. Recent introductions or not?
v. Symptoms seen and timespan?
vi. Water quality as measured by the owner (temperature, pH, NH3, NO2, NO3 as a minimum plus if possible GH, KH and DO2 and any other readings they might have)?
Salt 0.5oz per UK gallon (~4.5 litres) – treatment, supportive or “First Aid” in f/w tanks
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Slide 22 Basic Surgery
Fin repairs
Abscesses
Suture Wounds
FNA - lumps and sex
Lumpectomy
Enucleation
Correcting buoyancy issues
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Slide 23 Surgery tips & Issues
Short procedures wrap in damp towel and cover eyes – 5-10 minutes
Surgical site rarely sterile
Always use gloves – minimises skin damage
Fish skin is not elastic - 2nd intention
Always use monofilament
Fish up to 30cm single layer closure
Simple interrupted usually sufficient
Good Haemostasis
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Slide 24 Anaesthesia Induction – bucket, water
from pond etc. 2nd bucket for recovery
Anaesthesia maintenance - simply dribble solution over the gills or use air stone and pump with fish tubed in mouth.
It is possible to adjust anaesthetic solution in real time with some more advanced machines.
Remember dosage, speed of induction and recovery are temperature dependent
Photos Dr’s Loh, Saint-Erne, Harms, Lewbert
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Slide 25 Anaesthetic agents Many commonly used veterinary anesthetics for small animals can also be used with pet fish.
(Brown 1993; Ross 2001; Lewbart 2005; Saint-Erne 2010; Loh 2012):
Benzocaine (ethyl p-aminobenzoate) –Dose at 12.5 mg/L of water for a shipping sedative, 25–500 mg/L for anesthesia (may need to dissolve in ethanol first). Induction time in 1-3 minutes, recovery in fresh water in 3-15 minutes. Fat soluble, so prolonged exposure will produce longer recovery times.
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) – A dose of 100–400 mg/L will cause unconsciousness, high exposure will cause death. Canister of CO2 is used with air line and air stone to bubble gas through the water. Use with caution, under constant observation, and in a well-ventilated area.Avoid breathing CO2 released from water. Induction is in 1-2 minutes and recovery in 5-10 minutes in fresh water.
Diazepam (Valium) – A sedative and muscle relaxant, used as a pre-anesthetic agent.Can be injected intramuscularly at 0.1-0.5 mg/kg, or given orally at 1-4 mg/kg.
Ethanol (ethyl alcohol) – 1% added to the water will produce sedation, 3% or more will result in euthanasia. 20 ml of 100 Proof (50%) Grain Alcohol in 1 Liter of water will produce a 1% solution.
Ether (dimethyl ether) – Dose at 10-15 ml/L water.Induction occurs in 2-3 minutes, recovery in clean water in 2-3 minutes. HIGHLY EXPLOSIVE! Do not use near flames or sparks!
Eugenol/Isoeugenol (clove oil) – Eugenol: 1 drop = 0.029 ml = 28.6 mg For sedation during transport, use 3-5 mg/L (1-2 drops per 10 Liters) in shipping water. For anesthesia, use 30-60 mg/L (1-2 drops / Liter of water).Mix vigorously with water. Induction occurs in 2-3 minutes. Excellent for short duration physical examinations. Not recommended for use in invasive surgeries due to low analgesic effect.A dose of 4 drops per liter (114 mg/L) induces euthanasia in 10-60 minutes.
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Slide 26 Anaesthetic agents Isofluorane (1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether) – Dose at 0.5-1 ml/L water for
anesthesia. Euthanasia dose is 4 ml/L.Spray the required dose through a 25 gauge needle under the water while mixing. Induction in 2-8 minutes, recovery in clean water in 3-30 minutes.
Ketamine Hydrochloride – Dose at 1 gram/L water, or 66-100 mg/kg injected intramuscularly.Provides sedation and immobilization for handling or transportation. Dose can be given orally by injecting into a food fish fed to larger fish needing sedation. Hyperactivity and ataxia can occur during recovery.
Lidocaine – 1-2 mg/kg IV or 0.1-2 mg/kg IM total dose, injected into/around tissue. Provides local analgesia only.
Pentobarbital – 20-40 mg/kg IM or IP. 60-100 mg/kg IP for euthanasia.Prolonged anesthesia time (6-24 hours) with cardiac and respiratory depression.
Propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) – Anesthesia induction dose is 1.5-2.5 mg/kg intravenously. Use parentally only. Induction time is 5 minutes, recovery in 60-75 minutes.
Quinaldine Sulphate (2-methylquinoline sulphate) – Dose at 5-10 mg/L for sedation during transport, 25-200 mg/L for anesthesia.Induction in 2-6 minutes, recovery in fresh water in 5-20 minutes.Acidifies low alkaline water, use sodium bicarbonate buffer in water as necessary.
Tricaine Methane Sulfonate, MS-222 (3-Aminobenzoic acid ethyl ester) – Dose at 10-40 mg/L for sedation (handling/ shipping).Dose at 50-400 mg/L for anesthesia induction, 50-100 mg/L for maintenance.Induction in 1-5 minutes, recovery in 3-15 minutes in clean water.Acidifies water – buffer with equal volume of sodium bicarbonate, or use in hard water.Has 21 day withdrawal time when used with food fish in the U.S.
2-phenoxyethanol (98 carbon chain alcohol) – Dose 1- 4 mg/l with lower dosages for sedation and higher for anaesthesia
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Slide 27 Stages of Anaesthesia(adapted from Brown, 1993; Ross, 2001)
Stage Plane Description Signs0 0 Normal Swimming actively, equilibrium normalI 1 Light sedation Reduced motion, ventilation decreasedI 2 Deeper sedation Only responds to gross stimulationII 1 Light anesthesia Partial loss of equilibriumII 2 Deep anesthesia Total loss of equilibriumIII 1 Surgical anesthesia Total loss of reactivity, low respiratory
and heart ratesIV 1 Medullary collapse Cessation of respiratory movements,
followed by cardiac arrest, then death
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Slide 28 Various surgeries
Fish fight abscess Buoyancy Issues
FNA
Eye enucleation Lumpectomy
Fin Repair
Wound/Abscess Treatment
Photos Dr’s Loh, Saint-Erne, Johnson
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Slide 29 Emerging Issues
RAS – developing economical, generic and workable systems