Instructional Materials.ppt

Using instructional Media

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALSThe role of materials (Cunningsworth, 1995)A resource for presentation materialsA source of activities for learner practice and communicative interactionA reference source for learners on grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, and so onA source of stimulation and ideas for classroom activitiesA syllabus A support for less experienced teachers The functions of materialsAs a source of languageAs a learning supportFor motivation and stimulationFor reference

(Dudley-Evans & St. John, 1998)Advantages of using textbooksProvide structure and a syllabus for a programHelp standardize instructionMaintain qualityProvide a variety of learning resourcesBe efficientProvide effective language models and inputTrain teachersVisually appealing

Negative effects of textbooksMay contain inauthentic languageMay distort contentMay not reflect students needsCan deskill teachersBe expensiveTypes of Instructional MaterialsPrinted MaterialsAdvantagesAvailable to learner in absence of teacherWidely acceptable, familiarReadily available, relatively cheapConvenient formLearner controls rate of readingContent easily altered to target specific audiences

Printed MaterialsDisadvantages:Most abstract form of realityImmediate feedback limitedProper reading level essential for full usefulnessLess useful with low literate learners or visually or cognitively impaired learnersInappropriate for illiterate learnersEvaluating Printed MaterialsConsider:Nature of the audienceLiteracy level requiredLinguistic variety availableBrevity and clarityLayout and appearanceOpportunity for repetitionConcreteness and familiarityKinds of Instructional MaterialsI. Printed Materialsa. Textbooksb. Supplemental materials1. Workbooks2. Duplicated Outlines3. Teacher-prepared study guides4. Reference Books5. Pamphlets6. Magazine Articles7. NewspapersKinds of Instructional MaterialsII. Audio Aids1. Radio2. Phonograph3. Tape Recorders

PRINTED MATERIALSPrinted materials include textbooks, fiction and nonfiction books, booklets, as well as word-processed documents prepared by students and teachers. Textbooks have long been the foundation of classroom instruction.ADVANTAGESAVAILABILITY. Printed materials are readily available on a variety of topics and in many different formats.

FLEXIBILITY. They are adaptable to many changes to many purposes and may be used in any well-lit environment.

PORTABILITY. They are easily carried from place to place and do not require any equipment or electricity.

USER FRIENDLY. Properly designed printed materials are easy to use, not requiring special effort to navigate through them.

ECONOMICAL. Printed materials are relatively inexpensive to produce or purchase and can be reused. In fact, some may be obtained free, as described in Chapter 4.LIMITATIONSREADING LEVEL. The major limitation of printed materials is that they are written at a certain reading level.

MEMORIZATION. Some teachers require students to memorize many facts and definitions.

VOCABULARY. Some texts introduce a large number of vocabulary terms and concepts in a short amount of space.ONE-WAY PRESENTATION. Since most printed materials are not interactive, they tend to be used in a passive way, often without comprehension.

CURRICULUM DETERMINATION. Sometimes textbooks dictate the curriculum rather than being used to support the curriculum.

CURSORY APPRAISAL. Selection committees might not examine textbooks carefully.IntegrationThe most common application of printed materials is presenting information. Students are given reading assignments and are held accountable for the material during class discussions and on tests.

Teacher-made handouts can also complement a teachers presentation, or students may use them as they study independently. Printed materials are used in all subject areas and with students of all ages once they learn to read. The media center is a source of a variety of printed materials on countless topics and in almost every conceivable format.

Guidelines and examples are found in When to Use Printed Materials.When to Use Printed MaterialsGUIDELINES. . . reading printed information for which they will be held accountable

. . . supplementing teacher-presented materialEXAMPLESHigh school students read an assigned chapter from the course textbook.Student use library books, encyclopedias, or newspapers to add to their knowledge of a topic.. . . using handouts that guide them through learning activities. . . implementing an SQ3R methodStudents use a step-by-step guide to write a book report.

Students survey, ask questions, read, recite, and review printed information about the Bill of Rights.Supplemental MaterialsSupplemental Print MaterialPrint media, including photographs, reproductions of pictures, drawings, murals, cartoons, and other print materials are valuable supplemental aids. Charts, diagrams, and graphs are also in this category. Many of these items are suitable for long-term use on bulletin boards and in briefing areas. Pictures, drawings, and photographs are especially effective because they provide common visual imagery for both instructors and students. In addition, they also provide realistic details necessary for visual recognition of important subject material. In many cases, this type of supplemental training media may be reproduced in a format for projection on a screen or other clear surface.Supplemental Print MaterialNumerous other useful print items may be considered as supplemental training aids. Some of these include study guides, exercise books, course outlines, and syllabi. Well-designed course outlines are especially useful to students because they list the key points and help students organize note taking during a lecture.

WorkbookPrintedmaterialaccompanying a course text (textbook) that containsexercises,problems, andpracticematerial to clarify and reinforce the lessons presented in the textbookAdvantagesWorkbooks are often used in schools for younger students, either inmiddle schoolorelementary school. They are favored because students can work directly in their books, eliminating the need forlooseleafand copying questions from a textbook. In industry, they may be customized interactive manuals which are used to help provide structure to an otherwisecomplexproblem.Workbooks also hold an advantage because they are usually smaller and lighter than textbooks, which equates to less trouble when the student brings the book home to complete theirhomework.The term workbook is also used to describe other compilations of questions that require the reader to completescratch-workwhen dealing with higher-level mathematics. It can also be used as a training tool for certain job positions.More recently, electronic workbooks have permitted interactive and customized learning. Such workbooks may be used on computers, laptops, PDAs, and may be web-based.HandoutsThe quality of handouts that is acceptable may vary depending on their purpose and your situation. Generally speaking, using a xerographic photocopier or offset equipment produces the most professional-looking copies.No matter what method you choose, the handouts you give your students should be clear, logical, straightforward, concise, error-free, and above all legible.Teacher Prepared Study GuideStudy guidescan be broad based to facilitatelearningin a number of areas, or be resources that foster comprehension of literature, research topics, history, and other subjects.

Reference BooksReference books, Atlas, dictionary, directory, encyclopedia, handbook, thesaurus, or any other work designed to be used in finding specific items of information, rather than for cover to cover reading.Reference Books

PamphletsA pamphlet is an unbound booklet (that is, without a hard cover or binding). It may consist of a single sheet of paper that is printed on both sides and folded in half, in thirds, or in fourths (called a leaflet), or it may consist of a few pages that are folded in half and saddle stapled at the crease to make a simple book.In order to count as a pamphlet, UNESCO requires a publication (other than a periodical) to have "at least 5 but not more than 48 pages exclusive of the cover pages"; a longer item is a bookThe purpose of a pamphlet is1. Pamphlets are useful in business communications.2. To educate, inform, persuade, or entertain your intended audience.3. To mobilize people to support your cause.4. To advertise a meeting or specific event.5. To popularize your slogans and messages.Pamphlets

MagazineMagazines may be referred to aspopular presspublications because articles are often written by journalists, who gather information from various sources and synthesize it into their stories or reports. Although a journalist may specialize in a particular type of reporting, journalists are not usually scholars. The audience for articles in magazines is usually the general public.Articles in magazines are often a good way to gain an overview of your topic, but will seldom give full information on where the author found the information included. That is, a bibliography of sources is generally not included.Some examples of magazines (among many others) that might have information on our example topic include:NewsweekTimeScientific AmericanU.S. News & World ReportMagazine Articles

NewspapersAnewspaperis aperiodicalpublication containingnews, other informativearticles(listed below), and usuallyadvertising. A newspaper is usually printed on relatively inexpensive, low-gradepapersuch asnewsprint. The news organizations that publish newspapers are themselves oftenmetonymicallycalled newspapers. Most newspapers nowpublish onlineas well asin print. The online versions are calledonline newspapersor news sitesNewspapers

Audio Aids (sound related materials)What is Audio?An Audio format which render content as music, speech or any kind of materials to which a student listens.Audio formats include recorded human voice and synthesized electronic speech.Audio Learning ResourcesAudiotapes, Radio, CDAdvantagesWidely availableMay be especially beneficial to visually-impaired, low literate learnersMay be listened to repeatedlyMost forms practical, cheap, small, portable40Audio Learning Resources (contd)DisadvantagesRelies only on sense of hearingSome forms may be expensiveLack of opportunity for interaction between instructor and learner41PhonographPhonograph,also calledrecord player, instrument for reproducing sounds by means of the vibration of astylus, or needle, following agrooveon a rotatingdisc. A phonograph disc, or record, stores a replica ofsoundwaves as a series of undulations in a sinuous groove inscribed on its rotating surface by the stylus. When the record is played back, another stylus responds to the undulations, and its motions are then reconverted into sound.Phonograph

Tape RecordersAn audiotape recorder,tape deckortape machineis anaudio storagedevice that records and plays back sounds, including articulated voices, usually usingmagnetic tape, either wound on a reel or in acassette, for storage. In its present day form, it records a fluctuatingsignalby moving the tape across atape headthat polarizes themagnetic domainsin the tape in proportion to the audio signal. Tape-recording devices includereel-to-reeltape deck and the cassette deck.Tape Recorders

Audiotapes/CDsTIPSCheck the room and equipment beforehand.Can it be heard from the back of the room?Find the right spot on the tape/CD and queue it up in advance.Dont play more than a few minutes of audio at one time.Break up longer clips into segments, interspersed with discussion or other activities.

When to USE:Particularly suited for language learning, media studies, English literature, etc.Valuable when referring to recorded historical events (e.g. Martin Luther Kings I have a dream speech). Background music can also be played before class starts and during group activities.

Audiotapes/CDs

RADIOCHARACTERISTICS OF AUDIO EXPERIENCEImmediacy : can describe the events as they happenEmotional impact :through the combined effect of music , voice , and environmental sound students interest can capturedOne way communication :no possibility of students feed back

Advantages of RECORDINGRecording can be stopped at willRecording can play when we requiredIt can be used for introducing as well as summarizing the topicTo evaluate the speech defect in ones own speechTo teach good pronunciation in foreign language