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1. Prepared by: Kenneth Jay A. Robillos Henry M. Lagrita
Integrated Circuit
2. INTEGRATED CIRCUIT -also referred as a monolithic integrated
circuit is an assembly of different electronic components like
connected together on one small semiconductor wafer (usually
silicon). -also called as a chip or a microchip. -A circuit in
which all or some of the circuit elements are inseparably
associated and electrically interconnected so that it is considered
to be indivisible for the purposes of construction and
commerce
3. History of Integrated Circuits In 1958 Jack Kilby an
engineer of Texas instruments demonstrated successfully the first
working integrated circuit device. The first costumer to this new
invention was the US Air Force. In the year 2000 Jack Kilby won the
Nobel Prize in Physics for miniaturized electronic circuits.
4. Jack St. Clair Kilby (November 8, 1923 June 20, 2005) - was
an American electrical engineer who took part (along with Robert
Noyce) in the realization of the first integrated circuit while
working at Texas Instruments (TI) in 1958. He was awarded the Nobel
Prize in physics on December 10, 2000.
5. Evolution of INTEGRATED CIRCUIT 1. SSI (Small Scale
Integration) -circuits consisted of few tens of components on the
chip. Example: Philips TAA320
6. 2. MSI (Medium Small Integration) -devices came into
existence which had 100s of transistors on the chip. MSI devices
were less expensive and allowed more complex systems in very less
space
7. 3.LSI (Large Scale Integration) -devices which had thousands
of transistors per chip. Example: 1KB RAM is an example of a LSI
device
8. 4. VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) -is the process of
creating an integrated circuit (IC) by combining thousands of
transistors into a single chip. VLSI began in the 1970s when
complex semiconductor and communication technologies were being
developed. The microprocessor is a VLSI device. Before the
introduction of VLSI technology most ICs had a limited set of
functions they could perform. An electronic circuit might consist
of a CPU, ROM, RAM and other glue logic. VLSI lets IC designers add
all of these into one chip
9. 5. ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) -is an IC with more
than one million components per chip.
10. 6. SOC (System ON Chip) -is an integrated circuit (IC) that
integrates all components of a computer or other electronic system
into a single chip. It may contain digital, analog, mixed-signal,
and often radio- frequency functionsall on a single chip substrate.
SoCs are very common in the mobile electronics market because of
their low power consumption. A typical application is in the area
of embedded systems.
11. 7. WSI (Wafer Scale Integration) is a rarely used system of
building very-large integrated circuit networks that use an entire
silicon wafer to produce a single "super-chip". Through a
combination of large size and reduced packaging, WSI could lead to
dramatically reduced costs for some systems, notably massively
parallel supercomputers. The name is taken from the term
very-large-scale integration, the current state of the art when WSI
was being developed.
12. 8.3D-IC (Three dimensional Integrated Circuits) -is an
integrated circuit manufactured by stacking silicon wafers and/or
dies and interconnecting them vertically using through-silicon vias
(TSVs) so that they behave as a single device to achieve
performance improvements at reduced power and smaller footprint
than conventional two dimensional processes. 3D IC is just one of a
host of 3D integration schemes that exploit the z-direction to
achieve electrical performance benefits.
13. Types of Integrated Circuits A. Digital Integrated Circuits
Digital ICs are the ones which work only on two defined levels 1s
and 0s. They work on binary mathematics. They can contain millions
of logic gates, flip-flops etc integrated on a single chip.
Microprocessors and microcontrollers are examples of digital
ICs
14. B. Analog Integrated Circuits They work by processing
continuous signals. They perform functions such as filtering,
amplification, modulation, demodulation etc. Sensors, OP-AMPs are
analog ICs
15. C. Mixed Signal Integrated Circuits - combination of
Digital Integrated Circuit and Analog Integrated Circuit.
16. D. Microprocessor Integrated Circuits -composed of millions
of transistors that have been configured as thousands of individual
digital circuits, each of which performs some specific logic
function. E. Memory Integrated Circuits - memory is composed of
dense arrays of parallel circuits that use their voltage states to
store information. Memory also stores the temporary sequence of
instructions, or program, for the microprocessor
17. F. Application-specific Integrated Circuits -An
application-specific IC (ASIC) can be either a digital or an analog
circuit. As their name implies, ASICs are not reconfigurable; they
perform only one specific function. For example, a speed controller
IC for a remote control car is hard-wired to do one job and could
never become a microprocessor. An ASIC does not contain any ability
to follow alternate instructions. G. Radio-frequency Integrated
Circuits -Radio-frequency ICs (RFICs) are rapidly gaining
importance in cellular telephones and pagers. RFICs are analog
circuits that usually run in the frequency range of 900 MHz to 2.4
GHz (900 million hertz to 2.4 billion hertz). They are usually
thought of as ASICs even though some may be configurable for
several similar applications.
18. H. Microwave monolithic Integrated Circuits -A special type
of RFIC is known as a microwave monolithic IC (MMIC). These
circuits run in the 2.4- to 20-GHz range, or microwave frequencies,
and are used in radar systems, in satellite communications, and as
power amplifiers for cellular telephones.
21. Advantages of Integrated Circuits 1. Since the soldering
joints are not used in integrated circuits, this means that they
are more reliable than discrete circuits. This is due to the
reduction in number of interconnections between components. 2. Due
to fabrication of the various components on the integrated
circuits, the components became much smaller. This makes integrated
circuits much lighter than discrete circuits. The integrated
circuits thus consume much less space than discrete circuits.
22. 3. Integrated circuits are encapsulated with a silicon
oxide layer during manufacture. This layer is tough and resistant
and thus gives the integrated an ability to operate at extremes of
temperatures and other extreme environmental conditions. 4.
Integrated circuits are constrained to minimize the number of
external connection. This has greatly simplified the layout of
these circuits and makes them easier to use. 5. Integrated circuits
have been notice to use less power for operations.
23. Disadvantages of Integrated Circuits 1. If one component in
an integrated fails, that means the whole circuit has to be
replaced. 2. Integrated circuits have limited capacitances. This
calls for external components if the capacitance needs an
extension. 3. It is impossible to fabricate transformers or any
other kind of inductor onto the integrated circuits and again
calling for a discrete circuit. 4. Power that integrated circuits
can produce is limited and calls for extension. 5. Integrated
circuits are not flexible. Their components cannot be modified and
neither can the parameters of operation.
24. Importance of IC in Industry First, the fact that they
contain multiple components that are designed and tested to perform
a specific task means that the electronic designer can use them as
building blocks within a circuit instead of designing many separate
components. Second, and the more significant advantage is that they
can reduce the size of components to allow a far higher component
density. Processor and memory chips contain millions of components
in a package that is only an inch or two across. The same circuit
in discrete components would fill a room. We benefit by seeing tiny
products such as cell phones or laptop computers that simply
wouldn't exist without integrated circuits. Integrated circuits
also benefit us by using less power than discrete components and by
operating at higher frequencies.