Integral humanism of Jacques Maritain as related to his philosophy of the person

THE INI£i;RAL HUMANISJI «F

J ACQ JOES MARITAIN

RELATED TO HIS

PHILOSOPHY

OF THE PERSON

NORAH WILLIS MICHENER M. A.

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UNIVERSITY OF TORONTOSCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES

PROGRAMME OF THE FINAL ORAL EXAMINATION

FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

of

NORAH WILLIS MICHENER

9:00 A.M., THURSDAY, MAY 21st, 1953

AT 44 HOSKIN AVENUE

THE INTEGRAL HUMANISM OF JACQUES MARITAIN AS

RELATED TO HIS PHILOSOPHy OF THE PERSON

COMMITTEE IN CHARGE

Professor R. &. Knox, Chairman

Professor F. H. Anderson

Professor A. C. Pecis

Professor L. E. M. LynchProfessor G. Phelan

Professor E. Goccio

Professor V. B. Brezik

Professor I. T. EschmannProfessor Marcus Long

Professor R. F. McRaeProfessor D. R. G. Owen

BIOGRAPHICAL

1902—Born, Boissevain, Manitoba.1922—B.A., University of British Columbia:

1937—M.A., University of Toronto.

1933-1953—School of Graduate Studies, University of Toronto.

The Integral Humanism of Jacques Maritain as

Related to his Philosophy of the Person

This thesis is a study of the doctrine of Integral Humanism in the tbouglit

of Jacques Maritain, as related to liis philosophy of the person. Maritain (b.

1882) IS an eminent figure in contemporary philosopliy, a Frenchman by birth

ahhough now living in the U.S.A.. and a Christian existentialist. Trained at

the Sorbonne in both philosophy and science, which he later studied under

Hans Uriesch in Heidelberg, Maritain and liis Russian Jewish wife Raissa are

both converts to Catholicism.

Three spiritualisms may be said to have formed and set the direction of his

life, the details of which are important because of the close relation between it

and his works.

The first spiritualism was that exercised by Bergson, who was at that time

giving his dynamic lectures at the College de France and who managed to

deliver Maritain, to some extent, from the depression consequent upon the

materialistic, deterministic and often atheistic views of his science professors.

Despite the fact that Bergson never did produce the metaphysics which he led

his students to expect, and which Maritain so ardently desired and later found

in the philosophy of Thomas .Aquinas, Maritain found in Bergson a foil for

the development of his own philosophical ideas and a friend whose personality

and philosophy have never ceased to draw his interest, affection and comment.

La Philosdpliie Bergsonienne, published first in 1914 and subsequently in 1930

and in 1948, represents the fruit of Maritain's first writing and teaching. Hehas referred to Bergson in many of his other works and has devoted two

chapters in Ransoming the Time (1946) to a consideration of Bergson's meta-

physics and his philosophy of morality and religion. His latest book. Creative

Intuition (1953), would seem to be, in its very title, reminiscent of Bergson.

The second spiritualism which Maritain was to experience, was tliat of the

self-styled Pilgrim of the Absolute, Leon Bloy. who through the fire of his

great love of God and of the saints, led Maritain and his wife into the Catholic

Church. The implications of this conversion—a belief in the existence of God,

the divinity of Christ, the revelation of the Scriptures and the teaching authority

of the Catholic Church—are of great importance in the development of the

philosophy of Maritain, who was a convert before he was a philosopher and

who has always accepted the teachings of his Faith with gratitude and un-

equivocal realism. It has been the search for truth which has dominated the

life of Maritain, and theological truth was not only the first truth in point of

time which he found ; it has remained the first truth in point of value, and

philosophical truth is subalternated to it.

The third spiritualism which aft'ected Maritain was that of his spiritual

director, Pere Humbert Clerissac. who thought of God as Truth and who taught

the Maritains—we must always reckon with Raissa Maritain who has been a

strong and ever-present influence in the life of her husband—that the basic thing

about Christian life was that it was intelligent. During three years spent in

Versailles near Clerissac. Maritain studied the works of Thomas .Aquinas and

came to see what he considered to be spectacular solutions of the majorproblems of philosophy, especially as applicable to the problems of our age. Asa result he decided that his true vocation was that of a philosopher and heuttered what was to be the battle cry of his life : "Vae mihi si nonthomistizavero!"

The philosophy of Maritain, then,—like that of St. Thomas, whose principles

it attempts to follow and creatively to develop—is an integrally rational dis-

cipline, but it is set in a Christian wisdom and under its guidance. In whatmight be called his Summa, Dislinyiicr pour Unir on Les Dcgrcs du Sai'oir

(1932), Maritain has set forth both the degrees of rational knowledge open to

man and the degrees of supra-rational knowing and the relations among them.The fundamental subject of the philosophy of Maritain, especially in its

political and social aspects, is that of tlie person. The person is that which is

most noble and most perfect in all of nature. It is because man has an intellect

and a will capable of knowing and loving all things, even God, that his natureis such that his dignity is above all other creatures. Maritain is concerned to

establish an adequate relationship for man both to his ultimate end which is

God and to the community in which he lives. He does this by means of aclassic distinction between the individual and the person. Every individual bearsthe same relationship to the community as the part bears to the whole and hemust serve the ends of the community and even, if need be, give his life for it.

Nevertheless, man as a person has an immortal soul and can find his ultimatesatisfaction and end only beyond time in union with God. He cannot, therefore,

be subject to the body politic according to all that he has and is. Each intel-

lectual substance is made first for God, second for the perfection of the order of

the universe and third for itself, that is, for the immanent and spiritual action

by which it perfects itself and accomplishes its destiny.

Maritain believes that there is an order in things which is basically intel-

ligible and that the intellect is made in such a way that it can know that order

;

in other words, that it can know being in all its analogical manifestations. Beingis the tnost fundamental concept in the metaphysics of Maritain and in its

various aspects—as essence, as subsistence and as esse—it forms the meta-physical groundwork of the concept of personality. Since man possesses a nature,

he has what Maritain calls normality of function and is therefore subject to

natural law which is founded in divine law and which is the basis of the rights

of man.Rationality is the root not only of the dignity of man, but also of his freedom.

It is because man has an intellect and can distinguish between what is desirable

and what is not, that he has a free will. The will is a spiritual appetite rootedin knowing, which is, by nature, necessarily turned to an Infinite Good, with the

result that it is free in the face of any particular good. The soul of man is

even free to damn itself and to reject its ultimate end.

It is by the exercise of his first freedom or freedom of choice that man canachieve, through the exercise of his freedom of spontaneity—which is the basic

activity of all created things toward their ends and whose last degree is repre-

sented by God—that ultimate freedom which is known as liberty of autonomy orliberty of independence. Such is the attainment of personality.

The problem of evil is necessarily related to the experience of freedom.Maritain believes that a free creature, naturally impeccable, would be a squaredcircle. The explanation of the existence of evil rests in the experience of

freedom.Metaphysical evil, for Maritain, is not a positive being. It is neither an

essence, nor a nature, nor a form, nor an act of being. It is an absence of beingand not a mere negation. It is a privation—the privation of the good which should

be in a thing. Maritain is not saying that evil does not exist, but that it is a

metaphysical monstrosity and exists only in and through the good, as aparasite. All being is good in so far as it is.

J J If.

Tile reasons given for the existence of evil are in part theological. The per-

fection of the universe demands that there be inequality in tilings, so that all

degrees of being and of goodness may be tilled. God can extract good even fromevil and much good would be lost if God did not permit evil. Moreover, Godhas allowed fallible created freedom in order that man may freely choose to

love Him or to reject Him. Sin and evil are the price of the free choice of glory.

Moral evil exists because human choice is both free and creaturely. Mancan fail in the use of his choice. Evil action, the failure to choose a possible

good, arises because of inattention to the rule of reason and of divine law, at

the moment of positing an act.

Since man in order to achive his two related ends, civilisation here below andbeatitude above, must live in society, Maritain has been concerned to set downsome general principles for the guidance of a Christian democratic society. Hehas not attempted to give a detailed blueprint, but has been interested only to

set out general principles. Four main characteristics of such a society havebeen stressed.

First, it must be pcrsoinilist or based on the dignity and importance of manas a spiritual creature of God. Second, it must be communal and recognize that

man must live in society in order to develop his own powers and to achieve his

proper end. Third, it must be pluralist. Man needs a series of hierarchical andrelated societies such as the family, the schools, the university, the church andthe state. The relationship between the last two is carefully delineated and stress

is placed on the complete freedom of individuals, as far as the state is concerned,

to choose tlieir own philosophy and religious faith. Fourth, it should bethcoccntric and Christian, not anthropocentric. It should believe in God as the

giver of all good things and the source of the dignity of the human person.

A theory of the relation of Church and State, of sovereignty and of authority

as well as a careful delineation of the meanings and relationships among com-munity, nation, society, state and people, has been worked out by Maritain in anattempt to provide adequate philosophy for a Christian democracy.

Maritain is a modern prophet with a heart and mind dedicated to the love

of God and the welfare of man. He has devoted himself to the establishment of

an integral Christian philosophy of man, which will recognize the dignity of

man in society and his ultimate destiny in God.

^^ '^^ GRADUATE STUDIES

Major Subject:

Systematic Philosophy—The Staff in Philosophy

Minor Subjects:

Greek Philosophy—Professor G. S. Brett

Professor F. H. AndersonItalian—Professor E. Shaw

Professor E. Goggio

Z sboald lifctf to thank «li U<o&e, toe

nunsrouB to »»ntxe«i by nBae^ utio timw9 Xt^eti

Idnd «f)ougli %0 httlp 8M» in the pwptimtitm of

thie thiols. ^ 9bi«f debt i« to m fiiV9Qtor,

Dr. Aaton w* F«iii9| botii for tM «««^«etSon

of 6 ftu3>i«et «tkd for hi 8 9ati90t and ;seliolarXy

gttitf»a»« «f ii^ efforts, i^y I «X9o r««ord «^

gnttltiitf* feo M, Wirltoin hlmfseif fop Ijis

encouTftKtttiMnii «iid tdvi^^, «o finely and g«tMHrou»Xy

8iv«n duiriais tht oouree of bio msanrouc vi8it«

to Toronto,

mi^ ».«*;»a4 r

4 9>9

"Oil ..,.,. p, 1^

THE EkmJi TQ.^• ^^ IH

1» Iter^ts, p, 3 J 11. Fariy yeaw,»«^j iil* "njc Sorbg^f^ p,5| Iv,

^ber&^nn, p,9* vll» l^c a-n6

iMptlsa, p.lla vlil. Hfci.'t i'i*lesch,p«l6; l35» Cldrl0t&c. p«l6j k, St.ThGQ88 A<{iU.n8e^ p» 193 7^* ChristianS^)iio8<^pasr ftBd OeM«rt«e, p. aO|sell, XntngrsI HurasnlA, p. c^.

t. vntiner. p. 26; ii« Bibuogra-phl«8, p, 27i Hi. Th** Person, eoz«tloiMix, fia fr«e eod as ooeiai, p«s3|iv, Xntegrsi I!t2!ami«a^ p, 30,

i; I;,i?oin;Dnc'e of Beyggcm far ftarltsln,p. 3S| li, r%ritsli)*0 waitings onBmp^mo, p. Jit; ill. I4.b«v»tin^*mttect of B€i^9(»}*0 t«tQhii«^ p« S<3fiv, 7h« tiiec^ or Uw int«Xl€Kit ^sthe te«7# p. 37| v« "J^ ion awJ

mistheltB. p. 50s x« Borcrtion ant!

^3g£^ p, 51; ^« B^xecon end thecmuvoh^ p, 3611, BerceoD and »-tionai tijcc..., ^, P» 53J slli. TheChrlBtien e^yatlcE. p, 5^i xiv, Acritique of ngpiXlt^ in Tha.ttwtSwcefl . p« ^1 xv« A erxnu|ii«rclicioc ItJ Thg sewe SflMWfegg. p.

of60$

rvl. *l5rirfclc»i lire, p. oij acvli.Accord, p. 02.

•X «^ 4 • •; * « • * • • # # • •'. « * »

a*

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• « <

!• TIM 9«P»Qn se thff hi^ of «o«i0lpaiQa<ipf'iy» p* &^i il* '^xdtsiii end1%, 'ffmmtif i>, 67i 111* ili^ basielMKt« of ^i. A*ha»6e on the ^«raoQ,9* 68j iv. 'T'b* individual f>n<» the '^

ptKmmg p« 70) V. Philottoptiy endttieolos^, p. 7*J vi« Hh* ia«t8«9liy«le« of the pemKXi and the i^eine;

of t^tet^^t-'-^'^r. p. 76 J vii, Eseefjce

tcfoor m Britain imd In fiarfere, p«06|

X. fh« d«®pe«« CKf I. :>p©n to

of s»n, , "^5 Hit, !iati»?8:i Isw endhueatii n , p. 96.

^gfegg V t Tm. PEHf ::: Ai- i^;.M^ ....... p. lfl£j«

i, I!^««dc%i and xmtt33pe,ji, XC^i 14*Fl<»««<Mi of vUll, p. lOCTi lii. Belatloaof free will to intellect, p. loO;lir* F]i«eodci^ of i poatAoelty. p« llOjV* 9ro«doB} of eotomxa^ In Britainsod &»fi^e, p. 113; vi. God 1^0 th«hlrjhoBt dc^p«« <^ 8pontdi^ltr« p. 113

j

vii* Bed eff«et8 of the dlsveg^vd ofGod 9n liberty incen»t«, p. 117

1

viii* F2«obl«»i of «vil. p, llBt i2t.

Evil of being atJd ©vll of action, p.lSl;X. Ec^latioo of theology to phlio«c^>hy,

• p, lail.

chapt«p_vti t«8 wsmm m.socim p. 129.

i, ^Etie Illation of libci^/ to fswia e»aoolal, p. UBi 11* ^o haa & eOoielnotupe bee&uee of IiIk ipteTIect endfi3L9 will, p. I3<ii ill. Mao ae re*latod to t?ie oort-csn ir<>od and hla finaland, p. 13I1 iv. A thooeaviti^o hawmiaEiin place of en anthx*033foe«titrlc haaaniaei,

p. 133 J V. Uo return to the iiadleAgee, AnaloGical pnnciplea, p. 13iii

vi. Ealation of CiHireh 0n& state, p.l37}vll. Faith csraiot l>e itapoaed by con-atvtiat, p. l42i vlil. A ChrietianlyInaplred de^ooratle aoelety, p«l^^j(ijc. Beale of e)£^vecR^nt in a ChrlBtlantfanoe«»ey, p. 1^7; x. Failure of aodwm

^ » *: * » • '*«

• ,*>

•;>'

eoclety to vimXXze social doniocreoy,p* 1^*9; xl, Crltlclon of totali-tarian fosiaa of ori;anlt:atlcm, p. 1513xii. '^'- s>cr»oat^lGo - tl>© aawa,p. 1. Ill, Capltallttei. iMCdvatepi?op«rty end boureaols lib«r8ll«Ei«

P» 15^3 slv. Position of ««eiany p. 15T|m* A lift«le ^^lUoaqi^ fop 4matfmWfp, 1591 5evl, Sov«rolcnty# P* I6*i5

xvll, Authoplty^ p. 167.

Ctffla^ VII » CCSfCLiaum iiSHAHK^ p. m.

tforstt • * . . . p. 170.

A CIH^IQLOGl OP rm UWS OP JACQt^BI mihltAin p* S33.

I^mUQQlMFU^. p. ^i6.

.ari: .^..

^ 1} T H D t g T I li

phllosopliical ttoxics ol a s^n eti^j jp»jr £ie«nt uttentlon

to the mo tiSj»isGlf« t1ii« 0anm>t be d@!)« in ti)« ea»«

of Jjss-^ftjoti ""^vitnin 's?hcs« llf© is a kint? of ii)eama<»

tion <af too :*©Xi.®ii.^5., *«? v.. .'sec ^«'i*i^^ i-ai- the

paot foi?ty cxJd ywiPt e tbe elites* ol' the recent

volWR®, Jaeqaeji Marital^, his ©aid io hla pp4««iit6«»

un aoe^nt plus personnel <|ii« HBrltftin d9 ia philoeophl*

Tiim close iiit«gje«tlf»» b«t«M?«ii tht woi!^ af

Msrltaiit oik) hit Xil'<» explsliis it> pdrt the cftiotweti®

InfltMKMfe which h© bai? ha 3, both ©e a w2»lt©J? aiKJ »»

• mil. Ht tot «t le««t Bot s«i'fQ*'e<3 by belt^? over-

iooleed. Zn tdcSitioo^ the tiDueyiiX ftet isimtloiied hy

Oiisoo Witt ^ nottds '*0n coanatt det phiXo^ophee

qui v^tistttot ft 3l« p««f4d a« ^teqiiet Hsrittin, et

d'tutdtit plut feroMMiwat qu'lis It eoeatitBtiit plus

w»X, ml» mxl ne x^tlste ft ta p»4tt9im9*' (2)«

Tb« Mlient point In the Xlf« tnd wortc of

Mtritain htt h««n hit belief Ivt the esittenee of

truth, hie aetesnitied teereh for it end hie eeivpageou^

Wf

v^ci'l' *•

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'K>^k.. (Hi *«.-.

"WS

•avoiy ««11 r » GVil m mm, xxm vilidlii'* (3). Hla

phiX0«e|>li9' Is eot Juft an i»iell<3<?tu8X @laboi»ation

wlii«l» s«ti$i*le8i ofily p^rt of hie b@ii^. It 1& the

»9««fer to ttui i|tt98t ^ hla life} to t^ ttat«»rl«l«

intelXimtaftl 8»«9' »pls±tml vm«^M or Id® wt^Xe tMsing*

!l» Ues tou@E)^ on «yexT rat^ox* p^iwer is littBHt» ti8tU3P«

m^ foa? th« lov© of hi» owa Ijj^ietmitjr. ile is aeut^lf

ait«z« of the atterlallSi a»d ^fhat ho hae called the

a«l€Mt^mi of Irhe ttg« i» Mhleli bd liireti, lie ho

«

dl«gtie««d hie tine «e living **» aiii«s»« of th« miDd*

0)« lk» is, in pifiln t%mm, b p\'^Xm^f0»r ^tth o

ni8ftlci», iihi«h in his own woj^t i9, '^to f«fi%ov« the

immm »i»t3 to o£*()«r tiss bo, with the ai«o« of Ood^

to hyii^ the wopXd baek to the paths of Truth, th«

loss of whieh 00/ weXX involve th® di@£soXutio» of tli9

«iwa<?* (3),

Hvidttv these ^immmttuntf^e , the llf« of Britain

my he 9onaiA6»e6 to be of mom thaist a&wl impoapteeee

in eflir ettw^pt to s^ve on estinnate of his philosophieal

position.

LI

t € ^ m rm txm or

* I .

J^eip«« s^Tltidis mil ^^am oe !i0riiia»«r 18, tBBSt

ia fiirl«.

z.:^ father^, J^ul V^^rltatn, (m& tlse !?«e!3?«*«r3r

to JuXeo F3vx«j^ IMS e Ijiti^fifff wlio h»d tlie 4iBtlootio»

ef beini s l^jltosnits^ of the ^r of ^^Gn. That his

ton elieiild have purtu^^ phllcMSophy AsrtoDlsht^^d him,

wtn «tt«tii3ii^ th« ^^»oj<l»oim«,

(9tiJ^ht«jr. ot Juloo ;.aY;?«4 & X«xj^-r wh<? w^e a m&m^ff

is the political life of Praoee dttjrlncr thi» op^nlmg

mipi of tuir 'It.. f'Jll0« ..^ daughter cf t^i# firsrt

aiad Catholic nlfe of her fath«r« 0ot)evi4ir9 nas hawught

up iukSoi* the lr)fltMfio« of his &«e«m9 todi Frc^stant

wlftt^ who stte«o«do0 flwill^ la attxvetliig hoth h&r

hii8htti0 aiKS hl8 <3attiht<?r to \mr ehureh. Xt ^e fop

this jp«9»o» that young Ja<?<}tt«« nat hOFtlsed « Frotostant.

OfMnri^YO Britain waa a ttoauiQ of vewy acm&ld^mbl^

vtvtvngth of eonvictlo» attd of abmnator. In apit« of

IMNP <lofl#tftloii fron her oariy training, eho poaaeaaod

v

.^«

a fUxt \mllet in the apiritiial fatur© of busiaiillJif iii^

9tmieti^bsB 2«poblledi» sijiUjHHteg end « gr««t love of

llb«KPty,

* II *

Htrltsin x*9«elv<9d bis iMirlsr 4M3u#i»tion st tbve*

4ttf«vmit hy^4e&t CoBd«mi«t, Cajmo^t anS Henri li' (6),

Ijstei? he «tt9ndc»3 the Sorbcame.

It w»» ftt th@ l.yc4e B&m*! IV that tm satet

Ivfiftet Pei^hexd^ ^o thvongli bit aol^t«r IMmI^, ^@r

Hivuin'ff ^TO»(5©cfn. "W i>etit fll# 4« Julas Pavjfe" and

*i# petit flic d»e RcvHin* fciREnmsd a close friendship

irttitfo w^s to laet until the lattev'B tiMHith on th« flii»ld

of iMittle In th© ettpljr Aiye e^ th© Fijpet Qz^Mit ^r,

UliHtttlti in Cl»f^7 'T of AslggiilHpi mtd hlR

wife rnitm m her w«»lro, I^f g|ff#ftl %m#. ^^^

9pmik •% l«rrrth and wltli «€msl<3^wt»i # «motictn of tljis

iVll9U9i»t, ii«nsltlvft »nd x«ther im@tai»i« yotmg nsti^

n^ im« iMroil^t tip in "1© cxtlte d« l^jftnsn** (7) an<5 who

found It 0plrltually Emffocatln*?, Tho dvepond&noy

sod d«gvtd»tion of Me youKig neiihood latex* yielded to

th« vtvlvlfylt^ diaoipllnec of th© anqr tnd th« Chtaiwh.

In waditus tfheit %x^tiln ha a to aar about

Palchai»l, It la elear that he ha« m^ltten about hl».

$>

QMSfm 1 ^

not only b$««u&@ t«? *i«» hie i >irK3 an euth-^r ©f

»isR« note, hut aXeo l»ee«u«e h- ..», Uim a vlvicj

<miiHp3.o ef the onXjf too fv^^piisnt £^sult9 of tbe oui'i^'efit

lisid Uis i^rt It) p&Xi3t2A^ the Xe^^eoa of integral hUBBStiiat

At tM ::>oif)i&am» sii»l4wi» ttiftiwJiitf ilwt I««^»mi..

<tf fiRlls Pax%:hei» and Ltial#!i L^r^«B2«uhI (9), ^nhoiue

s»iEc^tiei89a si»j ^'3H;4i!';;ivxm(.' prss^^'i^JecJ iio answors to tho

queatlmu; wbl?b isost tPOti\»l<i^ Mm»

V6l±x t& Bantrf-.?, a p3«jferaser of Titttyi^EiX ««i#nef

aX3o added tig -^i?j.tt®ia'» aesfwx**. -: ~<^:r.,-:^ :j-' a

esateriaXlst and »n wtlwlst, ana, ^

tint Ilia poeition '^m& »« iif^^>o#«iM.€' ^f ipv^eof es that

of the Cnrlstlat3£^« ti;^ yet founa tiiattftXl' uml>X«} to b^^

litve oth«rKise. Fox* te Dsntec lif» wse jv^t a p«rti»

eaXsr <;h«ffia«9X eG«biti8tl9|}, liit«lll^«t>ee a ^ft mUtrial

uta.9^ Xive^ at a aertaia tems:^i%tu£*«} an<l t^^ atmaal^niaa

en apipbWMninon*

»e shouXd not thea be eui?]^rload to flwj Britain

in his C<»afesalt» ^e gi^ p«lntl«is out that ttw h»nt

^1^ ^thlQh bapywMa to him ^vseim tbaM wiirly yaura

Hi ft^«> '.^^^iKmia i«aa that ha tm% lailsaa Owaanaoff « a

alavac 4twi acmaltlva "i^ettaaa, w\m Ilka tKimmlt waa la

f

Tl<^t#tllMK

mmreU ot \il%im%« truth, **Qe t^m $« cSolft^Afr.^

sitlllftt^ ft m»s 4«it^» ^ %9%^ 4poQu&» «*#et <3U*9lXefi

a*out f»lt r^t«i^3Fe2^ ft la F'seult^ d«t Sol«BO<Mr

09lX» ^tie d«p«dL« Xc»;»e J *»i m le bOBb«ttp a «Bvoljr

teoieors «w»9&8 de «!»>1 <9«iie toufi m@s tr»vaiiK cm

* I? -

f^ritttlti M»r»lae irtiil® he imm still at tlie Soi^

iMMft* •93 M.8 «iiviftg«, hBVlnE 1»««o oi" th@ umieual

fttlleltgr Slid mvpwb wliteh h« haa desoviboa ttbo^, ams^

>»9 Mit«a te ^ la^ortstBoe* 'Ht© «>«9«i<0 of tlielv llftt

fliMW it iQ ?el«n» X «Q intMMTMttai idiwI^MiW

«f NMtlvto •& • ITMNS MB* '*^ IMB* od, teat* wftlao*

#• Vligr«iol<NrU iNli4t«l«» ^ vl« v««&9 ft not DM

IMMM •« A9IIK ¥1MC«, «ax •o«iio«n«i «h«nfeux blonds^

ft 1« VavtM lJt^v*« ft l«anwp« «ii 9«(i pmmniH. 11 •«

9f4««it»» at (tit qu'il 4talt •o tsuin d9 fon»r un

•«Mit4 d •4%iidl«iit« pvmp mwQttw lao Mowroeieot; d« px^-

««(it«tlon pftnd IM 4cvlvt3BB et Its univei»si.al^c;£

fwiffti«» eontipa iM WM|Vfl» toiit iiwiili 4N>»t les

itailMfts •eoUll»«a« yii»i#ft 4«tili«l vi«%l»te «» leur

I

&^ 'ik

It atr ;*...-«

&?;

ifUNl* •«. Ht IX Ke dowiiAa noB ykm pooi^' ee ecnltil,

f«IXe flit SMI S'lraEdBii*^ x^eu^ont^© av0<s Jlrtfoeff 9|ix*it«itt"

(11).

i^lM tiiii4^fit»t»tt. J^eques Unit a^Jft lif^imei^ en

iMlosG^hl^, ia9ie 11 p7^i«lt so^iSl vmtt lie@»&e ^s

8€rt«n^i?«, et fwli5pia»t«it lee isiSi»eB emtPis ooe mat* (19).

^e^ 1191ft alV0 to cmm^vta cnO gsilorl^f^ tagetlier«

bat «bo«^ all th«r telkea. *ll fallsit ]pep«nt«v eii*

8«itfbl« l*iQmiv«3f% tcwit mi&l«H!»i 1« ih»ip» ae^ la vie, 1«

8e«t d@« lioiiBes, la Jitatio* «t 1 'In^uvfeiaa 4»s ooeiiftt^o"

(13)* "^equiiia Hdiritain ai^lt iee eifin«e ]Np4o®e«^tioiio

yampQVdaa ^ue «afi, l«c nttta® uti^etlons le toiawmtalent.

It miw aitiy ($0 la v4vftt^ I'aaiwst t«tit mmm^(1*1).

Sltke th« oelontiat® witlt ifHenath^ at^iad had

ltd aR0fer«7« to the ull^Mi* fltatiocie ifhleh th®3r »<»»»

ailiSfis^ at tlilt p&riod, thejr tam©<5 H«pafttlly to tfe©

pbilea^l^ve. Bone eolaee eaiae to tliam faf«n Spli}o»a,

iHiia intallaetiaal leva of Ood wlttiaiit hq^ of ratinm

i«t<»p00tei9 ?feirltait», atia, f«i?loii.0ly eTJoiigrh, also f3?«»

IliataaehVf baoanav of bla paaaionate aln<?«i*lty. "^

t^ilwiua tfont |« pane d*«0t aatflaMMmt tie npimmtt at

dv KivHatlia fma vioaa ¥<Niat«t)t <|u«l<3iio all%xn»£i8e et

taal<|iia 1»iaih-9tira da I'dxpfrtt** il5)m But whan

Paieliacl was In trouble, it lM>«aai» vmwy olaav that

naltlMr Bpi$mm» nov lHataaatia naa of any naa In coia-

It «06 th^n, out of fditi) with IMI^ >IHil»i<t>^

8t noos d«vcn8 niiiirl vmtGm&r d trnawvey im csiie quel-

t«llii» 8Q tao^ iP^Pit4« ft Is QXstlnetlm 0U him et du

(3« vimi^ liiaR»io«wmt». ^ rH» vcjulais pae d 'ime ^a.l«

e«HidAe. J> '•9e«9iMaeii;Ui «m9 vie gqiiaiOMr^Bt^ »ia.0 oea

mio Vic al^euiNtfe'* (l6)« *Iioit8 voullowi wxxpis' p»v isa

lt1nr» iNKmi 9*%% 4^1% ix^pwmihle #» vlvx*9 mVm la

vMLM* (17).

$lM mofimtmom t^ this miltiae jpcet poMS an

lutnawitti^ yro^len «til«t} lo of e«iirs«»» |jMi»lul>l9*

X^ X9, Immmrwt, im^vwtim to 89« that tth* ratii*]^

tMi|^« tiotQ in MlMt B»i9fB tee to war tibemt It, is

nbMst fxi«ii vtet Mtrltilii litaeelf M7« mIi«b he n«xiti«Mi

it In « a«9«pi9itii«i of their first vlvlt to X4qo l31oy.

*Xls porUii^vlb en eiix «4)tt« (34t««e«@ qui eat le seul

9»«9«lt a^plei^ 49 1< ««ltiBW odcaroQ, et ime 8<}i?te de

<l4»8^pt>lr setlf 4cl»li4 •ctileoent, lie no titvalent

poQOfsoli f»p l*aff«ii^iiee int^x4etire «pe I0 V43flt4

tf«iit tiv «v«iMt t9im, et fMM le^deJLle 11 lour #telt

pwumfm $mfitmwihlm a *«e««9^x' la vie, tw ^our lemf

MHMitt WM(iv4e» ^e eevte de neorale eetliAtlqiMi lee

inwi ^lBfc« pour v^sslp^ «>-« e^eilblsit offpia?

<*> IT <«

ef St* fnanfti^ mx^tdin giv«e & pla^e to 0ht;rl&8 9%tisr«

H« nftfi • Fpeaeb »uthox> of »mm Mnttmti^m BtnC,

Itt«i«ii>!Sr wixe^ of fiaxle, l^@ feud with the Sox^ovmt^^

uli&dli he had left ^«foytt the <»<e^liatl<»i of &1« mm

«^tdl08, uae well ktraHii. He w»e ol^er th&is f^xdtein

and « great fsi«»d of ^s*itaiti*6 laotltesp,

% a diffi«tilt sad ei«%ruiteiie ittth PAg^uy ov@n»

tUBll^ arrived at ttia aana tno an^a aa Paia^rii

tiinNMnKl.a» te th® Catholic Ctnirth aiicf dmth em tlia

iMFttlaflald for Fkonce,

VlM mpaaflHiiiaa of Hsm ^ tlia lifa «f i4arltain

la aiihaDaad l»«eaifa« af tba fa«t that ho took 3acqmm

9W$ Ailaaa aai*oa« tha aanpoa fwmn tm Bt^v^otixto to tn»

(MUttgv ^ 9vtiiaa» tlHwa to haar tu»a laatiic«a «f Hawrl

csiiftm X mBtm^mm, st% ti»t %$m& ^4»nB tmtt I*#@lii%

mtf fiot without its (^ffieultiotS; b«!eafiae, &e

mlitte ms pit xi;^ '-'xi. y B-waX^. ^miimmmi eu'o^ Xes

vistm 4« Xb boc^h3bii« a X 'iiiiji?^ ci« Xa piiiXosoptti^ ^#

H^xigtiei)** (20)

«

It «f««^ t^hie iMIoecj^ of BovgiNm yAiltth m» the

fiiwt 0^ %}m tiiree ^i^(!i«it fl^lis»itti8X.lfiin& to foa?a tl^

iWNiteiXltir of t'^it'ltsio. It ift aXwiy* « niatokc to

9» Mm» U«ifmp%^l^m, the pomsp «C Bos^vcwi Mmt i»«

atifiii6tfXo^«d to li»v« b««} ev'ott »^ to hsvo i^oMlaod

«f iros^ 0Oiioi^®«#i»Xo jUii]porto»(i«» %ifittilii hste imtmm4

•«ftio ond Sjpiln to B»^eo» nho, »e ho notoe in his

^MtWUJM tt yili ^'<> ^^ fiipot to givo iOMW •otiof^ing

»Oi^K>oiiee to Ixia ^ffm% dooiro for ttotoi^iroX^X tiHith

BwS mtm ifosooiiat»Xo oaotroif to tho pv^lmm of w»t«Klai«

Ian sad vooliMiiiii t^oli opoarofsood kbn*

"1toas!<gooii flit Xo proKieiK' qui vm^&a&tt A notxw

^4ilii^ vmiim& &m v4«lt4 n4t&i^mi«iia», iX Ul»#x« oo ooue

Xo fiOBO do X«&b^3Xa** (SX). 9!ioxlt»in ht<S vooeived ocm»

aXtii«ye^»i£t Ur'aXiaiog is tiao oeiimtofil aiKl tto aii^guraanu of

TSmn$»oa, tiuit tiitar foiXo<9 io tHoXv an^MWitioai appipcoch

to diioi ado^^ttfiir witli tfuxwtioii «o4 moblXitr «ai»o to

ox

aamammm w Xx

Mat with pas^ieulas* fo£*ee. l^B^«en «l»o ti^Efiiii II

)Hir«lie&^l<'A^ doctrit^ of frettdflR if)ii«ti« aXthoniti

nod 9#«nfli»«iil;^ Bm%xsit»Q-&o^/ , yrtwi^ht i»l»out x^Xief

to tlie MsrilMilne at tii^ tlxie. ^isea bus ^^t«d

B«nNWM» »• mytm i» <»>^ ©^ ^^s; Iwtofesj •li»8et®

QUi pert* 1« tmvts^ ^e cc^x« p^^irv^caie est. v^vita^>l«<»

Mffivt lifer®, la liberty eit lai filt, et paw^ le»

slalr'' (22).

In »<J<Jtt4oo, the Maritaiiw attended • aiaall

(tUm f£ Bei<|E»6o'e on flotiiatis «i»9 fenntf %iMmi«lv«t

timpt Id «» atsaeiq^iNP of spivltuallt:^^.

Bm»o« w^^Jf*^ tl»e w«y fof l^ti et«»a»« »i» oC

• fit «*

flMi »««<xiiKl giNMit «pintu»ll8n With whioh

liMPltaifii tiHue in contact me ^mt of I4m Blojr.

It mi au^ Ui a aNkne« araadlng in Ii« Hyfcia of

• £<avi«i« W ^"OitlB faitsaelles of Uon mosr'n l^ F^i^amm

l^lp^^^ iB whleL Ifeatarllmte m» im^ad aa neaing It

**la aawila dat ^aiiwaa 4I» «» Jour «Ci 11 y alt d«a

MM^pMs 4vl<}iil«M da gtoia** (23)^ that tha ^luriLtaliit

r^tmm i»tav«fftadl in Bloy. Harmat w«n3 thla Uook and

IWtinff *ir ^^ OttPtlvlti.. ttngr <iw«e apiwwlatlvely to

Ma awl « visit foUowadi a vlalt ef wtolob the aonaa«-

tprnmoM ifei«a to bo BitafatHav melmtw^imty^

^

i.'A^-jt,.. *

Karitaln has given us sn Intcrestlai: deecrlp-

tloTj of the first rstetlng with Bl<:^. *r^ S5 Juln

ficrapltemel qui grlmpe ^unQ'stt Sa©re-*oeur« . . lie

8lla?.»nt vepfs rm StmnQ* rnmy6l&nt, qui mdprleant

ttmte phlloftophl© erl«it sur les toite la v4rit^

ffivlnt, et csthollcru* lnt%z«l«t!i«iit ob^lssent coti»

4immi%^ non tm^, et oeox qui out leur ooneolatlon

t«i"*^e, av«c plus de libe3pt^ q»j« tou« lee r^o»

liitlonnalpee dti nond«.,, I^o Bloy aecibleit pxH»e*

(jue tlnlde, 11 parialt p^u «»t tr^e bse, epsarv'ant

de dire d «ee Jeunes vlelfceurs* queique chose

d*lniportant ot qui m !©« ddqdt pas. Ce Qtini

letir ddecwvralt ne petit 8e raconter; la tet^retse

de l9 fraternitd chr^tlerme, et e©tte espfec© d«

tr€«n*)l«?r!i*nt d« taiffdrlcoi?de et de ovslnte qui Misit

©n face d*tm« t!5» arw dm« riai^Eiu^^ d« l»9t?j«jii3* de

D10U,*, D*&volr franchl Xe eeull de «8 laBlson

tout<»«; 198 valeuz^ dtalent ddplAedos, eoaae par un

ddcllc lwtrl»lbl«». On se^alt, on an devlnalt, cju*il

n*y a (ju'une trleteBS®, c 'est d$ n'ttre paa d«0

aaintff* (a'l),

fhle vlfnii K'id tiikm) pldce a f«w das^i* aft«r

thf» feast ot it, * % a yaar latar, elao on tha

Featt of St, Stoma b©p, J«n« 11, 1906, Jacijuea arxJ

ftslcea Mi3ritn'»n .-^rvt h^y j»iRtai» Vat»a vara baptlzad in

u

n

MtkWKtmm V mmwRRmtn A 2S

th« ehU2*(jh of »% Sean 1 'Bimncellete (25), with L^n

B^ «0 ffo4fath©j»« fi»le«t tias ssid of their eonvertlost

*1Niir noue aueel 1« saintet^ #«« iitnt« cirsit #t4

1 *argaiitat a^eiwinsnt" (S6). The ekeptloien And

•«l9ntl6i!i of th« Soj^omMj had In their llree given

pl»«e to f»lth and to certainty, convoyad to theai

through tha «ag»«ti8M of Blojr,

So eoRVineed were the Maritaine that 1» the

Oitliolle Church lay ths way of life, so thorough*

ftfing were they In their acceptance of it, that pro-

greaa in the spiritual life was put before avarTthing

alee in their lives. In the preface to Ant^aodi^mg

Maritain aayet *A vral dire, I'stitetir, »pvke une jeunesse

anlveraltaire ttavertde per blen 6«b influemee, en

partieulier p»r celle dQ bei^soniaaHi, at apr&e one

frdtiuentation (Bern mlilacR intcllectnele "dlrlseant??"

avifflaante pour e« pouvolr apprecler, hdlaa: la valour

at l»eeprit, avait penad« one foia la loni^re da

Chriat levd4 daws eon eoenr, laiaaer de cdtd lea re»

•iMvthea de la aaseaae hunseltii*' (97).

The "^lleatlona of thl« deciaion «— a declaion

which later on «• to count for ranch in the fcawatlon

af Mfl lutesral iMMiniaa ^ ahould be noted. The exia*

tanaa of 0«d, the divinity of Christ, the revelation

of the Serlpftttrea, the eatabliolwaat by Chriet of the

Oatlielie Ohureh aa a apaeial teaehfns authority, were

all aeceptcd by flarltaln with the same unequivocal

u

afts

tm

£:!%.£' .;. Lin 13.:.

^aum

veaXiam with whieh b« ted ea?liev v«leo<3 his sctroh

for truth. ^i« deelsioa tee 8ev«r iMMm v«v«»k^ ckt

iM»difi«<$* Th» »««^lHiiie« of tli« fossibility of t£*uth

and of the tettdMfite of the Cethollo Churoh «8 a pa«*t

of that truth must be eoneldered foadAsentcI In tlit

•^ppoach of Britain*

Stliiiid thle aeeasiMio* otaada I4tm Blisy, the

an who bx<a«i^ about thia otenge In tha Maritaina^

who Xovad thon dearljr and who b«aaa9 their godj^ratita,

vftet Maimar of aan nae BXesr^ Mo ancteuativo aaaner can

bo aaida within the XiaAta of thia thesis » but thia

<l»aatio» ia novevtholawi pertinent. To uDdaretatid

wtet tei»paiiad to the iterltaitia^ one Huat teva sobio

und^fataoding of Blojr,

BlQ^r dia not bi^U« l^e ^ritaina to a bow way

of life by Moanc of asfonont, but by the living taati*

Sony of hie own life, bis written woytea, and tbo livee

of tbo aainta which he gavo than to read* iiaiaia

atatoa that, **ee o*4tait paa la sraadour d« l*4ewlt»tn

QUI agiaaait ainai aur nous"; it was '*!» viaieo 4^1ouiB«

aante do la foi qui tebitait le eootir do ««t lioiam" (SB)«

One eennot ccesie to an undoraitanding cmT thia i^ro*

faator «f tlio Bwptwatural (29), aa be liked to eall

tejaaolf , in a hurry. Me waa aeutely eonaeioua that he

waa a "p41erin da I'abaolu", that te waa a writer with

a waaase. iltet exiated for him waa a apiritual univvrao

and bo waa eontlnually aaddoBod by *tbo erueifying

viaion of univeraal fonjetfuloeaa for Ood and Hia Love" (30).

tmtLrmi t 3.5

?%slt«i8^ **'i)»t«p«^le of mvim «o^ liK^tii)^ i» ^^m-*'

an^j he kts^jw thlt, «e is «iri^«at$:d la hie 'dmmim of

tlw «tMif«9t«¥ Qf ^mfhrnveAv, mho is r«»lly himself

«

^^ X|i. 3>|ywi|.^...B>wvfi8. Itt 3 l«*tt«^* to an ii»lEn««it immim

li* eo99 wy«tt«t 'VftXlf ^MNB, if ti» gift of iri;'Xi;is)s tm9

hsm n^vtm^md ntty if» it ncyt infialt#iT pii y:si%»i« to

t^f^nSmtiit^ ttait* plMMre all, I hav« # miiieion to iwt

VKpcm MiiltiY* (32}« liiv«p to imv9 )mmm a e^^M^ aPMtiva

«iE>ti«t ie <}itite }>ofiait»l7 not to tmderfstsn^J BtoF«

1^ iwwfmidlty of hit lnfla««ee wptm ^wi.t?itn

aod ml^m it not to ii« ^mNMmmmi* itm.a i

in emnar iityv» l^^ thmm ia ono tiwt of Haii?- MeH

i» v«»i^ iMaponjf 99$ «9E|»lieit« *!li !#• *«e3t «nfi4o« «»

<!• nous • V«p«tili4»8 dtt fti^o ei4ri80a«» wi loo longiMMi

•biMiieeo oovmit* por la f»latft«, «t lo ti«v«ll ubI

lilaiittt iioiia laiaoB peu dt loiois^a^ •« xden vi*a ^liiMul

ei att^mi* l*i^fidaoit4 ^ la prlaait90 ifi7ifli1»lo tf«

m

notrit paywln dams m/tre vie* (33),

• 'ftU -

ftm Au^st 1906 imtll Jun« 19(^, «|>9rt fz^oa a

p#tum to F$«iie« OR vteatlcm, tine riaritsiBe lived In

Heldelbe^, where l^rltela tield » seliolAX>0hlp or harees-y

sad weeded imder Btoiis QjPieech* Tblc noijrtc ^ tieo«vltdllaBi

wet veiy otiJwjlatlng t© mrlUim and tit win later to

lotrodm® fcfie IsSees whioh It mSdo&ied to Fx^aee (3^1),

In edition "JeeQues p2K>eildalt d la ^pltlquo

«« »ee eomwlssetieee'' (33)1 "11 ecaifjrontalt mnB ceeee

lee eertltudTee <9e Is fol &t lee p3t9p09l%±mm ae jub

xttleoQ, lee pjf^elsant et lee 4elaix<s»t lef tmes par lee

•Qtxve" (35). Tie eonclttdedi "llotte ^ietie 643$ thendetee

^&mB le eevelr" (3'3}*

^ hie yetimi to Fmme Iw the fall of 190©,

MBrlteln, beeeuee of the aotl-olerieelli«i mM lack of

freedon 1» Freneh edooetlon eiivlee, prefesred to guard

l^e om freedom of tlaoHtSbt avd esKi»reaelo» hy aftklng no

•ppll«atlo« to teach in e state lye^, position to which

hie egr%»tion entitled hl«. In order to live, he worked

^U fmUMm* •sel0ted hf BBleta'a tlet^ 7ere, who now

lived with thow,

neither did he wevlc 00 » doetovel theels, and for

H

S-T Ti-.v

.'iSa^-<kU

m %t- J i>

ff"-!?iif^i r;-^

rnmmi m

iu 1917* litiftna mjisi "XI 4t3it «^vi «3« tenlr ae

X'%ll©e, mm de l*Btat, ©e bonnet doet€a?af.l dent le

U94 aniiKi^ *hiii^ (36).

It WIS dmRtttf tha?©® yi^rs of qmRl ip&ttwmsmut in

VeF0ftill#«« fro» 1909 to ki^ia, may i-sritain c&im la

eoiit«e^ nit;}) wlist aay i>o e«lled t^# thiiKS aplrll^yallfln

^ Ills fcviwtiVG |)®j(*l<xl, tym% of M8 tpiritual n^lsor,

ilMrv l^iaiN^ CI^^.a@ac« asiasa saya &i bias "XI @ia»l%

2« ir'4^t#^ 11 almit l*iiit4»lHt«i»i8«« C^liiaa <l« Tola

no 1 'arcm&HKivi^ pa@ ^n%miM n&as ^isNrt **!# vie (liyfltiaiiDt

09% ft )»•»« <3»ii}teIII,i«a«««««.«4iri9{ft %&xt t^imi ee& Xs

T^plt^i alXm vmm 3.ui, 3l»a8*3Le aims «9t aapact." XI

pvnwit eoB»a 8tti»t Hupistlti <|ue la l»4»titu<3« 4t#9iialla

eat la |oie <J« U v6nt4 — fJUgto, ,af ffltliilf" <3T).

ttoejpo la a *i)«tlt liwa, ii»el»«nr4« iiie«aq^et»««

<}iii «fQ Fmnea «at d«v«fiia elaasl^jt^" (3B)« written by

9%fe Clerlssac &n& mlU^ |f^ %0|te. ,flt, ,,1, 'Mlif (3'i)*

whlah giv«a a good idaa of ttw almmetm^ Gf tliia 2aa»*

Maipitaln has wvitt^n tl>« px^fae®. Iti it he aay^ of

CXAvlaaaot *Hla aonvcKpaatl^o waa full of aliaim »M Ufa*

Ha aaqpoNHiaad hSsaalf Mith & vmfv mm% natwol ala^tiaitaa

and in a languaise of elaaole purity* Be lov«<3 avaiy*

tlilBs ttet ttraa beautlfult llvinis and aiiieai:<»« 3t ooti*

otantly re«v«a<S Aa»ta, Ha wmfmmaA^a Mjaaalf with tlia

u--S* • A?** If* .-I

"""'fHWHHHI Z \Q

^^^ iPlnest pl«tin«ii of Ar^#n<»«. Bat his chl«f «!<Might twritp» t\m LHal<4pf«» STO? the !>ttprt» of St, CathtnUie of **

Sleaati* (^O). At^ el«ei *I hove never esstiftdil snd 1 - °

believe X g^ii iiev«r at^in assist st m^wen offersd

with CO TOwh perfection, SKSetltude^ eoe^lstsly !••-

e<dl«et«d lore, smwsia illli ilMiMI t#¥^t}i« mti^sty as

thOfl?« 'iS»»«« of Wp, Gl4vi9me sihlch t he<5 the hspiAiwNis

of »«rvrii»r thvsugliotit <mm yo»r" (ili).

itelsss MiNFltslB snsMpe ths QCNistion »mieh esfliss

•t one# to EtliMS, vee thew sny conflict l>etw#«ti the

Ittflttmee of 14011 Bloy and of P*w» Clfeissset "Ds t4on

^ Hw OHl^Mse nous smms 4ti4 c«ililfttff d«un

d»sbsolu I vm hemm d'ahsolw" (Ire), •»D<» I'm et

tf# t'stitre nous r<N?#vione 1 *sn»olgn8»sHt faatfansntsl

dnsM 0«stsln* 0te», ««iiii* «NMiilii^fMlnt#s i«on <4;

l•atftl^» svBl^t I'smoise* «t lo epens B«sr«tlQ«e *«• I'Eirllsf^

Amm ton fggrstftr«* <MLvln, att»<fslA <ioe co»tlJ¥^«?T»«^9

It m&e msrt.m th»m yssM at vropsaiUos that Marl*

tain stuMetff th« tfoi^e of »t, Thoaas Aiiuinap rwy earo-

IMtl? iin(9 cane at laqstl) to •«# that hi* tatm vocation

was that of a phlloMphev %nif a folloif»r of the Ai««U«

Boctop. In th* p2wf^« to ^nTflilffflfr— *t* 9979, ipaaklt^

of hlnfttlf f •Nit* la«i««n*ll 4eiPivit cct avtlol« stir la

saiotiee iiod0mc e% la Tialmm, 11 ovait rettxacrr^, {^p*©*

ft I'An^c <^e I'Rcolo, <»OBt 1 'aaii^llaalaia tfoctt^no avalt

tl

%^* -'

Hi "

m ....

f# t;:>

"I^^S?^ ^'^

^USH.^

tlsavf»i^|) comme un nouveau printemps phllosophique" (44),

m X m.

VhBt ^«<^« '««?itain aean when he 8»y« that he is o

tetlmme of St. ThOMC Anoimftt Forte!»i0tel:r ^ hae left

ue In no doubt on this t»«t«r and It 1» int«r»«tii^ to not*

hm elesrly defined his attitude use faraci hia aai«Uaat

IMloacnphical wntinea. Ue aas^at *«re n*ai paa l^eaoin de

dire Qu*il na a'sglt pae id non plue d*un attaelMiMmt

Hffy^^f d aaiot Thoaaa at d AriatOfta, at d 'im« vjsnX^am da

yMleaophar <iui conclatamit & rdpdter leiirs f<»iBiiX#a d«un«

fa^OB iadcsnl<iii©, 11 a«aeit d*an« fid4lit4 niif^l^^^,

at

fi;^ala. qui fait ohcapotiar dana letsra prinoipea aativacietit

«Mit4t« g^oupda^ eoovdonoia^ la iaev«R da 66ecmTlr, d*

*imratitar* la aolcition 6e9 probllsnee nouveaisr fi^ paoaant

ae poaw da noa Jotara, at eala srtaa i m a^oit avI^Uial

da 1 'esprit. Cap c»aat l?ffA4gA,|fHffft^ *^ nf%ymw^%f «»

n*aat paa asplieitaaant qoa caa papineipaa oowtittwiagit la

i'4poiiaa h tout nowraau proiillna philoaa^itl^iia..** {H)»

kn6 again t ilmtf* epocrona i la vdritd at S 1 •intalll«aiic««

Nona cro^ona otia la philoM«rtii«' a oonr oblat^ noo paa,

aanw I'avt^ da fisira cm d*aa»rtiarr» osla da cmiattiai

at <|iia al ona pmioaophia a gaiacp. on p««t a^autiK' B aea

d*atitraa vdpitda, et la narfeetiomiar ifMl^flni*

i0 mia on ne {»ut pas aaangar a«a polneipaa, <ipi aont

ddfinitifa" (46).

Ci

i^r) ''q>ti{jl ..tiicij- aqraa-cii-fx^iq D39\i;lo-

*i**?N 5 *f

<^ ^'#

-i«.1^'*JW *<

«4;.,-'-'«V,'

.

3'.'-

.(Bti)

"• Aa

^lt» vtclwi|.tt«d«ii. of 111© ®«^f>elii we»u lisurlc^ ttari^ ^le

r«MitiY« r^m ©f hie lif« 1^ t^ itin^mm^ of ttu«9

^irlstiau p^lrosiiiMrr socS e foilcmes* of at* Thoraas

A^plis@», ?%j.ltain iasn always iwde it q^iim elea^' 'ciiat,

e«tl08, aeia^cwwiely «jti©iiil, yet ft le net a clog«tf

*^ttisaU®a. *^», i« ^i«ji?it«i»'c vi«R^^ .; •: -.iim^mtmml

«90 ftiid thla is »cQvpU4 «afi taken Iwto aeeoiiat la $H9t

%1» mm w»y «» lils bmInhnUI axlstecer.

Mhll® tlU® «»ttlfe4»S# ijj ©v-iaaas i» ail of m.&

widtiag^ tlae**o ie on© mmH hodk, Dm 1a ma^^^i^m^maM^

flliiliVU'lill ^^7>, ia «hleb ?%afitaln ha» b@«m at p©i«j6 to

n»l» i«l» i»&«iM«w elms^* iXi it lie sa»lc<i# b illf^timMow

b«im«9f) tl» <nidl«r of e»mUUi>Um end tb« eiti»«i> of

ex^wrtee «ikJ patntci owfc tlitt, wMi« ^IMllos^J^i^ ie,

9<wpl#t©ijr indi^iMmiient ©X &n^ coiioidftjniticm imsli «»

««r«al«d l(iiowl«4^«, it ww«HptUei«tf8 earl«tB tnti op93mt««

i» a «erl<S iu whl«h » *w«3«tio» of tjnth hs* )»«•«} i«i^«

t* MB by 0«^. ^i^taiii stiysa j« aie QU'ix faut die-

*i«»»«y 1» JKHliKSt <»• Itt i>hllo«ophio, oM c« qw ©ll* e«t

o» 0lXm^'mm, e% i'itat <j>6 ell©' m tmm^ a© rait.

tSs€yi^ -^tr

•o

miAP7f.K 1 ai

ig 0im t0 m$t^ fummixi, et qui @e r@pporl«

ft sen eofi^tions! d *«3£i9t«rti9« «t d*$x«pei8@ dans 1« eon*

©ret'* (^8)*

It i€ intapestii^i to pl««e beside this etit«Naei}%

'(*h»"- Etleime Ollesn Ifes t© saiy an the »iae Eubjoet In

Qii* ft m wtlonalltd, e»©«st indlgeutsfelej Saint AiH^ljse

«t «tH9 Steist Ai^i»itln oiit 4t4 X@s prandsrs ft I0 ^Ixmt

Miit f|iio ia ec^stitutlon de oette philosophic vx«ie

n*»lt m n*&Q\mr»v ^« ft I'side a© i» «l^^lffltioa,

•^.•Wlfit 9<MB» t» seoocBNi BHOKil iTidlsp^nsobl^ ft l8 p»ls<m,

«••»* 4@«l«Me«t eeptaln du point <?« vwe dee philo»os>lie«

iititiww^ «% mwff ir«n<]ii« d« voip (}ti« ^int 7H«Mie

d*A^uii3 loi www I'affisw©* (^9), •&! a!y«tt, 00 ne

s»Q3P»it ieoi«r tfans l*lii»toiiw oe qui fut u»i dans 1«

IF^SUttf" (Il9ft).

Both Britain »wd Oils<m stvo followers of St.

7Hi3»e Acrttinae. Id mslelfig « tfietitiotio^ Ni%we«n th«

mtuxf ftnd hietoffisal setting of philosophsr, i%ritain

lMi« «i^ it «le92> that h» is folloifing hifi sioeteF 5t,

'Shmm^ hqioHmte. *Cotiet64h^ &»tm «« <{ui le oonttitue

foxiMll«»fttit ofiOBso philotM^hio, l8 philoaqphle th«ttist««

Je nt 6%9 fttft la th^l«iffl« thonAst^, la phitoeophie

thaesi«t« ««t toute s<atiomielI«», sueun ®3e^%jnt pxfoe4i3»nt

da la foi Da pAnftiura ao aa taarttire, alia na v«lftve

m

inti^n&IK|ii«ii»si% one d« l» mtamt e^ d^ l& 9w±ttJi^t&

file 49 % *4fvU^m9 m94spimmlml9 eu lii»«ll««tueXie @t

Xt fo>aiow« tl^^ that, **lit @i^«ifiGati<ni a« Ia

jHillo««9^« ^^eo^iit t^ti« 4e urn 0^4«t fomi^^ «t ewt

•It eX3l««4BtiBe, que (^e •oit (Stiia uih^ t§t»« ip«l«im@ ou dans

»«(iws tft^elMRii^it mtmmlu m miilmamlB, et ciju 'aiml

lAn#||iwn» ni tigui eon #»|^, tii ^nt ««»o primli^e, id

dint mm mtmoim9^ {%xU

MiVttrthQXM* 1%jf1%«1i} is gyaitefuX for i^9V«ldtioii

•nd beli«r«« tmt it »«^s «• • «ttl4iiig Uftot to s^Xo»

aitiWB aad aipetay 9okne»a«%«« ttot Movt of wtust it

«ci)t«it)0 is not eyteceptiMl9 of witliawl jwBKJof (52).

Alit •• i« 19 «loif» fov iavtre, iriho bM mt%4t ^9m^9%m»

tlaUtts i» notH^aig #a.8« ttaio an al^taaipt te draw all tba

««iiHi««ttOMM ©f a aobevapt atHalatia poottioa* (53)»

and, "tha fa«t la vm a»a imi a ]>l»iia i^lMMpa tttaani ay© otaly

"Mm" (5^), 99 Ifc la aoaally elamr for J%aKltalo tlwt Ood

Qmwaat i ts

«8««0» tli4«l««itit« ^ la &m9m% ^ S&Xtit-^li^prtt" (33)

taMtttnt" ($€)• Seitber lite te too«i MMtKt l» mxJmSe

glMt iBiMilWlga a»d •^'im i^rstical toooiaecitf* sr« all

a««^^ble for tbe vejyliis ««n(nPlb«lKUnMl i(^«h tHey ave

9»9«^l9 of MrtOt^* !«ii?l^ie liae takan eare to diatlo«

iWLali ««9«ftill7 eaoBS t)Mni« but in <8Pd«p fmally to

onita tlMB in tha eatvi^a •£" t^tttli «»i wA to aapamta

Ito tea mst niilMtd is tHa tvaiatieth aaalnivy to

MpMt wtet iMi %&mUmf^ to h9 Vm niataica of 13>aseartaa

in tha fsevftotooiitli* If Beaoavt#3 naa mi a^atiitata

«81vid«r» Kasitain mmU Ulw to Iw }mmm m% a u»ifi@v.

Xf aiMMVtM niilMitf to l»agit2 with tilt x«3«on aad to con*

tiam aa«tt«ate ta o«» Mmr«* ^m^^mtn bae «l«liii %a

iMfin wltb ttw «vi4a»aa of ^la mmmm and to a«»it dif«

f«rant ktnte of awKAlanit (er).

If tte «cmi«} of tte aair u. iw^mptrnt in ITod*

mrn^m, it ia Iv aavtyaat t« Maaa Idaa of d Bains aopa

pavfaat than ltat?ir (58). Certainly D^tww^O' 16m or

i»

i&

•« if irwfy imBmj?t09% Ik tha ayesr «^ flajpltaln. In cop-

MMehlwi or elMj (59), ti> %ibleb tue soul is ^0iii9«l

only is«B0«rbtit i^vq cXoscXy tbao • pilot Xia 9 vessel

(60)« As iKtfltaiB tffif! i^ut it« OMIQ f^s^ De8«a]H?«9 is

"un sf^$ i)i»bi«tti3t u»ft ae«hl»e ct la #i|?iac:«ii3t p»r It

In i^^»e«yt#9 tl»9tt ie ftti i^^rwiediable rttptux^ of

SBd beings of sool «»a bod:/, of ia<sia a«d

tillage* lo tlHi «3r«i9 of SSaiitain, Cart«ei«nlret has

^e«ii *1« smi3a« n^hi fyim^ie^ (6£)» ^roilA Ia

M peomitf no vit ^t »e m mmfvl% m» 499 elMHMitt v^Qieu a fiftit«8, L*lKs»Bft eentr« a*un univ«re lot^lll^si-'

•0Qtli8ta1l|^• o9t <3'etra I'iiaige tf« 2>ieu, II «8t «u

It bas JMMK3 la oraor to avoid jKittirc tian In a

C«pfe«eS*B d»»«rt, in oj^sa? to lusdst tliit be b© thcfoglit

of as fiillr Intefrratad in » iroiveOTJ© wMeh is in ltr?elf

a x*ev®i<£it»lon of Ooc3^ asKd r^hich i3£}^ ro^eivad tha gift of

the XiwiMMHition, that ?'fJ5fSt»ln has ln»i»t«5<5 not only

m Urn 3?aUonsUty of F; *-jpljy but also om tb«

yfelsfeed lajj^ortAue* of Ctolittiea rebelstlo^.

th« |K»«iti€i8 of ^^feala, to trtist his ««©ti«aiUty,

foinsd ts it ie !» eoiijtts^tf'sr ^-Ith ^ ^rftrir? f^i%^. it

tlitt befQs*«» tM» 1m wa« tsalri.-:^ ?*!» a seletstlct, »ttdl

ttet l» t»« t»ld» *IX »Mit« ^i« ce qui fsou* tWlliiH

cJtBt im* phl3 i©, s« ft ••St pft? qtt'«ll* folt

liMf.ia^fl!^ *'-to tht ««rl'fl the trpe ©f : .<9phy

whloa he esmcl^erts le ^^€««.ai3aiit ^fth th» ^tol# iiititrt ol*

t»i«l It «8Rqu4 depul-! trols flfeclep »v «t3wf« et <l 1« civll-

lttti«8, ««©ft one phii<M»9phl9 QUI a^elq^« aa»0 ua eltaat

^99lllliiiUi iWi ii(3^|IMiiNI-'#-'''.^ tstw* m^^ntt^ ^e. raison

uoa p»8 eloct j»i« ouvertc siac r. ^9 #© ^«!^er* (65 )«

In opder to «|irpreolate the my in vhi9li ^rltiiln

ue»8 ma position of Infeagiwil|fffiB|f| both as « «rit-

srlcm of crifcioli» and •« « eo««tnKtiv« plan of aotloo.

It will u« ii«e«0«si7 t© iMkt • survey of tikm oltUf

tl»Ni»» in hlB toeial phlloQop{iy and to d|^^t>««lftt» bow

tiMM tb«MNi •»• iMMtf upon IHb (rOIMr«pt of tlW pM>»Ofl.

CmPTgJI II

!i?lii^a^&3ll7g

I -

B«Siimiiiir in 1010 with aw sx^lele In th«

ftfy^ ^.^ ^i;^,^t<m*!lf 9»tltled U . Scltae® ?^ffl5ei^ ^t

iB miif^tm. (66), r4@x>italR hst now «0R^letea over forty

Hl» •ontrlbution In th« fl«ia of eimoulstiv^

phiXm t W ^« te««« distinguished, liut, in acsonS 5*ith

««• of th« f«w aoetrln«« demmom to both the «thei9tle

•od Christian exi8t«i>ti»Iiat»» he tMi« not b€«a ooet«8t

t« lu»14 hiiMelf aloof fvon th« prohlenta of hie ago* hot

iMra, an tha oaotvary, fait a distinct urge to involve

pear da te aouillor en tiit£«9nt dans le eontexte de

I'hiatolre eat tine oreinte pharieaique" (67). We no«t,

therefore, eirpeet to find hia deelit^ with a wide rai^e

of adh^eet^a, many of theai diatated by the contingenoiea

of the stef«Qr era in irtdeh he Is liTing.

file ajppeal of hia thenglit ha a hetn widely felt.

A aa«B« tHMl»er of his bodka are available in both Fratwh

and English and there are mumtoue translation© in

Oafwan, Italian, Spanieh, Porttwieae, and even in PoUah

and JajMineae, (68)

«

<(«'

!%ritaia*e DaMt of vritim o»wy artle3.«» »iid

r«vi«ii« 9n& thma «oii^liiig s«»« «>^ ^5»®» ^^ ^^ books,

• • piN»*«dinPG whicb fee .t!mi^tls«s nofe««5 if» his aaiiter

toes^ete Hat af bis ir^tlnc^* ^* ^8 a®* ^««o ^®~^

•dhrlJKiblii t9 attas^t ^c ^^3 tJ'ds here, ^ilicr^ ere t«c

tHo ^MtalB Ycluiac of S^.,„m«^^.1i.> ^^ **-^ ecr^^Ued

by m^ n^vm i^)* "^^ it'Sas i^.tv«*^ there hsv-j b«<¥!5

l»aie^ •» *N?U a» witOi tUe fclbXlogsessiiy cf tiarlteln

wit»b a ««Xaet«il, UMpD^^Ue-bt^ biijlloipftpl^' -of ".

tii« tllilv«ysU7 cf iflfieaBSics" (?0), Tbe other i9 a

blbXi.o$s;^^b3r or coe - ,»aBoii liicltiiiKC given In tl» 19^9

voliM •atUlttd ^fcafg Hkjgitoiila. %mm^ i-j tb& §mi&

JUmy^ And t«Mpil«d b^ Httrltalts*® fsdesKS Cbarlt^e

It wHi, bowevtrt fi«rye tb« p«W5»o»« of 1ihi»

ttii^s *0 g»«i«> i<Jg«t;l»r tbc t^altn misks of J5ari'6ol»

MMK^ to OistpXs^ tb« MS ill tb«»i«* in whi^a fee is !»•

ttt9»»t9a ««d »wj« xi^MinMlly to vwml tb« «lo»«

««9iitti»»l d«{Kmdooe« of blB iHfe«j5JP©l iHWtiiiMi on hi»

phlltMiflHitmr «Kf tho pw9on* Tlils h»t b^ivn <SotMi by

n

ommmn gs

0Mum ^ $imm»2> i^^^jA^^^^^ »% tm e^ «»a ^«ft

• III -

i« that «r t{i« pere^m^ %n «X1 hli ai^psiity «» a •PMit»tjp«,

jftaftiM;* 10 mi^4c, fl98t^y fair <.-,'<jUi th<* Sfspaimfeet*; cokipi^

«o«l of t^ ^miy^mm, mtwA, r«r t^ 9tvt«e^loe f>f the

.ppliji' «f «h« mOimmit (tm only «« iiNi wtOmmm of

b0ai«« but aX0o att %l)ir ttiivtsp«9 fl# ^stlyitc)^ aiM} tisUvS,

fo9 itself, tbat U, ttm tltd dction (i^nttitat; •g•I^t»i<i;«i3()) tojr Mtiloh it pes^^eti! Itssalf afKj 8«eempll»b©,e

it3 d^atiir* (T2?).

»iii •« f»U<nml ie satuMOlgr Im^ f»«* Mii0

ttoS' soeiJi^ ut;jrJ9«us« ^ tbc: p<mnm9i». TI»« ftmdtion of

tlM iRl»«rMi«t tna trit a«pU««ti<Ni# ef t^e siati«ii»I ««

fdmtS i« ill* yliil<MKi9tir *f J^* tHewnis A«iiin»« «iid ••

itwwBttag fMM « oi'ltlf iiMi ^ %\-m philofMspkiy «^ Btvt«oii,

bKV9 X«4 »St«lt»lii to t)w fOXItttllMi lM3th of ||i« Mlt««*

lfty»i«»l ««<l te&« t^itlai «@iit«y%« of th« p#vt«ii* It i«

..iL..-

Htl^ «tl» §mmt^ 6f thf>«e (?.i«@9 18 ni« critique &£*

«««^. .iQ c-r 'fcfeo p,' ,' t^ K5.-?f!.t3ln, «ill !?* tilt

p^^^t •>? '^r.-t'-r T¥v III it thn i^lfttir.--^*''^ mi tj^t^ittli

tll^ »Tiu^vj,-.--Mi '-u^ "Stic- ivi'-ri^ tiiiV «3®i;iipi'i5rX;l«^i etjfue-

i««-^*,a ;• ;, »^'? »-i? .j^'stl-cisaeX it «ii^59f9«< by

m%i^^m <itt-i ^ ;ill ©1*5 >m^4 &mi^ « ««»««^ ia lOm

i^*»u3Atlv« «&^^- ..^^pars^ -i^ t:i..^.'*r/ in th© aoelsl fi#t4.

Is %Jm feaala of taie is^lfeles of l>0«^9« in feh^ soeial

faixaXjr' m«mm'^&^^$ ^vit X& distinct fanm, t^ Gi^«r of

mmtm^Wi <^< tU^t tm^m& or IVott will, %tm ^itfmtm^

..!» £! t^^ af the i»««9t «r » CYi34cyL«ll

Satle^, whlaitt iu TrnQa^ on tlio 3tsis<aet«j* or i^ wmmm•ft «KKiial, i<ill \iiii t^ ftii^iMt (dT ay Bixth chujittir*

IHic ^pa«»ti«R nt tH* }»mi or all eoolal pteUMMp^ Is

ttet of tiM mttura ef mo^ Mo ^-Isiti, hio e£isene« end

Ids •ml* Otit^ wim& *m kmm wim% »»» tn, wn «iy ii^ in

^^Imt type Pt emi^w H# i»iitt»iil<a iiif'« i»»d ^tm% ifi@!«itit«*

ttmm ati«iW s®P¥€ Ms. rmfit^in*9 ^- -yimm-

em^&sur ^seamm^n liberaiiasa, €i^ niselmi ^nd <i»f 0«s-

^^li^ti l3^ reels isti®ta<l «<m«ti%a^ t^ t&i»rU of

•fo nor wAta, St 1» t^a^etifls a nmmd ^0&lmaph!r

iMif D«BG«i«ey, !»m^ »% %!^ smut liSjm &i' & xh^m ^vn^tUn

Xt Ihi« tMMW ^ m^ne C'i' t'Uix ^nll0i£<^m (>r the

VttlAtiooiAiip l>«t«i««A «*» im^ ^^v *«» *t««>l trie i»aptui»tf?

tllMlO^ tot? to htim i»^ « ;I»S^ ««««H^ «feMI 3t»t« «!Sd

SvNiVtti WmmwAmt is Hoi so Misb « ^tdiit^s

pXsn for a nat soei^tsr S8 « j^lsssptay of mis wisioia is

inlftsiidod to p>ro«ld@ isnmtsltM tomvMttam, d«««ii firaM

tUs ^ioseplisr of ^« flionss aquIims* f<a^ » imm viiris*

tl«n o»*isiP» 'never sIhiU wo iwnoiiiioo tliKi liofo of s

now Chylstoiidkm^ « now tsm»oyoX oi^ov insplx^ Wetapiatlsnlty" (7^B).

^

IHUffl^ III

*» s «•

«0 • sx»ot»^«^»6 in th« «»o]?lc of ^vitsain » {^o^etloes

0iJdll}l& sKia @o^€tiei08 not, ^12% al^y@ thex« • th&

^lloftopis^ of B$»^9oit Bdy h& mi4 to s^neai^Ie » 1&X%»

etotlf frtxR 9 i«ftgti«al&t} ^ifimm , 8 »otif )»l3i«h oeeure ov€#

asJo? etaamotep,

Tbe ^iiIo@<iplQr <aif B^fii^eoQ 1@ more %hs>n 9 back*

Sifoiiaa and » 8«%tiiigr f^? tht (l®v#l(^»»»t of t\w intog»

ml l»BMitd9H of I^ISTltfiiii. It hit @ ^rpifled for hla a

^liont vlafpoiiit In m@&mm i^tX&s&eHsv* ^i^ it iiae re*

BRitted 8 Mittei? of eontlniKsuc ao-Bo^m ov«?r the 7«A70,

ovo£' Bxmm »& m jowii ss8» he earo^i^d tlie caiipi® to the

Q«A%i99 «« Fmneo to hmv Berg^on »p«Ak«

It la u«K5®rstao<3atsI© that tb© young lto»it«l«i

8()ould \mv& u>««n aapx^lvated l»3r Bttfgffoii* Of At^lo«

J««iali p«yeat«s«, S«xij^8@ii iMpoiaght to Ma atiditerti «

fOBpttont tipslnli^ In %tm mimi&m along with a t»ril*

liant gift foa? swtaphyaiiQal 8i»i«iaation (?!>), Tho

vtortinieal fion of hla prom and tt» ilAOst Saastitio

fevvotn^ of hi« msUpimm »a<J«d to Mt faa«iniition«

}lov«rth«l4»io« B#jrtg6on pvoir«a in tht «m<3 to l>e

a dlttippointawnt to mHUtn who Ima Io<flc«d for "tbo

cmpnB m 33

«•« ''••• i.% %B la th* «d4A«oiii$;« %tmt If Ut9 and aov9

BiipHMi wm$ ia «g»«%l$r %I]m» toott Som in '"cvmUym

W^lvitim"* in). 3iit» tliat liipi« iitritAiii it««e9, m9

puST^L^Bt h« iwv^r lst«[|«^ to do 8c* And for iMUiy

amm wt, timt m^ o imy vivia 4imm0ieiii»^^i it

iiHrl^iiin 0tmifimU9 imaa in th« ChMMii aiMl ia the

pMi^MplQ^ «f M* Themia A«p3im8. it wi«» thmx, momi

notus^l ^tant; i^ayit6ia*a ««r2jr inn%ii|| luitf tasattm

•HQta^s tiava imm eanaaiwiJ with tHa smimof^ at Bass*

aim, Onoa in tlia yoaaaaaioa of iihat \m co»aio«?aa an

oaaaptalOa :/tiriMiiiX^ oi taiiih* Kaiitain be^a« aa maairo^ to aaa *ai no»e pfumlmm iMntas&m i& oritimse

\MmmmAmfm «o aaac«vt at Xaa roastulaa da <^ipae I'df^l^*'

(T9)i to aaa if it vara poaail^la to t%a& an agwaaaarit

tctaaan "U <9aat«iiia r»infflitihl<in panr laqpiaUa noua

noua 4tlona paaaionni pandmt ooa aan^aa d '^tudaa"

(Bo)« and '*ia fol tiM&oiagaie qui avait x*#c«BMpnt daa«

»ili4 noa yawe" (£|g^)» nia «i«aiia txa«« in thie oi^lti^tia

aapt caitiffoly xationti oni Mivitajua (hok, ^i€ua i.'siaci a

aintfy of uia Ai^aiia Oeatcr*

m

«w it'

«T.

1911, J^a^^^in published s»n iai«»ti«l« «wfcitlei3 LrKv^u-

Attest 1912, ca»4- v-e ..:-^,^--. .^:£»::^£^yjia3^g. ^?/b^f» t%nt«la

^«|pl^ ^<^ ttesciaHlQig a% %im Irmtitut &sti)^liqa<» a« f»rX9

i» Z it -^ a to give a eerie» ©f i««ti«?©e ua6«i» th*

Chp^^ii^i;^* T, -ajC'lt^afe iit-adiei» were *o be put to-

gether to fojwa **!© p^oiai^r (livre) qu*? no«® «y©os

oa^pcs© v^^i^)* 1% ^^^-^ -' — -M'^TBHai pttbii^iea

1» 191^. "iMB b. jaw ItMjg-ttaiK^ing eustOB

©f Hisrl.tfilfi»E; hlo i:

.

writlnii: ttrtlol«e asdl tiMm

in wliloh the»« mtn nmm m^vr&tmmAtmt of nsBterlsl and

•t) aittenpt t>y ^^idtjiln to otiodii^ « uwhi& whioh he later

eofieidetwd "ta?op (Say tt eoiiv«i»fc iujuet©" (S3)^ fi|^^e»jw3

Hft ]»8 l)#«n eareful to not« thi»t it was

*l'«gqpl«tfl9 «t Id i«l<l9<Kr $vtv4ail99 ^ t«!Kt« prisaltif"

(di^ ) , whloh botlieifvd liist tnd **»<>« eerUnf Qtte tioue

i««gaxn}l<»fi« i8»iiit#iiint ^cnw nolne Men foatMAft IftO

^»ltl<m« &mtvtmlfin qu'll aflfood" (85). He aO^td

th»t •fMMja n 'avails «« »ucu»e aocSlficsiitlon notable $

lul apport«z» |>ouy 1« feiKl «f 1» <$ootrin«« oala »«ulQfli«nt

^9 pv4«i0l<m8 9* «t Id" (86)*

fmmmi tit 35

9^fi$mvm3 in WiB, Ttm ]»sr«£^e& to ttm memsa e^itioia

«»• r^prtfitdd tfitii a ei%»jB»t «<3<Sltlo» to it, nrittmi In

Aitgrtt«t ef X9^7« X«i this «dditloii ^^Fitain again 2*$-

iy«t9 M6 «ttfly tepstermHi* of t^vne do^ itfislios to **eiilu«p

iei avM ir^4m»ti^s 1« m4ru»1«« d« iiotv# pv«iti€»p nattvw'*

(67) y ftiK3 to tiay hm gji«t«fui be i» ftsr ttm H4moigvm$^%n

0*amtt4 <im, malgH Imi evittmmn fimmXi$9B pax* neoti

#€«ity« »«« tlil^»*s« il a bi«t} voulu uoaii aoonejr daoe I«s

«m>^0 Qui out pr^4S4 «a mt^^ (88 )•

It i«»a In th®»« X»»t ^irnvn of hla lif«, in 193^,

that B«vgson^ aft^r a 9%l«nB0 of Maw y«*v«* pvotfiieed

i»hl5h 1»»oaslit him ir€iv tfXotit t# Msifitai»» wiso ai»««lc» of

'HM «• t*^ JMWiilt Of *la f?rewf;5e reehwohe f^oXitaiw et

iliULo pourwiivre &«ni«o «^ vie par £»«ii^MOO~^ (@9K

In a reeent liocAc publi^hod in 19^1, MMSBSi^

Wia ym» . wtiioh Ife a ©ollf^ctioft of eaaayfj, Marltoin hat

•«# dvowe aiiaoot entix*®!/ on vatvidal alroady pubiiatuN?*

flit Otitr it a eoftsiaoi«)tion of B«v>so€»i*a oontrlbutimi

td iMiftHW and rollgioo.

It la %tmn, dbviouol:/, no onaegvitttioii to »ay

MMt tlio 9lillo#09l)y of Borgi&an ha 23 b««n of eontimioita

€mmmm to fH^Htitlis* B«oft^iM« titia le a«, one of tut

iMWt vfara of eoqpvlMntfiiit Maiitaie ia to untSowtamS taia

te

Qlu.. . Ill 36

«teje«tlo«s to B«Kt««B^ This Is ts-w* oofe owly b«ettti»«

«oe w*0 typleal <af his tiM« aw? es«B*€<3 enc-S'Esouc Iw-

n«iMw« (90)

«

- TXI -

mi»i^ «Mt|>«rt»©»t«Xi^* (91), -^rtileh «as i» ^o&m wi-

m islwa B^T&t^m ^lai <?i«#ait for the IS.b-r^Kitlng

and iDSpiylf^ aff^Hjt? wmeh HS.0 pbllocopnar produced. "II

una t^aaait^ <lig^>a« ^^a^MLvalit&rt. Ti^ti; ««tt@ parti®

«IMiva at axatiqua da l'oeuv3?e da ^« B«fZ^«!oiir 4»m

U<|iialla iX vASttlt A l«abQi£yd« l@i thfrsaa tnt^ridlietea

at lm» smfttantlcMOfi (3a Xa p&eutlo-gFcleDe®, ainsi qua

I'aafMtiiitfttiaiima at I'id^nma anglais a ati poor un

cmnd ttoMibva <}»e»pidto una v«i«tu propvasaant llbiwtsriaa,

at a <l4#ta»iilt l^atsiuaotip d ^ari'o^nt^^ axva^era d 'una

1i»liffi 90*«» |»eyt aip^rar #4fifiiliira'* (93)* "^ia

ayiadlt Mix%: MayitalD nev^op tri^^iaa to atotsa.

H

Cl^ltKR III 37

. r/ -

^m main «ti1»»ek ef il»vl^l'» ie 4tme%e4 te

^ lo volPf mm yam t3Pl%M/q^ a^olMMMrit x«»di«a]k« 0m

Is fa«ttlt4 iQ<feell««^ia»],2«'* {94)«

«|» i7«««b vMUI^y i^), tiMt it to^ foi> ito fiK|«f

ol>j0ot tho iniQV{{tiii^4MS solid (9^), tiid thit i% ««• a

«•«• niM^i)* fax> divi^iag «^ rMXit^ a»d fox* cutting

it is t« «iMMit«sf«^iiQ ftiUa C97K Navitaii} n«tbat &mh « tHa^arr tfo«3J net o8ly wli« it is^oesiDle

iittipoi^ 1» to eoiiftM«ittl|i« msiu^tj^

liivitaio doAf tm tutl %0 iMFte tlM %9smti»l

Im^miO^Btmrnf involved iin pnttiiis ^m ^pmottm, 4>0

te pfiiwllMi, i« «ipp«p« ^ 1« fnouit^ <so ooimittMi

«va« 1« H«Ut4« «t piie d« <S4te««ia«P ce reppei^ A

i*ai4« pipiaiMmmt 4o ««tte f«e«lti ^'oq tiont oa

MMpdUliOS" |9@)«

flM a«tt«r point, too, tlHit tho Oltux*9li mmtXd

find ItonU in 4iffi«tati«o nitli mmh • tlMo«r of tlio

intftlleot, mw »l»o of gjnwt i»|>cwton«o to MMttin,

wtoo iMd takon tiia fitond foi^ tho «olitFoa«o of all tjtith.

n:

^f^fr-

Qsumam tit 9t

ineluainir tmt of rev^latltm »iia t^ i^emmmmmmw^a of

%b« Church. He 8et;9fi tint ^In philosc^hia teMBfiwIWMW

iiot]pe anHiw »CQr«n esturel <l« eomiatt:^ &i«Hi° (99KIt will no l<mg«r t»9 pewlbXo to a«)Q»eeft « ndtOMl

4lM«li«r» )Wi>«<S CBltytl^ m th« csMVeidd of x^eoeon^ %q

mnimm^ t^ tvotut isiviii l« ]fav«idti«>n (100).

let ortly 08D tli« ««i8teo»e of Ooa not t>« pVQV«d

b«U«r«« mh ^ dNmt in lisUi wm phSlofio^)^ (101), l^ut

Ml) ais waited amf tmim ills tmo ena. Hantaia adults

that *1 *lMMttft 99t fait i>owf »aii aatloa, X '^itriJUMi tftttnt

I'ultla© peyfaetiiMi d« tout «ti»* (lOa), tetit he In-

alcta tiMt «»»•» tmm pvwtmtl^n la not ^d mmtpaler

d#8 aolld#a* (103)» btit *l>a«ti<»} immnms^^ m^ ^^

•Mnrlvift av9T]t tout, I'aetlon pay ^««lX«i»o« <|Ul eat

l»»et« <$• aonnsitF* tt eolul d'atwajp" (104). mia,

f«r r^aidtala, is to say thist mn vlll oi)» c^ b* eap«

abl«» toy aaana of "la vie ^ la gftaa** (Ica) snd "la

lt»dto« 4« sloijpa «*• «i voir Oiait fi»^ « )rse«** (106).

ib« H pw» fla le Man absolu" (107). il9 la meant

to \mm and t« Xov« Ood. sim« sM9« «««kI» thjcou^h

wt%Of*, you eaimot destroar nan*a lnt«lleotaal natum

without dvatiwlas ^ht mmm W «ttloh be la to vwiali

hie ultiwBte eod. This la pMelaely what. In J4arltal»'S

yn«9, Bmmmhni iMia dam la Ms tbaovy of tba lotellact.

xn w

or e9m% mamm/% to ilM>il»lft» l^i««i t^ «t*a<9oi»i^ of

Mv fiiitli lAw itiMltii «••# 0iiHi««itiisf ftiKi for pomiir

im%%mml »n$ yiillfNioptsltsl Masons tm founci tlie 9o«iti«ii

«t d0 I *$«»•'* (100). fisi« mu fop ^j^tttin **i'U3.itttioii

|M^ mm$M*m9^ (109).

it to Be«KMm«B tfoecptamie of Intuitioit »« • m^tjplcir

wny off laM94«liie, toy »« •c^it* «I0 «MlMiii9tiv« »mTi^rm,9

of the vaxdott* n«ttiil»g8 of Intuition* il* poltito out

tte difficulty of Vm toMi, aot«8 Ills ss^oplMitto of It

9Mnl«jr ooyi>" (110), ^aa stvwutos th« l^«t t!3&t *liftel*

li«onee, en •ff«t« out ds sol un« faeult* liitttltliro''

(m).

v^OM tlwtt tlttt^ ''Inspiration propre (?e 1 'Intel*

llgiwsi «»t um apJOTition JMttlilSDi" U12)* .^ sRaoh it^

tuts DMM Wlit «X1 IrKlljMOt iBMWlodg* Iqr fpn^oiltiowi

•wmmom iiii«os«ilrm»t m toUo intuition" (113).

pf

,.-fi

QMm^ ttx Ho

no db^^e^lQH to %}m vi99mumw9 »vitS is^Q3pt9n% roI« of

iBtniJltlwa Xii t^ umi9& tMi^«d «»ov»* Be <lo«o «il«ii« tioi»*

istilltlaxi and ttot £»tui1;i«R Is 9i intmli an ii3WIl@@tiii»l

disXllEo« is i^% Ikt ttftiie l«i|£««»'« "noUoo jpliiloso*

ptel<}u@" (US)^ by wlaich B©)?geo» jp««|«e«ft tlt« jraXe of the

««»$&pt nod of iMiimtftiao, as svell a« tiat of the

•tint liitQ3l3.««t »mi ^fsmmasm aii^smlt % tulx^ m mtomMl«aaa«# liil^iiiUv® \m9 lL^&&tlfXmitXQo ^e 3.'ot>4«t

et du sui&t mlon le euad^ 4'Vam c}« X'c^jfeti •» ti»rt«

que poiw £tvoij?« <^ii a@ 9#a«-XS^ X'iistuitloi) (l« l» vie

v4i^t«tlv<3 on €« la «itl«!V«, iX £Bw$m%% ^vm d'mm

•fMiiit witilM^ X« ipMXdtt^c^plMi ^«rfiit ltti««ii»»«

Mi%«apl«XX«M«Bt, v%it«X 00 nK&n^miX* X»<it)tiiitlcm b@£*g*

•oMlvMM'^ i «• yolot 4« vti«» ae pent »oub np^^mt^vv

«ivm Q«mm tm* t«»t«tlY» &» r»i»» irieX«»ee A x*eeprLt

p<Niv X*«iiB«vb«r Miw X« Mftt^s^Xit^ <3«9 oliottva" (XX6),

?o feXXo^i Boigiwii 18, •«««vidlB« t0 »lovil3i»« t^

«iid t«» IR • wovXiil «f i^ntoM wiMNr* "totttet Xe» notlonii

liit«Xl««tu€?xx««'^ (XI7) te«»on» "turn «car^ dM«i«t«l«

vutflttffiitaljp* et Qo»fii««" (XX3},

TiM wheXft 4^>t««iitle» ef t)i« Intellect l»y ai«aii« of

toiWOjptB maa^ bf wmim of alMStimetXof) •ml tl»» forawtioD

of univop«oXj» i« for mviMla in ootlvo proems s which

fiO

cmnm in *i

in no wiy XwewXld9t9i9 taoowl»dg«, Xq hi@ lateXir

9U^Xisb«d vevky Itie ^oge of ^^eocop . he tskfre pajpti-

oulfir iNiiBS to aiU» thit p&kmb, "a ooneept

Is, 1» t9Qt, proc^ueed lit the losoirlng int«lleet« but

ttet ie • inm^uamry) wmna, and not t^ vevy «»89)Mtt

of Int^lleotion i tho ••«• »9% Gt liit«lle«tioQ whleh In

its ppoSuetiirs espseity winds y^ in the sentept, s

thins pv«^ian<; within us« In Its knonlas ospa^lty

winds up in the Intelllglhle natnre ItsoXf , which Is

s«#n Intuitively in the etmeept, snd with whieh thn

InteXlset is inMdlstsly identified" (U9},

Msrltaln eoffiplsine that for Bs^fsen the eensept

*n*e«t au fond qii'un non snnon^nt taute une sondes*

sstieo de seiivenlrs, ••• le eone^t eonstjralt ••• les

cdndMllt^s SUV lesQuelles t?nvsille noti^ intelilfene««

Sen eeseet^ve essential est la flxltd. ••.II est

I'loetyiMwat psr sxeellenee de l*ectlon de I'hisiMinitd

soy 1« tMtitoe, 1 *ln^pnlsable sonnsle qui Mi^^lsee

9MRP news la rdalltd" (120)«

In vivid eontvsst to the pnsitien «t JB^ityson on

Mm eeoeept, ^^j?ltain speeke of It &&, "nne yessesftlanee

vlvente de I'ebjet, "I'ldde, le eoneept, 1« veyhf

JUt/gjUiX" (^^^)' ai^ AMs, **le eeneept, le concept pen«4

... e&t Ic fruit vlvant d*une ^pdomtlon dmfl nssient

vitolo" (122).

The miiveresl in BesiEsao is in no bettev a state

OHAFrER lit %|

ti»n t^ t«Be^t« ''L*u»ivex«eS Q»e«« rien <tont X«s

chofi«8, IX B'cet qu«y» aigse eaet4yl«iur" (123)«

^rittis ^i^lslns ills; tmn 90«>ition at oon«i<l«r»l!>X«

X«ngth »md oot98 wi^ 0«ye %lm% «l»ete««tian ie not

« |MPO0«a» «f taking a«aathi8« atnay, but xstber d

«atlidd bjr tilii«li tbe atteotloB la foe^aed on ona aapaat

of a thing I ana that a ii»lvaf>aal, althevsh It deale

wltU a eatujra, Ooaa ae In tiM aliyS^ ttlaaa vaal mlmpae

•viat only In Individiaal things (12^).

Afi fav BevBaoa's attaint to aatai>lleli 'im

nouvean fondanant a la iHMJi. Iwilna* (1315), an4 t«

tiave tflvan un, Instead of liife«lli««na«, ^Wn® f@9iilt4

plus Intultlva «t ploa 9raa^« da I'al^aolu** (126), '*by

vfhleh ooa plaeea onaa«Xf nrlthin an ob^aet in osp^wp to

aolnolda with ttbat la unique in it and eonaoQuentXy In-

axpraealbla" (127), Haafltaln alu^ly aonaiaami It flutlve,

Wfmr Hilling to aatocwladgi^ tha linitatlona of

tba hmmu intallaat^ Hayltalii f^ Inalata tbat, '*in its

noat pavfaat funotion« wbioh la not to laanufaattupo l^@«e,

bat to ^witfa, tb« intallaat a«isaa opan axiatenaa

exerolaad by thlnga" (1&8). Ua liaapa aayias Ctte«a

ti»aa on tha ona paga)^ "1 'intalllsanoo eat nvanta"

(119}, »nd he aarplalne at aonaldaiNibXe lanstli lihat ha

oooaiclaffa %c be the prapav nattwa and fimatian of tha

intellect. Ha aiamirizea hie explanation W aayii^,

"tout ce qui ©ot, peut ttye 61^^ (inparfaltenant aana

•tr-j^

'ytn- :-:,;•«'

3*

Ill ^3

6wit9, 9mmm tout ce ciii« noao tat&mM) par I'lutelli*

g«M« towaloe, ou dllre«tiBi«Bt ou par fiaslc^iet (130),

St MiHMyt ftnd«i*etftii^ i«f!y B«rs«eK toe not eeen th»t tlM

liit«lleet is ^l& fentaioai d« vie par l«<|tteiie la

v4ritd, I'sbselu, !• r^l cnkrent <teB« notre few"

(131 >• mritfilR says that for ttUi "la lunttev (!•

l*l«t«llaet aeant est one si«llltua« partielpte <!•

la irl«»«t« l4Hd&re ditrin®" (132). 1^ is never tlr@d

^ iiamisc tie tliat* "I'erraor sur 1 *iiitelli«*iiea #6t«

netie dlt Saint ?iiiam9, la pltia ftertettuaa ae taiiiOTi

St s*ll est vrsi q»e la pfallaaa»bl< iioinrsile os tros^e

ssr I'intellismse, tout^s lea Atitx»«s me^mm, (|ii*im

p«Nirvs lui rcyvsater swrant ieur ortglas tfaiia sstte*

saiMinai * (133) • ^o folloir ^«cmhi la to sod 19 '^sa

una sorts 6m ssnauallt^ intsllaotusll®'' (13^)*

9lM »a«ia<iality * of ttie intsUsat in Beffgoso

rssttlts aa wall frcM its oriirin a a fron Ite function,

both of whloh ars closoly nalsted to netter* The intslleot

i« Bswisss has follows^ iftat Britain mo aallsd **lo

aiwanin d« la «aterialit4" (139)« It It-, in Bavjisoo's

sovda^ wlHeh ars ouotsd )tf Mwitiin, "lais fsiwtlon

sp4slals As l*s8prltf eeasntlsU

a

iaaat taw<a vsra la

Mat&frrs iiwrts" (136)«

•<ft{

'^l-.li «'& ,•.

.iri'->!;.« -i---rv «<si^li^ ^mi^

Mttter atr^ l»tell«ct have the mmc origin,

m tills atsb^B«t, "c *«8t la m^me lii/ef>si«wi <!hj

MOOfWttUt QUI 9r4« A la f€i£ 1 *lQtOll«9tt«lllt(^

«• l'«flpflt ®t la i»tc>Tisli^ #i« «lio9«8" (137}«

"An id^atiUdx proeffsa oast lit^« tut out 8»tt«i» and

t^ mt^Il^t, at t^m •saw tlnt®^ fron & «titff ttiat

aOMteiiMd both** (130).

ilM?it&ln tiisHt iisve pdUitwl eai., tmt in dio*

•«««laB Katt«v, B«i|;Mii l« aeare tiian um»iXly faltiifal

to hie flwthod of iRtaltlon. He timu eyiribols to apeak

«f it and jtttwpts to ssake us f««l as 1m 4«e0 about it.

fh» ttstaphor sbout the vsssel full of stess under

ppssmirs is ««no«i8ble (1S8A). Sine* lostt^p is a flow

in the directioQ oi^ENMlte to the iji|^fs« «f life, it

is litosiMa to the drops which fsll back fr««i a Jet of

st«««. Another aistsplier, alto hairiiig to do with tiater,

9«Ms vvm that striking page in QjmW^ ^^^Wlffff

«iMnr« B««gjion is aisvussins the yoesmilit^r of porsonal

survive. 1 and whsre bs says, '*lifs es a viliole^ fron tbs

initial iii^pulsioa tiiit thrust it into the vorld, will

appear as s wave whloH risee and »hich 1q oppotsed by

the dsfissoJiag awrsmia^ of natter" (139) • ^e fe«l our*

salvos boms on hf thm riqr^iMie laotlott of his proso so

«n s voriteble nave of lifs.

,l*p

';»f ^

J.v»«-Ti,.;u^.3 : v4S:i,: ;<: . ^,A^- j.»ijf StS-.*-

«j 'ii'S.^i!- ^^'-«:_i^^J

It fcfoa^ -jifilMtpe have b««ii j^os&il^le foi*

Horltsalii Ito bsve sMsliied upo« a supt^riolal po^t oC

of tb€ ladivlduatlcR) of aattdj? •<> ev«a tUfragb ©aoh

iliKl«3iHEMada dlffe2*&tft thingiE b/ matter^. It eesieovne

JkutGntQstf i^i?lispa, enl^ to £«>«» «<bo bae spm»t 9(M»14«mthl6

%$3m v«a41ng toth ^j^loaoaS^pc. 7li« t«xt ^ y«f«9

to it io i^fffi^va .Syolu^i.0a uad *"^a3 a a follc-wo* "^e

iMtt«r that it (the rislug W9V«) ^mifu Qlon^ ^ith it,

ftHtf In the lut«2?sli|««« «f y»tA<sh It iit»«iHS9 iteeK^

ilMt ^d» divide it into distinct ICM^lviaualitiee.

Or tltms tik'S etupraat, ruauiiiis; ii^rcut^li Uu^o g«oai!«t«V8j«

8i;&aividl<is itself ii^o inaividy&lt'. Thie aulidlvltioi)

urns vagiMlsr lodi3«t£j4 1» it« but eouXd »ot tifive been

m9^e clea? without aattcx''* (X^O).

natter In ji^«jr^a<m» It Ib agfiioet autttsi^ that naa waart

•nd ie ''U sMiid* jp4u»«itd d« lA vie' (1^1 )• i'l^ ^tite

•«a «»»inftl8 at*« tjraipp«4 W ^l» s»ti&ar«, out est la

n^««8lt4 atet" (X^S^«

Hhat IlM«««tt IW0 cmllo^ ^tlwt iiiKPlvi<:)«<2 iiiov«atiit

cf 4e8««c»t «hi«l) i« nftteffiaXlt/ It&elX" (1^3) » ^''AX'itain

kM» d«ii09itK»ii i» « »i»iten«« vtaronS^ iP«tti»ioe«nit of ttie

etyle of bi« Meter* "tlotre iBo«)d« Jl nous est uu laondd

f«tigu4, Xe gevte emtet^ur y retonbe, Inas^, auv Xui-

»l ««tte elMit«, ot retour^ oett« d^ltente^ oc Xaisser-

Ikc^xmlly, ^ritnin 6wfu eot dev^etc- aHjwIi tin*

to « caawXammtim ©f liiprwn*c ^tepy of BStter.

liavlag glVGD a good <!*0eylptlof) of ^jhat ^tt4»x» in,

for a«ti^en (1*5), b« 9«MMiil«ee teU omi attttvtS*

W Mtytiir *!« w»l>l%e® 09 U laatlftye oe »« p^m pas,

ia.a« n»e»t <|u»tt» malm, m*m« €mitXlUm%* (14<}«

- m -

If tli« ppc^lta of witt«ip in Qmrgmn, )»«%(} •»

to Its origin and its funotion, did oot^ In i%irltain's

view, os«ylt proIcHitetf sonsKlsiratlctQ* %^ psi^asn of

*bo <l«n mux wmsh is »«so«listo« «liii tlii% of ii»tt«v,

eoald not bo given soeH sestit stt«»tlcin.

«tee fVBidsiiental dootrlnco la tlio fhilosoptiy <a

BoMgson 4©, of Qoamm, tiiet i^ GmsUvs Svoltitloiii of

»fo«t tcme, an 4Xan vital MhleU mmhrn^ owwrds stsd

t^pMSi^s aiM tHileh sysetos as it ffoos. Tii« mifopsotsUo

t«Kt oo this 6ubi(»ot txmi Qurmwu^'

f ^ii^a^te^ m a

atapiMxri a Wnd of ti^i^sphal dhaitt whleli^ ^leo we»6,

»«vei» lesvos th© mind (liir).

B«n»ionT. ofvositloB, wtet he was etmSattlm,

WM aMh ••Btury iaoshtitf.«i| «Im notloti of « imlveTSo

«oetiitlS«d i>y f!>«otasiiiMl laws, lae gtoat i»t%ht ••

&a0 ^Britain haa oald that ovany gysat phlloaophor has

M

aiti

H 9««itMil intuition niadleh t» Itself do^n net Mislead"

(X^6) *« ««£!< to «»• tlwt the uwtiit— i(s vitel, liiNLas

xi«^ ele09Sli>«d in pturoly »«ell0iii£itl0 and HBliHHiMedX

formOa*. This mft «» imigbt with «ihl«h %y&tai»

mm wmsv iB aftoovd*

Sd w«.ai aid lie toMw fftiit aarmoa imb wyinf,

tiKit it is diffittilt %0 pwmms^ one««lf %hm% it is

M* 1Hwi|Ss» niio ie ivsskiiig vbon Msvitais saye^ '^

tfur^e, QUI QcnotitB* I'^toffe aiins d® i»oitx« acd^ est

sttssi la 8a^3li«iie« #« toitteo eHeess. Mtt«iv <^« immm

t^OUt ctoSHqpS^ ImM^ aS% BWWytMMWt- , ^% l€ nowscoCNfMi f si

wm» #s6sy9ns d« l# simiMilts'* so luiHweiais^ sa sans

taeBi^p«««a»t« par us effort da aya^thia i»1»aXlaatualI<»,

a l'int^rl<?ur au »6^tl«, wem» w09h%m aoaa nstuw

iMMAilabXe # oatee 4ku«4a ••. i« vaiida KaMrial •«

y4saiit «B una imiireva^lla i»t«fl««tion 6u «««• yafegawrowi

aaa«ve ••• use ^ur4e aaoMa ^9Xlm fua nans avoiia i^arqu^?

at) Mous rTi»aRS« iliHHBi la tcnpa^ l*4aoal«ttaiit ^ devanlr«

U ahiggamaat, aet»il la z»isUt^ «»** (1^9). 1%et

Iteritaifi did not ene in poiiitino; out, that in tlie

evolutlaMif B0^pftgral«a aif Baawgaaw , a kind of atfUBticm

SKy twspSiPly ba 9t>t iMttnaas aiMtaia, tina, belos* jre^Xity,

and th0 41aa vital, oay )ia siMiftaiitiated tvmk a aa^afttX

in9S(«Uie af tesF tastte fMn eysati^ gyoAutKai (1^0) and

if w» ^

mknrn in Hi

i^msttk M^tit b© laa^©? thut tfm <ll»n vital aiidP i»tter

ai» fee** t»»lf©«ft»tl€me of la att»#© In «» •««? In

tlAr^&t fe«t sif^© tlt^ is b#it^, •»(! b«lir^ le eh»i^:e,

«vwR tl^9 r«3»f^ 1« »i#» onlr to note thst settf^r does

\mr9 9 ijlii©©, if only beeaese it tw r®l»toi3 to thst

irhicb ftBoencJs, fh* feiMliaefital tesase for Bei^«cm,

t!w? .fUT^aiasTJtal wsslity «Mgti is 0t3?t?t©hed oiit b^lon

all tWLn^s? i^ Is dup4e,

f%fit9if} !i8@ not eliCH^ to eanMint upisn a te^

tilii^, as ffep 88 ^ tf«ti aeteajfstii©, i® Bolltspy i»

gpeativ^ Wolutiog . ^mps^<m imyst **tlie *vifc6l pjfiiwipi©'

way iBde^di not explal© isueh, feat it lii at tmt% a eort

of label sfflxc^ to our i^^fKaBftwcs^, tm •« t© rewdnd! tie

of thie ^sfmeiamlly , whll© rastehenisB! lT»vlt#« ws to

1,,:.-; ' t-'^^' * •v--t»n-.^«» (l^S). ^.JfltAll) h»8 tttksm th©

th^oTf «^3ieh Bes*g9on hfi* •Xab««»t«4 qtfite (B^rloQ&l^r,

18 Indeed is Its <Jti«,

- VIII •

llirlt»it»»e 8t1»«l; on th« dll»fi fallis o« th©

8«fti8titaticm of ^9e«tsisii^ ttxt beinis* Idbexvl vme i«

iMid* of ttie «f4»ll«>kiioira Italiois^d t«9rt teom U^ f%vwn^^

<?n GhBBt^^Bwgnt. "*tl y • ^fl ot)8tts«n8iit8, «»i8 11 n'y »

pas de choses qui changent: le changement n 'a pas besoin

d 'un support, II y a des mouvements, mais 11 n'y a

i.u!.i; apiJ

-j.coascf asq 6' n d-nemsgrfsrio si rinegaerio lup assodo ob asq

6 Y' n Ix slem ^s:taem9V)L;om 39b b y II ,^ioqc:

CHAPTER ttt 49

pee n&6CQmtfm-i^rtt a©s objeto irrrorlableo tjui mt

SftsuvcMRt; l^& m<>irye2<jnfc »»|J3|>ilgQ'^ pas im mobile* (153),

1b>« %lifim eb-uyset^risea !?y f^j?ital?i «s "one of the

%cii#««t titto^ts »v©y B^<fe to <3riT« out being «w>

3?^laee It iftth t^«»0<3nlti@^ (l!>^^* Tb© Beei^fliQiiiaf)

^ets cosier? 1© the« in^sis^ the eietftp^iies of |«ap»

cteyjge" (15'?);, asi^,, in li^rlt^ln*t vHm, It |>s«9<?r>t6

ua i«lt!i *tin© tabstaait© qui »«e«t s»»s taie eho««, ue®

fiuil»st«no« ^ul n'©@t pis tme !Siil>$tam«. Vbilft un

®tr© <^ R'est ylfm** (l' 6)»

5^^!?r« is, th^m, tid betag^ ao l%a?ltain wmil6

chap»ct02d.3« it, «aa thst s*hi«jh ©.-rists ie only ^bong^^

end, for 3«j?i?a<m. ehBiK?© I0 deration oi? tl'sro. "La

(3111^ v^ellis ©fit @a q^ I'on st tc^i^cairs ai^^l4 i$

t«i^p»«, sale I0 t(!?jip8 p<ii^ 00»fte indlvietbl©'* (157),

ffesp-it-:? it^ Inftiati?; t>^t "St i« gtlbftsne^ wMgh

0har^-:s; ch^Tv-c tr :>ot g^^jetancc " (l^B), and tte»t

It !» thl« tfeej?l.i!j of tb# i«b«Ptantiality of tism

^^Moh a»k«tt Gf it a 9V9»tKi3^ 0n6 m»t Just a v«piV>odtio«v

©f th© i^»5rt, ^^^sHtaln h®s not fall«fi to ae^ that, "11

e»t l**b«oIa, «t cut i»b»©l« sx^n??!* <3«? 1«J>(8«bw», 11

ey4« fit m 9w4^ «« avAn^nt ... Fd««t£ 1« ttni^^ et 1*8

€^f9tll HI If

flifOMt m t&n% t«st«Hi 9oia9t* (l6o), 'Stmn #9b %e>

»K> <3[«©8tiosj of a C4«@at^ at dieti^^t fv<m oreaWw

In & phiXo&ej^ «»h@pe thore Is only one Idlnd of

li^yng ftiid is i^i«h th«pe 18 mo ai^tlftetlon between

1%le a^Xi$e @^|v»3.I;r to Bsumenldes for v4kxs ohsnue

wan illuiio^, sa It <^oes to l»<»ii8<m for 9#bQK» «l:aiQg«

X*9tV9 ocnR» i tootds eliee*^, quI QOt Is plue g^o^vel®

0$ 9tt« tW«<lpiM!t la p3U|« pstxxTPe' dee mxt±%4e, on pc»g«

l^x^taiD, mvm*t^l9m, «9i» tint B«y^iioB^ «aptteiaX«

2;f in hlQ l&taip yimv&, 4W B9fc 9Km9M«v liJUR0«lf a pen*

0mig»r« €!f ptBttioiQBt ajpt in agr pplndon iDh^trcnt in tb»

B«ijg»<;tf>iap n«t»ptir@l«s^ 2>ef^«on hljnsdlf has d«llte««»t^l)r

«»a« ta& oliol«« AgtiBi^ pttniihc'lffin" (163) •

TIAa «iio&«e •stinot paottieiiMi v««6 in dll probBt»l-

IXty mBde )iy B«vs«o« «e a r»«M3,t of his stviOy of the

^,i ti

CHAPTE^'i 111 $1

Christian asyBtlot, who plMet6 Ood outelde th« <tniver»«

of etonge nad who tho«N^ht of Him as an ultiioate and.

What affeet B«i^aoi}*@ religloue vlewa had on hla phllo*

8oph^ ef bttlng Is a aubjeet on which onl^ tboaa who

««"!?« eloae to hlsB in hie old age — for example, Mivltaln

and Qllaen •• can hopa to ten^aetttre.

If the ooq^aptlon of hf»lng in Baffgaan hae b«an

oi^an to the ^nger of pttnthffimn. It has yet, aa Mavltaln

has point©*? cmt In ti#o weslea «f reaant year!? (16^), been

on the May towsrcsa 9 coaoa|Plt<Ml of b«ii^ as ecec «

BeiMeoo'» Intuition of duration 1b r«fawffed by l^rltaln

aa 'Sflthln Unite •••a ganulna asqperlemee* (I63), l>ut

a "psyebeiovleal a«|><iNliM mm^^ *» avb #«t tlW ail**

phyaleal Intuition of belns* ^^ 1^ eapabla of leading

tie up to it. for Involved In this pairehologioal dnwi-

tioo and iniJlleltly glirao w it thav« la indeed

axifitenea, tha lx>redueibl« valne of baing, aeaa * Thl®

Intuition la thav«fore a path, an approaeh, to tha

y>»*a»tlon of airtatanea" (166),

Duration la not Just a blunting and broadanins

of th9 adsta of tiiae* It la an «ii[parlenaa which oalcaa

ua aware that threugh all ahan6;a and awyJitMant w« era

tha wwrn paraona and 9W9> "triumphing ovor tha inartla

of nattar* (167)* "Hara indaad ia an axparianea of tha

eonerata raality of duration, of axiataiMe oontlnulng

itaalf, of our daap pay«hlo life, in which ie enfolded

«

CHAFTCR IIZ 9t

of the act of being ••• Tbla «xp«vi«iioe of the lived

duration of the soul Hill tjmnatUKOf^ itself, will open

out directly not only tm QwrntXao, but on tSSiJttKKUU

or vether upon the sotiwl eem is ite pure oensietefwe

and its Intelligible aatplitude, will beeone the Mrte*

physicdl iotuitioi} of this aett to be, l^hia farther

step Bergeon <3id oot take" (16S),

Bergeoe did not take this atep beeenee* although

it Hay be true that he naa aearehiag for what Meritaiii

^*^^* ••gf

«

tM never fowtd it* -rhere ia oo eteape Id

Bergeon from the radical aiqvreesion of what Fiaritain

neant by being, 9Qd the inevitable remxlt we a that all

of the ftindameotal prinolplea whi«h lay at the root of

reality for F>aritain «rare for Bergeon noc^ht but

SmmBmm^ «t fletiona** (l69).

Britain's appreaeb to ai^ philoeqpdile poeitiett

ia alwaya rational, but it ic alao alwaya an l«tc«reted

appreaeb. The garifteat of truth, philoeepliieel aad

religious, miat alwaya be one and whole, without rente

or hiddeo pvelcete*

He ia very inteveated in the relatioatflilp be-

tween phileaophy and religion and he ha a not felled to

note that In a world In wbieh there ia no etabllit-/,

uut; amy snotion ano change, it will elearly be iaqposaible

'^*<»^»^

ii.s/ysv Ji^v- *

'J?T

to Niw aiTf dessMtlc i>r«neufiee«s«nt8. t^hat Is trti« mm

tli«e, will not b« twi© later. Fvtrything will b« In

flux and tiMWO will n«t only b« ne atabla lK»ii^, Itmt

no truth awS n© rational au|>9ert for th^^ Catholla 9alt^4«

"En ee Qttl ««ff»»riM» lee ©omiexlona vltalaa antra lea

i&4e» phlloaapiiiQtt** et la foi rallglauae, la aootliialoii

69 e©» iltudaa »«r la erlti<irti« <f« 1 'Intelligence, f?ur

l*intultion at la €wH^ barfttonlannae 9*l»ne®a en ettmt

^*mm wnUre IrriiHiiMe « . « i^ale a prendre lea idiaa

dane laor plelnc logi^jwa e^^eetlvaf A suppoaar <fef

eiqprttr vral«w»nt ooliiiannita ayee *^iiir-«#sw*a^ 11 faut dlra

Qt]*!! eet InipoMittii #*a^Yi4rtr atoc prlnelpea fonaiera

dv ber^aonltRie aanc earvrlr par li miaMi 9Wt erreura

gHxferglgtaa tfdnone4«» par We X laa pert«e de con Swm*

(170).

- XII -

Zf th® phlloeophy of Batrgacai rendare lR^>o«all>le

an^ pronemwantevtta of the Cbureh, It aleo makes unat-

tainable any mtlcmal knowledge of the a:sclat«see of Cod*

tf thla tmewle«g« of the asiiitMae of Ood la

for »%ritaln •one «ot 0e nat«r** (171), It la baa«»i«

in haa an iDt«lleet« By ttia twe of hie reaaonlnft

powarra and by evl(Nn»ee whleh he galna, "en paaaaet par

Mrs er4at«B!«ee mt noue «ftrtaiit <9ea aheeea qq*!! a

faltea" (17IA), man oanMa to a oertittuSe of the exlatenae

m

• m* »!• .

. ^yW*J7"i-

X'-

-M i-^'

cmjm&A III 5i)

df God. Hff 11*8, MvapMng to ftoniwiii^ in this beller,

"plua do evvtltude tfB'auemie ftutrn^ vdrlt4 d(§nontx^f

K»tfi4m»tlqu(s , selentlflqtte ou philosophique" (172).

MHMIHiflK Mime this 8tat«flt«f}t on two grounds.

Pliflrt, th»t Chrlutian phlloeophy can offer Batiefuctopy

ftroofi, and tM»con6 that the pyo|H»eltion, "le Fai9onne-

MMSfe p«it ddnontx*er av«e certltud* 1 'existence d© Dleu",

t» on* lfi!po»«d by the Conivegatlon of the Index (173).

ftoi^taln ttemm quit* aware that aoaie intellectuals

are ae^mful of the i»>oofa advanced by Christian philo-

sophy, Neverthelese h« consldejf's then valid and etreasea

the point that gvaee perfeeta nature and presuppoaee it;

"1 'lnt«%pit^ c3e la fol ne peot pa a etpe 1ft oft rafincfue la

aant4 de la yaieon" (17^). Ttie deatvuetlon of th<» power

of the reaaon In Be»s«oii ia alx^aya for l^arltaln the

ohief reiMPoaeb.

- XIII -

HavlAg erltlclaed Bevgson In hla early works. In

a Mamwr whieh he later oharacterlsed as beleff *too

fellcltoue in being right" (175), ilarltaln waa overjoyed

to find that Bergaon In the ^reat work of hla old age.

Lea P»uy apuroea de la licrale et de la R^lliarlon (176),

nanegetf to arrive by his own route at tonelualons which

on aany points very <»1op<» to Ills ow».

iUi^ ..

iV-*''Q^JtS^,

1<5 r^'

3 f-'f?

CHAPTER III "B

If, on the baelB of Creative Evolution, all

that een be said of the e]?eatlon of the woyld waa "11

sc cp4e, violi tout" (177)} and of God, that H» vae

Iflentlcjil flth a principle of evolution, \ui n'eet

pas StrCj qui r^esst pa« Intelll;:e»©e, qui u'errt iMte

?4rtt<, qui n»©Et paa Bieti oi Amour" (178), the» on

the basla of th? "Deux Sources", it eould be said, to

the ginjat eontentasent ©f Sterltain, that Bergson had

<fi««ovei»ed that Qod wat lonre.

It \f&s thyiMUli « l«ii«%lk3r ft«^ of the Chrie*

tlai) jaiyBtlcs, tjotably St. Tej^eM of Avila, aad ]>y the

tj»e of hl» own enpiricttl T?ietho<5 «- "11 n'y » pt«

<! 'autre source d« conxieiasanc*? que 1 •^spcrieno©*' (179)

— that Bei*g8o«} reached his eimeluiiion?. iiarltaln ha a

hlH for "that hi»nlllty by which the phllo-

»r in all thic beliovea thomm wifte haire iovmmr^

Into the realaj of things divine" (l80). Re also

quotes with satlsfaotiot) (181), a long peaease from

iJparson's Two Pourcea in «hloh Berjaon says that

Voaqalete nr/stlolsia is that ef tlie great Glr^rlBtlan

vTBtiee" (l8?). He teid Indeed hitmk auch struck by the

renarkable agarveoient araetJc?^ tht^ isystios in tbeir aceounte

of their ©xp.'srlenses*

Benjaon was s|»iMirently quite avare th»t he mi a

here eolwf beyond his earlier y^orita. He aolcJ naar the

end of I.»8 Pcu» Bourses that, "nous diipasaonc alnai.

.*»

rn '^f\ ^-

emivss iii ^„

sans <?owt«, 1&B conoluGlons d© 1 'Evolution Cj^eatrioe**

(iGiJ). ^i€ wya, bowovc-r, careful to aUdi, ''nous ne

disione rien qui »e pQt ^ti-s^ ooiiflimj un Jour par Xsi

blologlw-" (iC^). ^tapitaln, obviously, Vca«w too, what

Bergaon had alra^idy coarii*.awC(. lis ha a a«ii<3, "I obould

litw at 03EMS© to polat ©ut for ©o^ thi.»^- Umt Bejc^sco

h«yeln bi^ought ua aooethiag profoundly new dn z'elatlon

to liie pi*evlou3 wopic" (18:>),

It had Xtemi by a l9»gtliy stucly of ofsrsftXetma.

h%^nnins In 1906 aad culuioatloi in tli«i pubiioafcion

of l^Li Dgux iiQUt^g^ . thit ii^A'i^aoti bad travelled a road

wlaieh brought him ia to a idnd of apirltual accor(3

with 'taritaln,

Xo ji^i^^Bomin^' the? Ylap :';aritalii givae e short and

9t$mSlil»^ suBaaary of Lgg Peux &oi^ef > Xb In Creative

Bvolutlon, wher* B«rff«ai*s ideas are driven In pairs —the 61an atuS matter, intuition aw3 intolli^-eno©, vital

orcJar and georaetrlG order — «o in Ujb Paux ;>ouy'Ceg we

find • slnllsr bifurcation of ideas.

There are v^do aouveea of »u3«^lit/} presaure of

the oooial group and the attraction of outetandinis

intfivitfiialfi. iliece result In two typee of »owilltyi a

closeo iaorality wthiah la that of '^aocial oonfowaiaia"

(186), and an open worality whicb is that of "holineaa"

(1B7).

m

-.1-.

.»» 1fPT*'«i'Ttf'«i-}l :ff .ttiki^l

.:::1^4.M

CHAPPIK III 57

Thm feype« of religion ax% slmllaply aivld«<5.

itstle jrelijTion is a defenBlve reaction of mature

(fepitmcc? to ^uard naan against the fear of death and

to eoMIMmwte for the "ai- -ig mtrgin of contln-

«few?y b<?twe«n Irsltlatlve taken and declred effect"

(1^). Tfyrmrnic religion Ic "^bove all a vocation to

tho HQrnical life** (109)»

Tfee IntaTanii^ thing to Mapitaln — and in

fact to anyor>© — Is that Berg-aon, barrad froa an

•fNMPlitli to Chrlftlsnltr at the Intellectual lavel,

has, by the operstlor? of hi? e^m ^rnnlrlffal method awJ

by the uenj of his intuition, arrived a^ a knowledge

of what i'iari.t3in hss In thin connection called, "the

unique vriltie an5 th* t»»n8Cj?i?dene® of the faet of

Christianity" (190).

Bwffgi<9J l0 tjnlte unequivocal in what he wttys,

•There la nothing? to phcr, th^t nny of the great Stolca,

w»t even ti» Stoic who waa an eai^wev, coneidere<3 the

poaalbillty of layering the barrier between the free

iwt* Bnd the alare, betnesn th<» Roaian eltlsen sn^ the

barlMrian. limracity had t; n^ till ChrlS'tlanity for

the Idee of unlveraal brothei*ho©«3 , with ite Implloatlon

of e<|Tjallt7 of rights an-i the ©anctlty of the peraon,

tm b«eoa* operative,,, it be^an, nevertheleaa , with

the tecehln.3C of th^ '" .., it la ooe thing for

an idoa to be nerely ppoyewided by aagea worthy of

lO

CMJ?T«B in 5©

admijnatioK ^.*- ^. " vi'W itlf*','--?«rtnt vj'5i---n thr Idea la'

braadciiet to tb9 entJ® of uhe ei;.'th ii. ^gc over-

flowtrjf'i i«lth lev©, ltivold.a'5 love in return" (191),

I hsve quoted thin |»8«^«e at length in ow^^-r to Rhow

that .'laj^itsln has not exaggerated the opinions of

Burgeon,

r2iirlt8 ' '' "•" CK-Itigye of Iktrg^tor! "* position ora

SKjtfflXs »nd religion i» tm<lci frot?. two points of vie«J

^it of ite r«latloi3 to x^lloscphy and that of »n

ectiaatlw of Bf?rg8on'B iutentlorj.

It 18 obvlcun that, fron tho flret stsRdpolnt

,

?%ii^toin w«iXd have what he calls. In a restz^lned

i,3 , "a«rloua res^ipvetlon"" '"'/^f), Wevei^thcleos

,

:iv^pltaln c" va it a laatter for eon^^^ratitleti<5« that

3«f^0an hac lltfti»d hi? worellty to Ills metaphyjiics Bfni

that iia coosiduiT; It inpor^^ot to kno?* what wan is b««

fOM lo«tru^tlni him hcu t© fcahs/o, '*0n all tl»t

B«r9««ii CBd St. 'Phanas STe at one* (l^)*^).

Tht ioaviWDi^'i z<«8Ult is that juepsaau's ethi«f

ffluct 8rt«»d or f^Il on the vtlidlty of hie saetaphysies.

Btuce the w^^t^v-irt-pf.pR "ip «»{»8©ntlall-y a crcatlv©

4ynmlai ... ^nilcn D-va; o only urdar the bur-.ieai of

a d«ad welffht, ,,. the Tllrplnif hack' which la watt^r"

(19^) tlWf ethics ^<lll Kirror » slmtiar rtroc^t^le which

Ifl faintly AtJttjustlnlan in fl'jvour. within aan th«re is

n.'^

CMrmi J^Jk.Jk

the eonstant eoMlb»t ©f two a®tU3Wl energies t an esaotion

of ssplvstion whieb Is in acaord with the ^lau vit©2

•ad « $«iie« ©f obligation wJ^tleh Ifi the i:^0ult of social

ppesauFv and which is a diwg o« the cplrlt in the eaae

way that raatter is u 6mxinm7?6 pull In relation to tti«

#lan«

''ayitain, sirlth gyeat p«poeptlon, poiiatej o«t that

l»«t«r<a«ii th«ae two foawce, the •ptclfie task of molality

ha a vanishad into tain «ii» (193). mn finds hiatsalf

Invitad to take himaalf in hand by noans of a veaaon

whleh 1« unsulted to SB^^ulation anA a will vhl'?"-' H^c

DO elea^ uli^ioiVG sod t;o s«»k, ll« X@ eauftht h«t^««»

aoaial eatlvlty vh±0h is lnfa?t-i?ational and m^tlcul

«apll?atlon ?*hlch le 5«i«pa-r9tl«»i«l. Af- a r^gwlt of a

thtjponghiy aBjplrloist a^pvmehf only tiie opej^tion of

a non*B«jge«gilan Intellect oould be expects to ha^ng

Inteipnal omJer out of these two c<M3oeptio*js l&y 2?€lstliig

tlMM and aubconSinatlng one to the other In relation to

the Idea of an end.

The &pmt @aU<«p of life Is on itc mj, but

neither at the level ©f ©oclal confojnalty, nor at the

level of aapivation, la it poeaible for any dlx«ctlon

or end for thla eontinuoua aetlvity to be noted (196).

Slnee the intclleet exlata for the Bjanipulatlon of

Qolido^ in a world of flux, it oannot be eaepeeted to

have diaeemed the eKlstenee of aueh an end, if indeed

tlMve le one.

mkrvm txi

Hii^fealH ttofc#e tbat th^ ethiec of St.

ppee®»ts % epee.U'ic and sutosjcssou^; o4\-ie-."'* (197) nHileh

16 fmm3e4 ujpob s **af»lversa1 lietipiisreloal oipdei?* Cl9®)

which cotlets In a phlloponh*? of h&it^ «s dlstlfii^:;ui??hed

fi^oB s piilXosoph/ of suu;std6ti«gXlsed «h8i;^* Philo«>

soi>hle«ll3r cp««lcli^« tb® ^etisipihFOiei! of Be3PgJ><m and

the eihies batet? on it dOu3.il prove oo mo^ tboo imim-

tlefaotos^ aiK? ani»ati8f:^ii8 to ^'^ffltaln.

Iq (S«alit)g with jMliglon^ ^terltilin ^ommtidr,

Bei^8o» fejf ttM etrese tttilch 1ms* pl^ees ovi the faet thst

th« thought of primitive nen «|}«7@ tho ee^ie laws ae our

ewn, "only under different coiKSltlone* (199),

Thef} Marltaln 9imeB to th« M'BMI ob^tloi), uhieh

h* Miriier applied to noxQl&t tmrnaly, that «ilth Ber^mm

it it *«fv«p th<» miM s^poeefld of stfvering ind opposing**

(8<X», plua a f««y akh? di&ip9mv6 of the int<^lX«ct«

SiBe« Stan hat an lsiAgiii»tion« it is i»tUK«l for

hiM, My* ?'t03fltaln, to «oi»«ive layths and to ^lahoretG

then In eonnoetion with » atrntmrnlnt atid Boeial tfi^

of religloQ, which in any o«»ia« «l«r«)ys chotfe, "the

natuzvl tntygr of h«n rta»on" (201).

A ei«»tdtihy8lofs of boeoRxin^ i@ not miffldlMtt to

fesii a link uot»o«n citotlc rolisioci ood dynainia rell-

gionj which, isineef it ie above all a vocation to the

^A

A::^ 3--^^

^•lite«i Mw twe^ ciMHi B«ii|Boa does not wwognl«e th«

v»ltt« of s^fion as »ipU«(3 to ntetttpliyalee. Aw^ twist-

•»o»th[y M»iat» mittt o<ffii9 fiHa» lii«iil«i«o una tills ott^odl

A« MQi^«gr0tf iff Bm>smm*0 thmvy &e tteo w^Ueal lift*

wlwtlMr It 1» eousfffot tlMPongrh intiiitloii cat* ^ lilse lot©!-

a«et. >%rltaie point* ««« tHit tH* ffy«il»iW^ livit

f«l» th«BMivee ii^MUtd *%omv& the SiSf ©f a ermtive

w?8« ««fiolt«X3r fi«« «r »U ead^ but ow thf» eiKitmry

tmttv^ 0a lufiait* eii«" (aoaK

In otlstv ii<»itfs, tiM gmat Chn«tl«o siyetlet,

«toai« as JtevceoQ tvmly a^aito, fo* e0i}3i#«pa 1Hi» «rm%^••*. aid Hot 09Wit« imm tiia iMiata of « iMita9t9«ii««i

lMa«iit«K« Tti«jr btpftii mth faith and an »eef|^c»^9 ©f

<imm •m wtmmam tor %^ low of e 8i^ii»itt« s»d» nmtWiia anvyoaah woul^ b» ing^saibie few* B^j^s©©, Britain•laaply a^a aoa notes* A ]aaj<«> cJirriculty would i>e

tUat jrcw aanxtot »tay withiw phiX«9«^p|i^ «» tiiwBe %«fw»*

*«• ftwwiaffawial atHil ia Majpitaiwa aimgf««..

wawt with dcvsaon eilMttt tho roal natur« of M^etlaian.

Kaagavn litya oqratialam in to IHs 4Un by Making it "an

i«va«%ttoia ittto" <«Q3) to action. Bai«a«ti aaya

nx mIII'/, "9«npX«%o Bi^<»tlelffi8 1« ttt&oa" (^0^),

•tod *Wem &pmt nrt^iiSft »*» t»iN» gimwpaiXly i»ee>» m«n or

TiMi Btr^m vi^AMh iwiitoii pttt od 8<»ti<»» wis a

point ^^ii«li intvjfestetf ^ritAia pttrtl^iiXiirl^^ beoauce

!!• voata liiMMilf h»v« p1«c«m3 eoift«ngpX«tiof) first*

M»«il»iii hid no c^QTesriiQnlt^ to i|iie»tioii B^Btsoe p•l^-

«««Mlly on this polut and $!«« Bw?s«oa*e imply* ''ihr

MilMwytf ttot it ms itet In Hi* a&ixi to atuBert any

f»f1»li of action cv@r ««e%fi93yitlo&, iJ;-.. ^imr.? ^

%• My ttet ttm 9oiit«iqMAtioi} «f tht

• •o»tOT9latlo» of lov^ Mhlcb^ bcKsauoe it mmtm^

Wtftkim ttt9 sivliig of e«ir, s-equix^e an o^turfloM into

•«tlon. In 99em!f6»tme m$,th tbe Qbll^atiooe «»<! th«

O9i»02rtaititt«e of th« i^QRwiiti tad tliat tbia <»vttiid<mlng,

irtMf) it t«te»s piM§e, gives t«otiia0iv ^ ^^ ^^3.1 t2^»«»

fMMitlon of tlM9 tmmmm miaX, vm»^^m th« ««i.Xl «d wtU

•8 tbo iieiNNra 9f 1cfiii>ttl«di#'* (206).

Siat« tlw mtqr dlffiealti«& in tfm ms «f »

pldlMWvl^ feffoerd Wtiie«o B««««o» oiid ^Ssffitaia w«r«

iBMUwouiHwbl* ttt that level •* tiMt is. Id « Burg*

•oniOTi of f»ct — it lanflt h»ve 1»««ii a «VMt happiness

to ^'iaritain to tm^mAam thst hs sntf bis beloved meter

w^

CHAFTEH III 63

B( had at Idst *Hii«t one tnother tie it m«x« tvilf*

««7" (207), aw9 at the level of a B««irii<i^8ei of Inten-

tlmi <»» 0f ssjlrlt, s®eh hid "$ovmmf^6 uawlttlngly itt

tttch 9 nmnaee ts to eppawseh the other"* (?06).

'Smt mioH «f«s indeed the ease is bosme* out %^

the ^11 of Herwrt. 6«fs«o«s^ (tet«d Fi»l«ie*UB]!7 6, 1937,

an6 immtlowjd Hy «»3rttt»l« In SSSmS^Sm..MLSMt» ^^

ai«B0on h»d w»($9 ]mi»lie » s^ticm of tii« ulll i»hleb

]?«te<98t "Msr pofleetione hBir« l*^ tte eloeev ftitc? elo0«$> to

Catholi<?l8Bi, In which X c»e tho eee^lcte fttlflllawB*

of Jtidiri«R« I woold ha¥« beoont a eoinrert had I not

ae«ii irt pp«pRi?ation for rmrs tha f^^sidabXe iiav« of

0nti«»eeaitlm!! «rMeh ie to bve&lc upott the world, 1

iMntctf to ranln aaoes tboee who tonarretf will bo por«*

aaont^frd* But I hopo that a Catholie prioet ^iXi eon*

aent, if tho Cardinal Arehblshc^ of ?arie authorlssae

±tt to tOM to my pf«3r«va at w fimosttl" (209).

Ntritain adda a note to tha affaat that, •» lariaet did

in fact fulfill thi« wi»b, Mmvi Borfion diod on

Smmmt *», 1^1* («<5).

fhara ean bo no doubt that Bojpgton a#»o in tha

and, at laaet in spirit, into the Ohriotian fold. Ona

9aaa»ia partieularly in Ifet^^OLSMiii^ dAMlptiva

of a nratie, attoota this facti •?» the love which

eonetsaaa hint Is no lom^ar eiiaply tho lov» of ffisn for

Ood, it i0 tha :ove of Ood for all lion. Iliroiiffb Qod,

c a III ^

%n Vim »t»«ni!ftla of Co^:;-, h© loves ail jf«a«felBd «itb 8

dlvifie love" <21l), ^Thie u»douiitedly r«pi*€ t?l6

ChjrlstlaQ fti^syoaeh.

:nwt B««ses«» >(d@ at^Xc, vt ledet In 1932 ^«H^

he ¥fx^>t<? Ilff ^e fa^iy#tt. to tic ni£ a®if<?laping; veil-

jic ofB to bis piUlo&c^Uy of durstlon, can

3?ot<5ily iMf teAu rroa th® foll«»«i«g t'.<o tojctfi. ll«

as^y •*Cre»tlv« etMflPgjr 1§ trO b« Afstin^ «s love,

Matioct irtx4 uu^j, A-fe© la thie ewwrgy l%«elf, tboy

(b«l»si*) «iH2ld onljr spring l»te b«l»g 1» « unlver^,

aetf ttJ»i«foa?a the tjnlvcpfle eipareag loto bHm^ (212),

So^ Oc<^ ia Ci?^T;iV'~- tmeiv - ''c"-. In tills ©ase,

B«s||6«» i» tv^m to £'i/, •'thwp© 19 tjotblisi to pfffveot

th4& phllo«»j>li«p f2*cm fcllosring t© Its logleel «ow

elusion tbe ia«e *-iiic^. iclria ;;:u^-;c6te to hisj Of »

unlV9VM which li; the »tr» vlclble 4in<1 tai^hle (lepect

of lov^ «aa o* the w»sd of lovr , to^eth^sp with all 1^

ooos^QUMMMNB ««italle(3 of X^i'K* «$r€0i4>vc &isoi^loi;r (213)*

Tbajpe Ic a problcsi |>c»©®d W the ««ooi?a b«^i©«n

B«iitmi tnd !%irttalii« tl»t th«r w«r« eloaw tayf^Mv

In the early 1900*0 at pii^il aod pvof«0«<up, that thay

l«t*p haltf hli;hl7 div€^«nt ri«w«, and that in B«s%»

aoB'B old aea thay 'utiV again in «e«o»K3, aannot 1m»

doubtad. !^rltain hsa offerors hie omt explanation of

this npsMMWlMMnt by auiffastins that he and 3«x«aan

baliS alnllar inteetiana*

c: .1X2 ^5

8t, Tfeosfts by giving Bej^ison what mi^ht b© t«mQ<l s

*r«n?©i^nt' tiitejii>i?*t^-ttti« or »-ae there » ff««l »eetlag{

wsirks., the «sust Vt? ttet, ptiilocc^^hleally, thcly

s?/st««s« of theu.2Jht |«P»fiecit two aiiSOlutelF i3?w«©»cll-

eble cr^iiGiiQ& c-f 3c?««3.i-1iy, two €9p!pos«d afftapi^srsieal

dootptses'. .,-^cvci-%h.€'l<f«is, 'Wicsaee ©f B€rg«o»*e initial

applies tion of esmirltfal tffeatiaaras to the t««tl«onsr of

th« a^'£tlci^, •-":.- m oiis w«c iat«r ©o»t«sipittlv«

mxpevXeaeet .italrj «#e3pe able to cmso to

otfbifjt?ir¥ht.it sf3?R*9ffi»j, the imiBtttd .g90l»i# of »tlli;ioae

»ik3 iac/«tlesl ©^ip«si-i0ia««, *w ^.u. .., lo iddltloo, b«

ocmceded tl»t it ^as S«f|E8<m wiie aiov^d towfiVdK ^ritais,

»t Itaet m the ft el a c-f x»&li«lon« That he eenild not

have (loiw tbis wltii^wt ^^di-. -ti-i-i^ his phllo-

eophy aiist have fecon 90 Qlm» to a it is to us.

- I -

The oeneept of the p«jNion lii th« social phlle-

9m^ <*f 'Britain ia .lik# 9 = ^ » w^ieel,

!.

«ll th« support Ing spskes fit into It. s%5?ltsln has

c»ll»d this concept **the fitndas^etJtal sitbjeet ©f all

sc^ciai an.? -.vollticaj. paxi-. '' (2l6),

In the phlXcsophy of ->« the p«'i»»€m is »o

a3*tlfl?l3l and ursrtaM'^ •"s^'tarh'/^icsl

"d^tr*j1.t la bujas? ?our 1» phllc

If it be t;?u© to 9@y %lmt tht$ poaltloo of in

tHi^en foimd«<) pooltivtlv ©a th© tf, f the Catholic

Fstth «ind on a »t!»'^- '^*^^ A^.^iTnst.

Just as th* ehlef objeetioti to th® phi: -jr of iic^ig-

B0«, tB "^^icl tain's vlt ijCi-attonfility, so th«

lt» e»ph«»i* €»« th« validity »ivQ piwiiff of th« ii«ia»r*

e to tollmo^ ^i>it#ln*8 expodfclon of

th<* ?«iitui^ of mtnt to flve^ the orldlrt <af its ©aneeis-

civt) iti tht* phiitH»^i^?t3y of fit. Thojase A<;^I«ih>» it»

iB«t^ph:/-fflcal ectniGtltat-nta and fou»d»tlc»i in a pMlo-

srfT-hr ^f be-'wr*, a;? -^f^ll 5>?t it? ]!^l«ti<«i to the atjper-

rra^urai ^ight of divine - »'« It ts it««ait&« of

tt«M9 a&stined fcc tkx3 §.1 hia c*od , that man ©an, ae«ov4ing

to f^i'lusm, *ay cists; '^^ ',r^,.g:;; .^l-rhtt

.

??^ritciin has stiNPM«d '&ha^ hit U'^oMlsn la a

«KJt (iJl'v)> f-'^icltiiUi liS »y no nc-a»i; 4 slss'la'a roiiowtr

Of kqulmt, Ra has Db3ei'-'e<J th»t:^ "on n'€;st ^a;^ <5,;:-i'^:1

par«a q\M <lan« ie nagaain detj 9TF9tim^9 on f^ilt p^oiv .^i^

lul eaaiaa 4 urn 2S3r»«a«ia puimi l^a auti«a« , «ciimm vena

e: ^a«« ii«c- jwiijpa 4« ffotill^rjs dana un a«aia4?.l« dc

«; . ,^, ,iy<i^ji,,, qb aat %haail»ta parcre au'on a r*M»o««4l

a fe£'viiM^«r <Jan*j an aya%*!ma fal»ri<|«4 p»i' «« tr>diU'ltjt» la

v4rlt4 philr>»ei>hlqii«, aat li » a«»pp«l«t-ll gs^,

at pa«»tt« 4|u'di» v«at ahtumim* 1« vjrati... Ai*latol;« at

9alnt Thowaa it*o«t jjoer notia tmo li«!>«rt»iica privil%l<e

«f«ff ptti-c© <3W«, 9 eatt»» <3# laar t,api««wa do«115.t4 awi

iia du ir4«l, «<joa tjN&uvona ahaa aux laa pi»loal««a

<ft l'4chall« tfa valeui*a (frio« aem^tala aani riaituar

a 'eclft^tierae et lo eoofut ' vcut 1 'oi'^'oift tie eett#

- Ill -

'the 1-j, wheth»?jr ®s z^atioml, #« fi»»« <si? »» »ocl#l,

th*r« B$^ thj?^?^- tests -^ihtch fjseeuf cfvei* end ove? dptin.

2' aiii.<:« wu fc.fleQi,iv'{i sevfc'ji-sii. |..'iiiscc* wiiejk'e etey

!ag'j£t peri'- . '-uv -- -..'mt ii, a fiuii»«livt««\;

Individual of « *. .,u^.:" (i^Ji*). •.:.i» t«xt ii

•Iso elt«d 89 folio^ifii ''The p>if*'So» la utijit «tiici» i*

«ott ooble dod Bsoat perfoot to #11 ef nature ,),

cite H'oi^a of $%.. Tbcsiigw .'Itno^ai i^'^i *«*'<; wc** .; » , 'u.^i.-

p«rsiof) It tliat 1« DOvlest In tli« <«ihol« of i»it*u««.n

c R tf 99

t© Im In opposition to c.t*«i ttmyth^v. le i_ u .of

nfeole coraauaity j»e , th«? j:'3rt. V-esrs to the «h

INm^ texts "''^aeh iiK3tvl<3ual n-Hi^son it; a?©:; %q tit^

Itt XM %H,t«l-F! Q'^'^tee the t-h^'.t:

c«l »«aflet.v ty i-e^jaOK of »n6 ^5*

a^3ff«Q sf all that 1,t in him" (22^). In %« ?g,

[email protected]!i

<(i |-<

p ___ u-v^'.;:.- -^i'ivy, "'""^ "'^^"^E- text In

the;- '' to the body F"<*3Lltle

ace-. - - tf! 3ll tliat h® la ar«? haj?** (^f?*?). In 9

it c ..„v. ,.; In bu»>jkO|^. :i that rmn Iff »M

4irid has. mmt he- r»fers»«d t- Ocd.* (2"?0).

-i-*' .,,;...;. ,._.^...^.,.^-i-.',.-^ '^i'i^^^*^ a^aln uses x^'mine

1-91 <}0|]|lt t^'-y:"- > '^a'nt: "tir.^iias ftT^t i^ign;" t#«ir i?'.*-n-

•nf««*!9«i^ t(»«jt Xe .

"^. It Is fytfw

tlWW^ OftHQUOt*'"'' ?-./•:•'''.« -.fi'? i<»^1 tiMl*?-/ *Ki,vf_ "^'^Ji j'lt-'"* ' w 'hast

dcvt^LojpMKl Ilia ^i^tl-;' ' >in^

tl>€ person, »<»bl«h 4« the b««la of hla 8Jcot«l phlloac^phy.

- 1¥ .

litis dlstlnetlon ie, aecoi^di?^ to Mariteio, •«

olaeftiesl dlatiRctltas* (232), In wbieh there Is

"nothing new* (233 )• H« »l8he« by it Assply^ to note

two j>oXee in hueaan lieinss, individuality dn<S pereona*

lity.

% iHteson of individuelitsr man ie iiniGo^ to

antter (23^}* He is thought of ee e attaimr of o

epeeies and ««rve« tiae end of the eurviiml of that

iq>eel«e« He is eul»ox^inste tc that end and tends to

slip into a icind of smXtipXiisitj which is alnoet a

nonentity. He beeones ss It wei« *e single dot in the

IsBcmooe net»ox% of forces and influstres ^ ooecxlc,

ethnic, historic" (235).

^ resson of personality , aien is rooted in

il»irit* lie hss 9Xi expensiveness of beii^ which alloss

him, throiie;h the operation of hia intellect and his

will, to know and to love those things which he himself

chooses*

A stone is an iDdividual and is rooted in insaobi«

lity. It can neither kno» nor love itself or anoth^

being and it oaanot aove itself* A plant aay reproduce

itself 6va has ther«f<Hpe a certain t:^pe of interior

notion, but it is nevertheless asually i>oaod in a

certain place* ints and beea fom colonies and yet

the individusla exiat for the sslse of the iihole and

^t

a^f,

CHAF2KI IV 71

do m^t 99^ mtiB »9»rt tr<m that of tilt hlXl and the

hiv«« B«lo» tla« l9V@l of oaa tbaiw is no iq^irltistlitj.

fo '&9 npixltael i&eaiw, its tim phlXoiKiphy of

Kftvitaio, to bo itxaatorlalj not to bo oatlroly tiod

^owii to laottor, oi^oo end tiao) to glvo erltfetkcee of

"thgt «cpAooivoiMMi« of i»olQ6 uhieh« In s corporestX*

t^lHtvtl boli^^ 10 Uvkad to the i^int* (2^), Tht

aotloo of spirltuellty le^ in e teii#o, « noeatlve <am

for 6»Q, boooase^ oliieo tm Xb W tmtwpe immrmd In

aotorialitF* it ie aluaya cosier Son? hi» to asy utist

aplrittiBlity ie not, than to aay wbet it %9» »<ft«r#?*

thoieae, be dooa poMwaa a apixltyei natux« ^nxah is

a kind of liliM«tii« potior tihiob aUoMO hisn to abat^et

fron aatoflai conditlooa and to partioipeto in what

Ravitalo caUa "tHo ooMMnleationa of intoiU^onoo

and iovo" (237 )• Man ean, throc^b bia intolleet^ tenon

— end honoo intontioaally l>oeona «*• ail thinga* nan

oan, tlii!<ouigh hie will, iovo — sod honoo to nmm axtont

oonpvoliana •« tbo doaptat nvtapD^raioal iwalit;^ in

"Zt la ooaontial to p«r»oiialit7 to aaik for a

dielogiia^ and for a dialogoo nbapain x roaily eivo iqr*

««lf « aad iflMHPOia X am roally roooivod* (a38)« it ia

l»o«auao man i« rational that bo nooda othor boinga for

hia danrolopnont and that ha haa aaeh an intaoao ooad

for ocBBsssleatiea ?tith ctY'^rt*

1% %sf.

-- -nlcatiioB yjlth othc;;- -::?n is?

dlfflta3.t »»jj ntver r-ntlrely Stttltfyltss* that laan

.•--;:';: ci£ cs3JL«tf oTi to d€-3ii ssitii 3i s higher

Im^l than thst of jMloirsphy •• «t ths lev^l -of w^st

hC" calls *C'h3Pt?5t1ftr 'jffl ?!A<^'»r.'n'* fT! :^ ?« jtn Aft-.*ii

h»]S?en« In '-'i iin,*"-**© tuini to r-eli ".:? thotj^bt for

*T^^ m-.tti?*:. -n^-^f-r-.-!-. ^f. vrp,3.gtlv« tc the sbg^lute*

in isM^jn 5.:'•>•:!: it «•«» flas;? it«i fuinijsMmt* It«? i?ptri-

tosl fstherler*^ le t1i« wbol«? or«5©i» ©f " bavins s«

ofe«i©l»te ^lii?** (23-). js^tfi^.- "f-^-liiftB tliat, **th«?

c^ * X'&Tif C5f Ujc hussAti p«i'»oo*» dlpiity confriet«

In It8 pi*o|>«irtJ7 of retesatJllr ^ — nc*t i'ts s .yr^ttei*!

wiy aft«x* Vtm isnnner of all creature®, br -i j^^g^n

p?a7* ^t Iff tl3« lsgi.g<e.^f Gt^ , For aoa is epirlt «»d

the hwwn p«jm!or pro#«»^« fV<w Ri« if? Isannf? ««r pjfiiwiplo

of life « i^ntiiil eoul eap8i>l« of krsowiui:., i.^ini^

tnd of biitJc; wpllft«d by .^nse© t© jwijpti«?ip3tlon in tile

fwy lift «>f drw* w thet. In the <*f)a. It Vt^o^F

fjna lowe Hiia » : incus ewS Xmi^tt Ulauelf* (24o>, '."lil*

Iff th« rfo<ft3rt?je of th« flml eati»factlo« of th» ondlatt

<jw<»«rt «jf rton foe the s . ^ «^t '

f" ^M«^.^, ^'r#<5t, flnsl "-'" w«i»loBtlt^: -^—^-rifiion

with God Wmtdt (dNOft),

CHAPTER I? 73

f^w 996, the 8«par9t«d eoBKien c^sod of the tmlv&rfg

wBeeaS tmf ttm p«rfectioft of %tm <se4er of %^m vmiv^vm

(not cml? as the uDivere® of Isio^ee bat 6I0O ae the

unlv«rM of eplritn), ©nd thli^, for Itself, that Is,

fiir th« «etion (iimtiiAiit eiKf splrituel) i;^ whleli it

p«rfeete itmtlf snd aeeoapllthee Its deetltr/" (2^1 )•

Th«t thl« aietinetlon Mtweti) indlxrlduality

and pmemumXltf tma hmn mUmm^eret^oO by nam, miems

«hOB ^riteiii aentloo* Father P«^ro Daacoqs (8^2),

h»» vm«9 Iterltoln earaful to state that it muat not

h? aeijr aaaiia be conBtx«tied ea a aaperation, o»e ia

ranindad of tfhat BengaoD onea said about woydat "One

»y gl^aa ww^w whatever connotation one lileee^ ja?o-

inaotf an* h^^Xm W definii^ that mtmdia^ (i^3)«

Marttaln ha a taicen care to tSefine his tmsem

c^refolly enti h»«« ptOM^A oat that ^nrtiviaualltsr and

pareenality Qve aot two aepavote tni»ga« iiliasr are

rather two metaphyseal aapecta of the nat^ire of aan

and are inextricably iitterwo?en« Theve ia not in sie

aoe realitsr eailed w individuality and another called

ffr peraonalitsr« Xt la the wmm entire being which, in

one »€nm, ia an Individual and in another eenae, a

p^faon* X a» wholly an individual, by reaaon of what

t reeeive frm natter, and 1 a» wholly a peraon, by

reaeon of what 1 reoeive fron q^iriti Juat aa a painting

Xb in its entlrefc;^ & s^eloo-chooleal dompiex, by

VQ&BOQ of fell© colouriog BMiterXfils out of aliiob it 1«

lue^^ and a »iqjpI« of bmiuW W vmmem or th* p®lnt«*»»B

^^th@r IB it to b« «««ii^(Q<3 that iiidlviduolity

1« «& evil aod p«a?g«nalitr « go^. Xru« thouijh it

JWi' lj« that indivia-oclit/ i« ooricej^ned i«ith aatex»i«lity,

«.tid that too gr^At ooiMewtsmtioi^ <m this atsfi^t swf his

hmim ifi likely to icttd mn Int© in^lgejace and ©©Ijfiiih-

neeg, ;.

.

rtliole»8, "NifheB 0D« tellltt the Indlvlduel, one

also kill© th« pcxiBon** (2^''ij}, '•-^twifil li«}lvidu8lltj

1« not SQStcthlng evil in itself, €»>vl©u8ly as th» very

eooaiUoa of ous" ©Kisteocc, it i© acsaetliiu^ bood*' (2^16 )«

•S'C*a and in8tt«jf ai^ two aubetaotial co-ijrio«lpl©« of

on« ©n^ th« mme being ^ of a einsle snd unique 3?«»llty

iiboae oeiaa ia smn* (a^7).

% »«atoo of tbm tvmtmmti, pattly iai3.1o«c^)lilcal

and partly theological, isriiloU ^»ai»tt»io 'm& uaed i«

tffaeting the distimtian tmtmmm tiia ImSividasl aud %tm

pm9i\Qt It Kill b« adviaoblc to elMvity hia poeltioo

oo th© velatioo of thaaa two diauipiiij^©,

mvV»ia apuma the XOm of a doul>lo truth, ^jwhich the aaaie thiag mw be true in Fhiloaapi^, htit

false in Theology* (8*i8), &mj no^m mmv thla tiaa an

iQvention of "the oKdieval avarroiata" (2^9 )• Thex^

la ooly one truth, be it phllo«K3|sbleal oi- th«ola«io«l.

If Ood f»B v^itmniM to tt8 "tvstlMi vhieh exceed tli«

i»l»if6l 39€)|» of reo»on" (a^o)^ than "itumsQ r«seon

«nlis^<?»^ ^ fttith Hill in^vitablir m^lts^ tbmi 99

pipmaSJmem f)foa mbXesh to crisis) £'ui*tlis£' kno«tfl«age tuM

thus fcovi • ml^^oe^, tb«ology« imtf if ttMi^oey ^s

s ««l€f«ice, it iats»t ttx^afaifttf Id ra^peet of piiiioaqpl^

%lMi tmtttem of « a«^tiv» mle, sluoe the tSB*

fMf^spdsitiop esmiot ^ trw» in ,p}iilloecjphij, f»ltm in

A fui<t})«r preeieioQ which iiasltein bae latde

«iKmid b« a^«dt '^'fhe pVMd»s«e of ;^lo»oplisr# bow*

tmtbft tililefe op(» o«if««9itf«Bt to ttm vm&mntmx&S^,

wHiarate th» |RV«fiiwi«s et th«ol«8r •»« ttw tx«flil»» #•»

f;M»a to^ 00^ •»". xt Is tbm?9iw9 paain ti^t pbiio^^ii^

•nd tl}eolc9cr «V» «otijr@l7 dietlxjct. Stiti If phiXoiKq^hy

and thoola@7 ^v^ «ii%iv«Jly diatlnet^ thesr 0j?« not t^i«r«*

fore iqsi«:i«t«d« snd elthougU phUoeo^iiy i» of all the

tmmti 8ol«iice9 pi^«««»iocmtl7 th« tvm mimMte, io the

8«»»e ttwt it pg0eee0» Iby n««flMi of 9f«cile9tt« and laifa

ifhiett tf«p«nd on xio Boieneo ffHiMKlov to itself« it»

fV996m •»« thst le» lt« fsMStttfota to ewp •» !« Utiii%«^

Id ffo fo9 o« it is B\0*S9ot to thoolofp-, tth&eti •oatvole

It axtesiMny* (2^2) •

Odo of thm an^or wpiKMiohos vhieti i«ivltiln bes

MB^ of ]%MMMia?t4i«^ in oolling tarn en otostlKMite iS&vldQir,

m

C .1 XV 76

Has tbat« lie %n t^ct stpeurate^ pMloscpl^,' froa

If th« dletlnetlon betstvue the person stk) th«

iQdlvl^asl 18 ^1^^ id.th CQ^^e ad^tsmton to tljeolq^,

ti» ^Usaueeioa of tl3^ stetidph^sidai cQ»8tltae»ts of

thB pesfBda 3?e!aisinfi ahollgr gjlthin phllosc^sh^'-; that is

to oc^/« witiiiD tsisfii 4XvXsl<m ai' ptiildeo^^ kao^n se

eetapJ^-ii-icii,

It «il3.1 fwt br ni«e«er~«sf»7 t^i r-iv© a ca^lete

mspositioa of tuc iJ«i'i^^>.J^'o^ve a* i^id4.^XtaiD, but ooough

miBt be f»%0 to plac* 4» o<;>iitext m,c DOtl<xi of ttie

fM?»on, It nay oot alifosre be appax^sist tl^t tlie iseta*

physical roots of p^'toooilf/ ajr« i^ina'taat, l»xt tbcar

Xl« iB t}«iGiGf sad it Is th« eoootltutloo of being, in

the tvorle of sn^ phiXoeq^he]?, which (}et«z%d.Q«8 not oalir

his 6p««ttliitive pvlnclpXQtf, hut th« pxQOtid^i cooc^ptiops

tfhi«b d«pM}d 00 tbea*

The geoex^l 9u&joct of ^ietaptisreice fo«r ^iaritaiB

i« %«ii^ miL iTsicis" {2^)0 ''being as m^h, g^, ,

^n

jgUilnunft" (^>)« ^itioo tb« btfiag of ia«lM9lqr«ico

10 very difficult to d«£lo«, i^ritnin apps*o»eht8 the

»utj90t oautloasl^ by sftyios that beic^ i« "tbe object

per oacoiaxeoee of intuitioQ •••• but that thfit iatuiti<Hi

is iotelieotuol* {3L>i>A}* He then adde that he believee

that a philoaoqplier like Heidegger, who tfeeerlbes

cnkffm It 77

aagsish as "ir^h s esfsmstXe mspm$^mm» of nothtngQ^ss"

(fi3^>, ana oabriel l^^upe«l« «tll& tMes to 4$«i|p«ii HtMi

mmm ef e^^ln ^j««l facte saeh »« fidelltfy* (85f:>C),

Slnee it 10 •iiiir<» «0«.1«3P •« AttiS in thle psrti*

<mla;r fttse v^ipsr p«pti»«nt -«• to wmy «th«rt 1« j^ the

XmXm of eatft»pli3f»lt«t tlN»f} to (mjr what It Jj|t >%rit*l»

bfligii^ ^ Si^'^ng sn «w»ae3?etloi5 of tmriou* t394Hr of

beltig whteh as«e oft«R nietatHm for iaetft|4!i7#l««l b«in@»

Kf'ttpttT'tneol b«i?ie ie not l^ie !»»iti@ "«aSxM8le<}

In the ««n0lbl« «pi«!^^, the ^mmmme or nature of

j3@t»dlbi$ tMbngt^ (£56)* On ttm 0oiitf»i<^« *it i« i»«|j%

digcne*6<ig and isoiata^ from t!i« saoaibXa ^uiiddity,

l»«lii!f fleifetf aiP mieh and net apart in its paam iRtalli**

glble v«lu«e* (SC^7>.

H^ith^p t« it th® beiog; of "SrariouEt »ci@iac««

iBferioa? to siatai^iisraiaa* i3^), baoaiia* m th«>a« aeiat^aa

"beitig ia pastSaftiliftViiiaf* (999). "^mesr itiia eaiiliiMNl)

ata^ beinfj, for ell the eubj<Mrti» of tli« mlmtewt ar«

tHRlnea. TMjt the^ do net Ftttxff^ butns Ml inc^t ^t in

«« fHi^ oa it i« boit^ &t a mi^mmamif VJind* (260K

'Stm bein^ of laetiqitisrt^ies rauat aXao f>« eat apart

f»«Hi tua iMlae of logic* ltio«» wtio hBi?« e«wmit*©« tha

*fiBt»il mtim* (flfii) of c<»f«Mid«K gMtai«9«i('^ ''^''-' ^'^' 'c

haira attintalnatf tliat atioh a b«in@ ia *a laara vove, a

CHAffHa ir 73

liagulstio peaX6msa, or &Xne that It Is a unlvefeel

txmwt whiMie v«]i>je is purely lo^iieal. Dot ontologlcal"

(a^}« ^^aritain in ean^ful to note that th« being of

i««t« "mum^iSSSlSL* • coneeptwl b«lag, lunMly «h«t

Is knovn, precisely a« Irnosm* (2^2A), rests on antf

presuppoeee th« existence of th€ btin^^ of lawtaphysies,

«nd that tb* i^edtielple of contradiction, upon which

the whol« of lo^clo 6ep»ti6&f d«riv«« frora "the principle

of Identity I non est neg^are et gff3f.iiMire gi^.ul * (262B).

That It to My, thl8 Is lo^ld »8 isrltaln thinks of

it* He ie quite aware of the exletenee cf "man^

aotfema, particularly elnee Rant and Hamilton* (2680),

for Hhoa l«igie la a aolence "dlvoreed from things and

Independent of thmet" (26SD). in thia form of l<^ic

there la no oeoeawivy eontieetlmi between thought end

thlnga^ and pure foaros of thdi^i^ are the eub.lect

catatter«

The vague being of coramon cenee Is too sencral

to be the beli^ of vetas^siee. It la "infraHKrientiflc

or pre-aclentlfle** (263), b?Jt It haa the advantage of

being more unlveraal than the othera mentlotied. "it

poaeeeaea a certain r^etapHsralcal value in aa tnuch aa

It attalne the 9»rm objecta bb setaphyalca attains in

a different fcehlon, Cocmtm aenae la therefore^ 99

It were, a rough aketeh of aatapliyBlea'* (S64}* Hi^

beiofi of awnan aeoae la "merely e elaaa" (a<55)j it

J.

onifii V9 7$

It •the ?tioet s«n«ral and th« most convenient of the

cauesificetionB which we constantly employ and In

which all the otojecte of our thottght are an .>:3

Ca66}. It ie the reeult of a "eisi^le jjl^plfectlo

totalis* (867). But the being of aetaphysics cannot

be d gentts.

A leet type of ©ryor. In detefming the being

of aetaphytlcs, is c»ntioo«<iJ by M82»ltain sna that i«

•a aetephyeieel error* (368), Thie coneiata la

aaalgnins •»» the apeelfie object of aietaphyaloa

etaeocea aa such, and not to require? the Intellect to

proceed^ aa Ita nature cravea, to exietence, to £MM»

I mean faae ut exepcltaia . actual or poealble, which

... iKpliea that it returnc tl^rough the inatruawo-

tslity of the seneea to the actual «tlatenoe of cor-

ruptible things* (269). Thia la a •Platonle or

Scotict" (270) error.

r^arltain streaaea that "it la an intellectual

diaaeter to confound this »being» which la the aab-

4ect laatter of nsetai^aica with anyone of thoee kinda

of beli^" (271) which he ao carefully delineated.

The belns ©^ ^staphyalcs la belm^ from the

point of view of what it ia. it ia bein^i which la

0iq>le enough to include every type of exlatent. It

la not being which la particular, nor beino which la

qualitifed or quantified i nor la it logical being,

CHAPTER IV ^

a0r being which le the result of e total abstreetlon,

the mina Iff !!»(?« to tawjw T>»lns ^na "w* ar« tha« ?wde

ecmmtonxB »t csw® of th© liwjlf«ifje« and the gp«8tne»»

of t*^t» tnanari nlwi which ean enter the b«lng of ob-

j«ets only by gi«4«Ml ttages, by dlvcatli^ thtim flr«t

of thle, then of tl»t, ctojectlve det«r??ilnation, of

this en« th«t itwtura of tiMMlMLlitr, Mnaible flret,

them IntelUslble — physical, thei Intelllglbl© —oal^icnatieal which conceola what atill awalta oar

liipeetvlns" (272).

i*et«phy«leal b«lne 1» concerned with th© neces-

aery ^^nalplea of tha exietcnca of thlaga. At the

heart of being ie "the principle of identity, and if

the priw?lj>le of identity la denied yw can neither

think nor apeak, cannot Indeed exiat aa a thirrtdng

being, aa a man" (273). "Each beli«r la what It ie*

(27*?). "Phat which eislrsts i« of a deterralned nature.

If there were no exletence arnd no detctwined natures,

no diacoOTte wotild be poaalble, **The ppinelple of

Identity la not tautolosoaa. For there Is In It a

conc9S>ti»l difference between the atibject and pre-

dicate* (275). •The principle of identity la con-

cerned with being outalde the tnind, with the ln8)li-

eationc of being at leaat poaalble, 9tid la thus not

a law of thouijht b»t the firat law of objeeta out-

aid*? the* ralnd appr^iended in the intuition of

v.-

a

mukvfm vf ^

b«l?«" {276), •B#liis thu«. If i#e ae^ oay 8c, dupll-

qs^c itscll. To its tt»p«flt as perlted Ir erlatcoc©

It sd<3E Itt aapeot ae iotelllgibly <J«t«rraln^, »© an

»s«ostlaX auality" (^77).

I^ gttod ^ti> est . is is the first Judgs^nt

of feeing «nd alto tha fii'st principle of knowled^se.

It la th« aaaaftlon of an oteJectlTa ord«r and It is

also the lnt«llact*a aasertion of the a?««lity of Its

object, '•in tha sub.tiwt, t^t uhlali . we poaeeaa as

«tMnae or an lntelllsiV>le — In so far &n It la this

or that, 1» ao far aa It poaaaaaaa a nature. In the

vei'to Gxiatg we have the act of exlatlns, or a ai;MW«?-

jUilALll*>ie'' (27o)«

iKtelliaiblilty exists baaloally In thing* or

sather« tbere is an order in thlnna which la baalcally

Intelligible. If a tai»le la to ««Ut, it maat ^iat

In u eex'tain way, or it ie not a t8l>la* So the order

of the relation of eaa«Ma to exietenaa la a haale

kind of Qi4^, end thle la what tha ihPlnclple of

Identity aeana for Britain, Metaphyalco 1 being,

then, iB th*' forraal belnr^ which le the root principle

of belag and of kDowio^ esoByjlifled In the Principle

of XdenUlBy (279)*

On the oonoeptlon of being adapted bjr a phllo-

M9ta»r reata bia whole speculative philoaophy, and

'fr ,. f--?? ''"^^ T!iif?7

OR M« sp<*oulative phlloeophy. If he Id «oiMii8t«Qt»

reffte Vds soelsl philosophy,

It is Important then to add this fuz*th«a»

pjpi»ele$.<»}« laatjB, for Marltain is ano3,«i|el«aX ami no^

univocal, «ad it is a««3 in thta way tiioi'ough^njt hi»

whole phllof^opt^". H© 1« h«i^ followlT^ St, Thoroas,

MjBjpltali'j, in ^peaKing of iNfir^, ii®«« it siweys

relatively to the lev«l of belf^g with which h« is

<f©oIinr?^ €^«m thotiseh It i« Gl«iaTs "ofMs atK! thft 9mm

esBcntiail:.' f^-rlosoua conoepv, x»ia«t oi t>eii^" (;^)«

Xn »<!«!itioo, h#ins is • ti«®i!»ffo«Ti<l«mtal^

which Is to f^y that it eeTinot b« eat^^p-origed. ""rhe

reality which I attsiw in en«f by ss^ lama oi helm

id, in as flm«h a« it becoRo« objectified In i^ idcts,

3?ieh«p than the t«l#a , pn«^ -yr^mmn for iiultiplleation

in a raanifol<? of notions, noticR)» of unity, of good-

iMNis, of truth, Th«s« ere transcendental notions,

l^eh of then c.Tpre«e«e to th« alP'' '~'>thir^ but being

itsolf , to which it adds nothing eav« a conceiJtual

differetice, a eonceptuel 8«p«ct* (8dX)«

A» will be evident from the diecueeion of

b#lns, its two coinponente, eeiience end exietence,

although reslly dietinct except in God, are »o

iiHkeerelly related that yoti cannot have one without

IV 83

©Ml^othet'* "rhe cooa*ept ot -ralsteoca canoot b«

d«ta&hcid tx-Qs^. '^'^^ Q€me«p1^ of mn&tm&e, Ins«pajrable

txsm «ech oXAimi-, '\,h&v<!i t-^-^'o »i&«:^ u^;' &u<s 6Dk3 x;»q 9ai<ie

ectK?ept, eliaple ei '-'i intnosicQlly vcrlifa" (382).

*To Bay, 'thlt ^elng is or ©ri-^ts', th« id«« of

^•ii^ eiyst b« pre»etit. To bave %ti^ \&&Q of beir^,

the «ct of ^irtlsg must l"icve l>««o «ffi3»e« aod

gjnitt^ed in » i««gm«tst" (283) » In tH« nUtmmt^ of

th« Principle of laenUty *<3ivl<Jer, »o to

cpesk «i^er our eyee^ into two ooiK;«ptual oljjecte"

(2B4).

«4aii^ilMi0 t«o t^peei th^ "yfaft a tbl»g; le pj:lae3fny

•0 lat«lli6«5lo' (805); eaa the '

't^hei. which t the

•ttfejeot of aotion (suppoeitisa, p<?i?0on)^ (286), A

»»ppo8lt«ra If «n lt>aivl<l«tX nature «X)d moae of eal>»

cl6fc*we# ''^ th« looivldual natur® has a rstiooal

noda of aubeletmjoe, th^n th© auppoi?itifa lu rstlonal

aod tiMN^oPa a hseiat) pes^on. If tbt> iE>tfividuel

ait»tt« does not havt- u pfatioael taode of aubeiatenca,

than tha eiippoalttta la not ratiODSl aod not a parson*

Tha ptmmk ttit»y m6 far a a paraon can ba dalinaatad

at thla nXage, le & rational suppoaltua laada raatfy

fctr tha raeaptlon of axiatanca*

Doaa tha OfOda of aubalstanaa attach to aaaafooa

op to aactetaoaat Tru«, ' '^oaa not 8«3<S ai^'thlng to

««{WHBee, -^^t **" it atticbea to It, tout with vtmpeiit

to tb« imp9 which 1« co«lag« ffc« node of ttub«iet«oe«

p^rf«etai the Itsc :;! nattjre in ®:«eh a wtf that it

1* r«ed*f tx^ ocl{«t ey It^eXf and not by ta* «%l«itef)c«

of anoth«^r. An ttiliiiil d<c»#e not hav9 at) Individual

isetua?e which e«n ©xlet by ittalf and therefore it h«a

Q^ fltfil»'Siet«f}0«. 'o^hen th« m'ad« «(f Wi1»«l«t«iKrft la

Xtt^lMtl^ th<»ii the suppodlt la • p«4?eon.

3'«bsl?jt«mce sBofcee the indlvldtsal riatur^ esp*

«bi© of reeelvrtng jgg|£. Th® ^eit^me oj? pot«n<jy in

cftte»ti«Sf> **!»•« p«iR «t} «11« #t ^©1 fs-ljpe »ie« l»act»

«B «»i<»etlO!!" (l^7)« ttie eubsietence, «<;> to epttit,

Sft*6h«ini %fi[s«ther a?) e&mw^ «nd th# ii»divl^»i3l

ch»!»ct*ir»»tlef? rrnJ prtper«« tbiRQ to rf*ef»lv# e spe-

eiric €xlpt«t5ce. "Thcjp?? t« not-hirsr In p.nsr act of

•xii'ting which liiflts It "ft ecttc pi^amne^ • 1ft

-; Qu • I tme ©titre" ' . '*L ^ '?n$© n« fait

^i i.-'cii'tic <fe le ligr^.e «?« l»<s* .^<;.:: , die n»«»«t p««

««»«' diliiweiiniitlcn aw l*ea:simc«" {289). r-zex- c-:en<?i.',

acccrding to ^iaritaln, ho 3 ue^Ci to be defin€*d '*face

d 1 •!?>xi»t<»nc««'"' (S90), in mwh a way tlast it e«n o«ily

b« ;folfied to « p»rtleui»r 9aA9tmm9 ^ fViA%»iii piitt

it n»f50tiv©l5r an0 myn, "toiit« •«»«iaee ... a beaoin

d'etre t«rr:tlnAs? ^1 e^t«S <la 1 *«3tl«t«nce, fa«« A

S*iocl«t«EUs«y fSo telle r'uan.d ^'•li« n* |Niie«« paa

etra joietc I xam autre aasanea aubatantielle po«ir

l^aeevoir I'eriataneei «t alora, ainai tarmla^ cXla

llait«ni l^aaciataiwa A aol-oiiaia at A aa pvmv*

M

-yv

/V.'.i'?--i J.

;-'% {x^

mo<S® «ali«t4i}tl«l qui est piMol«iga»sfe 2a su'.-l,"'.cn.^C',

Saoalet^nc© i.a. .;-;. a vMas copaolc of Inde*

ir-:.' per »• isxisteaee, without od^iag to th«

enewntt®. The baels notion «sf ««IN>l»tgir»« *.3 th0t of

euts^tic^oua .^^l^, or ttiA%^mmmoet but '^d« Q'^tt pas

A atom is le«» 4i)4«ii«iia«iit than & plsot^ aitd t plant

1068 ir*«S«i- 'i bten « h-ls?6 &n$ yH all fubatct*

ttdng* »W9 d«p@n<NRit oa isitt^r tna time and space to

irc*

r. .^lii^r i» laai) Hoe© av^alatcnee x^»aeh

« relatively £(?vcno«^ typ® of iniapan-Jent*, iNseatifir

win ;iea a npirltml nature. Q^S heiw tha liig;^<ft typa

(^t tu&aijsteoca. Althougti of naeeaalty efialogieal In

nature, since It mi»t iSiffer 1« Qo* awi rata arid anl*

•»!», 0mj«l«t©nee ia the root e^ tha dlgaity of the

pas]?3aii«

Tb43 offlae of auliaistaBaa la to jnpndcr t\»

•ifiaooe mifflcioDtiy d^tannlnaa and aapaiwted fz^s

other a«^iK»<i« CO %mt it la raa^y to eofammioata

OBli' with th© cct o€ oatlatins which It ts eboiit to

ree^lve; "a« rantfra 1« mtura c*i aaa^m^e . . . tallement

pocetaaive 6e I'dKlatauca gu'alla na paot acmamiilmiii

mp;-

...oil <sti«eHe n« »olt tf^Jft** (293) •

flUft l%plt8t«. In noktr^ thiis distinction has

h«a hie «y« on the aethtxf ©f tstplalning the union of

Wmlmomv in the «»lMty^ h« ackndtft«dse9« *«8l» c*ett

en vertu <fe le natta**! <tl^n« «ll««igiRi« ipi»« lleii cette

«i®tln«tl«wi" (29*J). TPh«r« ere ^!&p«« aubslst^neds or

Pffjtos«alitl#« in tto« OoiHiid wMeh possesj? the mr^

»lngr«l«r notur«* ana the tmr^ e*i»t€n«?«. Britain hat

mi4e 9 clear stat^eei^ of hi a position. *L» Bai>«

iiiitone« ap]^i«tt alnsl eoteiae mi« sorte d *lnaivldii8tion

a« l»«atNme© j^C£ | l^op^jt ^^ ^*f?g^,ff|^ffi^;f , en cpHttatit

<fonc l8 llgne elle-i'«it»e de la nettire pouj* 8Jff3?o«tar

<in©lnue choa« d« t««it different, po«r fslpc 1^ ssut

da«8 l'e2rlst«neej t«BPt« <5 'Ire^lvldiction srt«^«? iJ

liK|eell« l*eca«n«« Indlvldu^e dans •• ligtM» v»

g 'aopropgler § «oi aeule 1 »i^let©n<r« ^s»elle r^qoit"

(e95),

- Till •

II tsnMi pb±lo9mfxir of b^lns^ cannot be cfsnceiv^,

1iiri»lteiD aajB, "cocne ime philoacq^a doa aasesseB oa

tme dlalectlcjue dee ©sr»««nc«s, -- ce qa© ^ •appellee le

feijill€tt<»n<?nt <?Mm litfre d'ittaga*" (296), It mtot b«

«(Bi>pi^ir«0 a» a ptHloaopkiy of airlatenc©. "Je dix-'si

tjiie ce QUl dilating© I won «»vl» 1# t: ne e«ithentl<}ue

id

W^£%

«^

'^Ti'^ 't

'

,;, .> f,;v<N *;. ;'*-

eniMiiv ir

ftg|Nntl«iair ipveoaoatt ft 3. *^^l9t«aee et 6 1 •intuition

wiKHB he sivee mifb ski is^pojptsnt i^lsot:? to exiltfteisee

et e tljae wii<m tr^^x^ art tmv^ BfiA greotl^r aivers««t

cxi«t«iit.laUet j^lmf^im* *^msmz tout© de suite

m*^i I * ^NHiiK iiiHiiN;>«» f<MidBBi«Rttl4w^t $ut6m^m

d*«et«odr^ le i!»ot «xitt«titiallffi3e« tmns tin oafi or)

afJtiBae la primiit4 ^ l>«idcit<P^'0« mla eomm

iagHqiiaiit «t aa^ivimt lea awHaiftaa ou aat«»*ea at

aaMia mnirastaat vm9 m^ie'^m vietoia?a «$a 1 int«lli*

BVmte at d« 1 •ir*t®lMgll?iU.t#| . . • <^ *«8t e« «pia St

a«Mi)«%z^ a«iat8a x *eitiatiilftl«Si««e authetitlQua. I^aoa

l»aytr© 999 GXi efJflwa© le prL-aaut^ do }.*«xlataiia«,

a«l8 evam tfttr^iaauft on aK^wW»tow«^ ^^«< a«»«MNMi oii

natures, at oORRHr «iai^ifa#ts»t imt anpt'^Qea <N^ita

da a^'ifitaXXi^anea at 4a X»l»t®lili;iM14t^; ... c'aat

ca <^3a Je ocina&d^pa eooma 2 *a3tistatitlaX&ffiia «j|«(«$"Pfia#

, • • aa? 0«Q;>9ris>«s X 'aaaafica* ou iyuM 1*^** 3^'a»fti*

vaiia mmprJUaax d» lalMa eatip 1 *a%iatanaa oti l«^aaa>

aaa #aQx notions 9m% corr^lativaa at in»||w«ii^aa

et ti» te-l e«i«tantiali«aa aa dtv«r« i»i'»flilBMJ* (£^)»

Msa^tain la« of eofom^e, thiskimg laainly of

mw%v antf ha eansoa^a tlitt for Snvtpc^ axtatetjce

doaa not aatuata aafthiwii *<pie ^ 'axltta, ciala aa

cmrrm iv

f?al» ri<?«, f5u© l*hagf5e «edt.et« main <iu*l3. n»7 a pac

da rjBture cwaoin©" (299). As Carti^ hejs asta, "c'est

taol (}ul maintl«ne S l*tt;r« led vsleure; ?i<m o» p«ut

ia»a«»»«r«jr coistx*© ?50i-«ift!!Wi , couptd du aende et de laoo

esBsnce i-^u- cc iS«©ati que 4© afc^g. J 'Si S pftaiiser le

Is only "an attcaa^t to dpa^ all tlr*^ consegtKmce* of

9 coherent ©theleitlc poisitlcm* (SOl), the r$s%ilt e»a

oBly b« "qu'II n*y a poe ds nature hi£a8ii»e puis

^*Xl n*y s pas de t?le« pour 1» coixjevolp «t <j»«,

Blmi ^fcet^t- «npptpi!a*, slew n»«fft au del intelligible*

{302). Aodi eo we are 1» an mitentiMlX«% world en-

tirelS^ aliim to that of Marltijiri — no e«««nc««, 00

Qod, no hiapan nature, and nothli:)^ intelligible*

For Britain, essence, vhXoh is lit^ed to

Intelliglbilltjr, 1© very Important , It Is intelli-

gible Btntotxwe end it "is coespleted or actuated by

•B aet of fm>1^|^.1g,„»fffF »»^h »<»<» ebaolotely nothing

to eaaenee a» eeaence, intelligible etructure or

quiddity, yet &e^^ "'^^rythiag to it in aa mmh as it

poeita it ffifc^,ff? ^fiytMff, or tlKlll iBAiltiJ-^* ^303). 'tbaa,

the act of exlatii^ is tlve act aaf MmS^k^m^M*" (30*1),

the actually of all foztta and of ell thingst. "The

aet of esciating, whlah ia not an eeaenee, trhieh la

m

iweither tlili^ ii6i» ^»t, srid v^'filch eoal^ !l«st b© called

««t oy en&VE^y og? foj?^ oa* perfection if the»e wo3?dB

wejpe unlvocal end could not d#eignete »om@tMnr out*

6i<3e th# whol<& Qs^©^' of ii'eseiitce^ the ftct oi: «u.@tl}|g

i» that which Is raost ©etuel and most formal* (30&)»

?iarttsln lii8l«t« that ^Thewaima, tr-r ^li^h h*^

IMMIII0 hie mn pMl^sop'hy 8«i »«ll «0 that or at* 'i-liaaes^

I© only tio b« UEQidM^retood in ref«r«gttce to ©sristance.

*^h« laetaphyeloe of :it, Tho^s Is eenter^'^, not upon

«Ni»«oe«e but upon e:El9tenc& — upoa the si^st^rloue

gMfbing forth of the aet of existing in «i5ich, «ccoj*«

dins to th« aaeloglcal variety of the d«@«MHs« of

beir^^ Quslitios snA iNituret mpe actualized aa^

rom«d" C306).

CkWl it *.;'.-• ^»t3®>3?«sa« 0ip®»tlve w af Earl»t«flee

end 86 «t«$h r@8ponsible for th€ exirbaae« of sUtidnge and all eiNsattipea (307)f *)'<eXim it that which

racist* ox* ii fibl<» to fisilfft, tbfit »hi@h «3£«2*cie)«e or

Is iible to «xexH;i«« «3d.et#f»«** (308). Bjti^teiice th«n

ie o» ©ct whieh coeipletee «»»eoo« 02? intelligible

ttjfuetuire*

Th« Qii«8iloB of the poesjitollity of the con*

e^ptmllzotXon of ^i»t«ace is alweye one to provdice

diecua&loo. >'ia3PiUtln hoe eiiid eetegoricfilly, "there

ie e eorM»ept of esiciete^e* In thlff conoept, ejciatence

1« t»te«n lit eignifieet^. ee eianified to tlic laind

n^ 0f th« c<^eid«pi ol «Ki»t«oe#, bat of ifea i'mX: •" .

•it is sc-i ei* i.iM cone«!Pt of «xi4lt«i««, it it e^

miiitc .-^ii&li ii^mif the aei«jo« of b«in« t|pwt«*

(310). •/.i^o It is ii^^«rtii»t ^ Bote ttott althoai§0

othev fielGae«a m« coatti^^e lis 03?^«^ |» |Mi«lS(

t»!|t id liim V&V$ »«ti OSS' ^XlttlSOtf^ i$ll)» lilBQs ^"^^

emsinpt o£ tOiXu^^tmsm oftWMKi ^ ^Mr«««he<l ff«ft ^MH( of

tiHi#t:«C9« ^«i«tseas« la ^im^m tm tjctttfo*^ of «^**

flio natuiNi of *!a«o le varitain 1» o^ «n# which

le el«««e Id u^oi^ itself a«^ eitt off from t^ stipiw*

Mtiomol* iSaa hft« B©« f »«lf»^o<Jloaoa, self-auf-

fi<?ai3»ife im%iiiE%-, but; <Moo wtaieh Is g<8i>fyii0w»t t^poQ <^od

for ltc« er«Kitio« as<g llrfi *i3Hd* ao ps^G»d Qtlicri<lft«

lii^ t(W ^wXtdiXk, t^ overXo^ tboe* tvathts vhtoh hurt

1»«on elv^w !jfy ^^veiftfcion afs# t© aoeept *an anthi?«>-

poeCTJtrlc «««of!ptri«i»» oi' m»n ana of otalturw" wl^ich ie

CttttrSEH IV 91

*tt*t peewliarlty of claseicisl huKienlaK'* (313). Ac*

r*«iilt€!d in NaXXix^ iiit ovoAtort k^ in the anyve

oc ds&siti vi^litar** CSI^^* ^Imi b«i^«f has 6»x§^m

t!i« giMd of aen le to b9 wvw^ by Inmtlc^aalit^*

**A «i»«i# ^mfom>Um tiiliiiigi xir? aimi int«iiii£«fio«"

(33^3) htti a»iB«n« nitli ^i« x«»«at that "rmn »X&am,

8o< tim&agiEi \idmmlt 9X000, ^mkm o«t blc MXYatioti"

(3^)* *rhi« enlvatt^ la a««ai9U#i«d BatismXl^

Tl^llfBli ^^'^^ eisoe SMS io t«iil7 uXooa and aata tnil^

alalia oely if aod #imi not ai^at" (317).

tNm!« w(»«tf« «i|^ taftira h^tm wntt«» o^ ta

a ei*i%ia%mt, but aa an afflsiaetioii, kgr *7«Bo*iiio2.

Swrtra, Ka haa mi^» Sttum i»e $pim of for2ovi>e«««

«,« ve i:^an only t^t Oo^ ^oa not «9d.ot am! that

wa hfiva to t9m ail tha e<«i»epMmea£; of tuia" CSX^)*

**iiid«otf, avoi^irtM«g ia p«mi^m>lMXe u cod #oa« not

calat, aod a» a xwsolt aa» ia fosaom* bacauao

naithilP witliio his &<»:' iiitlioilt doos lie £Xva «flr*

tteUig to ojl&ag to" (^9)*

Far othaf i« tho pooition of Maritaio ifbo

iaaiata on i^t ba oalla "an <^fa^ banee nat«re aad

ii

.1 am:. ."fSj-

« x «•

Thl» opemnfft© if to Qo6 and to i^ev^aled icnow-

X«d[S«/ »c «ell a« to six knowledge of whstc

p]*ove<fi0no0, *Alc^s^ Quolqu'll (1« philQ«<^^) con*

ecl3L«s <3« la i*ai«^^ 11 s«*oofed« tc»i4o«u?s «©lo?i son

enslyeamt 1« dcanMif p»m wma/tmtep t nm prlnclpe^

cmtolqgl^pee, et irrN^pvnt d son Itweetlgetion dee

e8o»«« lfl« infosQgticme <|u*ll tlent du th4olQigie!}«

ecuasie, ji d 'autre taasmxi^e, il lui Intlgx^e e«»llee

(|ta'll tient du biologist® ou do phsr«i0ief»* (32l)«

It 10 upon this ei>b^«0t, the diff«i^<mt klstdis

of kiK»»ing »hleh mp0 opcm to fa(i», that i^ritein has

wrlttcMo hie great Scvsaa, Leg 0ftg?r48 ^ ^vi^A.y . It

d«»li< oot only «lth %e^ H^^^^ ^„ ff^y^,y? |^1i^,qmt^>

but 0i«o ^th ^fii iffart^^ <^w pff^tf maimfiit^Mm^^

fts th« two laaln dlvliricmj? of hl8 wortc »r© calltit

Hi* ttttled elMipt#iP isi tiae eocorad division is ^liii«

9fid vtsdlnds OS «M» as ind^dd tfc^ @i!*& Gif^att x^OEslndid «"

<rf th(B tj^et238»t of the oosae 8u©j©ct& lu_ - ^- '. .

So ri«ld of 90««ibl# laioiilcd8« is to h« l«ft out in

the fall detrclOBewint of tfm nst«r« of saen*

ell tbeso dlff«PMrt ts^peo of lBiioifl«die«, and

i^^ *i^.

f r,(*i»» ^ *«j.\i

«»

•>

4

*& y«y

emr^mi iv 93

1 »<fSt«3?nlt4 — dans l*lTit«'lliG<>tiK:re f?. . tiv® «t

protigue* (^3). 'i''^ ::*.-. ^v-t- ^*i*j.vi4 uiotapi^elei

irvodere^ •c«©at IS ^ or" (32^ )• It ie^ eeye

^rit»iln^ a i^nc? of ostural theology »bicti atiMOit

te <feel with v..^ i'li?st Causjv yi' all t^^ ie, •\rcdlJl

•ft gsvndeur). -lie €*veille 1© dif?l3? 6e l*un±cm

l*o»5r@ vmum de la £^3Ult4, ot mm ;

d© l'i<!kJc* !'lle ncr peat ms le satlsfsia?©* (3as)«

«fhloh is 8lo«ig the line of z^oll^loo QXi6 t}ot alotc the

lln* of ne1irir5!r-rs1.c©, which osn bt^lng ue elooe to th©

touebei^f \xm douceur de Dl<9u* (^7),

Zs aeliiMMitJinie tti^ notus% of tmi» lea all ito

•lasillttxle and in e#tt-i^v- ^itt. t-^i/^ '!»*^iy» *-.- 'ftTowliiaad

berth rstiorsal snu^ ©ypi^-i^atiasiial i^iiicii is agmi to

hid, Britain ac<:«pt8 «nd t«kflrs into occoiDSt the

dOGtjpioe of th« %»miodl«f twture of mn* fMa doetx^oe

If

<J,.^. - » ! »- k • — »

of tim fftll «iMI mmmBfUm ^ mm m^lm vm to

!%» aGHv« tji«toiPle@l ©tat© of c«ltui?e»

paw»w** taif>Ma^> alio mm !•*<»* «« watmw ^^tm«

•it i» ^cNlit^le t© e«MNiive In the tt«irtoo«t « el'rlli*

sttiofi ifl»ich «nits«« «11 awB i» ft*w» »«»t^ i»tilf*I

imlfiy of ft ««n«MaNi3i 3liftt# cKXidctdtflid lii eeooifd»iis«

wltb pBO* i«i»»oii» «ftia» h«8Mnr«p, ia • fiction b©-

0««w# IstoMMltisr is ite% in a 6tat« <^ puro natti3?t£ it

19 in Miw KUte 0r a mimm alii^ ^ft faaxao ea0

tn »siffm^f^ f I

**"- ^ittaia {»oiiita out

t: lan aacii'aataa a vaiy aei^ly jawrfwaaea for

aaianaa aa m^tm wiaaon. «iliai««a «fia«aBi in Ita

pmfm^va ettmiotaa a atate of onlty aitli a«a fl»ai)

flMt tail cannot •van tea m»Q&a3tim6, mtvm^ baa

t« «o aitb pevtiatsOev Unow^badga aaH haoaa ina^tife^ly

wi«b a toKMlaii* fl* «»a aavanr af i>oth ««e« eotf

«aia« Man ^^nsaa to giira op mitsr wi<^ Ood i» oc^tf^

to aa^c^aadaKae ani to ^tK»f hom QMd and w%l. ^ikfme

,^

mmflBKk XT '^

vie cm ii5d«rfit6tt« tb« ppofeand s«»e«i ill «teleh It

tet tffipdm" (330).

iK'ijsinsl els ana fehe a«fs?iveti««j or i?«a?t«l« ptt««e

»«w NMPitftii} the p^nommm th» point ^ tm« fwif*

B'aboUjNii 9e f6X% Hue l*hco^ in» trm!ve 0£iti0 l*4^ty

eet d© 3?»0Qn«ifitti» 0« <i^ ©«t* (331)«

(1953) » ^<»«9 a««^kp»t« <m» plm^ i» l«R«in n©ttw«

Mteleh 1© ni»rf«!<j%«a Hsr o»lg;lii»l sin. H# «s3r«i

1E|» «V«fy 0M»t pott ©f»»ti'W it!l»0C<!Sfi6« fSKi«t» %&

mm tfipMN»* tt iMit it9 fi«n&^atf» lii t^ pnMtest.

It «aci»te In a p3i#o« »rtiieh Is ««» «««|>-««®t#a that

m iapMt of t!ia t«wfel«», tipXits, ^e««, or faii-

iix»ai ^tmm mm wmmim im 4mm%n of tvm «fin,

paaaicm, and ifmtlBct can ap^l it» oiit<alQsl< i«-

tii^ty* *ri thla place thaaw 1« »© eowfllct or

iMPMie ialMwan awaaea aod sma«ii, l»«o«uat t}>a#a la

no dlvialosi. All tlv <;#««?» «f th# aottdl a»» Hvoiie^

' 3 XV 96

to m5lt!y#«. thiB plao€ 1» th© <»»1;/ one tshot 1» net

«|iteh #0lB»9s teian nettm?* (331A),

and th^jogh he be btit •^jst 1i? <m« «ir>*" (3!©), ^«*

>Ti» tbi«, la ««h»s?» »<»dB, 1* mttxfft}. law •n6 %»

^'^mi^ f cteoo xs tihMi av«x^ beiag ti@@ its o«m n0t»i£«i

Im, »« wftll ©« it ha# lt« C3WI ©«©em«* (333).

Ddae*lfi@ the i^r^t"-^"^119% ^jm Jfeart.*^® ©nd r>Mtf5««soh©z^

mvm wAm»m& turn »otion 0§ miKmtX imf t& mmu &

H)0mit, idther f©p eo«»eiwatlir© «p for yerdlntlcoijpy

l>«j?pQ8««, thesr h«ve pwt It fof*«n««S in po flw»»-

itiiaiflg^ end «o m^iSLtmsp^ » i«Nm«9, that it 10

aifflciilt to «we it rtm wfthefnt ««**to«iil«K dUsrtiwiiit

HitavnlL letf In th« s«>vii?e in «llfeill «iffllwiii

uMMi it, '^10 Miifcla «b* b«tit0 of fttiitusB •• tlieiy

v«P3r muinrme 1»* (333), »»< i« »ot to to© •eo0»«ivcd

ftft«7 the iMttem of • i#ritt«(i e^^m^ m^Mam^ to

all, of which sn^ 5u«t law should be e trantcrlptlon,

end which would determine a i>iri<!^ end In all it®

especte the nonae of human behavlcmr through ordlnence*

Boinwsedly prescribed by Kature and a«aaoo, but In

reality az^ltrerily and artificially formulated" (336),

^mn has a human netijr« Btt6 natural laa for

T^rltaln la Just the nomial functlenlne of that nature,

"Since I have not ttrfm here to dlscuaa nonaawaa -«• I

am taking it for granted that »a admit that therc^ la

a hix^ian nature, and that this hinasn nature is the

name in all men" (337)*

2n lecturing on the subject of natural l8'4 at

the Institute <5f ".edlaaval Studies in Decaaiiber of 1950,

VMirltaln b^^en oy stating that natural law tmj ba

ecmsldered from the point of vie^t of its being or frora

the (stsndnolnt of Its imo^mbllity,

Cntoioirlcally, natural law la related to exletanee.

It hae to do with the nors^l functioning of natux^ in

an esrietlnjE world of oont*nir!<?nt actions, •t^^sain

eltuatione ore ranicthing ©xletential" (33^), Any

existing beii^ has its o«n nett»>al law, Ita oim normality

of functioning, "Ar^ kind of thi?^ esdatlng In nature,

a plant, a dog, a horae, has ita own natural law, that

Is, the norraality of Its functlonlQ.^ , the proper way

in which, by reason of Its specific structure and

•pacific ends. It "should" a^lMrf* MiMNia of belnc;

i^tti«p in its gvoiftb or in lt» b^fmnmiBf'' (339).

"Slicsiild" in this connotation, 'Britain

points out, mm only « i»il»phy»ieal maaning^ in the

mmm in wtiieh »• aay that gf^od ajrae sho«l«3 be able

to mad what ia inrittan on a blaatdMax^ at a maaonabla-<i1»»a». Onc#, hammmv, we coiao to deal with aan,

mm id a frca •gmalb, "ahoald" noma to bave a laoaml

M««iiiJag« lUa prohibition of tmipdar is a px'ecopt of

iiatax«i latr* Tha ganaxtti and of hoeaan oatura ia to

•xiat and thw«fov» mm^et if agaioat natunl law,

Matyml Ian than aa applied to laan ia "vir-

ttiall^r coaxtanaiva ifith tbe whole field of nattiaral

awility* (3*0).

r^ritain 4099 not mean "that tbe yrapar re-

tfHation fox> caah yoaaible boaai) situation ia con-

tained in the haoan aaaenoe, aa Lai&aia believed

Utrnt evavy 0vent in the life of Oeeaar waa ocmtaiiMid

bafovahaad in the idea of caeaar" (3^1),

What ha «iaena ia that nan haa a mtional

nature and that by maane of aspavtanea ha maw eom

pftagMwttvely to know laom and noopa of tha unwritten

natural law«

The ml9 pa?aetiaal priaoi^l* of natuval law which

aan have in coanon 9tt& hold infallibly ia tha a«»*

aaptueii7 aelf•evident principle » we lauat do coad

avoid avil. "rhe notion to be avoided ia eomiaatod

ftf^

fcr- ^'Is.-u'i (5'??' «"f!

ffl ^^

with evil ttnS tb« notion good ic ccmneetod with

the lcnQiiil9i§« Ql" tb«B« thii^e t« do and not

to do Is « prQgz'««slv» tinE'outi'i in smn. "r^to^mX Jmn

&« «ti umiritti^n Isw. ;en'» knowledge cJT it tie^ In*

ereafi«d llttlt by X^^tl^H ## «lin*(s aotnal c(m«iiii»ie«

p«iiet£«t«d tats* 8 al»d^ i'^jia^tain thioics, i«Xll »« bav«

a roal ^lor»aa«n«« of natural law.

Humn ipcason cosies to kxtom U8tu£«l lav not

*h3r way of rational knonladga* {3^^), but throi^h the

gaidanea of lnclltiatl(»}, by co«g<miality and con-

natux^Ut^* i>^x<itain notaa that <^t« Dlioiaaa did not

oajr thia apeciricj^lly, yat ^^aritain offara sevaraX

taxta in Mhioh st« ThOBiaa aupporte tMe position. "Thla

ia, in S39r opinion^ ti)« real laeaning iiaplied by St*

Ttionaa« even tboogh he did not ua« th« v&ry cxpxHiaslon

tfhan traatine of liaturaX lav* (3^3}«

A OHIO owy taava »o knoMladga oS movaX acianoa aa

auohj) but ha ulIX oftan navarthalaaa, k»o» loatinctlveXy

what to do«

'Sbiwt aro threa ftnadattantal lUGXinations which

9r9 comaum to maoi fls-at^ an inclination to piraaMva

hia own baiag; aaeond, an inclination to proajraata and

praaaxva ttoa i^Mraiaa^ and %blv6, an inoXinetion of nan,

aa a xatlonaX boing, to know truth, t^x^itain baXievaa

^.:•.£.•*-!,«;,;. m ^ t'kn/'S . .if-f .?, _. : -t^A ^svc, f.r'ifcft, cf**;

tlwt •!! tttpee of th««« inclinations s3ck?, in msn,

genuinely hoaan and volatea to Ma rational n«tar<?.

If th«0« inolinatlonff tre poote* in nsan, V«w

«r« th«y to he mxr^l^ knoim »ndl scparstr^d frcsa p«2»-

v^rted tendenel^e? Mgritain Bnmmtp* that statiptleal

inr<»iiiation, since it la ^ntix^ly uneoiMi«90e4 with

ralnim, cannot be of much aai?, but that both history

and anthn&polo^ as*e ofi»ef?ia, elnc# isan has 6t(VDl9p96

hla m»9l <»oneeiene«, which ia hie knowlad^^e of

natural law, "within th« double pxwtecting tiaaue of

htaasn inellnatione ond ht^«n eoeiety* (3J^6).

apBwted that *en imammt maonmt of relativity

•nd variability is to be fotwnd in tha particular

nileff, cui»t«ma, awf al^ntlard)* in which, aaieng all

pmapXen on ttoa aei'tn^ haaan rwaaon havf mxpr«Bm6 its

knawl«<9g«, cwen of the ttoat baaie aapeetfi of natumil

law* i^7), neverthal^HHi msn hee a natural inclina*

tioD rooiMrf in ntsae tmmv69 ap^profkVUt* human «n«J»,

Han mn th«a«? ends to b» Imown? Tho»e are •jESSJto

g<niilp» which in the iaraeoaity of the httaen i^at have

S«iaed vaaeon m bee^idnir aware, little by little, of

the regulationa that have been noat definitely and

AMt generally recognised by the htman Mice, atarting

fyen the laoat ancient social comraunitiee" (3^8).

If there ia eoRie eoRformity in the baaie in-

clinetiona which Bian diaplaya, it ia beceitee nettirel

CHUPTIR t? 101

law If? based ors divline levt. Because of the e.-?lt»t«nc©

at (50^ as Firet. Caoee c^f the Unlvcpse, this lis for

^sntalT5 3 nhilosophieal truth, not merely a theologieal

obaervatlo«,

Siv#ry la« le « »ork of region, and natural Imi

Is thiS* itorfe of m^lne H«sp(5ii, ft Is a t>artlelt>atloa

in et^eml ls«* If thle werr> not so, nstursl lav

ntmlS <ml7 have the g\*8rar}t«»f> of htite»n wisdo»» The

haiaeti f^eaow 1? nr>t th^ ereator of nstux^l let*. "It

is 4MiM»tial to lav to t»e s» or^derr of geanwap ; en<9

n»t^»«l lew, OP the norrnallty of functioning of hiruin

neturo fcno*m hv tnfKnrlddg^ thrr^^jgh inclin^t-.i ,-.« , i^ latf.

Mn#ln^-^ In consci©ne«, only b-^cstise ^«it«re &i^ tlm

inelinatlona of netui^ ?!aanifc»t an ov6mr of r«i»€m, —that 1« of PiVint? He^gop . Iiatursl law i« law only

bmmmtf it la a partlelpation In Stawnal !*«• (3ft9).

Ae ttich It le intJv#3»«al, Iwariahle and Immtateble.

A f«i»fch«r point followa of necefraltT} that the

4IKi»etar or notion of law s«i«t be awslc^^ical. Since

by 'latfj* «<• think w»«»lly of poaitlve or written law,

w© ar© apt to o^^erlocite the fact that law cannot, with

ita v»rl<^ «»«« be a unlvooel cooe«ipt» If It ia to

apply to Ftemal t4iw, natural law, snd positive law,

it auat ba an analogical QGnc«*pt,

Juat aa natuorel law ia groandad in Divlna tow,

ao potltiva law ia grewtded in natural law. It ia *by

nT

iiv.--

a^-

'(•M-- -).

vxvtm ^ m^umttX l«u that Um hm ^ UatXmm and

pesttlir* lir» tiik« od tl^e £'ovc« of Xt^, Qta Xwi^s®

MmsmeXv9B upon tlie cc»u}&X^kj«" (3~>0). M<>y^«2?, it

19 aa «««» to 8t9poiMi tf»t ^eitlv@ lam it **« aiip*

ts^VMQffl'^Ti 'iixnuQ^ oft ii*aa ;i .. u.:>... 1. ..''' (3t>l),

Another* fa*«ei8ioo whioh : . :.uln takes th« t2xwibl«

to »&k«, is th9 dletlr) . cosESdn law o£>

Him Law of i^tiosid ana i')»i^a£'«ji l&^^, c&smm iiSk^

41ff«ra Svmi aatux»l Iftn neisOj^ *lM«ifi«^e It Is MSSBSB*

aot tturangli locllsistlGf), but tfavoogh ttw dooogptiyl

ii»[pflli|^ pf rttftt|o^. or ttoough x^tloiiai U3)o»l@clg«^

(3i>a). It l»8 to do iiith po8ltl'7« law, although It

im not oeoesaarlly wrltt^ into • «od«, «tK3 th« limits

end auti«@ with »hich it deals »xm ooone^tue yiith tiie

fi»it pi^noiikld (to do good and avald «^viX)'* in a

i^^fayy aantHBr* (333)* % aontxmat positive lav;

d««la with tm vigtits ADd diitlaa Mliich &v% oo»B«ot«d

with the first piTiBtifla but, "In e eoBt^UK^Bt niantier"

T^mm 9raoiaim» ava xm^ taiy :'«rltaln with a

l^mm to ittlitfflic tt}« rlghta of the hu^o pex^on

ifhleh aipa liaaad upoo nature I latf, "The dignity of the

btMBQ peraoo? xIm escpresaloti bmaimi nothla^ If It doea

pot algtilfy that by virtue a£ oatiuwl laitf^ the btsaan

pevtRfm haa the xlght to be i^apeotad, 18 the aubjeot

of t^hta, i^oaaaaeea rights" (333).

mi

mmrtm vf Its

Wttm n^vitnln "th« aotio» ef FLgdit and th«

Xr .«^i} b88 i» t£«tl3 a ftmdiisieotsl ana limjlieiisble

ol»lls8tl<Mn to do good afid ovoid «vll, tb^) he im»t

t>o ollloitod to do thot@ thlriis l^lwoMgh i^hioli be esn

ftOfll his dMtlfi^r. Xt is beeaoM mn it e p»rt

1^ a osHMt^ ontftr ai9^ a eMl^ of Ood ttiot h<^ !ia0

?i9itt0* "Bvory i^,ii^ poa-aeaao^ toy ^n is s»o«ae#»«d

anSr W ^rtue of the ri^bt i>oaaaa»«i ^ doi9« which

ie ptspo «ruKtloo, to ««o tbe oi^@z> of Hia viadoe In

1^800" (^7).

{4aritelD points out that hiatorioallj^ it sme

the influ«iio« of tha goapei «r!iioh siade the dignity

of mm aai^Mt. "The eooaoiousnt^ss of tha jpiglkta of

th« pmmm mmlly haa it« oviisln i» tho coiio<^lon

of won and of natuxiel la«f aatabllahad t^ e^:)tiirio8 of

Chrdatlsn Phlloaoj*!?* (3^)»

In ^toaliog with the i^tita of taas^ .%xltaln i»

prepavad to aet doum oartoiia nghta aa haale and of

Tha ftmdwaeiital ri|>^^te of the htssan paraoti aa

waich arat the XPigl^ to oxistatMa, the rigiit to personal

liberty^ the i*ight to the s^iraait of the paj^eetlon

of xvtional and moa?al hmmn lite, and th@ riirht to the

puraoit of eternal Ufa aloags tha path vhieh eonecieoca

^K-S

OHAriEli XV loll

Othmf rigbts hsv& |»Ka«pwtt0lveI|r g£v»^ tip as

tfc» «oiisci0ii6o Of wan he« det'-cl«©«d in accord with

wtiat Hiritsln b6« «>alied "fclK . :

.

::. t o

intelligeae^** (3^0). mn, hotmmn :o@0e#9e9 an

laiNill^et^ exists in a lamfeiex* dlffc^r^'ntt to tho

tNi«ir» h9%m liim» i^?«9«nd«tf in hie mtm?^ ea e

x^tlcmel C'js?«it«ip©, «i^ hie fs^the^kim «t^ his risbt*

4mS^i996 in life vtlth hie fello^fs in the world of

fiiii»i •iMi b«0«uM tmt m^mf9, open to axi i^img,

could b€ &nd^ in t&ot, tmn «levttt«iS to a mipcs'-

n0t«i»l destiay, ia»n «l»o Uws in a iforld of eplrl-

twil hop* — th© hapm of n«ir«'3>«iidit^ lasloo with ©od

In #tc9c*nity*

u«^

it-ii

in ^tmtm'er a- j tz'«at«? In his phllcwio|?isr

of xae-n,'"*-^

opjxjiiiv,* . .H^a^a^^w . i..^.^r©«6e of

«??„> - - ^t^ wss as C-. Jiie^? Sri? the t'

fl ^: ,' In X -asi»« h« . :

aa -- ^ 3 wmi capable of ^siasrln:^ aixs! laTritss

Ooi. rtm tsfrnt^mt "^' ".'-"'^' ^?Avveo lio v*i tic- cstce|»»

turn te ti^e ffal@» v# «?« told u^at mea la £vm, b«*

Jl^iKt h« 90iNP«fHMi« *ifmmm, Im smieh liberty » i^i-^sie

•ffiiMdiK t^ ^t^muBmnnM of fpiNBdiss «m ¥i3tm»««>. mm

aMof «3te|««tio« to the T&j*«»£y ««• ii^iiTi oe ii5i*s «sai>^«*ft

is %mt ^mi% @«t 9 wid« giOX l>«Wt«B fzF^e^ota 9n& mtmf^0

"On fhs one hnnd ttWKWf 1?? thr? cftne»wt nf nritnTi^ #frtlx»«»ly

Infinite .itiwi of phmomm mj^s^t to the

Evil t&ff rten^ C6»oot fc«t iNft Bbiolutal^ ii«9Bi«t« froia

tiltt or#«t» of !listta»«*

function of . , ^ ,:ki iiiii«e(ed«ei* 8?id fc® liss fiMfiwJ th€

means Oi doios it kn th.& pr^^^Q&oigiiy ax i.ii' ... ^

0<«rt0r» *Xn pX&«>e of apposing the ard^je" of Fr««di«

to tf^ dir^cr »f Hattiw^ or» of '^i<?f.rsr., the? phllarcfdir^ ef

is*, sfijoass uai'e*® ai^isw^i; c©ssi"u«Jifj|. uiea, .-../::/.

thf- faiS9«if on the l«tt«3?* (3^':..K *-

not an vi el«@9Rt ti^^s^at mi tim j^^^tm^^^

by th# i?r03E?jl oon?^'.^imi«tiesfl| it ii^ ® tMuf pir<9^^«£' to s

««Pt£9lo fftta^> i» sifiQi^^ to tha mtxm&l or iiit«IXi@e*

tttsl xmtijst&* *^t^ «r%toi« s^ot of fp^eii<m IX^sm in

vftll ie ?tot oe« which, foai' MsrltalD^ ?>e«a« to he psH79«d

to e^.t.^'^* r^ viapl7 m^, *^ «hBll not aieotiiits h«r»

Ite «8(i«it<mcr«f »& «««b ol* u« kaoifft W mpmPimm^ tim

«aclt!t«t»r<« of hie o«m fi?«iidl<M*' (36?)*

i««^t©lr, ' - , ho»«v«i>^ papti^^vd to sftty «rtwt th»

irlll le 0ii0 *to i^KM that •» liit«lX«&tu»l b^itig l« ol*

ii«eettBl,ty cnaoi#«d »ith fv^Mdjors" (368)

•

*aIi« tflXl is an Qii^«tit«^ e poi««r oT desire fta*

i#.'-S*/wv,*.

i

of Inellnstlon, ei^nting io th* noul i^rittsai »«igHt«

«hi«h «tts«ct the t9hol,9 <»f itj Its prl»o»91a2 aet 19

to love* (369). "Mow, ell »p|H?tlte lit rotAwf in Unoif*

Ins OP a»«3P«n#«e* (370), B©t^ >^*»*» an^ antasla |>o«««»«

« ««ieltl¥» sppKStlte, wt?lch d«>rH»»S« on th* kne»fl«dg«

of th© ff^nffef , btrt raan has in aiUdltifin a p<wer «>f

9plrlt»al app^titlan «»hieli is r«ot«d In his l»t«li«et

BfvB which 1» known as th* will,

tt t» "by fiwnt of thlt eplrltwl «i>^tite that

nan 999^9, not only individual and particular ioodi,

iHit alao, ^ aeana ©f the ah?trdctlv« pewer ©f hla

lnt«?lle<?t, the 0o«d (371), "It 1* haeaui^a th# will

tsia t^ nature a i>3;»«il7 for th« infinite and baeaoaa

it ten<f« b7 nature and n«e««a8ni7 to an infinite

CJj^aid whleh ehall fnlfil it« 9?rr* ration that th«^ will

la frea in faee of ^vary s»irti7ui.sr and ^rtial sood,

of aversr sood that na ©an t«k« and rwaaura »n$ that

la Insufflcifwt to tfsrt^nat th« inflrtlt*^ eSMsaalty of

tha will to lov«" (372). ^a wxlJ. then io ^trltain

19 nooaaaitat^d aa to ita final mtd, Mhleh la tha

ifadf and fra« in raapaat of i^artietslar individual

gaoda. »a nay daoida to «ill anr particular thinsr*

tart wa ara aimally fr«# not to will it« FraadCM of

alieioa raata «o ttia casbioad action ef tha «iii ai-sd

tha mtallact.

fer>?i^

m femm by «Kp«n«tie« that if» here sn •!?>

fimt* oapaelt?' f«r i^f'^* C^'^) ?*rw? that r^o «?spthlv

sf» ean alua^tk tMnl^ of s gr«8t#r or ?Tjor« pcs^terfitl,

c«p tm5p« b«iHatlf!:i1. thlfr- tlhsn that ',?'hlch r*??? Tw^f»''«s.pf»,

INNSli if we ere wis© cmsi^tJ to #©ffir^ ,.«-^:--,-i-v-^ ,,,-.-.

all thirjftf , s lli^.tlf^pif>"

vfi oj^mm oat I".,

Qujp will 19 iw3llelt«?a r^ fill e.tae9 »fsd it

4«iA3f9 mw thin^tf *lf» its o««i **»plt«* <37^). Ifc

iff miT lnt<*il»cf; rrKieh, in a »TH>e«ilaiti'?'*» wi^r. r^r-*?:?-

t'-^rr: '.':•:•* •-'j,;£^c'u c3©iiir«^ le good 1« on« smy eme not

1« p-.^-'::h«?r, *th»t it i» at one© 9<j<»ept«bl« c>iKf not

aee«otsM^* C*??*'.^ tr^ cth^r wor^p, the i«t«?ll«elJ

i^M»ein«a tne set or th« will, 9?x5 act? »s a f<3tt9ail

and final cause in r^%&ti.ism to lt« H«?t»rth«le»^!,

th« «p*«Mlat.1*/f» jua^^nt ''^ «--*^«' l.titalleet does not

m<we tha will to a«5t. •ThiR rniwia?* a jawetleal

<la©i«ion, a pwactleal .fiidsjraerrt of tha Intellect*

(376). It it the will »fMch nmr^if tha Intcllaet as

an afflftiattt caoaa and whlah wovaa It In tha dlra<?*

tian of en act whletn Is *th*> act of !!!y hirsen p«x*»

aonallty* (377).

•t'aata libra, 06 l «lnt«lllr;antf« at la

vol<mt4 a *iinpliQQafft at a *amralappant iritalatnant

OKAfTSS V 109

t*mm l*««tye, ««t »in«l e«»asa« l»<^lsii' InetsTita'n^

o& 1 *l»dii«i«iitiotlots actlv* #t <»<M&aBti?le» <S« la

volt»ttd e •«K««e« k 1 *4gaxti tfu iogvoMttit Xitl aiww qui

la d^texittfM»| 2«3 t^oiianM fw pent M«n mnn tm .1fvr;c^

d^tomlMar par lai« #t per celui^ol plutet «|i3« pasf

311&x«t •i*l>it:p*« c *e9% «iM>« tOQt an s^ni m9»mttl»ll9»

l*tMrel«t dc lo volenti jr a !.• priaiat aar ettXl«0*cl«

et lev tl«iife »lliH"iiitma Mitti «on ini^t^wmXtrntl^m

aetive •t dasiaatnec^ immo croa aaul 11 pmit latxr

4memr ^Xiaaoit^ axtataatialla" (37t).

Vhla la a laog t«xt« SMoit nean^ whila Qoattns^

baeama It la froai a little twaiip taoilfc a»d it atataa

adaoinatly tlia aaa^liaatatf valation of thi^ mtallaet

t« tlia will* nr«a »ill^ ttoao» ia btamd em tiia aKi«*

taaaa oT tlio ititallaet in nm (379) and it •mfstotfta

both a fiPtatfaa of avaraia^ •» to will or flot to tfill,

afvaa with 9«mif9et to do<4 •»•« and fvaotfatt oif apaal-

fiaatioD •<» to ehooaa ^^lat ana villa

«

A '&

Sine* "ffget f. -^^ Q^ huiaatJ^ will"

(380) le 138 8©d <^n l?jt®ll««?" .

'.* It'

;^t to

6a|iLif»«T tHist it iB i»«H&t«*d In Ti«t»r«?. tr\ l'>»

9optiy os: :- ".n, tbers i® no gsj uet-ween ii-ec^e*©

and nature . '^.<wy «r« Intimately r#l6t«d aa<5 n^j^ltsif)

uae, iyhf-Mixn to call th#» b.^r-»..'» .fr**'^?^?©©, «hlch i» ttiat

fjNtedksra of ep<!mta«eit3r,

*?•.** v,^ j^Aftr.i^ lai^4sly *abi*€nce of con»

tf^Miist** (331), **«« s l*ir«J l8 fiMMt »J»» It li3 not

m a ease* ' ). "Fll^; n*ii^pllcjiJ€ pot 1 •»!>««»»

''- *>'5«#«Bit#, tsals aeularaient itr^^-^^n.^^ f^« eontsr©lnt®.

c»«»t 1« pouvoir d«agir «» v«ptu Cie sa prasw* tJi-

m intern*, et aano ftoaffrir «e

i«l>da40 J>6r m) ag«nt ^ttdrletir" (3 .

FrewJora of «s>6otati«ity theo is the furn3ajswfrt»l

principle of being nvtd of act in all ereal 'ngi

and «v«n in 0<y?, It '« ^-^-'^ "^asic aetl-nty ^^ ^^ing

lyy which thir ^e towai^J tb^ij* etsds. *La ostoi^,

ats sene sr' .iliclan, ©«t »n -. , ttr# It

prineipo d*actX"Htd d* c«lu.^-- .., tooXo aatiix?« eori-

p6rt€? done un <s«rtal» minlsiam 4« ap^jotan^ltd* (38^K

re &T9 di5i;r««9 of »|>««Ttaneity which eor*

respond to th» dagraea of being. " ^^^ "^it Qua 1«

ia4ta9l#itii« '1NWtt^«^ <«t ana r!i«li9«y«l#li d«« <li«an»ff

mi

*s^$

? lU

|HPMNMi;eioii ou 6c d«#eJtDt# I |iiai*tlr <$<» la ^^ouz'c^^ 6e

l*%t3^, irt die eom^«]mio» on 4» rwKmti« vckps eett*

"Oettd lib<irt4«'2^ ii^H«t %9ii6«» »02*t«e <$«

dagrte* (386). it if ^t^ismmt to not^ that latfe^sr*

mil<:eou«i7« **yt Bi®t »8%«2V^ ei*« pine i|U*ime «cm»

awtntatioe, whi^h in 9 i»^ of xt9 stttvw** Urn mp9

hMf9 •t turn Xw$m% ^mn^ntm Qt nprnt^omiW* (S3i>»

qui pm»m •libtfwiwRt » •** <^% i *ni»««« ^-ai vol©

*3.ifaff<iiMint » ? e *«»t«4Mii£^ ots 6^t4Xmmwt% mulm&<m%

«tix tMl<ir««*itifte it)t«jr!i«tt d« X«uz> tittlnii;^. ^^iid la

natort apirltueXXo, «11« cievieat ft prostfaaairt parley

llb«iPM d *1.i!0^NHi4aw»«t ]^jp antAHfc oU* tie «'v»i«i9te

Otis k iflint tm e« »Nidre ^etXirmmoft sol miwn !•

i M yoiiiNI<r> "^ eo^sw or tout li:x9ivloit»itt dana 3L*dot«

c|u*(Hi ^potftt&t" (389).

All erMt«a iMiia^c h»v«, on an as«*txilng ccKle,

'mi prliiei9« MKtieal liit«rt>« 4*8cti?it4" (390)*

Xnnnlnsta ob^ets «pNMi«at the flr«t ««i»HM? of apati*

tanaitir* 'i^tie living ccspoi^i os^sBuicas oi v«g<?ta%iv«

life which have an *aetivtt4 euto^onetmictiva at

•H<j©-|>^*««t^o«n«w^ IW«1pape S U vl©** (391) and 3?«-

pfiaaimt the Immwt di«vae of mmtmtii aetlon, aeoiij^

tlia aecond ^siraa of apODtafwlt^, t1}«7 a^ »om ^raa

that} an atasj 1»^ lem tm0 titan 9mm$Mm o«ss«l«fa

whleh haira aenaatlooa and, in a<»ia mmBt i^itt M!il»iili

eaiia an aetioatlva mate, ^n aniisai ia "aoaoira v6qI$

9«v i« 6t/b(Xp9t ^^< e«tt<« foia e« »a aont piua i#a

aatioM ttfanaltivae aoaro^aa atir lui par la nlliau

Qui z%l«iit son aativit^f ce aoB% «•« cAJata ptapqm*'

(398)* Alao aninala tMHW *la aannalaaanea p»&pve i

i'inetifiot" (393)« »otf thi^ flttr l»« aoeaaivatf aa

oaaoyyin^ the thlxtf ^agraa <>f i^««^m«lty. Tha fotsrth

dagvaa of apontanait^ ie *eelul da la via intellectlva*

(39^) and that to wMoh a»» l»alafi@8, "11 cjowiatt ea

qu*il ftoit et la fin tfa aaa aataa ocmsw tallas 11 aa

d^tanHiia * litl««sQna» par aa propva activity itital*

laatttalle, laa fina da aon agir. X.'h<Bam<», ai impar*

faitawant qua ca aeit^ eat vtainant at prc^racaaiit imi

taut (una paraantia)" (393}*

fif

*2C'ap

*f(i •$<;

^^>^.^. *^

It i« b«e8a«« last) h®e toy nature thlJi liberty

<sf epoet9»l«t7« expr»»©cd i^^««lfloally fe^ hit r«e?»-orj,

that he i» «tole fco p«mi«««« fJNwdm of choi<?«» it i&

bis sotlvity 06 e s?»tlcmel l>etng whleh ihows itMli'

m his efeilifcy to ebooe«, withlo th« 13Mt« of th#

IM»B«r of tft« tt«it^ ^Hch h© p«Mi««i0««, wtiat h® wUl

*t 18 ts^ th« «»» of hl» .iot«li«ei thsfc he sjgfe^

fchots« ehoic«« »htoh cosw to eoiMitlttit« lilc ptamos^

silt?*. Ub«rfe^ of ^epm^mlt^t «» it i« ps*«««i}t In

^tt, HanfitMiin ©slit llto««l!7 <^f %ti^«pmam0e* "ear,

en itiga* %m^9 m^ U Xibc«rt4 d* eholx pesiiisseiit la

ptfra^aanalit^ «t t&m Xm prlvil%«« ^ ia p«p»oo»

1« llb«ft4 4e 0poat«n4it« d«vl«fjt iib#j?tii d«iTid#©o»

«fatK»f* C^?>. *^ tffsdt Q«« p^mmmi%%4 #t lib«<^

• V •

fros tlw point of viess of aehitviMSieat Ito tH« #»veX-

<^pm««t of E»ti fey «««ii« of th« «»• «f his pow«9W,

''nMtnltt ftftt»r> oftllfS it lllMMPtjf of »tltOiK»^, U@ «s>fiy»

%l2Bt mic is i^ne ftfMiiQn in tihieh «iati i« noiit

'na

vji^ ^ wild ami ^hme 1% mmm emmipatlim aos

_;>,., V .... .-. -;c'y«ii^l«ae®, *«« slmXX sail it l*p®«daa

of atjtooaiag and fapefidao Cff «9rult53tlon* (399). It

m^ cUoota«i what ^ will i- ^ of ^il^

l»iajivcj«i teat ei^ler <|tti v« «iitmr d«tw l*dtM« «t

f devN»iiv« <i^ fats «ilit8t|i* li s«Xon l»«»ti^ in*

/at. :ierit^l» b«li«ves iw tl>© 6!S^l«t«nce

as % byo&ii »&ttii:*9 ana h&u mlA In tbls coimeotlon^

"e«t»tc} t^ttxjpe est ip$9ii«» @t «n o« nmm •1X« e'lsapoc«

A nou£« Qdae i»9 sous la 4«im(N>c 9118* (^<XL)« yet h«^

ftl&o |QK»#^ tliat tl^iiir« i« • Mume S» tiMeh Ut>erty

'*a»jp 1 *}»»M» #«t im Cti!« to tso«r«n«iit| t *U » *9q^

««l«x>t i^s, 13 n*% rxm, tt U i^tr0« e« <p]*ll «vaitfi

U Ittl Smt (»oafUi4i!ir 8d» tto^* (^03).

M^ vlcM Ift^ OS til* m^tnQCf etiftmgl;^ r»*

nlBl«Q«iit of tt»it tmU W tn ttheiet ftxl»t«nt4*ll8t

Ilk* £»8rtr« titioy slthoui^ ti« wiU »itadt th^t "tl20i*«

4<«« txift i» universal huooc QOoOltlao'' i^Oli)^ yet

Ml

,;»* *Tff.

yillX uStlt^ that "th<sre ie no tiamtt oatttre top sm

fee 'oaiaes liirafttll** C^06). ** au Is m?ttiiHi| (glee 1»ut

nhat h« ffia^0 &f hiiuNiIf • Sneh is the fiv»t priR*»

If i'»eri •>•:. la ie able tc a«;;i?«Hi !»slth J^urcz«

that^ "^n iatt«t iii» hit pervoeallt? a» woll as hln

t€:£!:t: of a ^p^"* ^^9i«^

fifth aagre* of tn* tre^^ of ^Knii^iieit;,-

,

^'W3f dirf«e«st le ^^rltala *!i ^opld f£^» tlmt

of s«rtr« «ib«v» MSB Juet "tti»^ up^ sppsftro ^a tht

CK»«ii«* (^)Q9)^ and iiti«E<e tim osOif dirfe^m»e 0«t«f«««

!il» aad **8 patoh of m>8a^ s pita® of j^jrbe$«, or a

08ullfl<»i»r** (^10) 10 ttiat im "Xa at the 9toz*t a

plaa imieh ii» awara of itaelf* (^11) «»• «v«a) tl

"tb««» la nothing m haairen*' (^12)*

For ^i^teln tliava la in haavvn a Si^rcaa

Umlnt »96 h« aaya tt>at h« hava In taa a kind of

"aaiplntlon d ZHatt" (^x:.). "Xna^pendanta dane aa

i«clii« m4tapli^al4|U0j du f)Kl% <}ii>eXla aiirglt d9»» la

K'.

/J^ .

WSkWW^ f 116

t96atitp. Qwmn t»i« mil?iHsouoe> Intel ll;.5«ffnt*? et <f«tt^

41* Ijsi liberty dc eha,;jK, la p«r»omje, coRiside^'©®

dsDs la pu2^ lis»e d« ft»s iitpirati9»8 t3niiiiN$9»^i>»

t6l<»fl on ti»i3ssrjat«rt!ll#® 6e pmimorme^ Ammtn^^ pAnwH

A pcisoer fi dea d^;r<$« de plu» ma pJLui? ^im;^^ de

iox<f»^ '«>11«» 0« H^tmf^tetut &^m i& z&im^ 4m !Nmti«

la virltil, c*mt ©« Mmi setnl <|ii*ell«'8 tpotiifeiit

S^fur a^eceai^lldmmiVK* (^1^). Hsn man )»e ftetlsflad

ODI^ 1)7 "««lui ami i^4i e«t la I4l»«pt^ d 'ii^S^s:)*!}*

donot ell*-«^MN# iaNsi)&t«»t par «0l* (<»15)t

{^16) of aclilevl^^ this jsatlisfactiofi^ tor ^leh laen

iengt. This wtml^ M by th« route of tiMvo^i^ and

tnntiumtitta^ b^ nhieh :e4»i«italn fWMiiMi nokifi^ b«iii@

univodal In all lit #«gv#6»^ 6Dd oeceptliog a pan*

theiatie met8phsr8iea« «t)«f«li7 th««« woaI# l>« t)o

diffavanera l>etii««ti tha nature of mn and tha isettira

of Qod, **0n 3Ms@»»ia tw»jt«p«' e^aea, t> la fatoo d®

%l»o»« ou de Hagal^ e««»i»i» ^tae taodiaa «»i d«a p^aaa

^« aa r<teUaatioi!i* C^ir).

"a« cowti«lr«, la vrele a»nl!!ape d'e«t««itfra

la eoncpt^ da la liliert^ rapoa« eur una phllosophia

<^ ^ **y|fti .

«t <3 *#tr« ct da la

m

ffw? flTOl ««8fp?»6 €>r tiiv« iio ^

Situ eft lth3?m, p3.ti« «9c»e%ifips««t ^t '»*^- ^'^'^''

9mmt^9int«* («il?). Jt will fee p©i«a«l# JTw i»«rwwia

0Hm$ el54M! |?Bf^«ia»«sirtf i la r%9^m 0^ mm, ear mvo^nt 1 •««»«?«!© «lifi«« U er#«^a?© #ivl«n* !«*«»*

XiK»7{i8te« amJ usr s»en« of "tsie #lviiil««tl«i de

I'tnai-riau" (^isa) tf«t; acweaee* o«« Uimt fe«v« ei?-

t«i».?#s-?i at nn awfch»«i|*oe«stferl<f vi««i ef lilMM?1^^ «0©m»*

diii:;: to ^hictj *i*oo 9»ej?t lilfeff* «|«# »i l*oo o»ote*it

i^fp. p»f««itt of th?.» -Hew iiaw« hmmi m&»t asifor-

mnptw la the iKsolai i»«s3aia* I'OyttJSln notwt thtfs a«t

9«eKiwi** (1«ft); "la cJigpsFitaon th^<w*Jini# »* s»wtfi^p»

d« l»1ld4« du p«wi9ori9»l>X« «t dw %*1M9 <»• l»»ttt<Mc^t4,

-.?

in^t, et <J^ la vm&w^ ' vm

:'sttx»e - '*.^^- plf^f ':. tisis mie sort©

it is fi' '. rmn hfi» f3?^e^<5m

cnlf r»r '5 to feenas to*

dots ©f ,;^ i« OR to* sji-oiitiaBwit;^ ef

the lntc-llc.-:ftfi-;- n. nattsrc* of it^n, ttsat

Han hat f* : «f s^lcs ^Ith ,? to:

'jlsr

m^^ a» '3-' 5' «oci0« Ev^a ;i«p«j, a© r^;?" i^sr and

0l)oo&e mi''^ .; &^ dlt' hit iMt'vU''@ i^ mi^ %n

t-nr^, a ly^-? tt^i^t it Ittt^-v-* ^.-iM-^r rr^r*^??? thi* 6ftajt, *f?*t;

iiO true is this tov r. :% he »9r»,

r,

- VIIX-

C' : i>i*oblesa of «vll lis

n«»©s»ai?ll7 r©l9fte<f to the «xr>«»'nm«?c of ftv^f^'-rf;.

^Britain states this ttiet forcibly «h«n i^ «eF«#

•• fwe orROttw©, fwturally iSQMKcabl^, would b©

«tapd«« b« uaagt explatiattan of ttM «gttttiii» of evil,

9n9 that estplenefclcsn r<ej?t» in th© wtperlefjee of

It Is is^ieiftstit to not« ttot ©vii for ?^i^t^Tin

is not a positive b«lns. "svil ie n©ith«i» en #«*«noe

nor & natuz« nop e fossa nop sn «et of b«ln^ •- wil

la an abe(»ne« of h«lngi it is vnst « lacp© iMigistlcm,

^"* 8 P^yiyt^q>n i the pi^lvotion of thtt £jooa that ffhould

be in a thing" (^30). In this viw ^ntsin le

follo»rt.nc; St. •stwraas, who dr- '^ "thp f:re!5t th««»s

oadff clasdcal b^ St, At^jettw?* (^<31).

Britain ie not mylrm that «vSl <*o©o not

asdit — "Evil does «s;iet in thinfjsi, it lis t«pnbly

pgmnmit m th«" (I132) — but that it i« s "n«?to-

phyaioal aanat^oalty* (433), and exlists only in and

through good •©» a 99i«»lt©« (^3^). All b0i«® la

good in 80 fap 3« it is (^35).

If oni» aitca th« rmnaa fop the oariatetictr cf

avil, the enairap gi9«n ectmn trcm a t«yfc of St.

Thojaaai •Fepf<jctlon of th<» imlveri»© d^iTrwndf" th??t

th«p« ba aoRia loaQtiality in thinga, ao that six d©-

gyaaa of b«lnc and of goodnaaa taay b© filled* (I36).

^sM

(9|ttJMjni| If %ltt

(^3TK ^'^inu».2M ^jQ^^ »^:mmBt *^Eto«« and iitt,iiii»

fio^ All s€tiv« goo^t 0om t^t in l»«et ^itit me»»6

ta tf^ i«63le, but m^ «|3iHi &• iNMIt fm* isteii pm!t

einen f!s«ces irtril entf thet !»!»^ i^msdi itenid bffi la^it if

i.^^ UM mo^ p!@£mit CTvo-i.*

l^l£ii^6#lt} It e«i««na ^ 6dtf l^t im &Q99 sot

»fteii his m^fSmmt±GSi to t»« iiHifiiyitiil «§ agMMing

mmiLsttBn tamtam* (kkfi)^ Tim pmMmk «if mtX tSt^susM

moml memI i|a«iteiial iwtlatioa* <9^ eiMited s»mmmii» t«»

(MM m^fi^ibm 9f>6i mm Qo$, tHii^li w^iMtm to tt)«

An fti^itione3» jm»«ob f<or Mi* i«20««ae« of

#vii is iM«siiM Q«i Mi«^«tf mm fv^ m ov^or tmt

ha islgbt alioo9& fxpet^^ %o lov* Ei. ^« ^itbonfe fal-

lible jfiftMiaaei t^)$r(» is«» i»« oo eiwatad l^raaSoai

without ojNwitttf £]?««d«r:} tHova 4^D lit no lova la

!i«^(ial rviaaiahip i^etaaan Oatf and «vaatu««»2 uiaiMDt

lovo In aiatttal M«MNK[»ilp tyatiweaa CkMI ana emMtaae*

)l« «i<«^ 10 this «lMfts«i*» Vkm «c»KSfMnMd nith

tli« ai«ft|il!qr»leaX w^Vsm^dim for th« iiiriitiii# «r

not tM9 exr ttsftt «rt>w9^ but ttw 0««»^* (^3)« •&# «iae«

it J?all«w« tha^ fe« mis^ »»» 1» f«ct ««««» «**«»

«lK»o»# «h»t «|34^ 1» m\X^ OrOir t!s« «*ivi»# i^Ul 1«

Q<:)d knous «vil t^ !««« it i« «»< net •«

•«elit iMTt "in tlwi iNiingi tli»t it iMnWf «f ^ tUf

l^wdi tiMit It aof*«ft@" (^M?),

Ml

'M t:

VSL' JStJjI

v>Oa?" '^

i" ; s<.

mttm of mefk «f ^« tetiai* iow^mMl in m%t«9 i»

^rmsiSsm «Kr.l sting tj«t»i#«w wttwpwi* <*5I^K *toe «^«

!Wife i« ttet wlwt if « s«K»^ for <«i# atti^w •* i^

t^ tf«nrti0ptt#Y)t of e ' ««> mr^ W m^m ^MWKS

Itfl flmlit^', re»iilt i« tft« deir^jnieti<3^ of tna^lMHr

itimS an r?il of i^^i^,

« hiM«D aile^^iiia, t»«e«Q0«^ if «mi ef »etlaii «i«f««

dii« to a «iKf«et of tt!9 «itl ««• in t;h# t«i9' at^isw «f

tlift wiaa. '^^ th«« evis. aiHsion wowl.^ not b« tmily f«*©.

It would ii« ii«t«mia«d ibir t tf«f««%iir« «tili» it, on

ISm* «rth«» hiifid^ tl» »<?tion of the will in truly tr*^.

*»•

ie l^jT »t^ ^- ^^^^ of thie 3RiX« %i^% liiM? ^111 geta

mw mhtmm* vhi^ «Q^M>it« l» not aetiiftXl;? ocmi^Utor-*

JUlB ttm man, *hmQm>& tb^ 90^1 is 9^ iii»Xi^S96, Mrfor timt mi»%^ Xm 1% «ibl<i» 9<JmAm^lif io t4»lR» th«

»<««q^iXC«tf is^ loot thG« t&ii tWOft HlMail liiV* tl»» imX#

iH^J* iMklni: »% tlm smte* (436). ths «r?ll ««nMi itt

t»ut l»ceau»e of t^ ii^«m9« «f th« anil , ui« abMiwc

1& *otitiliflr « piiMitiMi nor wn «vll^ b'ofc 9 ixesf^ and

Mr), mtfitftitt mU9 tM« the •^SSMt^K^'*'^'^ i^^f

fc*^rt*f ;ffc»-**;.fc^iSrk*«»' '«fc'*nkVdi«**i*»i***

.^f mwtmmmma^ wtmmm, "^Wa, tern %m $0X0

f»et that ^mt^ 3«ts with U> %mm9» m |»4iwti«it

•?!»<» i'lret r.aaaieE ppQff&tleff "the roe-5 propiar

Of erll m -^^ •tin fliM^S^." <*»€2).

lts«l? alowe* C*«3)f ti«t It i« mftm^mBmm'^ tn

iHAat'saw^ Itn^lf < * Iwfw givMi taw attti^v mm «o©»

«Ca««liiiit »«iii!«, t«»ftt>tfUy to «I«3^UM I and I?,

tf> tin?- si !W>t.Se!i» m w<ea^ iildj«li svi p«w*

2^ «e«at4»» oi^mMW

;?fj^4;v!r *i iffp.

P ,t>.a 4A'

mknm v "Mb

cms). fh€ mmtmtl^le ^h@ta»tiee 9^10 follcjwea

iwNi jLii wm 4tmi» «e faithi yiiiiiM>tifr tig Hi*

tor *^Mi»oi«tt«bi6 tlit*a^£e«:i °«fiii0att* {^)»

HilOiitiHa 9« "a tUMK^^iiXofias^-* f^T0>i ttmt of

tPMtS«« tm th« mf|^i»** C^73L>| «n0 th# ^^iol / <«f

fooatf %% wmmmm ^ tvtablirti 1^ rei : of

flHHiiift|i|' «ii0 ftiiat iltt«i e»d« « v»tJURiie fttt4«s^ to

f.» mt'-'f^ s*ms

fclMf tmts^ mluU-^m t© tii2.B v©is;^' i^m^ - -^®

1^ ^ e»ll« the t«i^^^^'-^" ^-^ "tii«?oi. ^pes:^

tjl^roy out theal«^ fel^a i . to m •""' a'

itft l^MHft>« '^IhUoifii^ hUX neve? tiMlsr -

frod all <Jero*Bs$iig ®«iwlt««>e to %m thmlfs^ml ^

vaA'oe proper to thtolo^^ »i>a tbespcfei?' p«^^««^© i^e

tt<sx«)ir% »w«9ii»l of ite it}t:i!9fiaX«i)«e i^ «;<!f^p«i<i8<!«} with

sue aijsdoaa that ere iilghas* tlian it* <MTL ).

<Jtat38.lK, but It ie lui'eqpiQaP' to tt^i«9MN«l aaedos.

i^jTiwuiii »«»« tfe« i»ttfflp «^ bar assflngi *Thw<» 1«

«?»t«t53i.eh«># i?» ttil»«l«g^^.!» ih'^t

' f'^f*

IMS 1« tms im aw «^ ^» aivisiose of phllo*

!» '^.-'i.. ' Is in fis<?t i» ti» «t«te of Ifelltere n»ljiap«

i«hleh i« «i%h«fS' vi]i^««i 01? I}««1^ and viirjUfi«d t>y th«

gy«e9 of OtiTis^ 8i3d 1^ mas^mmsi^mikl #illMi <%f ^li*

imtuml f^o^a^s of Icfving 0od effl«®«iou8ly above ell

tlKHirs?. ns^r-s ill Mm fla?f»* uet of frcw^csEi he 1®

the -aocal g<K?<J a« s«9h fop th® foafw*! <:^^t ^ Jtl«

fitiffltd®, to ^5®t» hi« lif© a«i«ii»««Jt to fel*» a£9«ifii go©5>

or the ^^0^ @£»iMi SQT ««B«eR3« end to s«»trtle cm thin

r^eiaaX bl« d»ilb«««tloiJ ©bait hlE^eif* (^79 )«

'diolqg, '•:;: : ''x J3» ^eil «siSHPe. fcoat thl« ^e»o.x>lp*

aiMMiB&ii^ thfst the fK^ist^eotlfil i^<$^ltien» of fallen

mk9T

tfttb im» #f>ifelo|!i^«!«)t fif «i»f} in sotie^. It i» lir

t^ »i# «f both t>hff Mh^p^ oT atHJi end lAw lUiVIr

of «>tit«naRV tw t«et«l ilf« t!!t»t «»» »%t€!»|st« to

mMm9<t 111* ti#e ip«lftt«^ «na«! ei^fi!llMti«»-j haje* t»««

lew dUd l>€«titti#» i/kov#«

If llbi*ptif of 4H'^«« 4« m»t ttR «fi« In ltt#lf

md is *i^Ui» Want ftie «»• 3« li)>«»t4 4 'isRiltiitlf:}!!

i»fl:3re* (^103}^ i^*e^ ^^ti ?i«il* «c^pij?« in tsv^^T to

Viai9h tel« 2««t end or nis ti>iititii<lc » ««i ithi^ he

»itr««^ lenonff ^, iboHi 1^ rcttwon e»a uy f»itls <^6^).

Hew, «•« ««w»t ««te# hf » ?f?r^ tosUKWN th!*« 0n6, whleh tilli

tM aefeKL«viid only ntwtit ^^^ ^*** ^^^'^ f^espmttwr, *! »lrfteJLii-

g««e# hnifliitt© v«jn» M.^i* (*8*'?)» »Tid tj® wj&t do it la

« 8<3cill2 ilf« i*v«# b(«?# 'Tffl earfch. wHp«3W» h# i» elm*

MtMvty of ehol<ye it th« wwrimi «««d, una lib««^ «.f

$f» tJv mn^ fteM«»tf<»i» t«f a life lfv<p<t In eofWion

#1 #«^ is iiiMRrt4 83 mm 0m %i.bmp%4 49 9h&ix on 6t

^mmmmsM poiitUfpm, 9mmm6^$ pie^(em^4>9, &XqU9,

p9sm ^ ^#cipi ««im^ i» mtmm «t ahmi i« 2JUii»pt#«

ttt Nlirltaif}, in «ooi«1ir« *flmB tsUit r^

•i^pl»»ii iwtimliy tf^ i^m meiJUl llfot 1% ti» ^ tfi;........

tiMdJili mmm to tw wHt^iNl to otli«r i^ttl«ii i» ss^^ijpituia

«««iMiii»Hi #t int«iiU0t «»a of ndni" i^m}^ "<m»

(|MIMHMK» tl4.» ii»tiir« isMm iwtoam} •«! <f«iii»timst

•««ofs^U»l»«f ^ifWiBH • «e£% of rmwmi mnQ will« tnd

ffii«27 9m9mt9$ t0« »iBii i« « politic*! 99^^mX, ifiii«li

tittt tli» tmmm vmm&n ewmwim pBAXtA99l lit*,

a Uf», not «nl^ «ri^ vtgaiKl t« tlw fteU^* eci;<*

mmXWs ?*ttt wltb siiNPix^ ts» the «1^U o«WBW»lty* C*!^).

It is Wiiemu^im ^ (MMi* tmt tlii0 iMi^ an

tilws mvi» to mipplr t«« with n 4i«a:i«m of it bero9««

tmsih. irtiUe iMvitKi «!(^ intsiiisiiMt m^ ^ntr win

4nilijp»3^ fsmw to wox«£ 113 ti3a« ^te»ti«ii)^ (%o)«

1^ it It rnimtta;^ ats Xitr ...

* 211

film t^Miistle %«aet9 wtOAIi MM<lfe«i» it ae^tutwM^

%« m!^ t«» 9<«ttli« o«t asi di0«itti«ii^^«t is^ <0mci«ioB«

«f «»» is iNMHl«tgr ttni to ^« mn txtml #•#§ i tmvm m*

ffii^iitf iKi tli» Ali^tiQattim of tH* i«diiri<t«tl and tli«

It Is tmwm ^MM« twstt tiKt HtJltain Haft ««««io!pod

tiiA tlitoif of tiM rafi&ttmnMLp of tbt iieraon to «o«l«ty

iihi«ii i« *^»oi<|iio eiio«« #• vlnpiiiifNiMMit ««Ri^X«i»"

(^91). mn X9g OR tho o«io twndj ptrt of • sooiol

n 132

stia an »vicV> l»fdrier to it aiad bouod to

9mt« lt« eiJdfi, «rc8 %o ; up his life fo? ?.t, if

thBt b<s iKsJtweBrjr, Oi the oth«MP hBud, b« 1« a p«iif9«e

with oa iMisa?^! E?vxi,t a^j^, «t> mKsh^ of acajw? ii:^?©3Pt«i»j«

than si^liit^ itl90 1» the ^m*ld. ^^,fE ^m. ^ fMBlii

politi4|ii«^ v^e^f 11 is*«0t pes petPtle da Is eoiaii?Ji»iit#

<|ui cir li. ^'' s r^ lux ;J&s; asjaos «;ul ch^EW^MXl^

dolt s^^irrtrt nm date SaaB<«*fe^^lf «* «^ t^.mi f»# tBioprrt

Htrtttln elp» : that t!M» eonaon

good •« «»el3i e<»it«itii« ..: - ^ JBlwm* if *.t

ii«x« siB^l^r find ^k^Xu' coiiti^tiae of ta^ox^ssi

0O«d«^ It dould aot t * th» i«^c^fi©<? of

hce:S9f} lift* -- •?!»>' *'^*''* '^*"»**' /*fwr«»ri t«P^»«tl*^

in<Jijf«M?ti««it a la fl; * aog h«aao»* (*!^)> ttiet

It 18 i«orth3r o? effospt «r»a mf^^*'*^'.**^.- t% »if\/mW •^«fv-

Iwft al«o make It po«i!i%kl« for Ma %© liv« i» twffh » way

and <m p*ilXo®qpii£r —' fcHe p^. / cS' tiie *«

l^<»t^or« It le- e^ecapitis So the etsiai^ie^B i*hlch

3yj»2^ ©lit §m»«as®l ps. ? as a s«l^ to fcb^ fcams*

U^ fe«ls that saiii!!^ «^ %be ^ijffieultles of ^h#

9Mit thz'^t «rG»turl9« l)»^@ «n«<!m: )i»««ta»ii# mtti ins® txl@^

to min Ms- affair'"- --^^.tlKmt ref««imc'' •" ^'V^ '"•'

laeon® of 9«h5>i ea^hi?^oe«»ta?l« # .'int**

Uy tl>e isa»o«7 of tl>® «^t7 of t^ Mia^Sie ^®fi, F- ^ph»ars s!»f ©ei«j)t4«1i» ©iik« have trt"-'^ ':'•> m^tltutc*

X-eaton fw faith m $ wtiiTim. pa?li»iFM>, 'itw a?«»«lts

l»f« iMPi8«ii »» well »« *& l^jtffoyel o* ili^s #iti;lii,^ v.,^

tjnjth" (^^).

piiiK'lpl<? of the i'ilddi® '*«|«ffl 1® posuibl©, and tiist tlw

beat that h^ ean hope im? in a »»m Of&rt&tian aoel^ty

l6 '*« tmlty of ori«oteti0B, »«hich proeeade f»aa a

eci^ton aapijEWtlom •.. foa? a foosa of eoKSESon life In

¥IM awin point «ld«h coiMMSRit t-Ssi^ttSti i.« ttmt

«te aw tMiHiiilMR 9^01114 i)« %ii«ot«««ji^ «ad net a«liiv<»»

iMiiifiiRi tnw ti^jlneft oi* aod &ms tii» Mngi or t^ wm%^^

tAw

iMifliiil ^ ]||^

pm^m»ilt^^ m% or # ^siA'e® sthsmMm mu into itw

tjTtf^ q£ CiiffigUMn 9^JLt%j&uX «oal«^, Mlmtm^ ecM ir»$r

ttii.1^ of ite p@a?t^ti3UMP ^i^tii»i^^ iii2]«t m^tmm ^mmM»*U^ t-D tm 18 the faet titet tlie supraBMi f^mmml wlmXplm

i(»ap4rt7 of hiiit<3ric«l elirmt«ii. So the $ri»»lia««

he ts&ium-£- ct'^Xima, nor iwpMi fer, t^cir viiiraiitiiiiB e

xHNUwe to I. .. i.«^ ^%«rs» ^i«i mtmm^i& earn

'*Xt 1» iMvt « Quc of a taittttflaX i?e%«am to the

^^iMl* -^m^t ^^ ^ 4sm^im %3ms^umti0m tmm their

Iai)eM0^« end l9ii« 8*i4 Um% be «oiMdd«v« it a hlMmUmmai^inat Q^ to want t« i^tium to the peatt ''xi y a

HOC e<^a 4a bXaapliiiaa ao^ra la gouvaivaaot #a Klau

4t«Q«i i*li.. ..*©, d voulcdr x^ptDurww? 5 an 4t«t pe8»S*

(50S).

£« vi4Ni oi timam aataearlaal atetamata^ it i&

luiitgyaHlv <— at laaat ^ th» tM^av <»f aiad oC fvof

.

V, u, v^j^o^cn ^ to 9m^ tn astiii* «^ laa antltXidf

In It be aliMwataifiaaiM flariteis a? *tti« »oat 4i«tiiMmish«»d

aaid iitflmnmm of the nco-^h,..'.;, .'i»

talsa us iHiak to tlia wmtHmmX

(311 )• ^3P<^<sim9i» ^iilt«i^wcMd x» aoULetii ^n to eay \;i)at

4ii$i.

CHAPIlSft VI 137

It ie ^«*3r unwBfvlfig totf m^n to Xooic n% tb« exc©!-

lenees of th« p»»t, aa^ Wmwb Frof* Coultoa proceeds

to saif ifjst in •ngr ca»« *l» o«eifort, fv»«dOBi «w}

dignity or mn 4va?lm ^^ H&dd^e Ag^ «««x« higDl^

to iilMt ^ntam tiaa metmllsf «ti4«

While iiai;*lt6ln*« iat«rpi*«ftation of flw4iaavail

yi^it#S!r« $» i^il^ ^^ tmmm «« ^ontU^p thot th® Onm;^

«9« o«v«r wmiiy txtumr^tt^s xn polltloal pome^e, but

ammm^ It ooly bF default and in tii« intereat of

iMilntaiiili^ «e«w (5ia)» wiy l» far tpm mamfmmHDivai^aal a^eaptanea^ nm€f%ilmtm9, tha erltlclam

of Papof. coulton tmmm to b« ^pai) to th« uanal ob-

4«ctl<m» attaadtfit oo hla wo»te, of asitl-Catholic blaa

and lalaiiaa oi avl4aoae«

hXom ««^tb ttia 4|oaatlQii of a rotiopn to tba

atandax^a asitf «Miy of Ufa of ttia madia Agaa^ the

jpvoblas g€ tha ralatlon of chux«h and atato aooeao^

In tha waiting and aataaant an tlie vrltli^ of Mavltain^

to bava 4m»W99d eonaldai^bla p7oado«nea. Fortunetalr

ba baa tekaa tba ti)Oiibia to naiw MLmaalf abiindantlir

olaax* on thl? point*

Eyrm tbouffb Marltoln can wi?lt© thot, "tbara

ia no othav autbantio and truly ai^pxvoationai

t»nlv«rt!»«aUKa than C«t^lioilei»«»" iSl3), e* m iwopiise«

that altts«tt BOV«rtlgnty V&te with 6«»« ana not In

eowrel0«ty, th« »ov«i!fis»t? of th# Sr«t<»» (>!*).

If we artt wh© i« to perileli>»t« i» thlB »«r^E^

•ienty her© feelow, tt» @ii«ii«p 1» t»»t tb«r« 1« a

and that two iiolveifiiamiBaw «Kl«t. *©w« iwilv^i^^lifRn

«««^8 it» sM?iwrt»l« «r uBHtgr in own iiS«»«lf ,««»*

fdtliiw* 8» tlve «iU ftfKJ ttXtlmat* «««* (315) and

ftlttwugh it to at«^«fi arni hiwtnlt»J^t9 in oa!«i»ln,

y«t* iWBWwa without (q^UiMWl iiU«0iMM«t it 1« »Pt

te «rja in »n »nti-»iarao« t^vatm. ""^m 0feH«r iifjiv«p«

aaliffA i>«^ff t!»e unity of raiin tvm in* fattHNr of

extettwa; p«i^P««tli« r/«ry oatui^i div«M?iilty, It

i«ie«e abw« th« wtlooa t!» feroe ii»lv««iX i t«te

trtilAli 1« ttw Church iiu« 1» «rtiXch mn, W B^ip^pmtmml

t«tte«, «tt«l»» to tha tjf^^am of tbo «<«» of 0c4"

(516), Th#»« two vmlvmfmltmm »r« liaplooably

oppo««« in pj»lttclpa« owS ^^rltoln 1« wtattgh of a

pi*Q^lM« to have feo«i al»i« to ««lte» in 19S«, ttitt it

wooia ««om that th« tiaic wmU ««»• ^*on only ti«

onlvoMaXlM of AntlehJPiJjt »^^ the u«iv«raalifca of

Otu^at win !>« laft fseias •»«» o^JW i*«*^ ^^ earth"

(517)*

Tha aoltitlon which sJarltain offara for thla

vary real tflXaiatia la that which d«nv»» fjpoa, and le

m fitaHL." >t»l>.

.r^- «A:<s^m0iitiM» 'v'i.r?

* -' JlJtXa' v^..iiA.*SS'i'4'&

J U l- c .a*."

0fmUlm6 in embryo io, hX§ ^Xatlmtlm of th« ladl-

Tiitttl and th« p«iiiiO* %» to#9 ooe s^Xatlooship ao

aa individual to tli« Bt«te aafl •ooth^r as a pamon

to both t.l3« et4tt« dod tl^e Chux>eh ana ultii^t«l^ to

God, ''The oQMBOD cfOOd Of elvlX Uf« Is «u ultls«t«

end, iJiit «»n ulUsast* «ad 1» a x«latlvc B«nfie and In

Th& 0bsoltit(& ulti!30te 4»^ of %h& tUMMS 9tt«««» ia **aod

eaaaiwii iixs o5«o i>ei;-iioael llf® and «t«r»«X telle* to be

p«rticipat«d in by awn" (319). "ii***® 1« ^b« «^*« <>^

tn« diguity of the haaffis person as «»11 «» of th«

. ii«?e alflo iB tb« root of the di^ oo aiid

rftl8tic3i of th« pot^era «3ceraiffttd bsr th« Chtiveh and

ttM £tdt«,

:%9tt9%ti h8» b^«» at p9i»fi, prlmXpAlX^ in

tt ay Bot Ctteaag»fi and la ?'t^ ^li<f 1^

to delioeate tMs {'cXstlassbijp with aar®* It

»««a8 to ne that tha Isttar boo^d ia' ;^v '»• mtmf

and ^sellow lo ita aps^roaeb to this mi«*3tion th^a tha

tmsme, although it caaaot ^m. sa^ii^*^ %^'^ - -. x£ a^v

ftsndttMRtal diff^iiipl* i» tba thaoriea vbiab thejf

pr^swRt, aycapt pojphapa at ^me noint, to which 1 atiall

r«f«r lataa?!^ Thora ajpa t»o ta^^ts i.£i

vrnich «iva iiibat i oc^^ida;!,'' to ba tiba boat 4

tion of tha aatt#9«

?3.a is1r-i &^ Jt'*4*f /f«^''

;» ^ A^:

imrnii. .wvv

i»v 3*^;

n 1^

«@gr nature th6 l^otf^r pol.i«l«» i^iich

strietx^ to t}** natrtaral orfJ«r, 1* only 9emmm94 wltfe

ttMP t«Bi^(»»l Uf« oi mm 9na th«lj? t«^0aE»l emmxm

good, m thet tfiii^cawl sfmJm tim body politic » &«

90fi9 imo aIXI tiett insisted, is folly ai^oDCoous; th«

St«t«« the niodevn State « is rnider the 90MM«d o^ no

i»irlriir mvAhtxetw la iti« otm oviSev. But the ar6«e

10 mmmmX life le wvmvlQV in iteeir to tite ov^dex*

of tiBpoMl life" (321h "But ppeeieely beeauee it

le i^i«ittMil# the KiaiieR of Ood le of a better and

imjWi iHHniw MMi tlie «;l»f{a^na e«tf r^^t^lies of the

earth. Let a« reooea t9m the mff& •waj^eriority

engr aaei4«otal 9mmmmm of dorainatimi ax^ has»»

iMri let 08 ufideapstaM tfHa «ford i» ita pare a9!»—§

It Bi«ai>a B bleiMKP plae« in tbe aeale of veioea, a

HHHmnp dignity. 'i?lie aeeeiMS gWUfftS JiaUaclj^la to be

«|«t«d^ tfith ?«aipact to tbe p^bliHW «• «9« examiiig^

lym^^l » over the body politic pg t>>t,.,ft<aM* (522),

Sinee the dlMMb and the hotiy polXtle caimot

««vel<H' i» conpiete iaolation fr«» eoe another, it la

a Qtteation of ^eteawteiiv hm tbe ainM^nority of the

Obttveh le to be ererolaed* It la not by »eaiMi of

direet power* ^Maritaln a^Klta that there probably

were thoae who, in tb* mi<Mle ages, aanlfeate* "eaeea-

wam Ofniaur a in '.mn and the wrl6^ i^23) and Mho

^H

p^

&f tM ^plirltaftl" (33^). "B« that as It v*y, it nttst

not i»e foi^ott«ii that tli« 4^tid6« ef tiw 6l^«9t

wmmw ev«x* th« t«B^poi«l ii « 8H»f« th«o3Lo^eel c^olea

•ecoi^tf^ to "sarltdlBj^ ai^lrlttial and indirect* In

^••liiiii «fith eplvltvmt nmtteitB tim pouter of tlt« Qaiemih

it ©f «oii3!»»« 4ln»9% «bS It <mly lftt«aw©iK?i *in tem»

IMMI »8tt€QMI IffllSliWt W^m%" (^^h tfmt 1» to »eT

«tM4Mi tiiia #iMatiirM ^ til* UmifomX pmmf ajre eusii

•» td «9uii* tliN» likelihood of 9lti to th<»w gov«rxHBd*

JBtei S^t« ie iJ«t tPttlj^ ©ftjry«d if 6te«J i« not ««PV(»S

first* {5ST)» **?H« €^U%» 139 c «nu£« a xd^»t oi sutl;«>'

jpity ci^^^f th« i>olitic@I or tiie tMvoiwl itsaif « tiot

b«estMMl Of |H»liti«lia. t^npi, fenjt beeausre of the

VMitl^mt of thd epiritisal i» tesq^es^l ssBtt«rs sire

iM»ISv«$«# '&y cue c^jeet «?lr^, tha sirGAMmsc cr r^

fNMHoci «f aid" (528)*

In th« Kl^tfla At*« tikie th«€wy ma usoalliy-

oailaO, in .'t, £&«rwrd btvS £t* Tiioisap,* *th« dootrina

of ttw tNo awordff" (589 )» ano sinea tha writing of

BollarmiiM and ruaross haa !>«aiii deaerib«d aa *ttie

dOOtrlno of thtf Indlreet pcw»r* (<^30K S^^laritain «K^«

ttmt "t»2.;» ctoeu^na la timi>M»BBaaoX#* (931)» Hit ha

^ii-"^

cmrumi in i4a

»ii^ tmt uae efipiJuaatloYJ ftAkefi vaxao«;te typical I'oif^

i)B r«fex^]id« «o %h» hliftiiHiiiiii iiMMIlTI ^ iblMMilk

ili'fllliliillfflli ^^'^3!^^^%^ »hi«h iai» 4«v«les»i9nt of rmn^

kind is p«ii9ing" (^33)* aq tti« sai^lil^ ages *tlM»

4ilfti iiilil3.<»> o^ tl^ ^»od3r polXtXa »n such »& oot

iiig»)« "''^'i^e r>^«im •«« Ic not « isMral, but a t<^cyi»p

lg«» . .4 order of t«i;'£<»»trlsX (tivili^atlon aod oi

toB^noi. coci»t:f nsD s9ix>«a «<»pi»t« aiff«x>e£)ti«ti<m

i,%f^&U, amtifiiia^ t3^ Uw tiMi|»«l'8 v«x!7 <$ifitInitio 2

b«t»««» @od*B ana cattMu;>«s ^mmXsm* (&36}»

Hayl«8 #«ta^li£h&HS. thia 0ifftlnetio«} Giid' t!i«

f9«t that lt« c^ppXieatif^ ia •asio^ioal anf 3^laiiv«

tn i!i«lK»i<^ aaMlae^ ^iantai&,if..a«ilo«a to sXlaj

tu'^w^c ie»ra wtiich, i» vxcii of tiMi biatev^ ot t»i«

t ^ ar* apt to ]sio Avonaad W ttw thacwr of tlH»

Be iMXicrvee ti^ui. xt* oaa iHMcsat <mt.»^^f th«

"crucial »ae«t«" (537) of «o<«?» tlvXll^tion, "tivst

ttum tills, "i'rvtfdon oJT jiiiQuaj*^^ evtm at th« riak of

I^t

f. \

*£.? i.

*,.? ^^id

ii*W

-mn ill

*mfW, 1« the nGBm»l «<si^itloa tiof mm to g«t

tn 4^9^^^ CO %liet t99«§0m tn i^mr^h tap <?or? ^n %h«*lj»

^JMMI tn i^iiirfa to Il«tee» to thi* memmm ^ thet aoi^«t

ilMKaa .I'gmiam" !i»RLt«le*» ensatriee^^t p»p«r, ^Vho

jMlirtiiliioi^ (^«» HWIiiitiif IM Tliiiiii t ^ «^

ijgpcwMNi ^t mth «:i:i Ma ponci?, t&mm^B mm he 8d<^9

o«n h€ no inl»9l«]msi&« taw»wl« p«p»€m«, hattf^^Mp nmh

MiMi* fMPtain 10 no* fer i%<tl»t> tli» b»)>!d« <Nr in*

to teNH^ to tHo i«t«»t tHot tio kacMt it* (5%<lK mui

iBiMcilMi m»»Bfla «2oo to poaitlool «oei«t&«s, tihioh,

U* t^i€Sijf nciaANNm tvNBtSty boi^lovo ilii God, ^ooduf ^>&

oliSig«0 to *tlio veeopi&tion^ «ot t« «cwds oiil^^ l^it

ill ••««& fat, ta tt^ «ai«t«i»o or cm* ($in.).

¥liilo^ *tli» fifeite two fio ootherit'j to InfieOe

onr fiitli %ihit«e«vo9 tipoii» oi* mtp^t on^ fiftith wtittto*

cSfJ

^'Miititf^';:^^.:.,^^ itlj*-CfiKil

R

^^ - *

*ar

i *^ :

it hB9 9 dist^ to eo^ eocietl*^^ 2^ll^<xts

&» «uIt«iV8i» whli^ti ;?#J^& the &<a^Qn gocidi to tol«Nrt#

•Mmre ana w«i!i to ^.i:p#l cir pr 'i oWxeaeti ^hleh wAf

•Im 9% **t^ <lc. Ti or tec^ laaf5«® of oo-aBson 11?«*

(5^3). Kt»e« "the rijisl ob4«8tiv« of law Ic to mtA»

flitti isMNiXl^ ^^^o<5* (344)* fine? siflce there are In l^t

mai^ c .3Sii r.. J» (gmm^, th«f Stct^ ^lU tXmS

it ««»e;y«iilt»»t to utiXXa« ^a «@tirii? i^^U#«ti«)0 of tli®

l>Xas«li<^ iT. sa^ of tfe« p- "' th«

ItfasMnp #vti*' (5*^)*

ymnt^Ui 5o«« «C't u^ui. -^^-..t^ ti^t h« It t»i»»

p&v^ to to" .,' ell .of »hatef«af

In fiPlit tc avwi'. -/ila iUiat la, ti - . 3in eif

th« »<: - the pttri- r, or

«lt# dl _.._^.,;;lon -^-.^ cc^ ...j), the e<Kn«3]ii#»X

sppuKT^e) W8;?i! et worship j^tore oi? lec^ iTt frots i

^"^^'^ ^^''«> ti>€ rtt#8 of thr tiBf^lthfta mstyjii tol«3»tadl,

is'ii, x-iKa»fi lyiliHiK tijts^ht** (S«*<S>,

Xi} this <(»<3C»i i& hai f}tiot«d Ocyilml

Wraii^ilg*« tmntmn vmif tc c... ncr "'if oathoiiini

iMwad b« p:^3po»«d, wjfb ttie > «oi»9tx«iat £^t

four iNrtfciiiHwi «iM» ^raii&« iH2t & smMi f^itii .^ »

mr

^KSpmPltf^ l»««ful to (Mi t«df IMMl*.* If thft 09tho31c9

t#«v0 toaorvew the •Xapci'iAi x^i»«#* in tlneve Id.iiBt'ci^

tlMor vml4 ne^ mm potltl«al p<niNNp to iBiol«ttt tht

divided and hereditm^ ¥«li||l«o« «tttt« ^ tts« pt«fgiXe»

«• %roiiia mit Kiiut 0B# of th«lr Cliuz«h««» o2> Coll«e«s,

Miles' tt« • ndfKji^ty** 8«»li «t»t«n«iit is vaildi net

mAw rov ssgWndy but fov mfmnf fx^MMfom^ioviog

eountr^r* (347)* fisx^tsiii *ntmmm «M0 ftwaiiit If

•Mti^ tliat ipf^m if on^ 4ii# single eltls^n «i«iM«it«d^

IM i»«ia4 Btlll he fx«# li« #«» eOf »i]# ttiat eirvn if

«itXl^otts mMLtr i«t«niffii^ *W ««etiit« te ^le tafviii

or wHmlfiir •!« of tNr Apivitnal fMNir ^wiltf b« een-

*«iv»l>l* in « (^irifitianly insplMitf iKmawntit

Wtmt ddiMi nstltiiii wmn ^ • Chrietiisnlf' irt*

•ydUrwl diOQCYenidUr iid»l«^t ii«r« sssii} his v.i«ifji «««

eaeQ>l«l;«l3r ton«i«t«ot with his g>iiiiiwint»I phil<^o->

pldlMi prmttlmm ms6 mw ««|NmriN«t tspoti tilE eonti^t

}!• ie naft iH(t«NHilM« in •«ltiiis out • ««t8lle4

WUMiViot fop MMh a 4Mieiitf ^ hut in givittg; *ttiie

flliltlB»toe g4«Mto»l« d« i*ltann« et 4» It vt«* <!^9)»

. t'x^.ii.A^i.f'. mmum-' %.^ri p-y.'i. tit'

U.-i>:

W 4ii- S'n/'IH'V; mi.^/-^.,*i«.i».-.-u.;<* 9,i

it;!. Hi-

A €'. Ian eoeiet^ sJ>o^3tld, mitit&ixi i , ate 9t

steiK^Xiiy Q&' U3€ dl^ut7 oi" tl^ f^tximn person ^ vinlcli

^&y }^:m% approi»n3t«X7 Ij« e9ll«d« it 0«^iii to ia«,

the t^mt nf mn Int^ss^-l firs^riipra'* (''>-*0), Ha t^fnild

like s ff^vtvaX of a i^h^^^ta^t^ ouii^ape esd ^&t»s(^

S4mi« of hiiaati ^Ignit^ which C!wlstl0i:dt|' ha© bsK^igftt

:'^i?ital» ie sn:!^ too ^eU inttj?* that t^tsMi is

vei'j Xltt3.« hop« for tl)« e«t6i»Xi9)»«iit of th« Idntf

<^ 0O«i«t^ whl«h tm desinHi. *Th9 hope of the omdmof 8 iMH Cbx^stlaa «fe is oui^ eivlljUsdtlc^ le to ai:^

siiiid e ho^ foip s tfifftstit futicp*^ 8 v«2^ dlsteist

fBtup*** (5SS)» '-Britain says that^ if fef thl© tww

<;^riot«ti^to« is aM«Dt *vme 4immivotX<so totslL« «t

*r©* (533) ftpora •iwnnrltod*, e»09t^-dljpe 5e

^Mpvioe d*aotrul pow** **" "'©n propi^ oa psdvd

^*aiitrttl* (55^), thm it eo» ease ouJy %p3^» la

gran^ UQttl^tlosi spoodl^^i^ue* (53D)s that 1« to

s^y, "» le flu ^« I'MstoJjw" (556) •

Ilev«rth«le«8, 0hriffi>tiflf»8 ehoald strive

eetlvely foa? Clupdetlan @ool«ty« "Th* Chrietiaf}

18 o<3^ 8t»it IIP li^ 9 ttingcNjfy frcxR whleh ^mto i8 no

Isant. Th« soli^lon in tim vpiritml <^d^^ tho

O8int0 have tatight liim« ie a love otXHsiigar than th«

poMtiw of h«aii* Xb tua tanq^oval orfar alao, i hoia^

'i?

'fsJ^ .*f»

i^s^m^- MM -'^ssm^^-..^

nm.

tticre i» a eolatl<aJ5 It ean only be found by &iAm

«beta» fey weeptltui the pl«k« of m^ creotl^rs free-

ecri ., in t?^ Initiation, Iti the ?till«et poiselbl©

»«fwi« of th© «or^tr, ox & poHajf ^*^«h !• i»tiPi»»

CTK? «»» fas* %h# f^tt*«t, lio»«iv«p fer off it mst *>«»

ClKiS»litlan o*^e3P ^ t«M«h, to y.12^ mi«6, ttv? natiisn ©f

ioti^78l haB»filaiii mpemmws tJ^ <51»timti'«^« cherssc-

t«jp« (^7).

gvttisei ChPl»tl8iiB to «sr«« in th« pf" ' -^1 eph«r«.

?r^ t>«intp !3«t hatfgtms* that th^r v^t lm9t hav« 6

iMBSls or a@?p9masss^ xb "ics dc^gie* (Je 1« fed* (558),

end that in addltiwi they hsv« th« b©n«fit of •lee

«|jp<«etion@ Intellewfctif^iir^-*, tm%^3 le^^ «?lrfK!tifm»

int€ll«etti«!Lle6, 8p&cui3U.7e8 «t pgratlqu^c, r

nell«!9ent d««m^tt pay aoa^" (359 )• At aiw rate,

*1« prciStei' tro^il Qui p^'trmtum i eheeim <?r nofii«.

If It le difficult to s«t 6^fcf?smsit enong

Christians, It is aoably dlffi^'^ntt ts i^cft fi,-?i*er»nt

betwwB ChrlstlAtii and ntxi''Ch£'iii\,jjin&

.

ffe#l9f howfwef , tirat thif? iti iKMNirihle to a 1^

'^l

*k'

'' \ . y

#I8Z<«« and et a i»?e«ti<»al l€<rttX« As «vjUNme« Imi

poiwUe t<f tli-f'"•'•"''' *''*5''''*' ^-"^ ^"'* ^''**^ '^?NKs at?''* t--^

lent

•Thi* tna-ti^ '511 the ti^o

fi«» St th*^ t!"^ ,'iO-

tvscj^ 1? it Is fco deseno i'it-eli, ssaet «volve *ltll

cum i>nilo«oi;*7, itn c*m "

^ ©w&biiug it to

r»«?tt?i5t?* w^^-anTc f^i* fr»««<f?r'' i^irji^ t** ^^ffmd itself

s jQln5?t ti-iOice «ac3 motsXd uae d«s3Et3cy©iic lib««?tii^ t©

<5©f?ti*05r fjMsw^^^im anS f^rjsrti : .Bo «»celet;? es«

llv# «it!Kiiit a tueio e«>««Mi ltts?!l«itic«i end a bssie

eoeiaQii £)eilt!)i" (!3€3).

But th© phi:" / tihich deT^ocj?aey n««a«

m&W e* i'- "«uii '«]?##^ 8^ ^M&j^mi, isJ:^ uul^ to

the tfi^|»9t<9l Of »««m54SP ojid^r of earthly llf*, of

^ii1ft«?*ft nr%/^ ^f.-r^'^'^.T.iff^'^.rm^ t*^)f^^)^ Tt Will be a

Hl^

•A ».n

1010 «©y «Sli**«a? wi^«asr is their tmStmsot-y c.v^fs.

fll© 'i" tJMag i» tl:i8t thi:;;? nu0t *1" - .'K. ;;,.-.

g^me^i !s«sw» <?$g»it7^ 3^0cd-;3i.«, bj?oth«sa*ly l.*---^'-

.

^f» diMioaij^ v©ln«:> of iswsl gaedl'' (i>^K

fHi-- . f««le tli»t *th* t«sg«ag' of the

laoiiini a«»ooracl©8 is *e«t th«5?' li»¥c 90t ;•.. 0-

^«<Migh 3XK^ iso* pertly tlaPog#»- f«8«» of t ;t

tiK* »p«50<« of ^hteh c-mW hsv^ l><i»m.j :3

tlii» 4«iiiMViiole& hey@ i^llod to back ^ pol ' 1

iiae «»©«» oo&e «o«j«it ' 4^^ ' '.«*Sil«stiQSl

"the BftffcMilon ^f tlX' p... )

(DTO), aifirf hr-. ©eii£? ttist :-t. , well titfflt

T'ttr

a^ mm mm. imUm^ fMt i^mt ave n^^ »% imm »%

l^t *;*'-ui?* (573)- entail} •» iia»iw>j? euiS s^Oiitlcm

%u mi wsS^mnf}^ pm&tlmlg li difficult, mm* *tf

it 18 trti# tl)i3t thffi i^s?iritml r^nt^^m^tim nC tin

for tlw* l»<»aii^ of siviXlsi:. , %hm 1% 18 ©iear

ti^t ir*m^ Bsthagp tlswi t!a?Biits t>f riolemsre a»tit b#

m^ «sii«t i-fith cn»l«t, C, :!3 mt0^ <^i»t 4«lth

Smfcm $9 l*»m tfc «» U Ulnsa?*^" (5T6), Xt wlU

5^«i?f.taln, uR)lilr0 tli« emmmlBt*, aeee »ot

li«vt«lli«»leQHi, he tfo«^ f^ei ttmt the 0t0nd«9d« of a

-jfcfwff

*,# &rv..

— \mn fl*«»c certain® jaanl^re^ (^76) •

tarlsalss of the eoelaX cc«5^mlty, fssol^t totsii-

t«,rlstilsK55 of this p«iltls-al ftate, jstk? notl^^siRl

tti« 8W8MI grotsQae, ^^h«y sH tend to #tiit n»n In oei

hliSMCLf »»<? to «Mst@blt^»*^ hlf? mi<?@ w^Rlelv ia thie

life* ^ey all ^Mitpot' xa <3S3ft s^^^ otr &oQ!S^aae ^ibm

dl^jsjifcy ai»i3 l.lfe«iPty of tt» hisaais |>e3?B<^-, ae «

ei?€^t?a?« Etft<^*^ ^^7 <5-o^ ^^'^ intm6^ tot

•it le Qo\y. .-: .\_ ' o netUTtt f€9? laeo, ne f-'-'r^^

of ttoe ea«e as^ecriss, 0II equol b«f<a?« Ood a:*' ^^.^^h,

to ^^^ pi/it^i.o t-ArtTir. of political pouti* *- t<iol» of

dlcvatoi?, tiM? osiXy \smmn pmfmm mxmB ® flo©^ of

<s0fgmiXZ!e<li elave*^ <^ tools of pit«9«tiell^ po»«v^

the oBly pdult asiong a r^loent of ehlldy«»* (57^ )»

!%riteln*8 *»e» ifegixm of eivHiflvtiot),

fre«i lf^ro@ the ille of o(»|)dt8ll@tic imtet^lalian! b&

iMill a«j f«w?i the mmi gj?«wat«r Ills of *^^^ '=•<•? =*^

meiffEi 911(9 C<xxDunls!Ed'^ (3O0) is to b« ^a pliiu^sllsra

founded on th« (^l^rdtsr of the htiadft person, end

tt«tobli9b«d on the beelp "* ornpletc «?(|t»lit:^ of

civic rl^tfi find effective «»®»p©et fw the lib<Kpt4«0

of the person in his Individual and social life" (581).

(Ibc '^'1^1 lexooa bffs xeooxvxDax sxri cii nosioq

15t

r#*itftia 1368 ^^m pmft\ . .„„the pmememum of %lie ^mu» « aae stWKSted tliet,

**»o 8T»5 the ! a a«« evwrirtMPt •Uted' CsdB),

msa t^t sxthom^ j«e«e diff««> it» «e4MWB«» eon* i^i

iTtf«9pi<»> as mieh, !l« unia 6j^jsa 2»c?s«<t tlatt, la iniiie*

fe^ X93S, tfe^ Fail© Pt^«U*ay «aMl«BMtf mmt%<'9maMLm,

i^arltaii) hes dieted his as tto^i^at "rt ts a Bovatui,

aitfeis«salU;«3 la tSMK^eep^abi^. 4^pliltu»l37 we are

3* (-383).

ie basically qnaotiiii}» ^[lia t«i||^ la t^it laia J#i»

mif^ nest s r«^? tn thi» l^xdc^^ai aaaaa of tlia »ra8#*

¥«r ojQU' 1^13% ^n zuiiu'a garaaapti ala«a of ««nr«3bO»aan»

^^«** ie »c v lagportatioa, ar«ii that i»M!t

favotjs*©* In t!iir ^8^;>a9t» i#m«h la pwa in m^m* the

»««e soiTQ srzup ^^^oii ii^^iag jua «ie«9tlaii| inlwtiMfaii ct

blood have, in the wwp99 oC i«iat<wy, baas aa ale»

•l^flaaiit afiisnr' th^^ sn §gaeff^ o&wf hoBMiii jji' mniia i

ailaea^ ecicsrviisuj uava gooaiiiaatf that, 1» rwi*a f)««.

aant hlatarlo st^c^ tA»6 iOem af fata iiiniiiiuiaiiiii to

aa aT»t!mitffli.?^^^oloeiaai sigallty^ to no mA^ «r

•Wteoo', iAK sscawly to tjTiwa «r nwBftoUtlea* $#»•

tfttead 2gr bletorKi and social aanHUona" (sat))* zt

&a not a ^uartlon nha^ieiF or not ite IDai ime, but

ii^itbiv CMP Bot, aa inaifcuiii of bonanity, they a«a

.1 xBxooa Dns ieubxvxDnx axri nx noei-:

*^ii sua iise ii^ji^jj x'sgsaoa ii£«0 wm^i^iftitr* alilet" iWSiSi}^

mutS %mt sltHoQ^ i^«»& 4Xttm io iiiiiloiwil], ^oimi le»

%nt&Amf a« ??»sch. !i# fe.^ s^%m> not^d %)iit^j^- in .ItfjittBi*

mm mt B mie Xn t. , mem of ^i» «<««.

t.>^:.-- ie itc ;j or mssr te^i^rt»n0«, mm tliat ?3ioi?t

«ifl99tlfe «aQ^ tlmi %B mm$ «<^i» faMMll ilPil«Mi«

no at»tflraii«8i.pri(; jiiuji sMUt^^ t» oo anlty of

•blooa', but ss©i?®l3/ v> v/ii«» «r •««ntaai«iefi« IWNH

is not « ^" i mtimm ornot «« jUHt JnHit '^'^

W'

mM^S^^A tG the 9mm n^im «» ^^^^m pm^^* *'^^

tiwt it &e^m€m» tiliBt iB iiimm-tifmfiM%u-^X^ mssm i»

mm, itirv i:si^u«$t m0 Ida Mill*. "ai«4i» 49tm^f^

^cwi0l«t^ «oS4^i« ana as^f t^^^h «;?« teieae^tar^ @ul^

«0«^imjs&tr'* Xt l»ri^^ t^ sMm^ «i$9Qfi@ all

^W !iotf©« ^ b83?l»a«l®« m%%Qh %Vi^mt&a tl»»a t(H^r#

,M9giil»'«f all. Tm .«•* it x^ve^ l^m to m^oIq*

«ft«^ nf th«a;» fp(»0 ?riii «fi.ii ^mMm tiMn t4» ««9Aiit*

ISit}, "'^JXCKia t^<nauBit«c« ^^^i^Kirin^iai^* t^«ii3.i»4Mii

CC^atltnr, i^j'ittlo b«ll«v#« t»»t "ii« l»v# «B^;^Mtf

lMiit3r# tiift «««»@lfl« ©r tiiti iJi- ail ^/IrtMi-e of

fti»ft%r» *9%«Mr i» t}o ofth«ap iffinr f^eM^ «• t« gala our

4iii,.l|ptl« end the eo^e of &t^hK»^, m ^€U && a

umn^ pm9m SGsf the w<a*xa*

'* mi *

.' Jewlr'i a.* uotWewiaa-^, sod »o X,«>S8 tl>e inOfi oi

^i:>nc^V -v? i^ijv' r<4t:u ^ss2 b»t; It i» the Esitaglelifiti^

y. -K., .•p.iri* cc tiic . : .J^*a4 tn^ii^h born-

This i£i not to 1^'/ tMt ^u^t^lsi t% ai»tai%

tofpa of the i-- .^?lel goo^a*' (591),

#na tm pBtti*s*n0 his tiiswwsr ai^ ^ -i'J t!M rrfsp^-

ord#>.^ t^ mmioig^ tim iii*«g»l«^ s^ ^mtxm c»f his pes?*

»gii.i^'U^', cmi coptaiu t.|Jisjss» .<a«?©©v«a? aa i-*ij; cgsj-

L . ../ u;> • ^« »n«3 io saljj«et at to tJs®

fazuffi ©t jp«»flM3ia ftQiS **» i^*«wiflid not b^ hin^sj^d l» tM.«

woi?<c. Il« jpliOttld own i.i^. CMS tOBUS iS' pose^ao©, om,

elnce tJiic i» £ict oStmi 90«iidU»l« la «*r a^j**, tw «Jiouls3

m

cmmm. n tB

9t at thins ^« ^%mim, Wt of a feasa of oetlvl%

* 'aijeoelstlve • <5«m«i?«Mp of th» sirens of pj^'jctlcm,

ceiv© *8 «oeiai rj©3?8»t(»e to the hwitm'S^'m i«t« ©etioR

of iriMit i9 fttiMtiitiNMiUf mid imllismW^ t^ v^^f^pmft^

.nri, ei»e« sen It'^m In » «oe«»il%r# «!^» ss 3»

ififlivia<i»i| l* toot«!« te ««rre t*i« ecrtsosi good, it wmt

not W l^9^Bofct«B ttssrt *th© ii«e of tfc« goods lifMeh da?©

ittMviaai]^- pe<s««tiiii mmsiW tm^m «!»# ecoaon good <3^

all* CS9^), *Th« ««Bwm gao0 le li tliiai #fchic«Ily

uiiiiliili •idwwi^t %m gr«at«t« 9«»i»iM# ^«f^lopisi@Dt

vvJis

Wii

lt« iie jk;>4ji^^ ©at u»v ...'' ' ' *'

•'

,

-".^"ttng

t.'. -i, as m^m' tj^ ttiw 'j .in

tlWlilililr ^^ '^$$«K»«<J ^S'Oir* (601) • mm t« aM»fc

in tii^ »&i» tsfir th«? $<md«cm9tioi3 ic? tmt the %dm timt,

M^ hb lilsts w:' 'i s?»f®3P©oei> to lay, x& ^i^msM a»S

«S ;3^dd lay tM Pcq|S#0| tbfit Is **»«? the mppX%99t'im to

sKifliXs 9»d politico Of ttm el»ia to absKJlutse im&s^m*

4miO00 •»» t|j@ m^m»l iti |SP©«%1<?<? to e^isXt &w con*

It li ^bi^oa!$» fi«2: -n ie th€> s^s^lt in

and cooAaBioa it. *ftm tmm^ ^ tooui^toic umifi-

ft %m

t^a^M^'iaii'lXi:-t ': t'fffc^. law's* «avxfltv<i^ ?-'. ?-%«»» A f>>%/'('1 ?* t :->i^ <"..?* ;:Ji*S"vili»^

^«S^ t^?>€» '^ .7 is the- t£:

-3** (60S){ and titc ") 1« sfhisli w<3i3a»,

. :''.t«!l'n ^mfi^t tf» f»?*e waasn rule <«• atSK? h<*-s?s»

:J

*tl>e hi£7Jble v.ii^^cas of hey hoeic: ' "O). I» M©

C^i_ ft hirismlsra, tt Is* to b«? ?mde2»iSto^ tuftet hfsr

do 5iet hft-tre ttie ««iae i^€ :'5*', i!s to "hftw

<M|^aeli1sy of jidghtfi iu <s^.- ' lug ecsto^m^ ^ith t'l^

iK? 1 of raotsdmaK^* (610) *Th® woj^ »ee«c4*

m

^v

^<B^^< ^^'^ail^^g vultia, ^imk 0j9m bm^ W %^t9 rmy

(611)*

fflnc® '^2dt©:ia hats oev^r e®sec«l td fli|Wi>lE »fiS %o wel%ts

wmm mistl %w*-^ '. to m^ 4mm t$«o of tm fm m^m

ifift mm 0^ tUm lm0imiAm m»^e^ ^m^l^em it la

ifi the #«p^«t not igitstirm at t^ mieSm0* C^U8)«

of $«git^« lui i«i^fettB« ii0;s pam&W;if tBe0sim)$f m ^

4;^l%1.3^ Kml ^S^QH^^ttlM^ iKiltlSdyR AOMHfti!# flMMMNMV INSHttMNl f^lMI

wm» 0t Imr •«eM&Mii%« xo isMs ^t^^miptmm^ #it i«

"W*

Ijl^^iaiifUml im meit tt %mmm 0mim%;im^ Mm mmWdm^B jfiLm vi^ Ui ^)m ^n ^ b niHMI'tt mm mumm

is li^ ^tm }?mm3Lhi2.t%%m t 9&$ ^m^ ttie» miiiii' mmt

'2tm -g^mms^ &% tli$ «»# ^f the «<»Ik ^efttti

tsiM» feJ^iK^iMiftliii ' lilii ijitti oar life will In? b«tts

em&mmtm iiiiiPtii.it W»m ctT WMdal mmmMa^^Lm. 8»

"-"W, i^'.'- > >':

n 'Aifo

. ..-it Man fffliMr *iwtn iiwiwwi Nr 'Wi* feii4«»«»

« iT-SJdS.u.nW.:

ilMI^^ Qi

t3« ixm^ ayai^«^wiKl«Hiy* i<S3Ly) t^ti th«w i«

MK»#i t^^'-^-^'V* t« f

t^'if fir

m m y&t

«n# «]^s>i^i»:i iapesK»?ti^r -^ -a^n* (610)*

»o«li e«i#l«i£ tiiMi $<^i^l@tt <H3maKmitr ««i$tMiaiwd ti^

il^iqpljtt «fho beeea© mmsm of tt '. ^/«« m hiiyt.atpy

love ^l»a»«ilv«® a« ^Im^ immf m '" '"^!«si§lv»ii

to ^1 wttb « MM «^ |.is«wl^%S.e tiAu'Wf

,

^'7)«

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it #oe« »ot cx^.0d titM^ tf&mmM 0f th<» iMilWiii'ii3t

x<i niu b9 »cHw« t^t mi i a^Hi not mm^

9ftit«y «lii fflsrth of the Iterti^srftl St«t«» &fsS ttie «o-

'St^l U:

I'M ? ;

«:

I Q.S

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''

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iinia«f* $fi^ 1 .jg «i4 fir tUm

ammmn ii|.

m mimtM*M lim^ it ^^i ^ «« «««^ to &!»• ms

f$«ip«itt<i# %mm tut jjifljiliililtwo ' af toaaot} t±tm pmt*^

f«wi»6l t»m iMMlr «^ «^it lim.@« tfsod wsImmmi aoI t^i^

t«ia^t««l iNlWMfew«ae«e» it« isitii«ae nod it* gimti^n^

m$m0^ «PNWti«R Hiiil^tiM^ w&««<fe3» or mssmt veoti*

sixMKi tilt $t»t» in t pHEft <«r ^M iMir politic,

^otn of tlHK twpiit ttMi (tmmm food. *fii» i^il» &t

«iilr tiMit 9B«t «f ttit lMi# p«ftitit «i«pt«itair taM«r»

m$ mtik Wm m^M&mmw ^ %m; t(m pvmmmm of ttit

--fcl --^ '-

7f.A^

mmm m%imm ant iiiiii .pin^ . liHl Um ^.

miim^m *^mm^m$ pmm W «i«i«i ^ iM» mm mtmmXg

iwaKwiifrlt «'l|^ ai9S 1^ %U ma timl mm*' <63l)»

to it aai msAmmd ^th %<m&st m - ^. .'.w m^ w t%®

ma »x^0i (m$ tm iMB mm mki^, ^u^ mOr *t^ 'f^isgimt &^

sHStdliit* (o33)* ^t i» • mmv ^i^s^^ ^ i»lrip^.iX^

tmmm «»-,.jw ^aiivjutoa i« fur ^» ".3«d5r pjm*.^ ^axi

m» Itoir 9«ilit4« in f^ %fm tmsmn pmmm m « ^mmm%

HH «» Jut li^ He sMMiii §m ihft IHBi««» '-^^im itttt« i«

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mHim **• liiMiipNst wvp^s^ £r«y mam Mho ««« "i^^Ntvrfl

^l

0msm n -ill

t. ,/ life, of .-^ or . .:. .- .ilvA-JS

m ?m^f^tl«n is d <?i-^,:^^, -r r..^;.w ^-' --"

c . :-:\ thMSSt «« « i»a^v .J tQ»

?.*e]k*-" : iii?*^** (636 )«

^ OS© the t .'0^«i'«ijpii^ ^« 6»tt» ^#i$*iMi£.* tbm

or t^«f «%1ife whleli tut ^^t9 mmlfmi f'Kvtn lOm fe«"5^

figiJ^ iio t^m cpi^tum^ p&sruB sua poi««r a9in9.;U8 «if %te»

relatione l^e^^Mtten ^tatim'' ((}3T)« ttm% %:iia lis an

aija that .^ •• w3a:t "pii^ji^vAeai $*Ml»©©i>Nr a«^

in^i^gu^^ . , . -lisesas* . etstmMimtta ia it« ggiwliin mmAm

gss.n.iea^ w if w imm «» '^^ -^^^ C^o)«

miu *"

/^im^^^r* (^^>» '^^u^^f s jrai^t to

i^gig^l ana iffl^'^lftiaiilft 3?lsht« S«e«ea, a »l#afe to »«i

QV^ m^iim$ (gBffftlililrf ^ Jtt... - ^^ ^^ JtS^

it® tis« «t all. -.li»« a«Rr«a«i4»'o^yt ^^s'*^* ^ *** ^••^

^^f..-..^. -^'^-^^tabiUty,, \m rJl#^ fe« te« QS»«3Pwl, »t»t*

^vwjp it iii|#i»t eoszKisiiS* (6^«i) »ii^ siaesji ^ «fff«t 4t

18 *V4t imm Mlt^ tfac eaa»«^ of Aliafia.-tffeiwa*' )*

f^i^tain f«»l«? fc!»t ill ^-^^i?^ t5aiitieBl riiMNi *t$M»«

w X67

fiiaS iHl'lllilllly tt« bii lHs-ii^j««? %^ m^ <>U€^.;»t# t»sr c^5-i<??Jt»

t^TMNH^ |^S)» *wmm 1* tte f<s?«t^ fey »ae^t?« ->^ ^?l$t«h

iiiHifeMKKN^ to atitiKBPl^ *»!« in it#tlf ar tet "-* msiwim

not tJi» iml»£l8m« of »tj- .".^ iiirt .

imjuei^ Sim t»m» ltmmi$B%tm ii) i»«i%lti^% i^^m!! ymmm

0mm act <felie# Bier) ir> itmmstmm^* (^«).

* %»ltiiitt £tl>4«6l^ «ta«K!iga;f t<» ia^4*»^<?^ntri c ->•

et^tm ia€ OmomniVff rnxmNmrnd in t^i^ id«» that

o£ mas ill ^!H3cie «,

- ' '''-'

Mtl«9 !• •) n'^ * *

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9S/$ &^ Mimt %^fiC it is '3 to ': .' In

fa«t ml^, is ane v?bt«?h ha? "^

.^ - iain,

AH ttlii; amm^i^ ..i,tJi^s^'A-..^. J1"^fT,i „^,teir I .it^^li iiiii8i3>

ilBti I

i

ifitff ifi'

-sj e f;' ;ih:.ch, b:/ it« xmtt

of ths tcaK?,•

ancJ bgr iti? lack of ©IfitofiaKi-

tMf!te that th« !?tjure© of elvll isosi^ 1» »o^ ^^, tint

saJLsl^ tiasife '«itiili© its ©QOj^e i# 6o#, it vpp>M% lt$ ^wi

aass3«is^ SHid ^smt t^fi^sxmm\^ a?^ Kseam d«le0at«« of

*,., . •iic- ».sj»es c«R^ iB oestaln fo2*ai? <sf polit?sr#

appo.- ..-« to tr*« taaffe of S3.' i^ oy'er th€ ptsMid

on {3^M^^ UBt fr .LOW* (6'^),

•msi: ?^j3ri-t3l« h^st i5®«!tt Vm <lanc«ffi« of the poei-

mt •^ > •»> Ji?. «•?./ .ti.j»,. <^:- •»»»*-.?: *. ? tfjt.'k " ., i4,a

mi^ni *% tm m* dli»«itii-, ,..,;., .., .... ... ^^y, ^ }itv# mi

fiiort %.. ' mm and tfiMosFf 1 |H^|»9 "^^ t.!ieii in nor 9»*i^

wim tiiiii %m^ fvo» mm

&m pommmm^ of «b(ii2> i^i|^ to g«f4Bi>a ^mmeSkvm Us

tMs fflfhi iHod It ia <iiajr ^iift mmmitm ^ this sdigrit

18 on Uv3t notion ojT 3?«pm«iMitttti<m osf vl9svi.<mmM^ms

)}3f vi^pttie of iMch the mn^sr s^l^it of th# immp1« to

x^« tiMMMNilir«« 18 «mmmtMiia ^f tti« offljeiAXA s^tion

the ^:^^v- -sivc c:-;-'^ea, tfwt ell the tfm«m ^ P«mm

tl- •H'-^''ie aj?e ms*. ttie ^M^m ^^ ^<^* (@9)« •iMi^d*

• in the lu^HM 4ilRlv»e fvm tH* ii#i to i?ul«

pti9gi%9 nviB ishmf t^i^ ma^ %o« «» —

^

arafaid fr«i |l»»

1HM99 X», X fMa.« i»9t ttt»a « ehiir4y<^ of

«ii^«ie iirs'ol^ed lo th^ two poiuts of vies* oti ntlfc^;:>»

•nd %hfs e«l»r frc» fjffi jiff IJH iSWrf i^«^ *««MiiM^t;?

to pollfti«6l ®e©i€^ ll«e» froB bel««* (^)« «8irtlt«4»

hAiB^ 10 l^»» U%U» iM»m« m»c>«<<Ml it) 4tliiW)&«iai •

ttMMtf «f »ii«iica«i«ar «i^^ «^ve» it t» ia«i«i^t« imm»»

is 6otf, Isnt i»«ti0i3i fl^te it ill • 4mmmU« noeivlr »iM««

it» «ltjuittt« fimetifiii} i« t^ i«ed timt mm t^Mwvtffi tiMr

SWwEii^f^ii iiftifflS;.

ii^l^p» ^sle <sf hi® at%ii2?«. It i^ fee -n hi« •

Icxtos t^ Uj® ^^3.«f!8etio!Ei or ';.; -j® lis

Finsll^, it it tm&mim mn liss a ^^^mmm a«d «j w%Xl

%hBt he -f^-^-^*^ to itsr© in r--^^ « ''•^-^ ^^«^-*-I'-o vma'''- ^.'^'^ full

!::v !» that $M d€«#i# Fariteiu last not , ia par iilos**

Ei;..v.-'..'i««i| the' ia«isaii?g ^f ^^ept^ iw od^a? to Ij#

eloe« hmrnn jpisa@«o in <m itmltf btit to i«»9« it ^^m

to tho^se tMis^* «^hl0lj# ®ltJiQ«ig|j tljj^ ia?e ais^ovi^ jp^asow,

0^^, «r^?- .,«^, '/^^'^^ aaotmtit sti^lwat ipt&mia* ^^^^ gKje«i>te

mn Xivm in e ;-•:. *?iifta, Isfl o«© ^> -xel^. ttwi?t

g«o4 ef ?!!arl««^ ill llia«te ?i# ^i«st r ^-hSor of

•H««M«y> HWpitikSii hd« lift «it the ««WiHil jni»i»l«if

^JHBgMmi^ ***** ** *'* *^» ^^ i»H-Rtijf tMg 'i»»«<! o«

b# jri^^Blif ^i^^bN; ^^ ^^ ^3^' ^^ imM IMbiMMt lilt

t^ fwtair* ^^ ««m©ei«, the mi0»mm^^, «>• iiwaH!^*

m

Lm !VIV

it lOimtta t>«a.i«9* in 0<Nl «• «ii» g|^9ir «f all 0C)oi$

3ja«Mn^ wadPfie !«¥»% .^' nee or ffel^* to

li^ am ^mm % ^'< l.r^,

a Sif<li HawKI It) <..> v'?(%^^) (»f imlHk?r end ts£sc v^iieit si9$)

«Mli0 i« i» Siii«r mmi^si^ • «»f« «s*flft tfftteh t^

@«i««t9« «t tMf W6i.«l# iMt<3 the «t#^tl3l ^-' '^«

i^» lift! 6€ mm, %t li»9 ^0011 tli# ipieltfl idiJMlioti of

fM? fcbe lAfe ^ thip ip<sri!^, he tn sr^t siot a ^^ of

it &m<m$$ail$ t'l? 3li tlurt f^ hdi! end! le.

l»«iB t«ii^Ke« 1^ **8 l»Q«ei$»e liable*' (6^)» tms tm lies

m

ppe^ftd tut ^»M%^ wtmi^t»i^ty*

m mm ma fei» mm$ «I8 w«i*ei w nfe© l»« h»«

tMnidag «f h^^lf «rt XeesJt lis warn mmmsa^ yAtm h&

fi^Hfiy to © !-!iss±e8 nMjafe he* « a ?»»«;« 9isr»«i, tacwt

«sd to «(^eti h« 9«#sin9$8 his Xlf«* C^SI^)«

l%«lt8JLis I* «• ^ tfeoi* f«r wffsara the «g|p««>-

wsf me <3i 9mfmm^ms *s Ji9a?a lalaif $va ft B»«iE Hwapfe*

ff.^'?), miS h^ has «tXle©a*tos*a»d tshusi Umt mm wlthc^at.

175

wsa^ix^efrKMn

5* mi*

?VI

176

mash » ttroii^^i- '^lartc «8 %im% jsJ

i- "^^ * .-.uj'/' i.'j'imsw^o 4^i^o6« Mn ho^ and et—n Skyfc® for iii«t»»e«

w}^ ^_ 0b ee^ •¥•« toi,

n,- ;^iasii tsieafes til®

' t falam <? 0ile«^ i* lOits cmmii« pie

a« Mtvvl ^ I%0l3^ pdbf«iil« mm94m p» Hmtmwt

•4 i CM «<wH ittMNnKliB* !•• MUK di«H; tmttm U

tm^%mi99m*

OiitMi p<iye ti^tlmlf %o I4i9w*mska for %«««^ni IdaHM S iM fi»«t« % nil i«piitfi«I, eoU, •«§ «»|INI«

dV£

nrmrt emmm t 111

t,- :. 'i 'J ,k* .i.

te»-^-^¥»4

foy one xu

of i«K)5 for tsftf^

If ,Wtic^k*. ?>. .*

^,^!'^

tiiHp,

in Fri

: .11 n^f|i|ij|l, III Htl .pttiiUM

.1 he ami (i^le-iffi be^s) ^o Ke^''"- '

. they »es^ *«2»3?lad oa

t-imi in"

is l»te«

-f»« tito twrtc for M»

aeias iw^ lie aa^t

, It io a."

'

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TI

MO'££St CMWBft I 178

23.

p. 137.

jr. ?»i>ltttln.^l^^^^ X4»t^r«f>_ft i^g ,.I»P» . The X©«tt w«j?<3e of ti-di (jtmSI!!^

f^flf » ^* ^'-^rrs© .^yyi^ (?».rl»« ?%««e«BNi 6m fhfanoe.

«D« j& i4'J»"i;i'iWii l?Wifciiair'h

px»c« of hie imp^X^ and sayis that it <'ic ;;-at

tote* pU9m »% m$m^nerv9 a« 3lQ«|«|yta?« **«cmMe«3» « 4ts i»«>i'^ii4 par taw^ap d»fit le« iettyvs

1^2&)\ ''r.doB wsii^ tfeait wotro ptrdiln a toit2^»".

tatt«

28, ^* R»»it!«iu, Uts QmnSmm Aaiti^« tl. p, 272*

ft«» the i>»<a«s M^ W «• ^i4t«lii amd with an4B^«(3uctfoo l»^ J, ita%^(lieif toapfei FdntHeoii»«*», 1?^73# j>p« ---'^.J. ^*Ptaf f©3p aof« tl»o «

IM 9mAe» wmm ^ to ^taic* tff etrrt ctf art. »»Mmm^ ^«i6Vt« of aittiioirity, a ©ert oT~

iffifmffillfl «h«p^;77 to imWillca 999 Blogr'e).

30» MiM«k*» P» ^8.

33. a* Mavitam, S9« 07l««fa/

0\-'I

179

37* <jt>e,it.. p» 21,

39, H. 0l4Sris93c, T^

ion.

i.

®ieta and »wh5, 1937J# rimfmi^W *^» ^-^arttslo,

44. J, ms'ltalii.

P. £2.

sm« P* ^^o

^^» ^»«cit >. p. 109. *:%• Italics ojp« milt»ln»«.

*9A. Qp.clt ., p. 1.

31* i^Q*£|Jl*« 9* 33*

tT"J »r«s» &V0e

awni vdviiA Mt ib«oiuns«t t»«fii»9«i}a6«$t^ a tout*iKp4sl€mc« mia»«p^bl« 60 ee ^^onctltoer stir (See

«1 l*or» iwat, e*iiitx«ddlt pavof la raisoo'**

eYx

J 180

f±i»st Iji gJMB^Il II II 111 h mUtk^ 1938*

*i*/» - 'wye ifi !??9nlff-si .*^WJlltr^ ^

':.;f?t3TK T1 in flnltt.

notion of the iaflKlte e«jpli«^ than • l»il»# ^ta wit, tJw? notioD s^ God befoaws that or ny««lf•*

iwribe b©^ it notlsiiMi •x«e «i»e « «t»tae

to «i1a it ®» apir^ Utee as pd@slMe& m^^iyca.* F. ^1 (the l^xwUst cm 'Anh ^^«^eif«^ I m, tt^^ •-— -noigKScr - :"^- "ii t£i»a«l^tiORe folte = ./ io t .lae bImsI^

I«^ tleii do tee asor®i3©Bt» «^ s -v- -u. op othe^^Mtti^ froB thstj^ it« iw%. jil itP tjh«el«)so ti»t it Is mt tt all ii«a#«»2nr for .

- «8^j?J«Bdtxos to Qnm^lyQ It in nt^* otfeeas* s-oua,w^pttlve cHp sawiiitiwt!. »03? amr c^^hasp prdtneipXa^AO^ioe aad lire, tiwn it^liootf atid tte spirits,a«« in motion b^ the fa«at t^ the f%»^^ wtdlats tmwmcfmtlmmll:; in it© hassii, ana Mtiieh ia «r amar« 00 aiffsi^fit ;»€b an fis?es in inonisiRta

^* ps3^*$ p. 1531 <^*©<!ntatioo VI). *tJstu»e alao

tJsirat, ©te., tl»t I an nift onlar iad^ in *wfej«l5r as a pilot in a w«iil, b^ the:". vj»y^JS!?^? im^*--- to it, and ao tw I9«aic so iistesp**mnislm W4. .- tisat I aam to ft«tR&oe@ wi.th it

08l

wmm% mmmM' 181

4t - <«»- .

, -L. 'Xji!^ Mu.JM.£S

LQi

IMBMIt n 182

mi), p. miT

m.

6 1 I9. ^1^-«»03, X^IO.

1^ iSbMML.» w* ^^^m

.4*arlf.f^b^.^§§af?1i'/W .T.

(ligWJOM t

'SSjE

75 • A &006 «xa«^l« of B«iigBe»n*fl taethed of trusting

!a*taph:^8ical <|ue«tion» 1» to b« found in hl«

einctmpiem of the probl^-^ ^-y^i^ch alwasre occtjrs,

80Qn«r oar later, to an^f phxioeopher worthy of

th« nsmei *'i9h«fiee eora#ii it, and bow e«n it b«

untJeretocxf , that ansftMn- ^v-ifst.***** (Tf.^f>j«.?

Qgt^»ott> qyefftiye FvQXiatlo.n -, ¥oi%i Uemr

Holt and Coiapatiy, i931, p. 275). nan.tain taya

that this quf»tlon, "poupquol quelQue ehotn»

exXBte, pouj»Qttoi 11 7 a d« l'#ti^,* (J. !=arltain,

U Fhlloeophle Bagg>oaiaim# . Paids^ 1948, p.3l}

1» fundoT:^ntal to a philosopher sixS ocewra aarly*

Ha diaeueoea B«r£jif«m*« traaitaent of the Qiaiestion

at a<!HBa« lai^th. Bergaon aasMi ba«k to th«

pawjblasa again i», Tha 1^ Bmreetf of f^eyallty

IM ^)lftMg-l<i^ (Lendont ^enillan and So. Ltd,,

1933), p. S15 whara ha aaya, "w« hava ahom) alaa*

yifmrt Itat part of loataphsraioa movmn, eonacioualy

or Qi}e<Ni8cioualy, around tha tjoaatlon why %tx^<m

thi-^ axlets — why »8ttar or aplrit, or Qod,

rather than nothing at all?"

Stawart E, Dollard in "a Su^snary of 0«rg*

a««il»m» published m tha Modarw aahooliaan. Hova-

rabar 19*2, vol. xx, no, 1, aaya that Bar£;aoD*a

Motive in hia laataphyaieal apaeolation unia to

raaofiatruGt tha bri#ga brOlean by Kant betwean

nataphyaiea and aeianea«

its' "^rs^- ' ^^^'.: i.:L-st4 '%

»»,

*^

: cauima XXX %m

"iovkt Chavl9» Bcri.hner*a 3ona, 1946), p. !>3.

77. ^Jiii» lo iiBI1g^a>!^ l^M %iiM> sextain quotes

thasG vfoxtie oo p, !^3 and in a footnote he »^nt

'^rheee worda weiv pronounced by Bengaoo In hie

X«ctur«8 in the Collie de Fx^nce," He Ki^t

have noted that tbeae words Mere aleo lirltten

on p, 199 of %b» English edition of Craatiye

Evolution (Hew Yos^* iJemy Holt and Coi^pany,

1931)* ^^^ corr«»p<»}denoe la exact, "in the

abaolute vi« i.i.v@ and aove and have our being."

78. JacQuee Meritain, mfiffffltffiS -T-f ^AgWff P» 53.

79. Jae4|iiM Kantaln, ;?# mi9fftgf4,t INMBEiJilaWIt

(Fariei t^it)!*!!!* ?• T^ul, TroiRilN'i^e Edition,

19^Q), p. XII,

82.<:^,fc

gt., p. V.

^3» Op. o^^>« P» I*^?. ftpeface to the third edition,

^. ^,t-c;^t.. p, /!

33 • Xb^d *

S6. Ibid .

87. 9g,> ^-n., P. LXIX,

8^» IM^»

<•»»;•• :»%»y^

'* * %\

9G» T©*tiDo?i5' is i^j^.^i' :.. •

'

-^ lest pfiiut %t

O^orgfe lier»®2^ Sbat*. It 1® Itit^r^fitln^ to net©

that Sba-^, =>f?^d %ae 51y -.^oi-c ltift3r«Bt«d

Xii ^«Su;^ tvec-Ueulfii' i.^u in attainins tputo,

bat who h3<5 nevertheless a special ^ift for

seeing the at ,te» In the b&llefe of 3t^*pii,

shottlil jret u« pyepsred tc accept a phlictG,.;:.,'i'

rfho bfilleved fchst Intuiticis wac adre f.1tt«<5 to

8.?hl,«v«» truth thsii X'Gfiftcn, If thenr : s

thing Sl*aw prided hi^saolf en, it »aB on isting

our rational. Xn i.. >ir skfetctetg

Shaw say© on p, 77 1 "And :io, as Bei^son Is th«

•sts'bllfih*^ phllo®ojihc'i» of najr »fct, I »@t tasytwilf

4osm ar a ."r»«?atlv^ ^?*«:)TtJtl.onl,st,**

1110 only nirii; tiiat ^imn wmw h»v* hft4) aegr

reservetlon« abcmt thi« philonojihy, eoB«*e on <ih»

«aiw ipiiffo -rheif^ h^ call« hlaeelf , "too old a dog

t-o pick up rmsi tjlcli9#*

91. ^eipitt ^^«ntalti, %f#m1^m *^it 'pm* P- 53.

93. Jae«n»f hanteln, I^ Phllogophle Bei^8<mienne.

p, 2(A. t^arltfilti h»» ftald thet h« f«lt that

B«]^80D>e Inspiration »a» nMitaphoraloaX. rm l±

^[tt« 1« ll«n par lo^eX M» b«i^»«d rattach« >«a

&

II''--' I ' 'i^PTEE III 2M

prtncipalet th^yei; ft la doetrlne ^olutioimitte

«iyt lee th^orl^e b«2^»owl«)r>ee, d notr© dvis^

ph^Riqw*? <3e Xa i»4alit^ #t d* 1 esprit."

to set th« foliowiog two textet

VoX»a«? JU, jjc. 1 Ji3s quot^ •intf^tl^rj evec M,

Hiigsoi}'*, l^ \rit Catholijiue, voi'jsiii^ I, no* i{3a,

•SWmsjT 7, 1933, p. 1, "it «as i*-a^ the icJol&ti?^

of 8cl«nc© that 1 fir«t &et out oa jay iat«llectaal

•« msttsrlble th# t^tfi/issiy*!* of bloicji^ that vte

"Smt^otm UiQ ciQ«a«pti.on v>r e vital Iia$p«tu0 Qtid of

a ejpaotlve «voXutlcm. A« m^ 8«t it out at ttw

beefltmlug' of %m Isat <»lHi|>t«i:>^ thi» coneisptiot}

\ms uy DO saeaa* » hypothe»l», «iiieh ee ofln b«

fo«n4 «t th« lM«i!R of any Bietaphyeieal systarai

it Mae a cond^iaatlon of fact, a stxasdi^; up of

mmaXn^u up***

>«(«.<^i I

«tr

Ho^ri^^j Qmrms, tit 187

95* Hwsrt .Berseoo, Creativ Eveltitlon. p, 165,

la«M.Uty to ecmai-^i^ff^ lift?.* This pesmge

1« glvew In Italics in the tert,

l>^. ^,i.„.m »# P. r>3* "Our lntg?Xli;?eneg, as it

teiref t||e l^ii^^ 9f,,„»lte?,. ^f te ,1^M £,^M.

mAm% the uiK^gaaig#tf solid/ ii7ii» p^mms^

1© »l»o given lis Italitfg in the t^sjrt.

^* Ob*. ,^lfe.. p. 306 *Wb€i;n0r n© «ould thlnfe be-

ecKlag, <M? e^j*»8 It, op even p&ra^iv^ it, wc

h»w!l7 «c srrrthlfir tlm th«n set goii^ & kind

of eio^Bietosyspeii incjidt ae ... th« mol^a;^jB|

l^^.* The liri^t i5f««B(8# i8 giv^n lis it»ltc« lu

the t«art, in sJwsrt, "l »lnt«llls«»e« immtti^ Ji#

pwt fttw fa»aa px^odult de 1 •Solution, ««««t

S «1lrr tmr in©traj^?»t p«i?tlculi«p febri(|u^ pop

1 evoiutioi pour 40is b«»oii»i partl«a:ii«re*

P« 16).

ioe. QP. e^t^.. p. 180. "me lorn ll ©et Urns ^id«nt

qw» pow tin* t#ll« phllo»ophle 11 n»y © pitw

auotm aoywn tfe ntontrcr par 1« raison, d 1 •sia«

dwi ei^tiiv«o, l*«Ki«rtenoe d« Di«a, isi «{} p«iirtacit

IV

'• ^a

du ecHivcmeinft, puia^ue, pour «Xle, C9 qui •»«

##« ifci?©® nmxvmm, p&lm^im, pom? «Ii^, 1»

tumpfmn m IsS^^Hlit a« ltt.Um$me, nl en partant

««& #tf«6 emiM.fig«i}ta, m^9^^, pour 9lX«, le

^evmiXr et le coii^ne«nt ti*ont pos b«t»>iii die

ptt9f«<9tlaD^ pttia^aey pmir «XX«^ Ib paXmrntK^s

l*otH3r« dl«0 Qhoe^B 69ciet« par «c4^ •#imi iiii*1I

iMilt mta Ue«oi.i} a *im€> fin powrsoivtw 9*1^ tUMi

epttUgm 4* 1 *ia^« do d^^cpftwi «9iy4NNi« tea*

III*

ion. .QiUt*

106. juyi|[»

100, MP. cit,, p« 300,

7 !m fft .i5*r1^'« f?ft '

i^iS'

UJ

113. ^. c.lt .> p. 130.

Also !>• 130 ... "11 m iNttit p«8 y avoir d«

ttiW«iit*e» 11 m 9«»t i>&8 if avoU? d«r 4^aKmd«x«i'»

tloR, mw«m;u'U exlttc 9fs»e.l» poor »cmr

I^Mif a^Mid ••« )ii«Pt», l)M)., »m^^^* "itaif Visit

t MWtr to «s[ph«eise 18 isHttt i« i^. i»«ine V3«^ tl^n

•mrl^iisg «1»« t^ili^ |XINI0^«> e»eh oe Intuiti^

»»« thttt ifyfei^tioti la ifitcsll«ot^l •«. B«li||s

do(Hi not pjpo^tm^ th* Urt^jitlon swli as l l»«v«

AMMiSM It, by mmm <a ttMt iinMNI «f «i«SMiM«r

vMiTh ^iHiia^ & violent r«#iam of tii« irill upm

itcslf of ubicli &t« fivpiMtt «p«»)Bii» imt mMUms it

fvom tM iiit«ii9ct ma w mmtm of • oaM«s?«#

•n l.a«i« ilw a«c»«p«, 0£* ool^M, of &«litw

tm

»>Yaj|

0kth this.' ii}taitl<N|#|i>

li^» <^« ^It *-* P« 133*

XX9, ai««t*t ^^i^taif), ifiltB liiMH imf nrunn (^^

mm ^^*

9«aei4d9« fi «««1i ««rtoit)«« ^htmrn, eXX9 nts lea

125* %* •l^*/ 9« :^tt

It Is om.'ious lio odte that nwem^m. In spite of

tlw mw tfitt0ti« ana li»itine t^ng« ifhloh be

flays aiKxat t^ v[ii>Gj.Xm:u %u tmn, t<au it'tt my lo

mt

..**«,. ...\..;^|.,V,.*f,'j ."'*(' .#.'v,V.'rt»;-***%*'»»' * »•

-^rf,...S-,» .-.fy.f

idMi ^ ii in tm

m%n el»s»«tei-ieti»3, and w« know that them te

t€v ow uf , »«» " . ' / trn^ -it mrm&t

T, t*€ Mm o»lir to yc«a the f«:kU<9«ti«s

3 i»«ili«« thftt^ if tho above etDtfiiseiit

..

•:-«a »aBi»1^ii^ «»&ieh B«^eo« f«lt in-

iuxc.*.y»i'x^' i-o )»« Uni#, tliie t«xt i?epi*«#iit8

tiljlft the iiJt«li«ct ij., IB fii« |^lo»o|3fel0«l

isfistmt '^it (ta^ i.»*i«lll^«?ie«) was piemi4^ for

Kx>ecu;j.ri-;'>a o» A h*»|li@«» plane, it emhl^^ «*,

®t fct» 23€»etp to eoaeeiv0 i>a#«iUlit.i#e> it <^oe«

»ot attain awcr i'yiiiAWi;'" w-^-'i?* eit, p. 3Bo)«

Thmt T^^siwsou had fi^esafc* awsi^ewMise of tb© isssuape

oi' 4Uv\. .->& i)i iss taeaet to veaeh, m&j

>» »ee« lf> the f lag t«sst t»k«» fi?ofii p» ISSi

of ..,„ .,- „^:.. ^ . **0«P VWBte »td 1>0' 0ftysl9«

f«p «1I ^ar civlXl^Uffls**

tm. -^ •%intain. La ^iioaophi* Bmmmmimm.. p. IJT.

130. .^ „.,:J^.> p. i^5£.

131. :^UJ,J^» p. 13^^

138* 0^-t ,m*» P- 137.

133. -;U.,S;l^«* P* 71*

r.

ItO^'jli*,- i C«W=FA*iii ^.A..^ %^

- - ,.'

»

c:ros,

*. r^crc> (Paris s ; uxl^ ^ii.ciiii, 19^), p. 22^U

137.. 'J.. p. S3, "

.

'S, B©Js»o«#

^,„„^^^*^ P. ^^%

141.,

^(^wm, l^aiKtei..... ....^9t

1t^3. lienrl .j^irgma, C.,, _ ., . 27Cwp7l.

f^-- this etstfSieRt in to b« focma ow p« :' -if

.:^ with ®#«w»t«yi aw* Katt^^p^ tlw reality

^,^j|4 «fK>«j?®« only tiy i't» e<«j«©«tlo»

vlth that */*'-i':'^ajgygssga.,** Th« Italics sj?©

iii'.*,it

t<9 ism mm tvmmH^f imt^« i^h» irnmal t^c««

Iti? s^nitf on %hi pl«sst» «tn lm«tna#s mHanUt^'^

©IK? tb^ ii^l« of Iw^aaiiityi io »P»c# a«»3 4» tixm^

t» em immm^ Bjnm ^U^^ius IwifiUNt and ^•t^ocNi

iiad l?f^^dtitf «iefe <Hf **» in nm oveipwheini?^ chaage

«fel# te hm% <^mm tmmpy m^iw^m* »»» 9Xmw %^

the. h^^sif of &f9m K««at pl*ilo»oi>lil« i«9r«t)«B

lt)«icHt •« Banims tit2f «ifigi:«« it o«t m a

ev«^»fhe}Mi# th» wdjod 9%%b tt» em/%%^mitm» With

%im^ %#% iMIlVl ifitMMAfli Mtdffh t& lts«lf

<»oet r>ot «l*l««f5, ma t*«* laimtlon -o^o Ni

tmmm^^^^^^^m in iM^ ia » meat o^M^«r <^

«M«Ni is ecmm0mitmi6t in n i!ii«ti«le«m» p«»bap«.

tt9* • fa» key tracts in awiipQWt of ngr tfettlMMiHiit*

ftl^ s waol© i» on ©volution, tii»t It, »i*^

,»

f..r,vtf'.

I^ne-Pai-

QHArrnn in Wi

11 « f«at *¥h« «i^3^ le ttwt «• eh««g«

witbont oMttuff, tfi^ tliat the «%*%«

tUiiy is notlilBf but i>Min>» «h»

fwnel) for *Bt9t9* i» '(^tst* 0«i« r>ot

*#l»^«« BiH^^M») do«e not tulk %n

h» #o«« aee t^ latter iittiii^t but in

iNHiBt «^ «titiii« And of p9ff9mimt«^i

9tat««,

ill. r» 7t *fov a tonieifittft 1»«liMg» to «3dL0t

1» to «lM]e^» td •iMras* 16 to «»tiiv«»

to a»t«Pt is to go Of} «p«fttlng oiiifieir

IKIIliiill*

Hill l^ rttet<»?«<i ftiid Itito aoiNMiVBt

wvmfmiSm ^^ ^ r»dolvoa«"

V« n aSOi *^X1N» lapeiiHi of llTo, (l»4lMi 4«

l» e iM^ of ojraiMim**

i^» I*. 3^4i *fteo flus of tlJttO it th« jpmUI^

it«olf,**

vt?, P. !Mlgi " — it l» tlio tltm of tlaiii, it

is tim ww&w tlmz «f Mie jradi***

«iii» »* 3^ot *inf iwwiiifflg tf iHWii miMttfgt ^aiiigfqw> Ho dn» »itti m$ ^tXfeite

fhio to«t i« itolioisod liy B«ffi0Ma.

V'-£

I cmpwE III t^

ix, f* W^i %at «ihat ea» i iiiiiiiti-<t MH^ttT

ftni m»9«i^«i$ tii«itffi«iT^f Tint ptiilom^^lser

1« QfSX^ £if» ie«»@^imiti?« i|?e^oa« he «»i3^

gut tilt i»»l:;i^»ffll. w'->s*i!9 si»ife l«i-«k into a

iiiniplt iXmx, & 0im%tmi%tw (^ fla^iitg, &

to &lmtf90sp v<e»I H^Witicm tii^xre «fli«9» $.%

i« «%1IJ. i^aspe ts3s«fwl fco finfl It, in tfe#

wm'3^ &i Hift And <^^ emim-%mmmm «»...

8»tt«r/">tbe rtttlity wlilti) ijUS^aM* ^^"^

#lip«ii «»9l? bsr Ite «otiB9$tioi) with tliBt

X, !*• ^381 •wfwit t» iwfti 18 th» eontinsB}.

wMeh le diMMitlon it»#l,f»*

)lti, F* iit '^EUHNitloii 18 t^ etmtiiiuoufli 9»0Qmm

or the pest nhicti gntiie into the t^xUxm

•00 ifltiLeli «tf«U« ft» It B^vmm99**

xUl. r. arai *— « pmXiMPopliy wtfloli WMJir in

iiQMitlon ttm veyy «ttiff of s^Mrllty***

iMUIdMiXHl MUM liftj|mm|AAm|k |t|w| tMMf -jUUB^.-

V. P, ?/n **T«nili f •vnimt aittoHr ^ {>ck»s« tout

ec x'evlvlfl^ en t>ous« tlfei &ea90 43jm

f8a:?f 'f.;.

..*iK- ;<*i*y^WyK^fiaHV«'

W

t,'\^-''

mrnrnt mhifxm m

111 Outfit v»6i« - 4p .f^ffljii iiaimit <»*

r»^is !• t&s^ Di^^ti etta^ iodiviJiible**

]llllfJBKiBSAtl^^l%» ^* -^^^*

3^» iiitiitli*' I>^"'' "'Actuate.

it ! ."^ life, 75, fr^ififlwi* 0r««tion,

Mi ^p'

tJSimui.

iK

mmmmtiz m

m. <?• WMCtifti-

.:. . ^

•?!'??•.. p. -^9.

M* «3r. Kftyltt:^!)^^ i|^ygRlna„ 'J.,.,^^

^

p. oS,

W^^ ^« llw&«8li», lij"" -'iift iMIilMiffiiiilllW

ifRi»<m^ *:': fttrcr ti!j»jt-3, done J»<«»tS«*t ^ Xa

176. It 4« lot .-^...-.Ir^ '^"^ n--!*-*^ t.n a le^t^w-e gsl'r-s'n

immml ««f o«t«a»«t» 191.:, ...... . ...^^-aaouy p«t>*

3AlAitd« i» FlN^^n m « ccdJl«ofeicn of #»<^^

«lU«tf> **t.»KiHKjafie aplHtuelle" (1919), thnt he

faiilK»ffi » nt«tii*r»»f««' •?M^^ clearly p»wft.pBP«« oiw

V,S^[,#*i.T'«SWifc-

t oiiMnmi nx w&

€4r ti)9 tmim pQAmto io

»i»^.-: im^9 mmm #» M^tn^ «^ iiii»t uttptt^sij^eoa**

X77*

w^*

mw0^ e«{]K d<xite I*li^»9lssHi isvmtJjr «^ sSjbi^

««n%iiis ttm X9(li «ai$iQi»f ftiUPlei I^nmhwhi tJted*

t

*" -i * *.

mmm$ mmmtn

ittujyyi*' 1^*

aL9e«

1.97.

198.

199.

800.

SOI.

aO!3.

s, ^^n%»t», mmmm ^¥, ?^m* p* ^>«

tor. iSU-S^# P« 3.13*

unit it is m^mf p^9Xhl^ —« «jl^l>esi' f«KP tlw latii

l^iie«m«0 €£> for citlistre "<i« to ^tlaet^ «sef too

f^p&l «i»9 eontitstiMid «« that lM»ts»e«ii f^««kt8.

»ittf^g»l!iili«», it 1ft i»t«i?«ill^ td s^ <9tl^

@dU «rb<»tll«iP oi? iMTt th» f«aiiN0yi|| t«Kt fVQB Jj^

j^« 27M!7<^» Kiii' ii@t i«iai«iit« thst Bmm^ wiT

tti« ««if&s«(i idtfi e<s9itfii»ed tn "'tm 4ipap4cibt

iiaifoll' ©jad wMefe tot illi»CWite««0J^ S«^ ^"^-^a -t*

taNI|» f^iNltei? <!»# ^ e«ptitttdt |Nsi3l9S<9ilii^« 9m^

flo nttM tinp» ^*««i yttiMmMMMHstt ft i|ii* si

wm

-tf«^!toV#.v/A<-/' •-

iio^nii GMPmi.

^^Ipim , ,iit,tifiwi fm, (^«» T^^^* (nm^if

'»} T

1*^5

jf^iiwl^ffl'f^f^i^i.riiii., I al^i^iaMiS

(Napltfi P<ai>n»ii9 Aul^li^^ i9M?)«

•-^1,

(^««r ¥08% « r- 'm 'm^eim

-«j,'>_»yvriJS5AV • -i."^' -'-->" # '.-'^^-i f%

ffm fflgi tta ifftf ((^!&4M^0j I3l^ir«i^«^ of eiii^ago

^.1!^ (llew Tm:*tst

'*>/•

*i...^-

wm»t mmsmtf

^ e i3*e«t ^*im ^tfw% poisst m t»X3B^ mtscap®,

Dt»tl*« ^ Bfeaau^yr l^^€), p. X?I»

mm* iNbu Tiieol*, 1, 9« SB, «• 3i ir«ep«5fiKj«o; to bt

|<Sft«Ml It) . .^. l>^9« j^aiSLe wyiu^g of 2t. ftt^m^M

ifigiggii^ (tsen tQ«^t madOii iiouae^ 34)^!>)« vc'u i«

0««r£»f9r Ba«»$ ^l» cemvmtvr ?«»»* 19*»5)# p* u*

IB « foo-?»iofc« feh» 3P»f««MWW# to St, ThaaftB le

mm^i ciiftwim tf wm

fffT*

9SB*

233.

mei^ism mmmtfif T^^.iwmm im.^mM

^^g^ngtiifi ^vibt^pf in^7)j ^. '^.Ut.

m^n^m ^AV^is t»i%(»igitv oi, r)o& &m 9 itmmm't \ms&

i^tiSjo^ all ccsrsN^ial iMsitnsre »»• wb^.** xt its •©

antf t^ m^fH^ntiMl tmita^llit^, ma «tvi4i.t^ i^sp

ant? I*^34^^-^ . p. ^8, ana the itdlioe «f«

4W^V^^A4^Wr T» ^^#i^^^W^ ^m l^ffl^V **^ * INtf

i^i^

«i

HO.

*si! in i». ft lAMiiigiMii iMft^ iFHt »t tut wwic

Al» the «•«« tlia* .

aa.^:j.j^t^ , p* ii« "—•. '.f5,r vision is ^bagpe*

tmanm-mMm ^M^liiteiy «vairy sort of @iNsoti«^

*>• Si»

411109 «»Moe« Itiwrlf , tlie iiaes(«ite0 o«M«l

aftl, qip^..cAfc^ . fo«tB?5t© p. ?• This lis a vmm$ltimmm

1?»49» %ritoils ^(«o'^*e mm mam In «|y«>i?tlou 1^

r_,...' ?i#ti«««!^«g *^?i^,iY^^ f^ %^<a;^# Archies

fkix- .. 8l:x> : . . t^^ctwiisn, c,p. tot*

r€»Ot!B£iit€' Oe ^ 0*

g|^||jl^^^ (xjim^mi rm&Bsn.Um «^ ^o*« 193^)#£»* %^*

yj* "c,

848. Cocqu«fl Britain, ^^ llJiilllliliyiffH^^ ''

f»-

8*->3« Op* git >. p. 96. "In r«»llty, hoa«ver. It

ii»0 with thcolQgy^ itaelf that li* brotee, when

ht hr<ikm with ^noXastielsm, whieh is tt»e

tr»4iition£)l theologs^ of th« Church **

•5^« QB' «it>. p. 1^2.

855 • Jaequw I'^aritsin, J^' ^;e to Hg

^

t^ptealQ.i? Ul<m

Xerks Sheed and 'Mv^t^ 19^6), p» iS,

*56. Op* elt «^ p* XB»

^T. Cjp, clt .. p. X9»

»8» Qp, git ,, p, a5«

«6aA Op. <?lt >. p. 33.

t*^ QP» Pit;, , p, 3^.

a*2c Op. ext ^. p. 37.

t«jsn Ml«t)tlfie **lf Nap* imtf«ff8too<! in a

unlvcreal fl«iiiM» an a p«rf«et, and c«jpt«lfi

\mmiU(kms toi»#i#%« m the «t«dct aen»a«

knonXfidsa by caa««a m^th^y it la afroi?!d«4

9lilt«8fl9fay of nat-tjupft, or l»y RWftaphysleal

266, *>lii>

a68. -4j|iN*-«A*., p, 37*

fi$9. ^i. , .«U ., p. 38«

270. .J^iAJ*

271. , .ay>,iai&i ,, p« ^3m

272. flJp ,M .<A» ,, P« ^«

tT3. fiip» aAfr ., P. 90.

ZrH, 9p w.i »*t ., p. 93,

275, iMpif i tt t t ., p. 9^.

876. <»» a*t ., p. 9*.

877, -tt|hr-«4*,, p. 9S. ^ritalfi raateta thiu aasia polot

In iwiwiljiiiiwot an*' ^'m r-vinfianfi (aaa 276 for full

imt*r9n9*)» 9p^ a^^-CT footnota. "Tha principla

«r idantity haa a algnifioanca atiich la not

•a«««»tiai> w ff<^ylatlva« («vai?y balsig la what

it la), but aia« atatf prliaarlly axlatantlai ( »th8t

whiah ttxla^Of exiataO."

nonet omamn vr tfl-

(!l«ii Toix^i Psnth«of) Books Inc«, 19^6 }, P«9^«

879. Aseaoee ?^«ritaln, A l»i^f^c« to ^-letapl^gigg

.

I>« 31 • Liilkta to th<> First 9rl»eiple ojv nrhet

^x-ltfils eaXIis th<» i^her prl»eipl*t of i^p«eiils«

tiv« rMi»«is> nftvitl^ ^wuffleient s*«0f«f}, finality

9ni dtttMiitr*"

890, J8ei|tift« %j?lteiii, If^f^ffM^ i||^ ^^^ ^^^^f1>ffl^»

8ii. ^»QtHHi bantam, ft ff^m^ ^-^ %<^^Sty?^<^Pt

PP» 90-Ql.

tm. Ja<t«iiM M»rit8ifi» ^ty ;ii||^^|J^<^ to miWI^tp. 151

•

•87* Jaetiaes MtrltQla, Uttf IXf*^ <^,

Sayelr^ P* ^T*

«9i, .2aA-2li»# pp. 8»f-«.

t92. %> ff^t., p, sua.

a^/':^ >.,-•*;? -itirnMSi W :

-*i^x^^nT. ..*if^'

«--^«"v,.

•^^*

9^. j«c<!uefi %x^t»i£i, iM,ft>giBtf ittf .Urn ^^fflimtt

300, ^. --tro, 4.^i^..^.-- ^y mm ci^gigt

GelU3^4?a, 19^3), p, 7T.

301. jrcn-?ou.i :43j1;i?e^,

|^ifti^atl8llia {Mm ¥<a*kf

3C&. ^>n> cit. ., pp. 3^-37.

307, or)^ eit;«, p, 43* "It i« the attpwrsboii^iMe of

th« 4jLvln« »0t of «*3fl»ting, »«p«i?el>iin«*ino« In

fpur* aot, whieh meiilf«fttt ite«lf i» OoiJ tliiseeXf

{a IB r«9v©l»ttoa tetehttt ue) by th« plwiwllty of

ttw d&viiM fWMMGRift i»» rMtron ig of Ittttlf ^pHrllfied

to imoir) by tbt f«et that the v^zr oseisteno* of

Ocd ^e? intellisexio« nod 10 tjOV«» and ti^r th«

ftet t^^t thle esKl«t«M« l9 fvotly creative."

308. Ofit ?lt .. |>. 34*

303. jaUjUi.., P. 33.

^|i|l|*l|lfiilM I I iiimp«W*WB»fW»»-i«.«('»»«™p- •

VJV-i . V Jttrtx^'

» .-'/-#:-" "- i-ii

™.-vv*w««*U"4iv*i--ifc*«V*.-, W-* 1

Ito f

aio, iM£.

315. ,£au.Jiil.., p. 3.

31?. ^^i,y:^|.> P. 6.

3l8« J«ttt»»?t)ul driic, _!!__ 'U«r^. p, Sfi,

319. ^IfcuRll..* P. 27.

380, ^*^«.»uA* '«?ipltalU, ^Mf,ff^1r^^>y^ $P^ ^PUU^Mp

323. .., p. 10.

3315. 2lt.Mk** !>• i5»

32<5. ,2u, ,a^> P. ^<^.

328. J^^'t««« !%iltain, tir^ Qginlgn gar ghsrlgg marigg

(p5^t*^y« Llbiwrljrt© nm, VJ&S), p. ^r>.

S«9. ^ . .'[email protected]» fttta Polltlot. .9, iSflL.

330. j.^-'tn^.- ^arite..., y.WTK? ff^? ^^'®#« (t-ofi«5on»

331. •?'^ \n, t.ee t^^^v tfa f^volr, p. xll.

%^.-

,J

vontst esMffiiR iv <I3

33XA J.:.co-rr -^^'It-rn, Jm^Un ^^P^%m lU^

333.

.^^. , 1951), !>•

337.

i.l'>iiji*i jOIii*

p« 31

p« 32

. . S3

p. ^p. aa

3^1,

i«i»

*iitt«a!«l law is eoiSEttacivt

ifitih th« ^holif field oT mtui!*al iso^l r«^l8tloiui^

th« idttale fi«l^ o^ oatttMl mcamlX%j»*

>,^-f.

.a «. ?• ^» "The only pireetical knowledge

all «er' ^•' -•« •^tiirelly end liif«llli>l;r lo

80 a )i^lji'»«^~id«it principle, lntelX«$tii8lS^ p«v*»

oldvttd i3sr irlJrliie of the ootKjei^te involved 1»

%}mt we W8i0t ^o good aiad avoid evil* fhifi la

the $s«eiEble aod tbe principle of oatttesl law;

it ia not the leu Itaelf. ^-uml lav ia tbe

eaaesfble of thiaiia to do and not to do vhleh

follow thevefiK^ in neeeaaary faahion*** Iq the

U^i^C ^..i.iJ^^V 1- U"i\' '^ A.C.y

tmm$ mmmm rr ml

/fti^|ia..<^..Mii,n . p» 36, the full 3:*ef«x?i^t4Ni for

tttdeh io ||lv«f} lnnD^ S^^ there i« ® pe9«ft@«

whieh M^ tlitioitt idvtttieally th* mem tXAm*

3^3. Vgt.„ffM>* P» ^<5*

3^« Op* cit* . ffootfselj© on p. 91*

3^* %ft SM.*» ^* i^^*

3l?* 05^.*.. c,lt >.. p, 93*

3*®* QP> eife .. p. 9S.

^* Q^» <^l-^ »« p. ^«

350. c^.. «,

it «« |>. 99*

^7» Ja^Jlil.^, p. 38*

1$0« Ttii,8 io ft plii«&@ «fhieh use iiftittf ligr i^j^ltain in

ft Vi0e«nt l««tiiif«, ?%wsfh ^th, 19^3 # at th«

Iiifititut« of i«ftdlft#v«X 3ttidicft ftfid iflidLeh I not«

ftft ft nmttmf of itit^rest*

' "trr© ajMT tlM cMfjf r0f«tWBC©a In mvlii&lfi T<m the_ .ji'?cfe of this ci3ept«?J?.

'-'-'• •' ' ''~~ ^ ''

,:.|.l (Mllwaukeigt

|gflffjj^,!fT^..y^j||gt^, ^^^ ^^^^ l^otheon Books

llile IKK^ dXao oontaine tti® ertiele In r^x@«'^il

w#fi# It:

•Q^.i^^i wW '•» '' iivW'

10^1 t

36X. MG^m» ^i£i<i.uiBp TiiHiwii ill .^yri mKmafi

(i««fes iiHii* Ohiirl^s Sorlbm**! -k»>», 1936),

3$3« l^^ «

!IS4« Ci$) p. 6«

19lS)* P. 95*

p* 6«

^« 6-7* "'i^«» lnt«ll««t tthieh iil>«t«net8 ana

mm0ltm»& t)t« ci&jeatlv^ torn tit B«ina abttvocte

MMI rmo&i3M99 alno th« obJttctlv« rofm of

-^\U*- ***''' .*.«.->-•••>.».J u.-j*i'**(>«»f-*

i.*n<.-,*r-v/ «i<j|*MK.'^ •-JiH'. iyi«*i»—,-•

^..

3T2* mu.£3^., p. 7.

3??. muii^»» p» s,

Haiinl^fly (Thrift P»ul a»rtaftiis^ 19^5), !»»•

p. 10. ..,'*fr#«^«(a l« an imiliidiabXe |!irop«Pty

(t^MfOlOf ^^ ItutQ of M(ltfi»«V»l

fW. im^irr 4irltdin^ f|1,3mrtetfl , ,l!i 'ffltfi M^ffltf

.«

.,. ^4 5 i

«

393 • Md*

p. 95.

«o»« on^^iRcrs mnuiti, ggingims <? '.ant ,.isau.Mi!iii

H<3^. J#iiii»F»iil Sartre, JttHMlllllfli ^^^** ^<**^*

Philosophical Ubwjpy, 19^47), p. ^5.

HOT* M^jOk^, P* iS.

413. JacQue-' .-.:'ltai», •spoofciiidit^ et In^aj*©!^^^***,

*f'*.f^t^

k ^i. A^ ir „»:

WHi

^ ^J^ Ci-tTA-^Mi T^ 'iti^^'/* *

--»*•II Bi iMii iii.»m ll.iiii

* Ir <:'• >•»'•

445» ^ae^ttes -iu, 1_

p, 110,

.'5ft! ?«?}9 tK>t ime a4«8 Of evil* xt is vm who htve

ef iiyii . p« 21, •!» th« woi^Id of oatui*9^ ev^of »gti.oqi almrfti pjpe-'K*ijK>os©» anethoif mrtl —

153, iSUJtl^** !»• SS*

^5C. ^f, J'tt>, p. 27.

'^•^"'•'.i:£^f'if-^'-.'/'--^.'90^*''^'- 'ft><t--'.crffVr-—'^T»'.*'i..^ • '^'-'jj^Mr^-''';--

&H

mmt^M cmwmt ir

^&T» MSt*'V

^0.

if72.

4T7,

*r78.

• jr ^

%f ^It .. pp. 7S-73*

flSlM wWHdl

, P» 71,

Si ciiAPTsa VI aas

The following ar© th» bo«fet by Jae<|uef f>'tPlt«ins«hlch contain the principal ©xpooitlon of th«subject of this ehaptor. It hB« not be sslbl©to detlgnete (specific chapter* in theec , , .3beeeuee the eutject of thl« chapter Is co broad.

Pt geiyaoip » Ttxaaag D»Aquin (Parisi Paul HartmannEditeur, 19^7;.

FreeaoKi In the '--Qr- orld (fie^i ^orkt Charlesscribner»a Sone, r)3fc),

the aighta of an (ixjndoni C^irf.^y Bleat TheCentonai'^ Preaa, 19-^5 )

.

Sort de L 'Hor-ae ( Netieh^t#l s Lea Gahlera du fthdne,s«ri© Blanche, Hdltlont de la Baeonnlftre, 19^3).

I^e MMMW^affi (LotMSont mottfmf Bleat ?he CenteMiry

^hoXffiUoi^^ end Polltlea ( London t Geoffrey Mee*

;a!? tT»^ t&t ^fQ|r<g^^P»^?o« ^» Grlveralty ofChicago Frees, 1951 )•

The iMya that are not Caeaar»B (London* Sheedand -Uix-d, 1932?.

|he ^TOi ^^ fteaa^n C»e« Yorki Charlea Scribner's

%*^ ^^^g|g? ^^ Chax-ieg 'aurraa ( Parle t Libralrle

Christianity and Dettoeyeey (tendon t Ceoffrey BleatThe Centenary ?roa«, 19^3).

Antigen!tiara (tondoni Oeoffrey Bleai The Centenarsr

Ransoming the Time (New York: Charles Scribner'sSonsTTWETT^

n* • •

mw^t cMArmfi ^n z3W

(PaplBt Paul Hartmann Fdltrir, 19^7), P. 21^.

^©2. 9Pr git *. P' 217.

its. tMd >

«i8^. Op.dt ,. p. 195 ... *1« beatitude- (eela, »11«

le salt ddJI par 1« raleon «»t psr la fol)**,

*65. Op* elt >. p. 195,

*»^« ^« clt .. p. 209.

^67. Op. clt .. pp. 909-210.

#88. JiB?fiti*R ^^arltialn, Fi'a»aom In the odgr?) Worl<9

(^w Yoj^t Charl«e Sertton«*»e Sone, 1936), p. ^9.

^89. J8e(|o«8 '^arltaln, Th# Hl»Thtg »f M»a (l^tuJont

O«offr«y Bl««t th€ C«nt«tjarj^ Press, 19^*5), PP. T-8«

^90, Hanrl Bet^son, T^^ Twc S^yycgg of •norality and

Ji^lfKloCT {tondoni Mac -lllan ana Co. Lt<5,, 1935),

p. «36.

ii91. Jae^«i! bantam, Sort tfg 1 'Hmm (Ne«chetal»

X^a CBhl#i?9 &9 ahen«, s*p1«^ Blanche, Htfltldnn

^« la R»c€rjnl%re, 19^*3)* P. ^1«

'^^fi* QPn c^^ «* P- 3». "i^ Itallce »r« i«anta3n*a awf

the text occura t«lec otj the 90ia» page.

193. Ogft ff|t., p. 61.

'J^'*. Op« fit., p. 32.

493. Xbia .

''07. Op. git ., p. 60.

im

ac

&!.'<&

•«:

mmt§% cmtfnt vx salt

O«ofrzwy B3.#e: The CentorsAry Fr««Q# 19^6)^

p. 16?.

300. J«0t{u«ei Harltain^ -^?^^ilT^<'^«^ ^"^ yoXUlee

19*9), p. 17.

901. J»t«pM>« Niritalti, Maiaaiil«a# Int^jytl (f»rl«i

f«rraiiitf AttM*v» 19^17 )> VP» Bl-BS,

5«* Qp> cit .. p. 32.

503. J. .'i-tein, 'gnwi l^iaanUsi. p. 23^»

5««. Jtetuo ^torltetB, Mipi^ fiyy tvig 3taf (Cthleagoi

rh« Unlver»4ty of Chicago Pr«B», 1951)* P. 179.

505* ^T, rltain, Hp^aiiWMi I»t^]«l« p. 1^5

•

30?. Jae<|iM« imntain^ -fbe IMi^^g t^t age sot Ga»«ag«»

(tontfoni iih««fl and vaj^j, 1932)* P. ^•

set. J. ^^ritain, fUmtlint ^f!tlilT^- P* '^^ ^^ ^2£i

.^SJsiifiSBBft* P* 51* >'©i?itali> a««© th« mtm woic*dei

"noua iMiMMais <|«i*il y a une «^ort© iS« bHaiqHti^iii*

eontv* le goiiv«E*»a«nt de l>iau dans I'hlatoire ft

voulolr rtftemfy^ ft on 4t»t paaa^."

509* G. 0, Coulton, *!rh« Hletorloal Baeteground of

mHtaln*u HundRiam*, Journal of ttw Hjgttwr »f

IJMic, /, 194«, pi>. ^15-^33.

5M. . Qit^ .* P. ^1!>*

>i .'.4

/^>^.A*^i'<>**-*>r/t«t-Vi»>«- -<•*»•> **^.wift,«i*i-««

t '^ m.-^i!.'rtu^»/iM^'-^

Tftr^it'rr^^

HQlillt ffiMffnt 7X

511.

512.

513.

51^.

515.

516.

517.

51S.

5X9.

520.

9»1.

522.

523.

5«<l.

523.

526.

587.

516.

p, xli. "It ««e wmder th« cc^«tr«lnt of the

n^eeaslty of the tlcws^ th© eocial oonditiomi

0t C^^ydnlism, aod th« fearful ^KMmoe »hich th«

imperial ^espotli^ held over the liberty of

ti^te spiritual, thet the ehareh nee foiled to

heve 9uch enex^tle reeourne in th« ^'l<5dle Agee

to the exeiwlee of 8«eh e right,"

Op* cit .« p. 91.

^UJSlk'* p. 91.

J. Meyitaln^ %^,ffiF^ ^Jl^trf, p. Ill9.

AJi^., P. 153.

J, Miritaic^

p. 12^

•

Ott* eit.. p» 3J6.

<^« giro P* XI.

pp. cit .. p. 12.

*©

mfSE&i GHhmm vx tif

530

531

532

533

535

53i

5m538

5^5^0

3*3

5*5

5*6

5*8

5*9

550

551

55S

9Si ^X%'* P- ^3.

J. ?4aritaliJ, mn end tti« n«t^. »• 156.

p» 161.

pp. l6l«l62,

pp. lT3-i'A.

P* 17**

P. in*

»• 169.

P# lb''.

-Pit,, fil.tr«

Op* o^t.

Chsrl&t Sax^lbnea^'e ^ohk, 1932 }» p* 217«

553. J* Hoxdtain, % W«fl«» * yta«Mi« B'^aula. pp. 213-21^.

(PariBi Ui:w«lrt« W©»# 1986), p« 9C:.

561. J. i^i^teitj, T^ ffjMf ^ ^^•OB-' ?• 171<

562. Sidney lloolc^ Hff^ffoa. SwUi »9Vlm.

(9mM Torfet The John D«y CkinfMinar, X9^0), Cl^pter

19*9>, P. IT.

56T. I^Jli.

5T0. ^. W«lfitfil«, Of fimmxmm I ThqUMIi l^'igt^# P- 2i3^

572. V^,

573. J. Warttalti, .-^|piii«tiei«a and goXtMafc, P. l62.

•^ SI

v|^.<AW.''«UfWV<J«j A>.Jk<!F^4ni«:fi>«r j«Mr. sW^MfjaM^MnwuiWrat. ^ ftW>W»t#»WWW

W

WIIm^l*l•

p. 21^.

578. 9Pt fl^.'^ P- 213.

«!•»« 1^ Q«a^Miftxy Fjpe»«^ 1339 )« P* ^*

p. 107.

583* opt clt .^ P. to.

5^* ^. <^itL> . p. 15.

391. ^^. -'^fe^^-^r Trair Hfmntfriiff- '"- ^'^^^

593. i4U-&yi»* P« iQ3«

fm» ^T>. qx%,, p. i&s.

596. <f-,i 9^^,,.. P. Afo.

:^Y. «{« »;ant«l», aefaelatlcm^ f|yf Polltlea. p. 36.

jnyAt !&». »

I '' » .- w,„

^*A« -^' v^t; .^ S># X53«

c9V^%9l'XM mmms^, l Bhml6 like Ui 8<W tsfo

t^lHjHitiii _ ::^ht^ flyet 1« th^t t-M3»itain do«i!F SfJrdt

t:!» influ©^* OS' e«<isaotaic lactors, siiiiiou&G m6999 K«t -give t^«^ a pmmisv 9^o«, On p. 136

^xli i^UlQh I %n tiiQ 'isxMi amm, to (3imi«^iti) pl»y94

ijy tto« ©conoKiie factor i« h;l«t<53?y, it Is not

d«i]p«r •BFCMB^s ot eultoi^^ @ikS «lNS^in» ill tvom

tha lM|»XioaUo&« of the splirltual an$ th« tan^o*

ml m 0lvUii£»U€f), that I shall wi0t m fml0%m

Itta umma i@ tbat t-iarltain la ««i • 9W^l^^»

OB p, tl!> ?^ %« «?ia the gtata. lia aa^st "eooa-

QXmatXoaB o&4«o^ot} i® a timgic illusiioo« no

laaa t»vmful to iiiatiee than bllfsd o&adii^jca*''

601, J* %rttain, frm- mm^Wip P« ^78.

t CmVTRR n 232

%*> git .. p, Pi.

634* JJUjt^*

639. <^j ,fM>, P. 29.

^i» iSifcJs4k*# P* ^»

653, V^,y.,illl,>, PP. r*-73.

«^Si «q(

U.;

ismFSm VI 233

IPI* op, elt«, p* XI

•

fit. f\:» clt., p* X31.

411^ op. elt*, Pm X30.

Ml* Q|^* #it*y {(« X3'B»

^3. %. e%%4, P* XS5»

"'^Sll ".n fxi e^

f|ii0 «»M t«xt mini alaost iwt«l fw i««Ji3 in

1

#^1 •« u-

**:*' '^^•wV^jV^ /r(*;»i»rf»»."#*sK%.' .?:|..*Liais4,^iBI^?«^i=

If.f ?y<*r«:; «C*!: ?»ft>*Tir ,-tv

SjTV .-.,_<

4^uii© n.# lt06 -ifts t-1 :o sad feia «if© anO

), Hhlch Is Bloy»p JoiSTRSl ew9V^

®fi «tJt3?T i^'OS' *^tai« llth, X^0€ (pp* l86«

lM$f%l^fi«, e«^lul 4» <fd 4eia»e ftaiw aiicm

vell^ pttxf«is d« e«8 trois #tff*«« aliiite

f^^«-'i^->t"^ vV.'.i»i#is »« «i.r.-jv<rv»»'»^/T|iKffl!v»"*tf**'»#»;"Be«to»l»ii^y«F',.'vi««v*5**'*«j«^'»*4iwr;.«/wi»

l<

«M» '-'

d« i'>.i*Hi ... !*lBip»a !««»«»» J<«ittn« et

.W?oS}irWJ^« S''»*-^ «»f!«?t- r«a8«<a en

m* d#i ^' * d4iil4€^ '.lit Jean

L«ipiii^« a^NMes) sod ao«y X94a)» p. i73«

thfl^^ ijf ft <^«Bd)S*ipM£^ oT the lmp%is^^*

w^i!^ f%rit«lf! etaai«« MolQ^ ««<•»

J«.?n# 2*, 19<t? The ^rital»« «#t mt for *• aii«*t#

a;?jHt.'!r<N! at I4i ralette on Jtiwe 26«

July 8, 190? I4etiii?fi to 1P»ri»,

237

|i|l« ^, X907 mmlimm hm^^m ^^ ^«^ ^ ^^si^^

at tbe V0^imst of P^uy, to carry Ui@

iMife of F4g;ti9r'» eoo7«r«icm to Dos»

Bullitt, ti«n#d(lctin©,

; :/ 19t)S Tiki %»itaio» 9i»» li««k to 9mm^»

gf«phie Ueniem ©«a a mctioffwry of

a iP<#lo^ of thvaa aF«a^a«

IM»« 1910 HeiiMiil pHl>li8»M»a fela firet phlloeo^

tshie&l article, "?.« Seieno© ^lo^pwr «rt

i|ft,« 19X8 ^^ffltaln i>aga» t^ tSpitiMt «t iMlP

Otoe* !l« 1913 /l»lt of EroMt rat«lM«i «iiu ^^aala to

ar'

or^i

F«b«, X913 P»l«ht»i wit r«eaive4 Into tbt Chasnh*

Jkj^l air«J Mey -Britain g»v© leetux^e at tiie :"^it

l^^t« of 19X^ l«MPi«ai» g^if« a a«sltte of l«0tf»n» at

09 u m%X9tt0AiB ft«#«fB«*"

1 .aritalB «ms t^de a rjpof^atfor of the

Faaiatr of WhXlvmfiag at tn* iMtitait

0ati^ll^^ «• f)ixia« H« p^iiatstd

^a ftipat l»«aii»

i9l^ to 1915 MarltalD ^v« hi© uaoal leeturat at

tisa ^irtlttit aath6li^<»« ae wall ea a

iiilii of imtmf^ m Qmemm fmioaap^

t»m Xitttlwr to Motfavo ttoac*

1915 to 1 .. -^ ?ia»itain tat^ht at the Coll^a staaitli»«»

aa wall an at the Inst .1tut Csttioii^ratt*

1916 to 191T Maxltain alao tauslit at ttia fotlt

MmAmUm da v«Pfialllae»

i»n. 9, 1917 WwmiWiM Miiitc«<l o Imt^;^ HmWmaaAXlMrt Which infenMMI ^m thnt

Hit M.irtM9« i^o »«rv isiMi nrBti««ui-/

of tb» Iiis%lt<tt Cothollijae wi8h«d him

to wyft-'^ .-. -ay, n^ &e Phllosq^hlg foa?

kpril, 1917 ?«ailtialn ^a t J »®««pt©d fey tht

atnr aft«r p»wle«» w^m^xm stroteh-

^i^ssss afjo heavy *»«>3*

laosad to go ^ with lila t?v

May al, 1917 v^s^^taln 3Pe«€itir«4 ni* ^»o»i»tj tfoevojwr'l'*,

w» honetsawsy dc^mwi firoai 'aba amvwwites

HimiiiMi m «o«e, • mmmh lB»tl%wti»,

(s«« at tha antf «f tislft alM,,'W»imiigy»

tiw aitatioR for tha aa8V««)«

^ii« 23, 1918 HWBltaia waa neeiinatai a mmmw ^f th®

?* tl^/.- •$•!

IBlH to 1^^ MiiAtslii WOisttt ««tt9»«9 tM the

IliftoxT of ^aaam nuioMVtqr at

1933

fhiis »«« hi® flp»t JMrarti^s of l««tw«*

^.'r.>n r^n tM« ^-^.a-* 5f the WStey.

Atlll*^ 1931 *:i»i*it»^n irnvf'-' ?^r l^ittiiM?? st the?

Sii«tatitf«y, Th#»« X«etu»«», ^'' '

»fith tlMi' «^<iltXoii of ot

*

.A. T.., ^ i:-.

JC*». to AMpll i4ft«S,t«itt sav<* e ac3Pl®s of lecture® st

th« Ift«titttt« of ''^.U#v«l St»<flec,

Toronto, He aXao l«etup<»dl diirxn^ tm

a<jad€iRl<j ^«sr ^S »t tli« !?

alts' of Ohieago and at crolussft5-a.

Jan* to ''^v^^ mtlUtm «a^*^' * •••^•a o^ laetm«ff at

th« tnatitu^i^ as mH»ey&j. ^'i^^ac^es^

T«ir«mto, :*. in thla y#»r r»cti-iv«d

Ita Po«tlfi<s?»'s {Jh«a?t«i».

•it ^»

iii

i^^

JWe* © ''^psrt.l save & mslm firiP 1.

e% the l^ontlfl««S Ii»»tit«it# ^

to 19^5

.lUiPltalii Xectajpe^ st tb« ?ft»lverslty

6f %io»^ dud et O&liiR^ia. Sujrim

the aeed«ale ^eti^, 19^1-

fer about tlupM iiHs^eii 6t a tim/^ 0t

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