Instructional Design in the 1960’s and 1970’s Carol Cheng Belen Garcia Constance Harris.

Instructional Design in the 1960’s and 1970’sCarol ChengBelen Garcia

Constance Harris

DiscussionMediaKey People and TheoriesQuestions

1960’s and 1970’s

Educational broadcasting (1960s)Closed-circuit television system used in:Washington county MarylandJunior college in ChicagoAirborne Instruction Midwest Program

170 million spent until the 60s (Gordon, 1970) Ford Foundation started supporting PBT in 1963 (Blakely,

1979) School districts discontinued use due to lack of funding (Tyler,

1975) Instructional television shifted to cultural programming

(Hezel, 1980)

Audiovisual movement (AV):“branch of educational theory and practice

concerned primarily during the design and use of messages that control the learning process”Educational technology as media to provide the

students with information.Developers had little interest in the

communication process model during the 60s (Shannon & Weaver, 1949)

Evolution of ComputersMainframe systems for programming/shared

utilities (1960s)Mainframe minicomputers systems for

schools used in large scale(1970s)Desktop computers (1970s)Xerox – Mouse (1973) IBM discontinued IBM 1500 (1975) - CAI)Laser Printer Developed

Changing Field Definitions (1960’s – 1970’s)James Finn (1963) -Instructional technologyArthur Luehrman (1970s)- Computer literacy Association for Educational Communications

and Technology (AECT)(Dept of Audiovisual instruction): placed

emphasis on online and computer systems as “media”

Commission on Instructional Technology (Saettler, 1970): “the media born of the communication revolution which can be used for instructional purposes…” and “systematic way of designing, carrying out, and evaluating the total process of learning and teaching…”

Computers and Instruction:Educational computing (instructional/admin

support)Computers used in the classrooms (1960s)Programmers created applications (1960s)Educators started researching/developing

computer applications (1970s)Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI)Software publishing movement

Companies that Started:During the 1960s Electronic Data Systems (EDS) California Analysis Center, Inc. (CACI)Management Science America (MSA) During the 1970s MicrosoftSoftware Arts

Estimated 45 major software companies by 1965Programming languages used: COBOL and FORTRAN

CAI systems (1960s) :Applications in public schools and universities PLATO (Control Data Corporation)Tutor CAI authoring languageTICCIT (Brigham Young University)Interest in CAI vanished by end of the 70s (Atkinson &

Suppes)

1960’s and 1970’s

HighlightsThe Programmed Instruction Movement

B. F. Skinner

Behavioral Objectives Robert Mager

Criterion-Referenced Test Robert Glaser

The Systems Approach Robert M. Gagne (Hierarchy) Michael Scriven (Evaluation)

The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching

Picture Credit: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/bhskin.html

Learner Focus

“Start Small”Content is arranged in “Frames”

Goal: Shape Complex Academic Skills

Individualized Approaches To InstructionKeller Plan (1963)Individually Prescribed Instruction (1964)Program for Learning in Accordance with

Needs (PLAN) (1967)

Individual FocusMastery of LearningPlanned Instructional

Sequences Lectures/Demos Demonstrations

Preparing Objectives for Programmed BehaviorDr. Robert F. Mager - (1962)

Criterion Based Instruction

Objectives Encompass: Learner Behavior

Focus Initiative Competencies

ConditionsEvaluation

Picture Credit:http://www.cepworldwide.com/Bios/mager.htm

If you're not sure where you are going, you're liable to end up

someplace else. Credit: http://quote.robertgenn.com/auth_search.php?

authid=3425

Robert Glaser (1963)Criterion – Reference vs. Norm Reference Testing

Does Everyone Test the Same?Assess individual abilities

The Conditions of Learning1965

Hierarchy of Learning (Instructional Task Analysis) 1. Identify and

Master Subordinate Skills2. Master More

Complex SkillsPicture Credit: http://www.ibstpi.org/Products/Legacy-Gagne.htm

Gagne Five Learning Outcomes(Students)

Verbal InformationIntellectual SkillsPsychomotor SkillsAttitudesCognitive Strategies

Gagne Nine Events of Instruction 1. Gaining Attention2. Informing Learners of

Objective3. Stimulating Recall of

Prior Learning4. Presenting the

Stimulus5. Providing learning

guidance6. Eliciting Performance7. Providing Feedback8. Assessing Performance9. Enhancing Retention

and TransferSource: Driscoll, M. P. (2005). Psychology of learning for instruction. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

Formative EvaluationMichael Scriven (1967)

Sputnik (1957)$$$ Spent on

Educational Materials

Formative EvaluationPilot Before

Summative EvaluationExamine After

Picture Credit:http://evaluation.wmich.edu/phd/

Involve the learners in the learning process

The Systems Approach

Systems Approach1970’s•Improve Performance

•Military•Academia•Industry

What's In A Name?• Instructional Design• System Development• Systematic Instruction• Instructional Systems

Task Analysis Objective

Specification Criterion

ReferencedTesting

Stages In A Project SDLC Instructional Design Project planning, feasibility

study Systems analysis,

requirements definition Systems design

Implementation Integration and testing Acceptance, installation,

deployment Maintenance

Analysis Define the Problem

Design Analyze Instructional Solutions

Development Generate Materials

Implementation Delivery of Instruction Formative Evaluation Summative Evaluation

Evaluation Evaluate Effectiveness and

Efficiencyhttp://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=71151 http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/s/j/sjm256/portfolio/kbase/IDD/

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