Integrated Approach to Climate Change in Bangladesh

Integrated Approach to Climate Change in Bangladesh

Jed Shilling, Chairman Board of Trusteeswww.millennium-institute.org

DFID -- October 7, 2009

You cannot solve the problem with the same

thinking that created the problem Albert Einstein

Why We Need Systemic Tools

• Bangladesh faces serious challenges• New challenges need to be addressed by

innovative new methods• Conference in Bellagio last year

demonstrated Bangladesh had done serious work on climate change and sought new tools to apply better policies

• We will introduce an innovative and effective tool to help address these issues

Bellagio Conference Results

• Meeting of experts in Bangladesh sponsored by Rockefeller Foundation and BCAS

• Summarized the work on climate change done by Bangladeshi experts and the challenges

• Recognized the need to understand the cross-sector effects of climate change impacts and of the country’s policies

• Concluded that a systemic model was needed to analyze alternate policies and assumptions about climate change, and recommended T21

Bangladesh’s Challenges

• Achieving sustainable development

• Assuring benefits distributed to significantly reduce poverty

• Dealing with Climate Change impacts to reduce the risks and costs– Take account of cross sector impacts– Address increasingly complex issues– Promote more cooperation

Why a Systemic Approach?• Conventional analyses rarely look beyond the

sector specific and beneficial results• Activities in any sector can have effects, direct

and indirect on other sectors • We now face broader systemic problems

– Economic activities affect society and the environment -- Pollution and climate change

– Social activities affect the economy and environment -- Migration and land degradation

– Environmental factors affect the economy and society -- Floods and droughts and heat waves

• It may be years before the impacts are evident, but we can determine that they are coming and be precautionary

Systemic Example

We Need to be Careful

To Avoid Unexpected Results!

The Millennium Institute

• MI was established in 1983 to promote innovative, holistic, long-term strategic planning

• MI’s Goals are to help reduce poverty, increase sustainable growth, and improve living standards

• MI achieves this through Threshold 21, which • Is an innovative tool for better strategic decision making• Helps convert strategic visions into achievable, sustainable

development plans and investment programs• Builds capacity of the users to apply the model to achieve their

goals sooner and avoid negative side effects• Incorporates stakeholders’ concerns into the process

System Dynamics Modeling

• The Global 2000 Report raised serious issues about the lack of tools for integrated analyses

• Sector and macro models did not address cross sector issues, and still typically don’t

• “Discovery” of System Dynamics• This led to the invention of the THRESHOLD 21 Model

and application in many countries• Continued innovation added sustainability issues, MDGs,

PRSPs, Climate change, energy, food, risk factors, etc.• Support for private sector planning -- GM• Application to Green Economics issues -- WWF, UNEP,

MI Around the World

T 21 Countries

MI Partner

MI Head Office

M 3 Countries

MEG Countries

Range of Economic ModelsRange of Economic Models

• Political Economy and conceptual models that try to explain basic relations

• Linear models and Econometrics• Accounting frameworks: RMSM, MTEF• Matrix models: I-O, SAM, and CGE• Sector models: MARKAL, WEM• Broader Systemic models: T21

The Threshold 21 Approach

• System dynamics methodology Reflects observed real world relations Based on existing sector analyses Analyzes cross-sector links and feedback loops

• T21 is composed of three main pillars Economic -- SAM, key market balances, and production Social -- dynamics in population, health, HIV/AIDS, education Environmental -- area specific issues and information

• Adapted to priority goals and vision for each individual country, based on its own data, structure, and patterns of activity

• Calibrated against history to provide reality checks and learn more• Generates multiple medium-to-long-term scenarios

The Basic T21 Structure

s o c i e t y

e n v i r o n m e n t

e c o n o m y

e d u c a t i o n

h e a l t h

p o p u l a t i o n

i n f r a s t r u c

t u r e

l a b o r

p o v e r t y

p r o d u c t i o n

g o v e r n m e n t

i n v e s t m e n t

r o w

h o u s e h o l d s

t e c h n o l o g y

c l i m a t e

c h a n g e

m i n e r a l s e m i s s i o n s

l a n d

s u s t a i n a b i

l i t y

w a t e r

e n e r g y

The Key Connections in T21

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Threshold 21 Advantages

• Powerful and fully integrated tool helps understand the full range of effects of policies to achieve your goals

• Based on real-world causal relations across economic, social, and environmental sectors, not just on theory

• Scenarios illustrate options to see how different policies help achieve medium to longer-term objectives

• Sector detail integrated into holistic framework • Promotes productive dialogue among different

stakeholders to build broader support• Fast, User-friendly, Transparent

Threshold 21 Experiences

• Malawi -- Coordinating policy makers to reach consensus on national strategy

• Guiana -- Spreading the benefits of Structural adjustment to help the poor

• Mozambique -- Incorporating stakeholder views to prevent negative side-effects

• Mali -- Demonstrating what is needed to achieve targets• China -- Food security, energy, GHG emissions• USA -- Energy, Industrial security• UNEP -- Integrating Green sectors into a

comprehensive Green Economy

How T21 Is Applied

• To help achieve MDGs

• Deal with climate change issues

• Address energy and food security

• For risk analysis

Achieving the MDGs

• Tracks these non-economic elements of well-being overall, by region, and income level

• Incorporates their interactions and relations across sectors

• Identifies synergies in achieving goals and coordinating policies to get best results

• Analyzes costs and benefits of supporting these goals in relation to other options and overall development

• Demonstrates how targets are being achieved

Dealing with Climate Issues

• Water availability, source, and pollution • Sea Level rise• Land use, degradation, forest change• Natural disasters: impacts, proactive and

reactive policies, etc.• Social protection • Coordination of programs in different sectors• Testing effects of different assumptions about

rates of climate change

Bangladesh Climate Issues

• Water Challenges

• Agriculture Challenges

• Health Challenges

• Social challenges

• Economic Challenges

• Regional Challenges

Food Security

• Examines domestic production options for both in relation to adaptation and mitigation

• Considers land degradation, water availability, and pollution issues

• Analyzes price sensitivity and relation to trade• Examines means of increasing domestic

production sustainably and effects on jobs, etc. • Tests how increased domestic production can

improve development over time and at what cost• Analyzes risks and means of dealing with them

Energy Security

• Examines benefits and costs of increasing energy efficiency

• Illustrates sensitivity to external shocks• Examines application of more renewables• Analyzes options to reduce energy

demand without diminishing development

• Tests risks of energy shortages

Risk Analysis

• Future is unknown and not predictable

• Bangladesh faces risks from shifts in structure, trends, and exogenous factors, which can be tested in scenarios

• T21 can analyze risks by Monte Carlo estimates, by assuming exogenous shifts, by endogenous structural change, confidence parameters, or by including long-term limitations, e.g. on resources

• Impacts are based on previous experiences or specific studies

• These risk scenarios help identify where adaptation, mitigation, or precautionary measures are needed and what their costs and benefits will be

Systematic Analysis of Issues

• Test different assumptions about rate of climate changes

• Examine the effects of policies in one sector on the others, – Water on agriculture, land, and health– Infrastructure on food and energy security and

urbanization– Migration on productivity and civil security

• Economic, social, and environmental costs and benefits of different programs

Data for T21

• Uses data from existing sources, other models, special studies, etc. for economy, society, and environment

• Uses inputs from local experts on data and relationships

• Structuring and calibration of model helps identify data inconsistencies and gaps

• T21 organizes relatively complex data into more transparent and easily understandable structure

• We have been able to gather necessary data for wide range of countries

T21 Application Process

• Information collection -- data and real world relations

• Local capacity building -- modelers and users

• Stakeholder involvement in design and application

• Testing and calibration with local experts• Dialogue promotion with different parties• Transfer of ownership and use of model

T21 Values

• Learn a lot in building model• Helps bring together stakeholders and provides

a common transparent, non-partisan language• Calibration builds confidence in reliability of

model representing the real world• Long term view of results across sectors• Readily modified to address new issues, add

new information, and examine new goals• Transparent and easy to use as Weishuang will

demonstrate

Thank You for Your AttentionThank You for Your Attention

Questions and comments are welcomeQuestions and comments are welcome

[email protected]

Our Experience

Sustainable strategic development, customized models, and reports fo over 45 countries

• Islands: Jamaica, St Lucia, Cape Verde, Mauritius, • Poverty, MDGs, and job creation: Ghana, Mali, Malawi,

Mozambique, Jamaica, Bhutan• Energy: USA, North America, China, Denmark, Mozambique,

Jamaica, Ecuador• Education and Health: Ghana, Mali, Malawi, Mozambique,

Swaziland, Thailand, Malaria, HIV/AIDS• Environment: Papua, Mozambique, Bhutan, China• Natural disasters and External shocks: Jamaica, Mali,

Mozambique, USA, Denmark• Current activities: Swaziland, Mauritius, Senegal, Ohio, Maui,

Lollands, China, USA, ECOWAS, UNEP Green Economy,

T21’s Analytic Strengths

• Highly flexible and readily adapted to each user’s issues• Integrates the best available sector models and other sources

of information and helps improve data consistency• Combines economic, social, and environmental factors into a

single holistic model where most variables are endogenous• Based on real experience, not text book based solutions• Generates scenarios to compare different ways to achieve

goals, monitor progress, and evaluate results across all sectors• Supports full cost-benefit analyses• Identifies tipping points and other risks related to climate

change, external factors, and possible shocks

T21’s Operational Strengths

• Helps understand the real development processes and what is needed to achieve the user’s goals over long time horizon

• Easily updated to include more recent data, new sectors or issues, and other strategic factors

• Shows cross-sectoral feedback; unintended consequences on the society, economy, and environment; long-term structural changes over time; and non-economic benefits and risks

• Helps design better policy combinations and investment programs to achieve strategic goals, sustainable development,

• Graphic and tabular outputs make it easy to show, compare, and analyze results

• Tracks and shows the causal relations producing results, which helps identify where mitigation is needed

T21’s Functional Strengths

• Provides a transparent tool to unite various parties around consistent policies and build support for necessary actions.

• Helps link short- medium- and long-term planning to assure more sustainable policy choices

• Supports cooperation among stakeholders at the planning, technical, and implementation levels

• Identifies needed behavioral changes that influence society, economic, and environmental spheres.

• Generates a very positive return on the investment in this innovative, dynamic process

• Provides scenarios of likely results, not perfect projections

• “MI’s integrated dynamic models have been vital for GM’s sales forecasts”Paul Ballew, GM

• “MI’s long-term, integrated perspective is essential” Pablo Guerrero, World Bank

• “MI’s T21 analytical tool is essential for effective national development strategies” Ed Cain, Carter Center

• Fascinating! David Cohen, Counterparts International

• If only we had known such a tool existed…. Chorus of planning experts from 11 countries in Southern Africa

• We need to use this tool at the Headquarters, in our embassies and help our country partner acquire it…

Dutch Ambassador Ton Boon von Ochsen

• I want that T 21 planning team in my office… Président Amadou T Touré, Mali

• It has been my dream since ten years to get the the POIJ departments to work together…now its happening with T21; With T21 I can see team building and networking across the ministries and government agencies and effective communication

Wesley Hugh, Director Planning office Jamaica

What Partners and Clients Are Saying