Integrated Science M2 The Central Nervous System

OBJECTIVES

The Central Nervous System

Connections with the CNS

What is a neurone?

Are nerves the same as neurones?

REVIEW & QUIZ

INTRODUCTION

THE CENTRAL THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM NERVOUS SYSTEM

THE CENTRAL THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM NERVOUS SYSTEM

Module 2 Module 2 Unit 6 Unit 6 Lesson 2Lesson 2

Integrated Science Integrated Science

BEGINBEGIN

OBJECTIVES



What is a neurone?


REVIEW & QUIZ

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

Look at the image on the cover slide for about 1 – 2 minutes. You see what appears to be a female dancer pirouetting on her tip-toe. NOTE: “Some observers initially see the figure as spinning clockwise and some counter clock-wise. Additionally, some may see the figure suddenly spin in the opposite direction.”

Is your central nervous system involved in what you perceive and how you perceive it?

Let’s see what we can find out!

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What is a neurone?


REVIEW & QUIZ

INTRODUCTION

OBJECTIVES

On completing this slide presentation, you should be able to:

search for information and share ideas.

describe the parts of the central nervous system and overall role in sensing and coordination.

list the main functions of the brain and the spinal cord.

recall the types of neurones and their functions.

distinguish between a neurone and a nerve.

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What is a neurone?


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INTRODUCTION

1 – The Central Nervous System

Click and look at the illustration to remind yourself of the main structural and functional divisions of the nervous system, from:

http://aspenbishopfamnet/images/CNS2jpg

Remember that these divisions are mostly for convenience --- for us to understand how our body parts work, because there is inter-connection between the nerves of the PNS, our sense organs and sensory receptors, the effectors and the two parts of the CNS.

Remember too, that the structures of the CNS and PNS work with the hormones of the endocrine system to control and regulate all our life processes and body functions.

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What is a neurone?


REVIEW & QUIZ

INTRODUCTION

1. The Central Nervous SystemThe parts

The brain and the spinal cord make up the Central Nervous System (CNS).

All stimuli from sensory receptor cells/organs are interpreted in the CNS.

All impulses to trigger responses by effectors come from the CNS.

Parts of the CNS

Click and watch/listen to this video clip from > http://wwwyoutube.com/watch?v=RUHGI8IixU0&NR=1&feature=endscreen

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What is a neurone?


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INTRODUCTION

1. The CNS Activity 1.1 – The Brain

1. Click open and watch from 0.16 from > http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z48xmSxo8Co&feature=fvwrel

2. Read and examine the two diagrams http://www.macmillan.org.uk/Cancerinformation/Cancertypes/

Brain/Aboutbraintumours/Thebrain.aspx

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3. Name the three main areas of the brain. Cerebrum, Cerebellum and Brain stem

4. From the second diagram and text, name the lobes of the cerebrum.

5. Use the diagrams and information from the site above and below to recall the functions of each lobe. Complete the table on the next slide

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FUEwGGsB43c&feature=related

Frontal, Parietal, Occipital Temporal

CHECK

CHECK

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What is a neurone?


REVIEW & QUIZ

INTRODUCTION

1. The CNS Activity 1.1 – The Brain

5. Complete this table.

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Action Part of the Brain used

Part of the Brain used

Heart beating Brainstem

Riding a bicycle Cerebellum – for balance and coordination of movements.

Blinking and seeing

Sensory and Motor cortex of the cerebrum.

Answering your teacher in Spanish

Temporal lobe of the cerebrum.

Doing mathematics homework

Parietal lobe of the cerebrum.

Read more!

CHECK

CHECK

CHECK

CHECK

CHECK

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What is a neurone?


REVIEW & QUIZ

INTRODUCTION

1. The CNS Feedback to Question 5, Activity 1.1 – The

Brain

Heart beating

The Medulla Oblongata controls your involuntary muscles in the heart [the ones that work without you even thinking about it. It instructs these muscles to pump blood at a rate which is needed to complete the activities in the body.

Riding a bicycle

The Cerebellum coordinates how your muscles work together to produce balance and movement. The motor cortex of the cerebrum might also be involved.

Doing mathematics and Blinking and Seeing

The Cerebrum is the largest part of the brain controlling both voluntary and unconscious and sensory activities. Ability to do mathematics is one function of the parietal lobe. Blinking is unconscious and seeing is conscious.

Doing oral Spanish

The temporal lobe helps us with memory, understanding and language. cont’d

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What is a neurone?


REVIEW & QUIZ

INTRODUCTION

1. The CNS Feedback to Question in Introduction,

Slide 2

Is your central nervous system involved in what you perceive and how you perceive it?

.NOTE : You see the figure on the cover slide spinning and changing directions because of what your brain is trying to do.Your brain receives ‘information’ from nerve impulses sent from receptors in your eyes to the visual area, temporal lobe and other brain centres, and it is interpreting those nerve impulses based on prior observations and information that it has stored.

But, the figure has nothing surrounding/near to it, so “the illusion derives from an inherent ambiguity from the lack of visual cues for depth.”Ref: > http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Left_spinning_dancer.gif

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What is a neurone?


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INTRODUCTION

1. The CNS - Spinal Cord10

The spinal cord is a bundle of nerve tissues. It

has protective membranes or meninges

covering it and it is further protected within a

series of bones, called vertebrae (that form

the backbone or spinal column) through whose centre the cord extends

down from the brain.

Click and watch at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3QwvbLF-nQk&feature=related

OBJECTIVES



What is a neurone?


REVIEW & QUIZ

INTRODUCTION

1. The CNS - Spinal Cord11

The spinal cord is a conduit for nerve impulses to and from the brain and also a centre for integrating and coordinating certain automatic response actions.

The spinal cord is a conduit for nerve impulses to and from the brain and also a centre for integrating and coordinating certain automatic response actions.

A model of segments of the human vertebral column. Pairs of spinal nerves extend out on either side between the vertebrae. The spinal cord itself is not visible!

A model of segments of the human vertebral column. Pairs of spinal nerves extend out on either side between the vertebrae. The spinal cord itself is not visible! Click & watch: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LwuV5JbgCNk&feature=related

OBJECTIVES



What is a neurone?


REVIEW & QUIZ

INTRODUCTION Click and watch the video to learn the parts of the

spinal cord.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGPlW9ZNsCo

The H-shaped grey matter in the centre contains cell bodies of nerve cells or neurones; the white matter is the nerve fibres covered by a fatty Myelin sheath.

The spinal cord is surrounded by protective membranes.

1. Activity 1.2 – X.S of Spinal Cord

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OBJECTIVES



What is a neurone?


REVIEW & QUIZ

INTRODUCTION

2. Connections with the CNS The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

The peripheral nervous system consists of cranial nerves that are connected to the brain and spinal nerves that originate from the spinal cord.

There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves that come from the brain and ennervate the body directly, without passing through the spinal cord. Some important cranial nerves that you’ll encounter later are: the olfactory (sensory fibres from nose) and optic (sensory fibres from the eyes). The vagus (wanders all over the body, with sensory fibres especially to the heart, lungs, and visceral organs and also motor fibres to other areas).

Thirty one (31) paired spinal nerves pass out of the cord, connecting the spinal cord to sense organs, muscles and glands in all parts of the body.

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OBJECTIVES



What is a neurone?


REVIEW & QUIZ

INTRODUCTION

Career Focus – A Neurologist

Research Topic –

Who is Jamaican Dr. Michelle Lee?

Do research online or offline to find out how she has used her knowledge and training to assist people suffering with neurological problems.

Check > http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20070812/out/out1.html

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What is a neurone?


REVIEW & QUIZ

INTRODUCTION

Review Activity: 2.1

Indicate whether each of the following, listed below, is part of the central nervous system (CNS) or the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

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CNS PNS

CNS

Brain

Autonomic nervous system

Spinal nerves

Spinal cord

Cranial nerves

Part of nervous system

PNS

PNS

PNS

CNS

CNS

CNS PNS

OBJECTIVES



What is a neurone?


REVIEW & QUIZ

INTRODUCTION

3. What is a Neurone?

A neurone is a nerve cell. It has 3 main parts: the dendrites, the cell body and the axon.

There are other sections of the neurone and each plays a role in its overall function which is to transmit nerve impulses between various parts and the CNS.

1.Click and watch ‘The 3 Types of Neurons’ at -http://www.kidport.com/reflib/science/HumanBody/NervousSystem/video/NerveTypesVideo.htm

2.Then, read and use the diagrams and also watch the video to recall the parts of a neurone and their functions from -http://www.revisescience.co.uk/2011/schools/hach/cb1nerves3.asp

3.Now, why don’t you try the ‘Matching’ test at the bottom of the web page? OK?

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OBJECTIVES



What is a neurone?


REVIEW & QUIZ

INTRODUCTION

3. What is a neurone?Transmission of impulses

A neurone or nerve cell receives and transmits nerve impulses in one direction only along its fibre (axon).

When a neurone is not sending impulses, it has what is called a resting potential and it has a slightly negative charge inside of it.

When a neurone is to transmit nerve impulses, it develops an action potential which is moved or propagated along the axon automatically.

An action potential is an electro-chemical process; the impulse travels along the fibre by electrical means, till it reaches the synapse which is a space forming the junction between two neurones.

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OBJECTIVES



What is a neurone?


REVIEW & QUIZ

INTRODUCTION

3. What is a neurone?Transmission of impulses

An action potential cannot cross the synapse between neurones, so, the action potential stimulates the release of chemicals called neurotransmitters which diffuse across the synaptic gap and eventually initiates another electrical action potential.

Once the impulse starts in the next neurone, enzymes break down the neurotransmitter. In this way, nerve impulses can travel only in one direction at a synapse.

Look at the video clip at - http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/aqa_pre_2011/human/thenervoussystemrev2.shtml

So, the nerve impulse is carried electrochemically: by electrical means - i.e. nerve impulses, as well as by chemical means i.e. neurotransmitters at synapses.

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Once the impulse starts in the next neurone, enzymes break down the neurotransmitter. In this way, nerve impulses can travel only in one

direction at a synapse.

OBJECTIVES



What is a neurone?


REVIEW & QUIZ

INTRODUCTION

Review Activity 3.1

The diagram below shows a cross-section of the spinal cord. Use the words in the list below to label parts A to F. Grey matter; Motor neurone in ventral root; Muscle fibres; Pain receptors in skin; Relay neurone; Sensory neurone

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CHECK CHECK ANSWERSANSWERS

pain receptors

sensory neuron

muscle fibres

grey matter of spinal cord

motor neuron

relay neuron

OBJECTIVES



What is a neurone?


REVIEW & QUIZ

INTRODUCTION

Feedback to Review Activity 3.1

In the labelled diagram, you can see the relationship between the Spinal cord – a coordination and regulating centre of the CNS -- and its link to neurones that make up a spinal nerve of the PNS, and also their connection to receptor and effectors.

Check the labels below --- Did you get them correct?

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OBJECTIVES



What is a neurone?


REVIEW & QUIZ

INTRODUCTION

4. Are nerves the same as neurones?

A nerve is an ‘information pipeline’ between the CNS and various tissues and organs. Each nerve is made up of the axons or nerve fibres of many neurones. Within the nerve there are blood vessels.

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Sets of neurone fibres are encased in a connective tissue tube, forming a bundle.

Within each nerve are a number of bundles. All of the bundles are surrounded by perineurium.

OBJECTIVES



What is a neurone?


REVIEW & QUIZ

INTRODUCTION

4. Are nerves the same as neurones?

A nerve can be purely sensory, or purely motor or it can be mixed. Most nerves in the body are made up of both sensory and motor fibres.

Motor nerves contain only nerve fibres from motor or effector neurones. They carry messages from the brain to muscles to make various body parts move.

What kind of fibres would you expect to find in a sensory nerve?

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A Sensory nerve would contain only nerve fibres from sensory/receptor or afferent neurones, carrying messages to the CNS from receptors in different parts of the body about the stimulus of pain, light, pressure, sound etc.

CHECK

OBJECTIVES



What is a neurone?


REVIEW & QUIZ

INTRODUCTION

SUMMARY

1. Click and read from this website: http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/audio/science_aqa_core/nervous_system.mp3

The nervous system enables us to respond to and survive in our environment. It is made up of nerve cells called neurones and is organized into two main sections – the CNS and PNS .

The brain and the spinal cord interpret the nerve impulses they receive from receptors and ‘instruct’ effectors to produce changes called responses.

Parts of the brain perform specific functions.

2. Watch: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oGjaP_bO37I&NR=1&feature=endscreen

Sense organs have receptors whose impulses are converted to responses called the senses.

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OBJECTIVES



What is a neurone?


REVIEW & QUIZ

INTRODUCTION

REVIEW and QUIZ

This section has just one multiple choice (M.C.) item, and an On-line M.C. Quiz for you to try.

There are also some Review Activities that you are required to answer.

Click BEGIN to proceed.

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BEGIN

OBJECTIVES



What is a neurone?


REVIEW & QUIZ

INTRODUCTION

QUIZ: M.C. Question 1

Click the letter that shows the statement or phrase which most correctly answers this question:

What feature of the neurone is essential for transmitting nerve impulses over a large distance?

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B. branched endings forming the dendrites

D. dense cytoplasm in the cell body

C. possession of a nucleus

A. A long fibre forming the axon

FEEDBACKFEEDBACK

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What is a neurone?


REVIEW & QUIZ

INTRODUCTION

QUIZ: M.C. Question 1

Feedback to M.C. Question 1 -

A is the correct answer because the axon of neurones are used to carry impulses over a long distance in the body.

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NEXT NEXT QUESTIONQUESTION

OBJECTIVES



What is a neurone?


REVIEW & QUIZ

INTRODUCTION

Online Quiz

Go to this website and try the online quiz which consists of 15 multiple choice items.

http://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=nervous-system-quiz_4

Check your answers when you’ve finished.

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OBJECTIVES



What is a neurone?


REVIEW & QUIZ

INTRODUCTION

Review Activity: Question 1

Question1. How do the CNS and PNS relate to each other?

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Feedback to Review Activity: Question 1The peripheral nervous system (PNS) comprises the cranial and spinal nerves and also the sense organs and receptor cells in the body. The nerves are the lines of communication between the Central Nervous system (CNS) – i.e. the bran and spinal cord – where all integration and interpretation of stimuli occur as well as the triggering of impulses to cause effectors to respond to the stimuli. CHECK


OBJECTIVES



What is a neurone?


REVIEW & QUIZ

INTRODUCTION


Print the diagram from this website and label it. http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/anatomy/brain/label/neuron.shtml2

Open the link below and answer questions 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 9 and 10 in your notebook. Hand them in to your teacher for marking.

http://wikieducator.org/The_Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals/Nervous_System_Worksheet

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OBJECTIVES



What is a neurone?


REVIEW & QUIZ

INTRODUCTION


1. Name the three numbered parts.2. State two main functions of each part.

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Part 1. Brain •Enables sensing, thinking, learning and using our imagination; •Responsible for all muscular movements done by voluntary and involuntary muscles.Part 2. CNS comprising Brain and Spinal cord. •All stimuli from sensory receptor cells/organs are interpreted in the CNS. •All nerve impulses to trigger responses by effectors come from the CNS.Part 3. Spinal cord•It is a conduit for nerve impulses to and from the brain. •It acts as a centre for integrating/ coordinating automatic response actions. CHECK


OBJECTIVES



What is a neurone?


REVIEW & QUIZ

INTRODUCTION


There are three different kinds of neurone or nerve cell. Match each kind with its function. Type your response in box below.

A. Motor neuron B. Sensory neuron C. Relay neuron

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Kind of Neurone Function

The nerve cell that carries impulses from a sense receptor to the brain or spinal cord.

The nerve cell that connects sensory and motor neurons

The nerve cell that transmits impulses from the brain or spinal cord to a muscle or gland.

B. Sensory Receptor

C. Relay neurone

A. Motor neurone

CHECK CHECK ANSWERSANSWERS NEXT NEXT

QUESTIONQUESTION

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What is a neurone?


REVIEW & QUIZ

INTRODUCTION


Match the descriptions in the table below with the terms in the list. A. Synapse; B. Axon; C. Myelin sheath; D. Nerve impulse; E. Sense receptor; F. Response; G. Reflex; H. Cell body; I. Dendrite; J. Nerve; K. Neurotransmitter; L. Axon terminal

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Term (Type letter in box) Function

B. Axon1. The long fibre that carries the nerve impulses.

J. Nerve 2. A bundle of axons.

A. Synapse3. The connection between adjacent neurons.

K. Neurotransmitter 4. The chemical secreted into the gap between neurons at a synapse.


Continued

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What is a neurone?


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INTRODUCTION

Review Activity: Question 5 (cont.)


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Term (Type letter in box)

Function

G. Reflex 5. A rapid automatic response to a stimulus.

C. Myelin sheath 6. The covering of fatty material that speeds up the passage of nerve impulses.

L. Axon Terminal 7. The structure at the end of an axon that produces neurotransmitters to transmit the nerve impulse across the synapse.

D. Nerve impulse 8. The high speed signals that pass along the axons of nerve cells.

Continued CHECK CHECK ANSWERSANSWERS

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What is a neurone?


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INTRODUCTION

Review Activity: Question 5 (cont.)


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Term (Type letter in box) Function

I. Dendrites 9. The branching filaments that conduct nerve impulses towards the cell.

E. Sensory Receptor 10. The sense organ or cells that receive stimuli from within and outside the body.

F. Response 11. The reaction to a stimulus by a muscle or gland.

H. Cell Body 12. The part of the nerve cell containing the nucleus.


Continued

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What is a neurone?


REVIEW & QUIZ

INTRODUCTION

Feedback to Review Activity: Question 5

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Term Function

B. Axon 1. The long fibre that carries the nerve impulses.

J. Nerve 2. A bundle of axons.

A. Synapse 3. The connection between adjacent neurons.

K. Neurotransmitter

4. The chemical secreted into the gap between neurons at a synapse.

G. Reflex 5. A rapid automatic response to a stimulus.

C. Myelin sheath 6. The covering of fatty material that speeds up the passage of nerve impulses.

L. Axon Terminal 7. The structure at the end of an axon that produces neurotransmitters to transmit the nerve impulse across the synapse.

D. Nerve impulse 8. The high speed signals that pass along the axons of nerve cells.

I. Dendrites 9. The branching filaments that conduct nerve impulses towards the cell.

E. Sensory Receptor

10. The sense organ or cells that receive stimuli from within and outside the body.

F. Response 11. The reaction to a stimulus by a muscle or gland.

H. Cell Body 12. The part of the nerve cell containing the nucleus.


OBJECTIVES



What is a neurone?


REVIEW & QUIZ

INTRODUCTION

CHALLENGE!!

To get a complete overview of the entire nervous system, find some time to listen to this video from >

NOTE: The narrator speaks quickly, so you MUST listen carefully!!

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x4PPZCLnVkA&list=LPKGJMfxrQVLY&index=5&feature=plcp

OR from > http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tqvJZ1STLos&list=LPKGJMfxrQVLY&index=2&feature=plcp

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What is a neurone?


REVIEW & QUIZ

INTRODUCTION

End of Activity

You have reached the end of the slide presentation.

If you wish to review any of the concepts in this lesson, go to the first slide.

If you have finished viewing the lesson, click the Close (X) button.

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What is a neurone?


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INTRODUCTION

CREDITS

http://encyclopedia.lubopitko-bg.com/Nervous_System.html

http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/esp/2002_general/Esp/folder_structure/in/m1/s1/inm1s1_1.htm7http://www.kimayahealthcare.com/OrganDetail.aspx?OrganID=337&AboutID=1

http://www.meritnation.com/discuss/question/721733

http://ib-biology2010-12.wikispaces.com/Brain+anatomy,+neuron+structure+and+function

http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/anatomy/brain/Structure.shtml

http://www.appsychology.com/Book/Biological/neuroscience.htm

http://revisionworld.co.uk/gcse-revision/biology/human-body-action/neurones

http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/whats-the-basic-structure-of-nerves.html

http://www.illuminatedmind.net/2008/04/09/6-keys-to

develop-the-action habit

http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/anatomy/brain/Structure.shtml

http://what-buddha-said.net/drops/II/Hands_and_Feet.htm

http://agoddesswithin.blogspot.com/

http://humanbody123-roces.wikispaces.com/the+5+senses

http://cellularscale.blogspot.com/2012_01_01_archive.html

http://www.onlinemathlearning.com/central-nervous-system.html

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals/Nervous_System

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Integrated Science M2 The Central Nervous System

Education

central nervous system

endocrine system

cns activity

types of neurones

brain stem

body parts work

main functions

body functions