Instruction Set Architecture simplified DLX – A RISC architecture with only two instruction formats. 32 general purpose registers, each 32 bits wide: R0-R31.

Instruction Set Architecture

• simplified DLX – A RISC architecture with only two instruction formats.

• 32 general purpose registers, each 32 bits wide: R0-R31.

• Register R0 always stores the value of 0.

• Load and Store operations move data between the general purpose registers and

the main memory.

• All instructions are represented by a word = 4 bytes = 32 bits.

• The DLX architecture also has a few special purpose registers mainly used for

handling interrupts. Special move instructions transfer data between general and

special purpose registers.

The Simplified DLX

An overview of the execution cycle

©Dr. Guy Even

Tel Aviv Univ.

The RegistersRegisters are clock-enabled flip-flops. Their goal is to store binary data. The registers are divided into two major groups:

General PurposeRegisters

Special Registers

In the SpecialRegisters

environment

In other environments

In the General Purpose

Registers (GPR)environment

The General Purpose RegistersThe General Purpose Registers R0-R31:

•The GPR environment contains 32 registers; each 32 bits long.

• Store data (arguments and results of instructions).

• GPR environment functionality: in every clock cycle:

• may read the values of 2 registers (values appear in A & B).

• may write the value of 1 register (value given via C).

• implemented via a dual-port RAM.

• registers A,B,C are not part of ISA (they are part of datapath).

GPR Env.

A B

C

Responsible for storing information that is essential for running DLX programs.

List of special registers:

1. Program Counter (PC) - stores the address of the current instruction.

2. Instruction Register (IR) - stores the current instruction.

3. More Special Purpose Registers – needed to support interrupt handling.

Datapath registers (not part of ISA):

1. Memory Data Register (MDR) - stores data that is written to the memory or read from the memory. The MDR holds data for store/load instructions.

2. Memory Address Register (MAR) -stores the memory address that is accessed in load/store instructions.

Special Registers

The Instruction Formats

Two formats of instructions

I-Type)Immediate(

R-Type)Register(

Opcode, two registers & a 16-bit

constant

Opcode, three registers & an additional 6-bit

opcode (function)

Opcode RS1 RD Immediate

6 5 5 16

Opcode RS1 RS2 RD Function

6 5 5 5 5 6

The Instruction Formats (Cont.)Let’s see some examples :

1 (001011 00110 01001 0000000000111111

This is an I-type instruction because IR[31:26] is not 000000.

001011 is the opcode of the addi instruction.

00110 is the binary representation of 6.


0000000000111111 – 2’s complement representation of 63.

The instruction is:addi R6 R9 63

and in other words:[ R9 ] [R6] + 63

representation: 2’s complement representation is used for the immediate field and for the general purpose registers.


Assembly

Semantics

The Instruction Formats (Cont.)

2 (011010 00011 11001 0000000000000011

Again, This is an I-type instruction because IR[31:26] is not 000000.

011010 is the opcode of the seqi instruction.



0000000000000011 – 2’s complement representation of 3.

The instruction is:seqi R3 R25 3

and in other words:


Assembly

Semantics [R25] ([R3] = 3) ? 1 : 0

The Instruction Formats (Cont.)

3 (000000 00101 00111 01101 100011

This is a R-type instruction because IR[31:26] is 000000.

000000 is the opcode of the R-Type instructions.


100011 is the representation of the add instruction.

The instruction is:add R5 R7 R13

and in other words: [R13] [R5] + [R7]

Assembly

Semantics


The Instructions’ Types

Several Types of instructions

Load/Store Immediate Shift/Compute Test Jump

Simplified DLX instruction set

From the programmer’s point of view (ISA):

DLX is a universal machine that executes programs stored in the main memory written in the DLX instructions set.

What is the DLX?

The DLX Implementation

The general idea:

Fetch

Decode

Execute

Memory Access

Write-Back

IR M[PC]

decode the instruction stored in the IR.prepare the operands from the GPR (if necessary)

A calculation (e.g. add, compare)

Memory access in load/store instructions

Store the result of the operation in thedestination register in the GPR Env.

Incr

emen

t P

C

The Datapath & the Control

Datapath - A collection of functional units, registers and multiplexers connected by buses .

Control – A state machine that manages: operation of functional units, drivers that write to buses, clock-enable signals.

The Control produces signals whose name is: “Control Signals.”

DatapathControl

The Datapath & the Control SignalsAn example of data-flow: C op(A,B)

- control is in state ALU

- ALU inputs are fed from registers A & B. (corresponding drivers are enabled)

- write result in register C. (driver of ALU output is enabled)

- timing : within one clock cycle.

A B

ALU Env.

CCCE Sampling C

CLK

stableX,Y-ALU’s inputs

not stable stableALU’s output

stableCCE

The DLX Commands ImplementationGeneral Remarks:1) Execution of an instruction requires more than one clock cycle.2) Instructions do not have equal running time.

The DLX

The Datapath

• General Purpose Registers • Functional Units (ALU)• Main Memory (interface)• buses

Notes:• Very few Control states.• Even in modern processors: #states < 200.

The Control

Controls the data flow in the datapath.

A reminder: What is the RAM?

RAM = Random Access Memory

The term “Random” means that one may access any word (as oppose to tape in which only next / previous word may be accessed).

The memory is modeled as an array of words. The index of each word

is called the address of the word. M[i] is the word stored in the address of i.

RAM

Write

Adr.

Data in Data out

Input / Output ports:

1A bit indicating if reading or

writing

The functionality is:

Write = 0 (Reading operation): Data out M[<Adr.>]

Write = 1 (Writing operation): M[<Adr.>] Data in

Data out Logical

A reminder: What is the RAM (Cont.)?

In the following slides we will zoom into each of the five types of Control states, describing what happens in each type.

Let’s get deeper

What happens during Fetch state?

DinAdr

Dout

W

Busy

MemoryEnv.

Control

IR Env.

IR

PC

MR Was the mission

completed?

Sample!1) The PC register contains the address.

2) The desired functionality: IR M[PC]

FetchThe Control usually stays in fetch state

for more than one clock cycle

3) The memory is very slow. It announces: “I’m busy” after getting a read / write request. When busy, no new requests are allowed. As Dout stablizes, the memory announces: “I’m done”. Only then the control asks the IR Env. to sample Dout’s value and update the IR register.

The string dealt with is the one located in the IR register and may be of two types:

1) I-Type: Opcode RS1 RD Immediate

6 5 5 16

Determine:• I-Type?• Next state.

General PurposeRegisters (GPR)

Env.A B

A operand)Copy of RS1(

Adr. 1

Read!

Sign-Extension

The constant )sign-extended(

What happens during Decode state?

2) R-Type: Opcode RS1 RS2 RD Function

6 5 5 5 5 6

Not used

Determine:1) R-Type?2) Next state.

General PurposeRegisters (GPR)

Env.A B

A operand)Copy of RS1(

Adr. 1

Adr. 2

B operand)Copy of RS2(

Read!

What happens during Decode state (Cont.)?

A continuation

of the Opcode field.

Notes:

1) IR[25:21] represent RS1.

IR[20:16] represent RS2.

2) The GPR Env. Is able to perform two read operations at the same clock period (Dual Port RAM).

3) The PC register is advanced in the decode stage: PC PC+1. This is done in order to avoid the use of another Control state and because this increment can be done in the decode stage (buses and ALU are free).

What happens during Decode state (Cont.)?


Some kinds of instructions:

1) Instructions which use the ALU (Arithmetic instructions, Logic instructions and Test&Set instructions):

A reminder:

RD RS1 + Sext(Imm) RD RS1 + RS2

RD (RS1 > Sext(Imm) ? 1 : 0) RD (RS1 > RS2 ? 1 : 0)

R-TypeI-Type

2 operands: The first is always RS1 and the second is either RS2 or Sext(Imm).

What happens during Execute state?

GPR Env.

A B

C

Cce IR Env.

0 1 ITYPE

ALU Env. ALU Control signals

Result

A. Arithmetic/Logic instructions:

What happens during Execute state (Cont.)?

Sext (Imm.)

B. Test&Set instructions:

Sgri: RD (RS1 > Sext(Imm) ? 1 : 0)

GPR Env.

A B

C

Cce IR Env.

0 1 ITYPE

ALU Env. TEST

Result

Sext (Imm.)

Two stages:1) executeC (RS1 > RS2 ? 1:0)

2 (writebackRD CIn this way the period

time is shorter .


Always 0 / 1

2) Shift instructions:

These instructions are always in R-Type structure.

Slli: RD RS1 << 1

Srli: RD RS1 >> 1

The word to be shifted is

stored in RS1

The shift amount is

1

GPR Env.

A B

C

Cce

Shifter RIGHT

Result

1From The PC Env.

IR Env.

Accordingto F

unc.


Generally, the “1” constant may be any

other constant and the shift may be of more

than one place

3) Jump instructions:

A. Unconditional jump: Jump Reg (jr): PC A


No direct path from A to PC. Instead:

GPR Env.

AIR Env.

0

ALU Env. ADD

PC Env.

PC Cce

B. Branch: “Jump only if a condition is satisfied”

beqz: PC PC+1+(RS1=0 ? Sext (Imm.) : 0)

bnez: PC PC+1+(RS1=0 ? 0 : Sext (Imm.))

We’ll demonstrate the beqz instruction. Two states are needed:

State I - Branch: Check the condition – RS1=0 ? Sext (Imm.) : 0

GPR Env.

AIR Env.

0

ALU Env. TEST

Comparison result

To the Control


The next state

BTakenFetch

State II - BTaken: Calculating the jump – PC PC+1+Sext(Imm)

IR Env.

ALU Env.

PC Env.

PC PCce

PCSext (Imm.)

ADD


JumpNo

Jum

p

C. Calling a routine: ”Jump, remember your address so it will be possible to get back to this address”

jalr: R31 PC+1

PC RS1

We use two Control states in order to execute this instruction because we want to avoid a collision in the buses (to be elaborated).


State I: Copying the PC (2 clock cycles)

GPR Env.

C

PC Env.

PC Cce

Clock cycle 1:

GPR Env.

C

R31

Clock cycle 2 (like in the Write-Back state):

Write!

The address=31


State II: Calculating the jump address

PC Env.

PC

ALU Env.

IR Env.0

GPR Env.

A

ADD

Cce


Reading From Memory - Load

Load Word (lw): RD M(Sext(imm.) + RS1)

Four states are needed for finishing the load instruction:

State I: Effective Address Computation – MAR A+C0

GPR Env.

A

IR Env.

ALU Env.

MAR

C0

ADD

Sext(imm) + RS1

Sext(imm)

State II: Memory Access (Load). This state lasts till the value is returned – MDR M(MAR)

Reading From Memory – Load (Cont.)

Adr

Dout W

MemoryEnv.

MAR

Read!

MDR

Notes:

1) Busy signal informs the Control when the operation is over (Dout is stable).

2) MDR samples Dout every clock cycle, no need to compute CE (Simplifies Control).

3) Dout must be logical even if its value is incorrect!

Busy

Tells the Control when readung is over

State III: Writing MDR’s value to C in the GPR – C MDR

Reading From Memory – Load (Cont.)

MDR

GPR Env.

C

Cce

State IV: Write-Back: RD C

Writing To Memory - Store

Store Word (sw): M(Sext(imm.) + RS1) RD

Three states are needed for finishing the store instruction:

State I: Effective Address Computation – MAR A+C0

GPR Env.

A

IR Env.

ALU Env.

MAR

C0

ADD

Sext(imm.) + RS1

Sext(imm.)

GPR Env.

B

Writing To Memory – Store (Cont.)

MDR

State II: Copying the B register’s (this is RD) value to the MDR – MDR B

State III: Memory Access (Store) – M(MAR) MDR

Adr

W

MemoryEnv. MAR

Write!

MDRDin

Busy

Tells the Control when writing is over

Write-BackThe Write-Back stage occur in the following instruction types:

Arithmetic Logic Shift

Test & Set Load

In this stage, the following happens: RD C

GPR Env.

C

R0-31

Write!

RD

RD’s value is determined according to a I-Type/R-Type structure. This is the reason for

having two different Write-Back states (WBI & WBR).

5 5

1 0

RD

ITYPE

IR

The RD field possibilities

Write-Back (Cont.)

The RD’s field may be either one of two candidates, according to the instruction’s type (I-Type/R-Type). The decision is based on the string located in the IR register:

Instruction Set Architecture simplified DLX – A RISC architecture with only two instruction formats. 32 general purpose registers, each 32 bits wide: R0-R31.

Documents

registers registers

special purpose registers

registers values

datapath registers

special registers environment

list of special registers

instruction formats

seqi instruction