INTEGRATED PRODUCTION – THE APPROACH OF PREVENTION FIRST Malavolta Carlo International Organisation for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals.

INTEGRATED PRODUCTION – THE APPROACH OF PREVENTION FIRST

Malavolta Carlo International Organisation for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious

Animals and Plants (IOBC)

Commission IP Guidelines and Endorsement

What future for Integrated Production?European Economic and Social Committee - NAT Section

Bruxelles March 25th 2010

International Organization for the Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious

Animals and Plants (IOBC)

WHAT IS IOBC-WPRS

Scientific Non-profit, Non Governmental Organisation since 1956

West Palaearctic Regional Section: West Palaearctic Regional Section: one of 6 regional sections of IOBCone of 6 regional sections of IOBC

http://www.iobc-global.org

http://www.iobc-wprs.org

• Promote research and implementation of sustainable (environmentally safe, economically feasible, socially acceptable) control-methods of pests of agricultural and forestry crops

• Promote the development of biological control and its application in Integrated pest management and Integrated Production programmes

IOBC OBJECTIVES

(20) (2) (4)

(12+3)

(6)

Scientific Community and Larger Public

IOBC WPRSGeneral Assembly

Council

Executive Committee

Study GroupsWorking Groups Commissions

ORGANIZATION OF IOBC WPRS

• Organisation of scientific meetings to foster exchange of information and ideas

• Presentation platforms: workshops, Presentation platforms: workshops, symposia, proceedings, publicationssymposia, proceedings, publications

• Implementation of scientific knowledge into advising & executing production

• Collaboration with other international Collaboration with other international organisationsorganisations

• Production of Guidelines for integrated production

IOBC WPRS ACTIVITIES

Commission IP Guidelines and Endorsement

(http://www.iobc-wprs.org)

ACTIVITIES IN INTEGRATED PRODUCTION

• Production of Guidelines

• Endorsement of growers’ organizationsEndorsement of growers’ organizations

• Guidelines for Integrated Production. Principles and Technical Guidelines

• 1993: First edition• 1999: Second edition• 2004: Third edition (IOBC/WPRS Bull. 27(2))

• Developed by

• IOBC/WPRS Executive Committee and Council• Experts that represent the Working Groups• Commission on Integrated Production

IOBC BASIC DOCUMENTS ON IP

1. Blind chemical control (Lutte chimique aveugle)

General, schematic and routine applications of the most potent pesticides; advice from industry

2. Chemical control based on advice (Lutte chimique conseillée)

Application of usually broad spectrum pesticides after consultation with an official advisory service

3. Specific control (Lutte dirigée) Transitory phase

• Introduction of the concept of "economic threshold levels";• application of pesticides with no negative side-effects;• protection of beneficial organisms

4. Integrated plant protection*) (Protection intégrée) Dynamic phase

Similar to specific control, but in addition• integration of biological and biotechnical methods and methods of good agricultural practice;• chemical control strongly regulated

5. Integrated agricultural production*) (Production agricole intégrée)

Open dynamic phase, further develop-ment possible in the whole world

Similar to integrated plant protection, but in additionobservance, integration and exploitation of all positive factors in the agro-ecosystem according to ecological principles

The Evolution of Plant Protection Methods (modified from IOBC 1977)

Grapes

Citrus

Arable Crops

Olives

Field Vegetables

Pome, Stone and Soft Fruits

Definition 5 Objectives 11 Principles

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THE IOBC CONCEPT OF IP

Integrated Production/Farming is a farming system that produces high quality food and other products by using natural resources and regulating mechanisms to replace polluting inputs and to secure sustainable farming.

IOBC DEFINITION OF INTEGRATED PRODUCTION (short version)

Structure of IP crop specific guidelines

• choice of plantation site

• plantation system• seeding/rotation• soil management• fertilisation

• plant protection and weed control

• ecological infrastructures

• irrigation• harvest

Specific guidelines for IP label

• Post harvest treatment • storage/conservation• selection• quality index (harvest/commercialisation)• packaging• commercialisation• self (in-home) checking proc. + external

checking proc.

IP Guidelines: plant protection & weed control

– prevention by preliminary choice (e.g.resistant cvs)and agronomic methods (e.g.rotation)

– risk assessment & monitoring: treatment applied only when necessary (by theresholds, forecasting models, etc.) and with correct timing (forecasting models, bullettins, ecc.)

– direct plant protection methods a.i. choice based on lower impact on human health and environment (priority to biological/biotechnol.= e.g. mating disruption)

– checking and calibration of spraying machines

The prevention and/or suppression of key pests, diseases and weeds should be

achieved/supported especially by:

• choice of appropriate resistant/tolerant cultivars;• use of an optimum crop rotation (where

applicable);• use of adequate cultivation techniques (e.g. stale

seedbed technique, sowing dates, sowing densities, undersowing, etc);

• use of balanced fertilisation (especially nitrogen) and irrigation practices;

• protection and enhancement of important natural enemies by adequate plant protection measures;

• utilisation of ecological infrastructures inside and outside production sites to enhance a supportive conservation biological control of key pests by antagonists.

Examples of prevention (1):

• Maize: crop rotation in maize prevents corn borer (Diabrotica) infestation

• Maize: the destruction of stalks by mulching has long been recognized as an important element of European Corn Borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) prevention

• Grape vines: defoliate the grape zone in order to have better air circulation and thus less humidity within the grapes to prevent infection with Botrytis.

Examples of prevention (2):

• Pear: balanced fertilization to prevent excessive Psylla populations.

• Grape vines and tomato (processing): balanced fertilization to prevent downy mildew infections

• Apple and Grape vines : use of selective insecticides, rather than broad-spectrum insecticides (e.g pyrethoides) is a preventive measure against spider mite problems because of predatory mites natural biological control

Examples of prevention (3):

specific

mobile

non specific

non

mobile

cyst nematodes

Rizoctonia

rootknot nematodes

sclerotinia

aphids

botrytis

plutella

phytophthora

crop roptation

frequency

sequence diversity

cropping systems

• Book on Ecological Infrastructures

• Green and Yellow lists of control measures

• Database on Pesticide selectivity to natural enemies

• SESAME: Software for inspection

THE IOBC IP TOOLBOX

Tools to facilitate the implementation on IP bygrowers organizations

A: Lifespan B: Flowering periodC: Source of nectarD: Diversity of the FaunaE: Overwintering refugia

Boller et al. (2004)

FLOWERING PLANTS

Should address the relevant indirect and direct plant protection measures:

• Choice of cultivars, protection of old and establishment of new ecological infrastructures, ..

• Use of fertilizers, habitat-management, use of key antagonists, ..

• Use of monitoring tools

• Direct plant protection (control): Restrictive list of highly selective control procedures

THE GREEN LIST

Should complement the green list with a restrictive list of second choice plant protection measures – mostly pesticides – that exhibt minor negative side-effects

• The plant protection measures listed in the yellow list can be applied only if the green list does not provide adequate results

• The yellow list must provide complete information and precise indications against what target and under which circumstances the product can be used

THE YELLOW LIST

PESTICIDE SELECTIVITY

SELECTIVITY OF PESTICIDES

IPM – pesticide treatment justification

Guidelines application at farm level

Respect of thresholds Mandatory - no funding

Advisory services Availabilty meteo data

Availability/respect of official forecasting models

Availability/respect of official bullettins

Spraying equipment checking and calibration

Mandatory each 5 years by officially recognised bodies

CROSS -COMPLIANCE

Application of Nitrate Directive and other mandatory national laws

POSSIBLE IMPLEMENTATION OF IPM/IP AFTER 2013

REQUIREMENTS/OBBLIGATIONS FUNDING

POSSIBLE IMPLEMENTATION OF IPM/IP AFTER 2013

REQUIREMENTS/OBBLIGATIONS FUNDING

Integrated production

Crop rotation   payment through agro-environmental measures (Reg 1698) or Environmental strategy CMO F&V (Reg 1234/07) from 50-450 Euro/ha/year or future art. 68 CAP**

Irrigation Irrigation plan based on ETP and soil condition

Soil protection  

Fertilisers reduction Fertilisation plan based on uptake and soil availability of macro elements (N, P K)

IPM – pesticide selection 2nd step

Use of only Bio product (Bt, viruses.), mating disruption, ecc.

IPM – pesticide selection 1st step

Exclusion of more dangerous or not selective active ingredients

Exclusion or strong reduction of R 40 or R48 or R60-63 or R68 pesticides phrases R

Many thanks for your attention !

CONCLUSIONS:1) PREVENTION IS OF COURSE ONE OF THE

MOST IMPORTANT TOOLS WE HAVE TO AVOID OR STRONGLY REDUCE AGROCHEMICAL USE

2) INTEGRATED PRODUCTION COULD BE ONE VERY IMPORTANT OPTION FOR THE FUTURE CAP POST 2013