INSTRUMENTATION QUESTIONNAIRE EDU 702 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ZUBAIDAH ABDUL GHANI (2009546185 ) NORELA ELIAS (2009737225) ROSLINA AHMED TAJUDDIN (2009171229)

INSTRUMENTATIONQUESTIONNAIRE

EDU 702 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

ZUBAIDAH ABDUL GHANI (2009546185)NORELA ELIAS (2009737225)

ROSLINA AHMED TAJUDDIN (2009171229)

What Are Data? Instrument?

Data – the kinds of information researchers obtain on the subjects of their research.

Instrument – the device the researcher uses to collect data. e.g. pencil-and-paper test, questionnaire

Instrumentation – the entire process of collecting data in a research investigation.

1. Where will the data be collected?

2. When will the data be collected?

3. How often are the data be collected?

4. Who is to collect the data?

Key questions

location

time

frequent

administration

Validity Reliability Objectivity

Important consideration in choosing a research instrument:

Validity – the extent to which results from it permit researchers to draw warranted conclusions about the characteristics of the individuals studied. Valid instrument – measures what it is supposed to measure.

Reliability – a reliable instrument is one that gives consistent results.

Objectivity – the absence of subjective judgments.

Usability – instrument easy to use.

Classifying Data- Collection Instruments

In educational research, three methods for obtaining information:

Researcher instruments

Obtained by directly onindirectly assessing thesubjects of a study.

e.g. observe students in classroom, examine students records, noting the frequency of oral assessment.

Informants instruments

Provided by other bypeople about thesubjects of a study.

e.g. interviews teachers or students and assess each student’s thinking skills based on their prior experience.

Subject instruments

Self-report data are provided by the subject of the study themselves.

e.g. request students products (essays) for evidence, interview student .

Written Response Versus Performance

Written-response instruments include objective . e.g., (multiple choice, true-false, matching, or short answer) tests, short-essay examinations, questionnaires, interview schedules, checklists.

Performance instruments include any device design to measure either a procedure or a product. Designed to see how well procedures can be followed and assess the quality of products.

Classifying Data- Collection Instruments

Researcher-Completed Instruments

Rating Scale - a measured judgment of some sort. A rating is intended to convey the rater’s judgment about an individual’s behavior or product.

Interview Schedules a set questions to be answered by the subjects of the study.

Observation Forms – Paper-and-pen observation forms that requires the observer to record and evaluate certain behaviors.

Tally Sheets - a device used to record the frequency of students behavior s, activities, or remarks.

Researcher-Completed Instruments

Flow charts – helpful in analyzing class discussion.

Performance Checklists - consists of a list of behaviors that make up a certain type of performance.

Anecdotal Records – a record of observed behaviors written down in the form of anecdotes.

Time-and-Motion Logs – the observation and detailed recording over a given period of time of the activities of one or more individuals.

Subject-Completed Instruments Questionnaires – the subject respond to the questions by writing or by marking the answer sheet.

Self-Checklists – a list of several characteristics or activities presented to the subjects of a study.

Attitude Scales – consists of a set of statements to which an individual responds.

Personality Inventories- measure certain traits of individuals or to assess their feelings about themselves.

Subject-Completed Instruments Achievement Tests – measure an individual’s knowledge or skill in a given area or subject.

Aptitude Tests – assess intellectual abilities that are no specifically taught in school.

Performance Tests – measures an individual’s performance on a particular task.

Projective Devices – instrument that allows individuals to project their interests, preferences, anxieties, prejudices and needs through their responses to it.

Ratio - The factor which clearly defines a ratio scale is that it has a true zero point.The simplest example of a ratio scale is the measurement of length.

Measurement Scale(Cont…)

Ex: How tall are you? Has an absolute zero

Ratio - The factor which clearly defines a ratio scale is that it has a true zero point.The simplest example of a ratio scale is the measurement of length.

Measurement Scale(Cont…)

Ex: How tall are you? Has an absolute zero

Ratio - The factor which clearly defines a ratio scale is that it has a true zero point.The simplest example of a ratio scale is the measurement of length.

Measurement Scale(Cont…)

Ex: How tall are you? Has an absolute zero

Ratio - The factor which clearly defines a ratio scale is that it has a true zero point.The simplest example of a ratio scale is the measurement of length.

Measurement Scale(Cont…)

Ex: How tall are you? Has an absolute zero

Ratio - The factor which clearly defines a ratio scale is that it has a true zero point.The simplest example of a ratio scale is the measurement of length.

Measurement Scale(Cont…)

Ex: How tall are you? Has an absolute zero

Ratio - The factor which clearly defines a ratio scale is that it has a true zero point.The simplest example of a ratio scale is the measurement of length.

Measurement Scale(Cont…)

Ex: How tall are you? Has an absolute zero

Ratio - The factor which clearly defines a ratio scale is that it has a true zero point.The simplest example of a ratio scale is the measurement of length.

Measurement Scale(Cont…)

Ex: How tall are you? Has an absolute zero

Ratio - The factor which clearly defines a ratio scale is that it has a true zero point.The simplest example of a ratio scale is the measurement of length.

Measurement Scale(Cont…)

Ex: How tall are you? Has an absolute zero

Ratio - The factor which clearly defines a ratio scale is that it has a true zero point.The simplest example of a ratio scale is the measurement of length.

Measurement Scale(Cont…)

Ex: How tall are you? Has an absolute zero

Measurement ScalesMeasurement – is the foundation of any scientific investigation. Anything we do begins with the measurement of whatever it is, we want to study.

Definition – measurement is the assignments of numbers to objects. Example : When we use a personality test such as EPQ(EysenckPersonalityQuestionnaires)

to obtain a measure of Extraversion – “ How outgoing someone is”; we are

measuring that personality characteristics by assigning a

number (a score on the test) to an object (a person)

Measurement Scale(Cont…)

Measurement Scale

Nominal

Ordinal

Interval

Ratio

Nominal – Not really a ‘scale’ because it does not really objects along any dimension.It simply ‘ label’ objects For example:

GenderMale = 1

Female= 2

Religious AffiliationBuddha =1Islam = 2

Catholic = 3Hindu = 4

Christian = 5

Measurement Scale (Cont…)Example Questionnaires for nominal scale measurement

Ex: Which of the following would you most like to have? (circle one)

Restored 1967 Mustang (=1)Mazda Miata (=2)

Jeep Cherokee (=3)Mercedes Sedan (=4)

Ordinal - is where numbers are used to place objects in order. But, there is no information regarding the differences (intervals) between point of scale

Measurement Scale (Cont…)

Example Questionnaires for nominal scale measurement

Ex: What is your hometown’s approximate population? (circle one)

less than 10,000  10,000-50,000 50,001-150,000 150,001-500,000

500,000 or more

Interval - is a scale on which equal intervals between objects, represent equal differences.Interval scales are also scales which are defined by metrics such as logarithms.

Measurement Scale (Cont…)

Example Questionnaires for Interval scale measurement(Likert Scale)

Ratio - The factor which clearly defines a ratio scale is that it has a true zero point. - a ratio scale does not have negative values.

The simplest example of a ratio scale is the measurement of length.

Measurement Scale(Cont…)

Ex: How tall are you and what is your weight? It makes sense to talk about zero length and zero weight, but it does not make sense to talk about negative length

or negative weight.

Researcher must score the data that have been collected and then organize it to facilitate analysis.-Collected data must be scored accurately and consistently. If not, any conclusions from the data may be erroneous or misleading.-The data usually done by transferring data to some sort of summary data sheet or card.Example: Table 7.3 ( according to the textbook)

Preparing Data for Analysis

Table 7.3: Hypothetical Results of Study Involving a Comparison of Two Counseling Methods

Tabulating and coding the data

Score for “Rapport”

Method A Method B

91-100 1 481-90 1 271-80 3 561-70 4 251-60 5 541-50 6 131-40 4 121-30 1 711-20 3 51-10 4 1

N=33 33

•Use Computational to evaluate the dataExample:

- SPSS- ANOVA

to find mode, mean, median, and so forth.

-From there, we can conclude our findings.

Tabulating and coding the data(cont…)