Integrating Bionenergetics, Spatial Scales and Population Dynamics for Environmental Flow Assessments Roger M. Nisbet 1 , Kurt E. Anderson 2 , Laure Pecquerie 1 , Lee Harrison 1 1. University of California, Santa Barbara 2. University of California, Riverside an
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Integrating Bionenergetics, Spatial Scales and Population Dynamics for Environmental Flow Assessments
Roger M. Nisbet1, Kurt E. Anderson2, Laure Pecquerie1, Lee Harrison1
1. University of California, Santa Barbara2. University of California, Riverside an
Disconnect between management objectives and management actions1
1. Locke, A., C. Stalnaker, et al. (2008). Integrated Approaches to Riverine Resource Stewardship: Case Studies, Science, Law. Pedople, and Policy. Cheyanne, WY, Instream Flow Council.
Ecological Dynamics and Instream Flow Assessments
Starting point1: “tools lacking recognition of the many dynamic feedbacks among physical and biological components of the river environment are unlikely to provide sufficient descriptions of how population or community viability will respond to changes in the flow regime.”
Recommendations included: • improving bioenergetic-based models of population dynamics to allow them
to address flow variability in streams and rivers and
• testing methods to understand the effects of spatial variability on population and community responses to changes in flow regime.
Current research:Our contribution relates to these recommendations:• Full life cycle Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) model of Pacific salmon• Food distribution models for riverine life stages
1. Anderson et al. 2006. Ecological dynamics and the management of instream flow needs in rivers and streams. Frontiers in Ecology and Environment 4: 309-318.
Disconnect between management objectives and management actions
This work
Full life cycle model for Pacific salmon based on Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) theory.
1. Kooijman, S.A.L.M. Dynamic Energy Budget Theory for Metabolic Organization. Cambridge University Press, 2010
DEB theory1: conceptual framework that integrates info from all life stages (embryo, juvenile, adult)
Multiple stressors (limited food, high temperature, disease, parasitism, contaminants) can be modeled
Use of data from other salmon species when data on focal species lackingor to help parameter estimation (e.g. to provide priors for Bayesian methods)
This project: Synthesis of data from five salmon species to test the assumptions and
predictions of the DEB model – essential prerequisite to applications
Use of information from the data synthesis to parameterize the model for Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) – for work in Merced River
Calculations of sensitivity of salmon population growth rate to changes in food delivery rate that in turn are influenced by changes in flow regime
Spatial variability in food for young salmon
Recent ecological theory1 provides methodology relating habitat variability to population distributions • Applicable to benthic invertebrates - food for young salmon • Untested in real rivers with complex geometry and flow • Opens possibility of modeling effects of habitat variability over larger
stretches of river This project: Uses a 2-D hydraulic model of a re-engineered section of the Merced
River to describe the transport and settlement of macroinvertebrates –essential prerequisite to applications
Evaluates the validity of 1-D approximations to Merced River hydrology –new efficient methodology for habitat descriptions
Explores the influence of macroinvertebrate transport in a variable flow environment on characteristic length scale calculations for the Merced River – defines appropriate spatial scale for habitat descriptions
1. Anderson, K.E., Nisbet, R. M. and Diehl, S. 2006. Spatial scaling of consumer-resource interactions in advection dominated systems. American Naturalist, 168: 358-372.
Part II
Modeling the life cycle of Pacific salmon using Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) theory
1. Motivations for considering DEB theory
2. Properties of the model distinct from other approaches
3. Validation of the model (inter- and intra-species levels)
4. Questions we will address with the model
Danner et al., [2010]
River conditions impact all life stages
Oxygen limitations
Temperature rise
Food limitations
Temperature rise
Contaminants
Habitats lossParasitism, disease
Migration barriers
Migration barriers
Flow speed
Danner et al., [2010]
River conditions impact all life stages
Oxygen limitations
Temperature rise
Food limitations
Temperature rise
Contaminants
Habitats lossParasitism, disease
Migration barriers
Migration barriers
Flow speed
Growth
Condition
Development --> Survival and fitness
Reproduction
Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) theory provides us with a conceptual and quantitative framework to:
• integrate multiple stressors and study their impact on metabolism
• throughout the life cycle of a Pacific salmon
• in a dynamic and changing environment
maturity
1-maturity
maintenance
development
food faecesassimilation
reserve
structure
somaticmaintenance
growth
Life events in a standard DEB model
reproductionbuffer
reproduction
maturity
1-maturity
maintenance
development
food faecesassimilation
reserve
structurestructure
somaticmaintenance
growth
reproductionbuffer
reproduction
maturity
1-maturity
maintenance
development
maturitymaturity
1-maturity
maintenance
development
1-maturity
maintenance
development
food faecesassimilation
food faecesassimilation
reserve
structurestructure
somaticmaintenance
growth
reproductionbuffer
reproduction
reproductionbuffer
reproduction
Model simulations
INPUTS DEB MODEL
Food density
Temperature
Flow
Weight
Fecundity / egg size
OUTPUTS
Length
Properties of the model distinct from other approachesSame parameters for all stages – 12 parameters + 6 for migrations
• Chinook embryo model (Beer and Anderson, 1997): Weight and age at emergence as a function of temperature;12 parameters
Large number of processes: consumption, growth and maintenance + development and reproduction + mortality when limited resources (oxygen, food)• Wisconsin model (Madejian et al., 2004), Net-rate of energy intake
(NREI) (Hayes et al., 2007): consumption, growth and maintenance
Maternal effect: egg size depends on female condition
Rules for parameter variations among related species
Calibration and validation of the model
Inter-species level:• Standard DEB model• Parameter variation (genetic variability)• Length at spawning for parameter variation:
Intra-species level:• Limited number of new rules and parameters (time window for
migration decision)• Variations in environmental conditions (phenotypic variability)• Age, length and weight when migrating ocean (smolts) river (returning adults)