I nstructor ’ s M anual Matthew E. Gruwell
Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
I n s t r u c t o r ’s M a n u a l
Matthew E. Gruwell
INSTRUCTOR’SMANUAL
CarlT.BergstromandLeeAlanDugatkin’s
EvolutionSECONDEDITIONInstructor’sManualbyMatthewE.GruwellPENNSTATEERIE,THEBEHRENDCOLLEGE W•W•Norton&Company•NewYork•London
08Fall
W.W.Norton&Companyhasbeenindependentsinceitsfoundingin1923,whenWilliamWarderNortonandMaryD.HerterNortonfirstpublishedlecturesdeliveredatthePeople’sInstitute,theadulteducationdivisionofNewYorkCity’sCooperUnion.ThefirmsoonexpandeditsprogrambeyondtheInstitute,publishingbooksbycelebratedacademicsfromAmericaandabroad.Bymidcentury,thetwomajorpillarsofNorton’spublishingprogram—tradebooksandcollegetexts—werefirmlyestablished.Inthe1950s,theNortonfamilytransferredcontrolofthecompanytoitsemployees,andtoday—withastaffoffourhundredandacomparablenumberoftrade,college,andprofessionaltitlespublishedeachyear—W.W.Norton&Companystandsasthelargestandoldestpublishinghouseownedwhollybyitsemployees.Copyright©2016,2012byW.W.Norton&Company,Inc.Allrightsreserved.EvoBeaker®andSimBioVirtualLabs®areregisteredtrademarksofSimBioticSoftwareforTeachingandResearch,Inc.Assistantmediaeditor:VictoriaReuterProductionmanager:EricPier-HockingProjecteditors:JenniferBarnhardtandDavidBradleyW.W.Norton&Company,Inc.500FifthAvenue,NewYork,N.Y.10110-0017wwnorton.comW.W.Norton&CompanyLtd.CastleHouse,75/76WellsStreet,LondonW1T3QT
TableofContentsPartI:FoundationsofEvolutionaryBiologyChapter1:AnOverviewofEvolutionaryBiology p1Chapter2:EarlyEvolutionaryIdeasandDarwin’sInsight p5Chapter3:NaturalSelection p12Chapter4:PhylogenyandEvolutionaryHistory p19Chapter5:InferringPhylogeny p26PartII:EvolutionaryGeneticsChapter6:TransmissionGeneticsandtheSourcesofGeneticVariation p34Chapter7:TheGeneticsofPopulations p41Chapter8:EvolutioninFinitePopulations p50Chapter9:EvolutionatMultipleLoci p58Chapter10:GenomeEvolution p65PartIII:TheHistoryofLifeChapter11:TheOriginandEvolutionofEarlyLife p71Chapter12:MajorTransitions p77Chapter13:EvolutionandDevelopment p83Chapter14:SpeciesandSpeciation p88Chapter15:ExtinctionandEvolutionaryTrends p93PartIV:EvolutionaryInteractionsChapter16:SexandSexualSelection p100Chapter17:TheEvolutionofSociality p107Chapter18:Coevolution p113Chapter19:HumanEvolution p118Chapter20:EvolutionandMedicine p125
Evolution,SecondEdition Instructor’sManual,p.1
©2016,2012W.W.Norton&Co.,Inc.
Chapter1
AnOverviewofEvolutionaryBiology
ChapterSummaryandDiscussionPointsIntroductionCharlesDarwinevolvedbiologywhenhetheorizedthatallorganismsshareacommonancestryandthatanorganism’sfitnesswithinitsenvironmentistheresultofnaturalselection.Darwin’sevolutionarytheoryledtoanaturalexplanationforthediversityoflifeand,thus,aparadigmshiftinbiologicalthoughtthatnowreacheseverysubdisciplineofbiology.Forexample,whenanatomystudentsnowstudythestructureofbonesinthehumanwrist,itispossibletoextrapolatetheirunderstandingofskeletalstructurestoothertetrapodsandfindbonesofthesameoriginbeingusedinsimilarorverydifferentways.Section1.1:ABriefIntroductiontoEvolution,NaturalSelection,andPhylogeneticsAsaprimertotheensuingchapters,thissectionexplainstheideaofdescentwithmodificationasbeingthewayinwhichallorganismschangeovertimeduetonaturalorartificialselection,leadingtothepremisethatalllifeissubjecttotheprinciplesofevolution.Forexample,totrulyunderstandaspeciessuchasHomosapiens,onemuststudyandunderstandprimates,theirclosestrelatives.Thissectionoffersstudentsarefresheronsomeofthebasicsofgenetics,whichsetsthestagefordefiningselection.Artificialselectioniscoveredusingmultipleexamplesofcrops,includingadetailedfigureofhumanselectionofmanydifferentfoodcropsoverthousandsofyears,aswellasamorespecificexampleinvolvingstrawberries.Theseexamplesarethencontrastedwithanexampleofnaturalselectioninvolvingpesticideresistanceininsects.Antibioticresistancealsoisexploredasaproblemthatwillbesolvedonlybyusingtheprinciplesofevolutionarybiology.Lastly,tohelpstudentsseethatevolutionaryprinciplesaidinthestudyofconservationbiology,theauthorsintroducetheconceptoftreethinkingusingthephylogenetictreeoflifeandextinction.ThissectionconcludeswiththeKeyConceptQuestion(seeKeyConceptQuestion1.1):Canyouthinkofotherwaysthatevolutionarythinkingmightaffectstudiesinconservationbiology?DiscussionPoints:
• WhattwothingsdidDarwinoriginallynoticeandhowdidthatleadtohistheory?WhataresomeexamplesfromthenaturalworldthatconfirmDarwin’sidea?
• Howdoartificialandnaturalselectiondiffer?Howdoesartificialselectiondemonstratetherealityofevolution?Whenareexamplesofhumaninfluence
Evolution,SecondEdition Instructor’sManual,p.2
©2016,2012W.W.Norton&Co.,Inc.
causingchangeinasystemstillconsiderednaturalselection?• Whyisantibioticresistanceaseriousthreattomodernmedicine?Howwill
theprinciplesofevolutionarybiologyhelpcontrolthisproblem?Section1.2:EmpiricalandTheoreticalApproachestotheStudyofEvolution Thissectiondividesthetypesofresearchconductedinevolutionarybiologyintotwomajormethods:empiricalandtheoretical.Empiricalresearchisfurtherdividedintoobservationormanipulationofanaturalsystem.Observationstudiesinvolvegatheringdatafromasystemwithoutmanipulatingitandincludestudiessuchasresearchonthefossilrecord,inferringphylogenyfromgeneticsequences,orobservingbehavior.Thisisdemonstratedbycomparingsimilaritiesbetweenchimpsandhumansinanatomyandgenomicstoshowcommonancestryanddeterminewhatseparatesthemgenetically.Manipulationofnaturalsystemsisexplainedbyasecondexampleofempiricalstudy,whichinvolvesbreedingsystemsandtestessizein33speciesofprimates.TheoreticalbiologyisintroducedasamajordisciplineinevolutionarybiologythroughtheworkofRonaldA.FisherandWilliamD.Hamilton,inwhichtheyutilizedmathematicalmodelstopredictandunderstandsexratios.ThisisfollowedbyanactualexampleofchangingsexratiosinthebluemoonbutterflyontheSamoanislands.DiscussionPoints:
• Ofthetworesearchmethodsdiscussed,whichwouldbemostusefulintestingspecifichypotheses?
• Whatistheusefulnessoftheoreticalstudiesinevolutionarybiology?AnswerstoReviewQuestions
1. Paradigm shifts represent fundamental changes in thewaywe think aboutandstudynaturefromascientificperspective.
2. (1)All species aredescended fromoneor a fewancestral life-forms. (2)Aprocess Darwin dubbed natural selection explains the fit of organism toenvironment.
3. Thisevidence includes,but isnot limited to,moleculargenetic, anatomical,
physiological,behavioral,developmental,andhormonaldata.Suchdatacanbeamassedfromfossilsorcontemporaryorganisms.
4. Artificial selection is the human-driven analog to the process of naturalselection. In artificial selection,we selectively breed individualswith traitsthatarebeneficialtous.
5. Bacteria reproduce extremely rapidly—as fast as hourly or even faster.Bacterialpopulationsizesareenormous,providingavast supplyofgeneticvariation. Naturalselectionimposedbyantibioticresistanceisverystrong.
Evolution,SecondEdition Instructor’sManual,p.3
©2016,2012W.W.Norton&Co.,Inc.
For all of these reasons mutations conferring antibiotic resistance canquicklyariseandrapidlyspreadthroughbacterialpopulations.
6. Phylogeneticdiversityisameasureofdiversitythattakesintoaccounthowmuchoftheevolutionaryhistoryofthegroupbeingstudiedispreserved.
7. The two basic ways to gather empirical evidence to test hypotheses areobservationalandexperimentalstudies.
8. Neutralmutationsaremutationsthatdonotaffectfitness.
9. Sexratiomeasurestheratiooffemalestomalesinagivenpopulation.
10. Regardless of whether empirical work precedes theoretical work or viceversa, each of these informs the other, and this (ideally) leads to thegenerationofnew,testablehypotheses.
AnswerstoKeyConceptApplicationQuestions
11. Wecanapplytheexactsamereasoningweusedforthecaseoftheevolutionofantibioticresistanceinbacteriatothecasesofantiviralresistanceevolutionbyvirusesandantifungalresistanceevolutionbyfungi.Similarargumentsalsoapplyinagriculturetotheevolutionofherbicide-resistantweedsandpesticide-resistantinsects.
12. Answerswillvary,butthetheoryofcontinentaldriftandplatetectonicsrepresentsonesuchparadigmshift.Thetheoryofcontinentaldriftproposedthatcontinentsaredriftinglandmassesthatmoveovergeologicaltimeandthereforeeventhelarge-scalegeographyoftheearthisdynamicallychanging.Thetheoryofplatetectonicsprovideduswithamechanisticunderstandingofhowcontinentaldrifttakesplace.Together,thesetheoriesprovideanexplanationofwhysurfaceofourplanetlooksthewaythatitdoesnow,howlargelandmassesarecreatedanddestroyed,andsomuchmore.
13. Thestudyofdescentwithmodificationistheconceptualgluethatunitesallofthelifesciences.Withoutadoptinganevolutionaryapproachinthebiologicalsciences,wehavemanypotentiallyimportant,disparatefacts,butnocommontheoreticalperspectivetounitethem.
14. Byselectingfortraitsthatareeitheraestheticallypleasingorinsomesensepractical,humanshaveshapedeverythingfromthesize(thinkminiaturepoodletoGreatDane)tothebehavior(herding,hunting,retrieving)ofdomesticateddogbreeds.
Evolution,SecondEdition Instructor’sManual,p.4
©2016,2012W.W.Norton&Co.,Inc.
15. Nowthatthemoleculargenetictechniquesassociatedwithstudyinggeneexpressionarewidelyavailable,evolutionarybiologistscanstudynotjusthowdifferencesbetweenspeciesinprotein-codingDNAsequencesareassociatedwithevolutionarychange,butalsohowdifferencesinwhengenesareturnedonandoffareassociatedwithevolutionarychange.
16. Aswenotedinthechapter,a1femaleto1malesexratioissocommonthatitishardtoimagineanyothersexratio,butwhatwewanttounderstandiswhya1:1sexratioissoubiquitousinthefirstplace.Todothat,weneedtoconsiderotherpossiblesexratios,andthenexaminewhichsexratioisfavoredbynaturalselectionandunderwhatconditions.Oncewemakeclearourassumptions,mathematicalmodelsgiveusthepowertodoexactlythat.
SuggestedReadingsThislistofsuggestedreadingsisprintedattheendofthischapterinthestudenttextbookandreprintedhereforyourconvenienceandplanning.Birkhead,T.R.,andT.Pizzari.2002.Postcopulatorysexualselection.NatureReviews
Genetics3:262–273.•Thispaperwillgiveyouabetterunderstandingofthespermcompetitionandspermallocationworkwediscussedinthischapter.
Engelstädter,J.,andG.D.D.Hurst.2009.Theecologyandevolutionofmicrobesthat
manipulatehostreproduction.AnnualReviewofEcology,EvolutionandSystematics40:127–149.
•AdetailedreviewonissueswediscussedintheWolbachia/bluemoonbutterflysexratioexample.
Huxley,T.H.1863.EvidenceofMan’sPlaceinNature.D.Appleton,NewYork.•Huxley—Darwin’scolleague—presentedevidenceforhumanevolutioninthisbook.
Kuhn,T.1962.TheStructureofScientificRevolutions.UniversityofChicagoPress,Chicago.
•Inthisvolume,aclassicinthephilosophyofscience,Kuhnoutlinestheideaofaparadigmshift.
Varki,A.,D.H.Geschwind,andE.E.Eichler.2008.Explaininghumanuniqueness:genomeinteractionswithenvironment,behavior,andculture.NatureReviewsGenetics9:749–763.
•Aninterestingdiscussionofhowtounderstandwhatmoleculargeneticcomparisonstellus(anddon’ttellus)aboutsimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenhumansandotherprimates.
Related Documents
