Radio Network Planning Department, Huawei Technologies Co.,
Ltd.Document NumberDocument VersionConfidential grade
Product Name:41 pages in all
Instructions for Selecting GSM Base Station Antenna Models
(For internal use only)
Drafted by:Special Researching GroupDate: 2002-01-04
Examined and verified by:Network Rule Specialist
GroupDate:2002/02/07
Examined and verified by:Date:yyyy/mm/dd
Approved by:Date:yyyy/mm/dd
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.
All Copyrights Reserved
Table of Contents4Instructions for Selecting GSM Base Station
Antenna Models
1. Antenna Concept51.1 Antenna Gain51.2Antenna Pattern61.3
Polarization Mode81.4 Downtilt91.5 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
(VSWR)91.6 Port Separation91.7 Power Capacity101.8Antenna Input
Interface101.9Passive Intermodulation (PIM)101.10 Antenna
Dimensions and Weights101.11Wind Load111.12 Operating Temperature
and Humidity111.13 Lightning Protection111.14 Three-proofings
Capabilities112. Property Considerations in the Selection of
Antenna122.1 Relations between Antenna Beam Width and Gain122.2
Contrast of Polarization Modes132.3 Selection of Antenna Gains142.4
Contrast of Mechanical Adjusting Downtilt and Electronic Adjusting
Downtilt152.5Function Contrast of Preset Downtilt and Zero Point
Stuffing172.6 Tilt Angle Adjustment172.7Beam Width Selection182.8
Landform Matching Beam Selection192.9Forward to Back Ratio
Selection192.10Antenna Dimension Selection202.11Antenna
Impedance20.3Antenna Model Selection for Different Application
Environments203.1the Urban areaUrban area Base Station Antenna
Selection213.2Rural Base Station Antenna Selection223.3Suburb Base
Station Antenna Selection233.4 Highway Covering Base Station
Antenna Selection233.5 Mountain Area Covering Base Station Antenna
Selection253.6 Offing Covering Base Station Antenna Selection263.7
Tunnel Covering Base Station Antenna Selection273.8 Indoor Covering
Base Station Antenna Selection284. Technical Indicators of Antennas
already Authenticated by Our Company295. Other Major Antennas
Unauthenticated295.1 Electronic Adjusting Antenna295.2Intelligence
Antenna30Appendix 1: The Major Optional Antenna Models for Urban
area Application Environment32Appendix 2: The Major Optional
Antenna Models for Rural Application Environment33Appendix 3: The
Major Optional Antenna Models for Highway Application
Environment34Appendix 4: The Major Optional Antenna Models for
Mountain Area Application Environment36Appendix 5: The Major
Optional Antenna Models for Offing Application
Environment38Appendix 6: The Major Optional Antenna Models for
Tunnel Application Environment40Appendix 7: The Major Optional
Antenna Models for Indoor Application Environment41Appendix 8:
Website Names of Authenticated Antenna Suppliers42
Amendment NotesDate Revised VersionDescriptions Authors
2002/01/041.00First draft accomplishedTao Maodi, He Qun
Instructions for Selecting GSM Base Station Antenna Models
Key Words: base station antenna, model selection, directivity
patternSummary: This document introduce, firstly, some major
characteristics of the antennas in the view of network planning and
considerations in model selection, and then introduced the
principles and suggestions of antenna model selecting for various
application environments. Finally, list all the major
characteristics of antennas authenticated by Huawei.
Abbreviation List:
Reference data list:Reference data list
Names Authors Codes
Release dateConsulting places or channels
Publishers
1. Antenna ConceptIn the radio communication system, antenna is
an interface between transceiver and outside transmission medium.
For an antenna, it can be used to transmit and receive radio waves:
when eradiating, it transforms high frequency current into
electromagnetic wave; and when receiving, it transforms
electromagnetic wave into high frequency current.
When selecting GSM base station antennas, it is necessary to
consider their electric and mechanical characteristics. The
electric characteristics mainly include working frequency, gain,
polarization mode, lobe width, preset slope angle, downtilt mode,
the adjusting range of downtilt, F/B (forward to back ratios),
secondary lobe suppression ratios, zero stuffing, return loss,
power capacity, impedance and third order intermodulation, etc. The
mechanical characteristics mainly include dimensions, weight, input
connector type and wind load, etc.
The GSM antenna is divided into omnidirectional antenna and
directional antenna by directivity.
If distinguished by polarization mode, there are mainly vertical
polarized antenna (single polarized antenna),and cross polarized
antenna (dual polarized antenna). The two polarization modes
mentioned belong to linear polarization modes. Circular polarized
and elliptical polarization antennas are usually not used in
GSM.
When distinguished by the appearances, there are collapsible
whip antenna, tabulate antenna and cap-shaped antennas, etc.
Before discussing the antenna theory, it is necessary to
introduce firstly the Isotropic antenna. Isotropic antenna is a
kind of theoretical model, not existing in reality, which presumed
the antenna to be a radiating point source, energy radiating around
evenly from the center of this point in the form of electromagnetic
field, to form a spherical wave.
By the way, the omnidirectional antenna does not mean that it
has no directivity, it is omnidirectional in horizontal, but it is
directional in vertical direction. It is quite different from
isotropic antenna in concept.
Half wave dipole is a basic element of GSM antenna, the
strongpoint is high energy transformation efficiency.1.1 Antenna
Gain
As a passive device, antenna gain concept is different from that
of power amplifiers. A power amplifier works to amplify power, but
antenna itself does not increase the signal energy, but only to
concentrate the energy to one direction through the combination of
antenna dipoles and by way of changing its current feeding system.
Gain is one of important index of antenna, which shows the capacity
of an antenna to concentrate energy in a certain direction. There
are two units usually used to denote antenna gain: dBi and dBd. The
relation between them is expressed by: dBi = dBd +2.15dBi is
defined to be the relative capacity of an actual directional
antenna (including omnidirectional antenna) to concentrate energy
in relation to isotropic antenna, "i" means Isotropic.
dBd is defined to be the relative capacity of an actual
directional antenna (including omnidirectional antenna) to
concentrate energy in relation to dipole, "d" means Dipole.
See the following illustration for the relation between these
two gain units:
Fig. 1 relation between dBi and dBd
Antenna gain is not only connected with the unit number, but
also connected with the horizontal half power angle and vertical
half power angle.
1.2Antenna Pattern
The pattern of electromagnet field eradiated by antenna
distributed with angular coordinate within a fixed distance is
called antenna pattern. The one represented by field strength is
called field strength pattern, the one represented by power density
is called power density pattern, and the one represented by phase
is called phase pattern.
Antenna pattern is a spatial solid figure, but it usually
expressed by the graphic within two main planes perpendicular to
each other, called plane pattern. In most cases, it is called
vertical pattern and horizontal pattern. So far as the horizontal
pattern concerned, it is divided into omnidirectional antenna and
directional antenna. But there are many shapes of horizontal
pattern for directional antenna, for example, heart-shaped and
8-shaped, etc.
The antenna directivity is essentially obtained through
collocating dipoles and changing the feeding phase of each dipole,
in theory, quite similar with the optical interference effect.
Therefore, energy may be increased in certain directions and
decreased in the other directions, to form a lot of lobes (or wave
beams) and zero points. The lobe with the strongest power is called
main lobe, the secondary strong lobes at upper and lower sides are
called first side lobe and so on. And in directional antenna, there
are still back lobes. The follows are horizontal and vertical
patterns of a directional antenna.
Fig.2 horizontal and vertical patterns of directional
antenna
Beam width is another important indicator of antenna, which
includes horizontal half power angle and vertical half power angle.
They are defined respectively to be the beam width between two
points with power lowered by a half (3dB) in relation to the most
radiant direction in horizontal or vertical directions. Horizontal
half power angle of antenna usually used in GSM BTS include 360,
210, 120, 90, 65, 60, 45 and 33, etc., and the vertical half power
angles include 6.5, 13, 25 and 78etc.
Forward to back ratio mean the ratio of signal radiant intensity
in the main lobe and back lobe directions, the difference between
the maximum wave packet level and the minor lobe level within 18030
in the backward of antenna, it is represented with a positive
value. The forward to back ratio of ordinary antennas are located
between 18~45dB. For the densely urban areas, it should be active
to use antennas with big forward to back ratio.
Zero stuffing: For a more uniform radiant level in the service
area, shaped-beam design is adopted in the vertical plane of base
station antennas. The first zero point of the lower secondary lobe
need to be stuffed, without any obvious zero depth. For the high
gain antennas, it is especially necessary to adopt zero point
stuffing technology to effectively improve nearby coverage, because
the vertical half power angle of these antennas is narrower. In
usual cases, if zero depth more than -26dB in relation to main
beam, this means the antenna has zero stuffing; some suppliers use
percentage to represent it, for example, the antenna zero stuffing
is 10%, the relation between these two expression methods are:
Y dB20log(X%/100%)
e.g.: zero stuffing 10%, that is, X=10;
Represented by dB: Y=20log(10%/100%)=-20dB
Upper secondary lobe suppression ratio: In order to improve
frequency reuse efficiency in cellular system and reduce co-channel
interference to the neighbor cells, it should try best to diminish
the level of secondary lobe point to interference area, while
increase D/U value, with the upper secondary lobe level less than
-18dB, but this requirement is not required by parentzone
system.
1.3 Polarization ModePolarization is a radiation characteristic,
used to describe the spatial direction of electromagnetic wave
field intensity vector. If not specially pointing out, the spatial
direction of electric field is usually used as polarization
direction of electromagnetic wave, in relation to the electric
field vector in the maximum radiant direction of antenna.
The electromagnetic wave whose spatial direction of electric
field vector will remain unchanged all the time is called linear
polarization wave, and the wave whose electric field vector
direction parallels ground is called horizontal polarization wave,
accordingly the electromagnetic wave perpendicularity with ground
is called vertical polarization wave. The spatial direction of
electric field vector is not fixed sometimes, the locus traced by
the endpoint of electric field vector is a circle, called circular
polarization wave. If the locus is an ellipse, it is called
elliptical polarization wave, and both circular polarized wave and
elliptical polarized wave possess handedness.
The electromagnetic waves of different frequency bands are
proper to spread in different polarization modes, mobile
communication system often adopts vertical polarization mode, while
broadcast system adopts horizontal polarization mode, and
elliptical polarization is usually used for satellite
communications.
The polarization modes of GSM antenna include single
polarization antenna and dual polarization antenna, essentially
they are all in linear polarization mode. The dual polarization
antenna utilizes polarization diversity to reduce the influence of
multipath fading to improve the signal quality received by base
station in the mobile communication system. Usually, 0/90 and
45/-45are used For GSM frequency band, the propagation effect of
horizontal polarization wave is not as good as vertical
polarization, so 0/90cross polarization antennas are rarely used at
present.
1.4 Downtilt
Antenna downtilt is an important means usually improve the
signal level in mainly service cell and reduce the interference to
other cells. Antenna downtilt modes include mechanical adjusting
downtilt and electronic downtilt. In mechanical mode, downtilt is
set through adjusting antenna bracket to change antenna downtilt;
but in electronic mode, downtilt is controlled through changing the
phase of antenna dipole elements. Of course, the electronic and
mechanical adjusting downtilt could be used in a combined
manner.
Electronic downtilt antenna usually has a fixed tilt angle,
namely, so called preset downtilt. The latest technology is tilt
angle-adjustable electronic downtilt antenna, in order to
distinguish from the downtilt antenna mentioned above, we usually
call this kind of antenna electronic adjustating antenna.
1.5 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)
For GSM antenna, the maximum value of VSWR should be less or
equal to 1.5:1. If represents antenna-input impedance, and
represents antenna characteristic impedance, then the reflection
coefficient should be.
, thereinto, is 50 ohm. It is also possible to use Return Loss
to represent port impedance match characteristic, when ,VSWR=1.5:1,
R.L.= 13.98dB.
When antenna input impedance and characteristic impedance are
not match, backward wave and incident wave will be overlapped on
the feeder cable to form standing wave, and the ratio between
maximum value and minimum adjacent voltage value is the voltage
standing wave ratio. If the voltage standing wave ration is too
large, it would reduce communication distance, and reflected power
would return to power amplifier of transmitter, which even burn
power amplifier triode.
1.6 Port Separation
For the multiport antennas, such as dual polarization antenna
and dual- band dual polarization antenna, if an antenna shared by
transmitter and receiver in same time, the separation between input
and output port should be more than 30dB.
1.7 Power CapacityIt is mean effective power capacity. The power
could be borne is limited by Antenna including coupling devices for
matching, balancing, phase shifting and others. In consideration of
the actual maximum input power of the base station (single carrier
power is 20W). if an antenna port is able to input six carrier
waves most, the antenna input power is 120W, so a single antenna
port power capacity would be more than 200W (when ambient
temperature is 65C).
1.8Antenna Input Interface
In order to improve passive intermodulation and reliability of
RF connection, the input connector of antenna utilize
7/16DIN-Female, before antennas are used, protection lid should be
added to connector to prevent oxide generation or impurity
entering.
1.9Passive Intermodulation (PIM)
Passive intermodulation refers the intermodulation effect caused
by such passive parts as joints, feeder cable and filters, etc.
which are operating under high-power conditions of multiple carrier
frequencies because nonlinearity existing in the components
themselves. It is usually believed that passive components are
linear, but all passive components are nonlinear to varying degrees
under the high-power condition, and this non-linearity is mainly
caused some factors as follows:different metal materials are
contacted; or contact surfaces of the same materials are not
smooth; or connector are not tightened; or there are magnetic
substances, etc.
Existence of intermodulation offspring would cause interference
to communication systems, especially when the intermodulation
offspring falling in the receiving band, which would have a strong
impact on the receive performance, so in GSM system, The
requirements are strict to intermodulating property of such passive
components as connector, feeder cable and antenna, etc.. Supplied
by manufacturers whom are authenticated by Huawei, The passive
intermodulation indices of connector may reach to -150dBc, cables
can reach to -170dBc, and antenna can reach to -150dBc.
1.10 Antenna Dimensions and WeightsIn order to facilitate
storage, transport, installation and safety of the antennas, the
antenna should be made as small and light as possible, so far as
the entire electric indices could be satisfied.
Currently, network operators are putting forward more and more
requirements on the dimensions, weights and appearance of antennas,
so the selection of antennas would not only concern technical
performance indices, but also these non-technical factors. In usual
cases, base station in urban areas should choose antennas with
lighter weights, smaller dimensions and more beautiful appearance,
but these are not necessary for antenna in suburb, villages and
towns.
1.11Wind LoadThe base station antennas are usually installed on
high buildings or towers, especially in coastland where wind speed
is high all year round. So antennas are required to operate
normally when wind speed is 36m/s, and not to be destroyed when
wind speed reaches 55m/s,
Antenna itself is capable to bear strong wind, and it is often
damaged in the areas with strong wind because of towers and mount
poles and other causes. So in these areas, the antennas with small
surface areas should be chosen.
1.12 Operating Temperature and HumidityAntennas should be able
to operate normally in the ambient temperature within the range of
-40C-+65C and relative ambient humidity within the range of
0-100%.
1.13 Lightning ProtectionAll the RF input ports of antennas are
required be directly DC grounded .
1.14 Three-proofings CapabilitiesAntenna must have
three-proofings capabilities, namely, damp proof, salt mist proof
and mould proof. For the omnidirectional antenna, it must allow
antennas to be installed in inversion so far as three-proofings
requirements could be satisfied.
2. Characters Considerations in the Selection of Antenna2.1
Relation between Antenna Beam Width and Gain
Antenna is a device for energy concentration, radiation boosting
up in certain directions means radiation fading in the other
directions. It is possible to boost up the radiant intensity in a
certain direction through reducing the horizontal lobe width to
improve the antenna gain. When antenna gain is fixed, the antenna
horizontal half power angle is inversely proportional to the
vertical half power angle, and the relation could be represented
by:
Thereinto, Ga is antenna gain, unit: dBi;
is vertical half power angle, unit: degree;
is horizontal half power angle, unit: degree;
By the above formula, If gain and horizontal half power angle of
certain antenna are known, the vertical half power angle can be
worked out.
For example: one antenna's gain is known to be 11 dBi and the
horizontal half power angle be 360, then, its vertical half power
angle shall be:
Because of the difference in design and manufacturing process,
the vertical half power angle of actual omnidirectional antenna is
often smaller than the above result. The smaller difference between
them, the better antenna design will be.
The relations between antenna gain, vertical half power angle
and horizontal half power angle could be illustrated by the
following graphic:
Fig.3 the relation between antenna gain and half power
angles
Thereat, when antenna gain become smaller, the antenna vertical
half power angle and horizontal half power angle will often become
larger; and when antenna gain become higher, the antenna vertical
half power and horizontal half power angle would often become
smaller.
In addition, the antenna gain depends on the quantity of dipole.
More dipoles there would be, higher gain would be obtained, and
larger the antenna equivalent aperture (the valid receiving area)
would be. For omnidirectional antennas, whenever gain increased by
3dB, the antenna length would be double, usually omnidirectional
antenna gain would exceed 11dBi, in this case, the antenna length
is about 3 meters.
When antenna gain is fixed, the antenna horizontal half power
angle is inversely proportional to the vertical half power
angle.
2.2 Contrast of Polarization Modes
The contrast of single polarized antenna and dual polarized
antenna: Seeing from the viewpoint of transmission, the vertical
single polarized antenna would have better coverage effect than the
other non-vertical polarized antenna. Because mobile phone is
perpendicular with ground and easier to match the vertical
polarized signals, which is more obvious especially in the open
mountain areas and plain rural. Experiments have proved that, in
the open areas or plain rural, the covering effect of this antenna
is better than dual polarized (45) antenna. But in urban areas,
buildings are standing in great numbers, the metal substances
inside and outside of the buildings is easy to make polarization
rotate, so there's no much difference in the covering power between
vertical polarized antenna and 45 dual polarized antenna.
Seeing from the viewpoint of reception, the single polarized
antennas need more installation room and more maintenance after
installation than the dual polarized antenna because single
polarized antennas need two antennas for diversity reception, but
the dual polarized antenna only need one antenna. As for space
diversity and polarized diversity gain, there is no much
difference, and the ordinary space diversity gain is about 3.5dB.
The dimensions of dual polarized antenna would not be larger than
the single polarized antenna because it is possible to ensure a
sufficient separation even the dipoles of dual polarized antenna
are overlapped.
Contrast of 45 dual polarized antenna and 0/90 dual polarized
antenna: All the antenna subsystems in 45mode may be used to
transmit signals. But 0/90 dual polarized antenna usually uses
vertical polarized dipoles to transmit signals. Experiences show
that, the signal transmitted by horizontal polarized antenna is
much weaker than that transmitted by vertical polarized antenna. In
the ideal free space (the receiving antenna of mobile phone is
assumed to be vertically polarized), covering power of vertical
polarized dipole would be about 3dB higher than that of
45transmission. In the actual application environment, the above
mentioned differences basically disappeared in the receiving points
in consideration of multipath effect, and this conclusion is also
proved to be correct by various experiences. But on open plains,
the above difference possibly still exist, but the detailed
situation need to be further proved by experiments, maybe it is
1-2dB. All in all, there's little difference between these two
polarization modes in the actual applications, and the 45quadrature
polarized antennas are popular.
2.3 Selection of Antenna Gains
The gain range of GSM onmidirectional antenna is usually
2dBi~14dBi. The specifications include 2dBi, 9dBi, 11dBi, 12dBi and
14dBi, etc.
And the gain range of directional antenna is usually 3dBi~22dBi.
The specifications include 3dBi, 8.5dBi, 10dBi, 13dBi and 15dBi,
15.5dBi, 17dBi, 18dBi, 21dBi and 22dBi,etc.
Low gain antenna: when antenna gain is low, coverage and
interference could be better controlled. It is usually used with
micro BTS and microcell mainly for indoor coverage and outdoor spot
coverage, such as places at the back of high buildings, new
residential area and new special marketing places, etc. The
dimensions of this kind of antenna are smaller and easier to
install, for example, inside the tunnel gateway, it is possible to
use Yagi antenna. By the way,This kind of antenna is cheaper.
Medium gain antenna: medium gain is suitable for use in the
urban areas because the dimensions of this antenna is proper on the
one hand; and on the other hand, the bigger vertical beam width
within shorter covering radium would make signal more even. Signal
intensity of medium gain antenna would be more reasonable in the
adjacent sector direction than the high gain antenna coverage. At
the early phase of construction, if the covering radium is larger
(for example, 1-1.5Km), it may use gain (17-18dBi) directional
antenna. In suburb, if the covering radium is 1.5-2Km, and traffic
is bigger, it should use gain (16-17dBi) directional antenna.
High gain antenna: this antenna is usually used for the purpose
of broad coverage. It is proper to cover highway, railway, tunnel
and narrow landform. The lobe width of this antenna is narrow, and
zero point is deeper, so if the antenna hanging height is higher,
it should be used zero point stuffing or preset electronic downtilt
technology to prevent the zero depth effect at the near end of
coverage. Additionally, the units number of this antenna is large,
so the dimension is usually large, should be noticed for
installability, for example, this antenna would not be suitable to
install at some tunnel gateways. In addition, wind load should be
noticed. More attentions must be paid in the windy littoral. The
costs of this antenna are relatively higher.
2.4 Contrast of Mechanical Downtilt and Electronic Downtilt
There are usually three methods for antenna beam downtilt:
mechanical downtilt, electronic downtilt (also called preset tilt
angle) and electronic adjusting antenna (also called adjustable
electronic downtilt). When the electronic adjusting antenna is
adjusting downtilt, the antenna itself does not move, it is done
through adjusting antenna element phases by electronic signal to
change the field intensity of various vector components to make
antenna radiant energy deviate from the original zero degree
direction. The antenna field intensity in each direction would be
increased or decreased simultaneously, which would ensure little
change to the antenna pattern shape after the downtilt is changed,
and the horizontal half power beam width has nothing to do with the
size of downtilt. But, When the mechanical downtilt antenna is
adjusting downtilt, the antenna itself will move, for it is
necessary to adjust the mount position at the back of antenna to
change the antenna downtilt. If the downtilt is large, the covering
distance in antenna main lobe direction would be changed obviously.
but there would be little change to the signal in the direction
perpendicular to antenna main lobe direction. So the antenna
pattern is seriously distorted, and the horizontal half power angle
is increased with the increase of the downtilt. The principle of
preset downtilt antenna is basically similar with electronic
adjusting antenna, except that its downtilt is fixed and
nonadjustable (but it would still be possible to adjust with the
mechanical method).
The strong points of electronic adjusting antenna include: the
covering distance in antenna main lobe direction would be shortened
obviously with little change to the shape of antenna pattern when
the downtilt is very large, this would reduce call loss and
interference. But the mechanical adjusting downtilt would distort
antenna pattern, with the increase of downtilt, distortion would
become more and more serious, and more difficult to control
interference. Graphics are given as below to show the changes
happened to antenna pattern under these two different adjusting
methods. This, of course, is connected with the vertical half power
angle.
Fig.4 Changes of antenna pattern in horizontal direction with
different downtilts
Additionally, the influences of electronic adjusting downtilt
and mechanical adjusting downtilt to the back lobe are also
different, the electronic adjusting downtilt would make back lobe
influence further controlled, and the mechanical adjusting downtilt
maybe enlarge back lobe influence. As illustrated in the following
graphics Fig. 5 The different influences to back lobe with
different downtilt modes
When the mechanical adjusting downtilt is large, the radiant
signal of this antenna would be transmitted into the high buildings
through back lobe in the backward direction, which would cause
unexpected interference.
Besides, when it is necessary to adjust antenna downtilt for
network optimization and maintenance, the whole system does not
need to be shut down if electronic adjusting antenna is applied. In
this way, the test equipment could monitor antenna downtilt
adjustment to ensure the downtilt to be the optimum value. The step
of electronic adjusting downtilt is 0.1 degree, but the step of
mechanical adjusting downtilt antenna is 1 degree, so the
electronic adjusting antenna would obtain better precision and
effect. After the electronic adjusting antenna is installed, it is
not necessary for the maintenance staff to climb tower to adjust
downtilt, it is possible to adjust the antenna downtilt on the
ground. It is also possible to remote monitoring and adjustment to
the BTS located on high mountains and in back countries. But when
the mechanical antenna is adjusted, must shut down the cell, can
not monitor the adjustment of the antenna downtilt; the downtilt of
mechanical antenna is a theoretical value calculated by computer
simulation analysis software, which has certain partial difference
from the actual optimum downtilt. Furthermore, the mechanical
antenna downtilt adjustment is quite troublesome, usually need
maintenance staff to climb tower at night; and in some cases, the
readjustment after installation is very difficult, such as on
mountain tops and special buildings. In addition, the third order
intermodulation index of the ordinary electronic adjusting antenna
is -150dBc, but that of mechanical antenna is -120dBc. Having a
difference of 30dBc. While the third order intermodulation index is
a very important factor to eliminate adjacent channel interference
and stray interference. Especially in the high traffic areas where
the base station distances are short and TRX are very more, in this
case, the third order intermodulation index must reach around -150
dBc, otherwise, serious interference would occur.
The disadvantage of electronic adjusting antenna is that the
price is relatively higher. In some cities where network
frequencies are deficient, advise to use electronic adjusting
antenna. The preset downtilt antenna is mature and reliable
technically, and the price is also reasonable, so suggest to select
preset downtilt antenna in priority in the places needing frequent
adjustment and strict coverage control. But preset downtilt antenna
must be selected with suitable downtilt according the need of
coverage.
2.5Function Contrast of Preset Downtilt and Zero Point
Stuffing
Both preset downtilt and zero point stuffing could be used to
solve the problem of "blind area beneath tower" caused by antenna
zero point. but there is some difference between them. Adoption of
preset downtilt would reduce the coverage of main lobe, but in case
of large downtilt, it is able to enlarge the antenna adjustable
downtilt range. As a shaping technology, zero point stuffing is
capable to obtain a better pattern, in this case, the upper
secondary lobe has been suppressed, so this antenna would not
produce influence to the other aspects, of course, it would not
enlarge the antenna adjustable downtilt range. An antenna may
possess these two properties simultaneously or only one of them or
none of them. This should be decided according to the concrete
coverage required in the model selection of planning period.
In many occasions, the antennas are not very high (not exceed 50
meters), so the antenna zero depth effect is not that obvious
without preset dwontilt angle and zero point stuffing technologies.
Therefore, these two technologies are mostly utilized in broad
coverage, in this case, coverage increase is more important than
downtilt adjusting range, so suggest to utilize zero point stuffing
antenna. But in urban areas where larger downtilt adjusting range
is needed and the antenna zero depth effect is not obvious, it
would be better to select the preset downtilt antenna.
2.6 Tilt Angle Adjustment Omnidirectional antenna, could not
adjust downtilt, but can use preset tilt angle antenna.
As for directional antenna, the requirement of downtilt
adjusting range is different. downtilt adjusting range would be
larger in urban areas with a strict coverage control, usually in 0
-18, also could have a certain preset electronic adjusting
downtilt, such as 3. In some mechanical adjusting antennas, the
maximum antenna downtilt could only be 12, this is adverse to
interference control, especially in the occasions of dense
reuse.
In the places where interference problem is not a major conflict
and very small adjusting range is required, such as for broad
coverage, sometimes it does not need to consider downtilt at
all.
The maximum gain of the high gain shaping omnidirectional
antenna selected by Huawei is 12dBi, and zero point stuffing level
of this kind antenna is 25% (that is, the depth of first zero point
is -12dB) with 3 degree preset electrical dwontilt. This kind of
antenna is ideal to be used for mountain and hill coverage, which
would effectively solve the problem of "blind area beneath tower"
phenomena caused by excessive antenna height. The shaping antenna
could only stuff the first zero point below antenna, so if antenna
is too high, zero stuffing technology is no use. So R (radial
distance between buildings covered and the antenna) and H (antenna
height), should satisfy the following relation:
H16301296*262*116KATHREIN
7,217.03651513X0-1570>17>201320*256*50XU-900-65-15i-7-DALLGON
730,3686515.513V0-1600251294*258*103870~960MHz-7/16 DIN Female-
directional-65-15.5dBi-500W- no mount adjustmentKATHREIN
7,217.046515.513X0-1500>17>201320*256*50XU-900-65-15.5i-0-DALLGON
739,6226515.515X0-1600301296*262*116806~960MHz-7/16 DIN
Female-dual polarized-directional-65-15.5dBi-600W-no mount
adjustmentKATHREIN
739,6236516.59.5X0-1500>15301936*262*116KATHREIN
7,255.0465179X0-1500>17>201940*256*50XU-900-65-17i-0-DALLGON
739,63465179.5X0-1560>18>301396*262*116KATHREIN
CTSD09-06516-0D65186.6X0-1500>332452*291*90Antenna
900MHz-7/16 DIN Female-65-16dBd-500W-dual polarizedANDREW
739,62465187X 0-16after
concatenation00>302580*262*116806~960MHz-7/16 DIN Female-dual
polarized-directional-65-18dBi-600W-no mount adjustmentKATHREIN
739,63665187X0-16after
concatenation60>18>302580*262*116KATHREIN
7,218.0565186.5X0-1500>17>202580*256*50XU-900-65-18i-0-DALLGON
1800MPCS-06512-0D6514.1420.5V0-150030740*160*55antenna-1800MHz-7/16
DIN Female- directional-65-11.4dBd-250WANDREW
7,289.026514.518X0-1500>14>19596*166*55XM-1800-65-14.5i-0-DALLGON
PCS-06513-0D6515.212.7V0-150033antenna-1800MHz-7/16 DIN
Female-directional-63-13.2dBd-250WANDREW
PCSD18-06513-0D6515.410.9X0-150028antenna-1800MHz-7/16 DIN
Female-dual polarized-directional-65-13.4dBd-300WANDREW
UMWD-06515-0DM6517X001473*168*84ANDREW
739,49465186.5X0-1500>301302*155*491710~1880MHz-7/16 DIN
Female-dual polarized-directional-65-18dBi-200W-no
mountKATHREIN
741,79465186.7X0-1520>14>301302*155*69KATHREIN
PCSD18-06516-0D65186.88X0-150025.5antenna-1800MHz-7/16 DIN
Female-dual polarized-directional-65-16dBd-300WANDREW
739,49665187X0-15625>14>301302*155*49KATHREIN
7,247.036518.56X0-1520>19>191556*160*55XM-1800-65-18.5i-2-DALLGON
Dual band741,320900:65 1800:60900:15 1800:16.5900:14
1800:8XX0-1600>301296*262*116KATHREIN
741,326900:65 1800:60900:15 1800:17900:14
1800:8XX0-1600>301296*262*116KATHREIN
Appendix 2: The Major Optional Antenna Models for Rural
Application Environment
Freq. bandAntenna ModelHorizontal half power angle Gain
(dBi)Vertical half power angle Pola. modeMechanical downtilt
(degree)Electronic downtilt degreeZero point stuff. Upper lobe
suppression
dBF/B dB L*W*D(MM)Descriptions Suppliers
CTS09-09014-0D168.3V0-1500242390*267*127Antenna-900MHz-7/16 DIN
Female-directional-90-14dBd-500WANDREW
7,283.029016V0-1520ALLGON
CTS09-09015-0D90175.8V0-1500243020*267*127antenna-900MHz-7/16
DIN Female-directional-90-15dBd-500WANDREW
CTS09-12013-0D120158.8V0-1500192390*267*127antenna-900MHz-7/16
DIN Female-directional-120-13dBd-500WANDREW
HTD0921013210136.5V003267*270*70Xi'an Haitian
TQJ-900M3609V002200(L)Sanshui Shenglu
4168.11.33.0360116.5V003000*$78O-900-360-11i-0-DALLGON
736,347360117V003033*51870~960MHz-7/16 DIN
Female-omnidirectional-11dBi-500W-self mountKATHREIN
738,192360117V003237*51KATHREIN
4168.11.33.03360116.5V303033*51O-900-360-11i-3-DALLGON
HTQ-09-11(5)3601113V503400*$50Xi'an Haitian
HTQ-09-11(3)3601113V303400*$50Xi'an Haitian
HTQ-09-113601113V003400*$50Xi'an Haitian
M1800738,187360117V001568*51KATHREIN
Appendix 3: The Major Optional Antenna Models for Highway
Application Environment
Freq. bandAntenna ModelHorizontal half power angle Gain
(dBi)Vertical half power angle Pola. modeMechanical downtilt
(degree)Electronic downtilt degreeZero point stuff. Upper lobe
suppression
dBF/B dB L*W*D(MM)Descriptions Suppliers
900M7,255.0465179X0-1500>17>201940*256*50XU-900-65-17i-0-DALLGON
739,62465187X0-16after
concatenation00>302580*262*116806~960MHz-7/16 DIN Female-dual
polarized-directional-65-18dBi-600W-no adjustmentKATHREIN
7,218.0565186.5X0-1500>17>202580*256*50XU-900-65-18i-0-DALLGON
HTSX-09-1470(bothway)146.5V003267*270*70Xi'an Haitian
HTD0921013210136.5V003267*270*70Xi'an Haitian
4168.11.33.0360116.5V003000*$78O-900-360-11i-0-DALLGON
736,347360117V003033*51870~960MHz-7/16 DIN
Female-omnidirectional-11dBi-500W-self mountKATHREIN
738,192360117V003237*51KATHREIN
4168.11.33.03360116.5V303033*51O-900-360-11i-3-DALLGON
HTQ-09-11(5)3601113V503400X$50Xi'an Haitian
HTQ-09-11(3)3601113V303400X$50Xi'an Haitian
HTQ-09-113601113V003400X$50Xi'an Haitian
M1800UMWD-06515-0DM6517X001473*168*84ANDREW
739,49465186.5X0-1500>301302*155*491710~1880MHz-7/16 DIN
Female-dual polarized-directional-65-18dBi-200W-no
mountKATHREIN
741,79465186.7X0-1520>14>301302*155*69KATHREIN
PCSD18-06516-0D65186.88X0-150025.5antenna-1800MHz-7/16 DIN
Female-dual polarized-directional-65-16dBd-300WANDREW
7,247.036518.56X0-1520>19>191556*160*55XM-1800-65-18.5i-2-DALLGON
738,187360117V001568*51KATHREIN
Dual frequency antenna741,320900:65 1800:60900:15
1800:16.5900:14 1800:8XX0-1600>301296*262*116KATHREIN
741,326900:65 1800:60900:15 1800:17900:14
1800:8XX0-1600>301296*262*116KATHREIN
Appendix 4: The Major Optional Antenna Models for Mountain Area
Application Environment
Freq. bandAntenna ModelHorizontal half power angle Gain
(dBi)Vertical half power angle Pola. modeMechanical downtilt
(degree)Electronic downtilt degreeZero point stuff. Upper lobe
suppression
dBF/B dB L*W*D(MM)Descriptions Suppliers
900M
CTS09-06513-0D651514.7V0-1500351390*267*127Antenna-900MHz-7/16
DIN Female-directional-65-13dBd-500WANDREW
739,632651515X0-1660>16301296*262*116KATHREIN
7,217.03651513X0-1570>17>201320*256*50XU-900-65-15i-7-DALLGON
730,3686515.513V0-1600251294*258*103870~960MHz-7/16 DIN
Female-directional-65-15.5dBi-500W-no mountadjustmentKATHREIN
7,217.046515.513X0-1500>17>201320*256*50XU-900-65-15.5i-0-DALLGON
739,6226515.515X0-1600301296*262*116806~960MHz-7/16 DIN
Female-dual polarized-directional-65-15.5dBi-600W-no
mountadjustmentKATHREIN
739,6236516.59.5X0-1500>15301936*262*116KATHREIN
7,255.0465179X0-1500>17>201940*256*50XU-900-65-17i-0-DALLGON
739,63465179.5X0-1560>18>301396*262*116KATHREIN
CTSD09-06516-0D65186.6X0-1500>332452*291*90Antenna-900MHz-7/16
DIN Female-65-16dBd-500W-dual polarizedANDREW
739,62465187X0-16after
concatenation00>302580*262*116806~960MHz-7/16 DIN Female-dual
polarized-directional-65-18dBi-600W-no adjustmentKATHREIN
739,63665187X0-16after
concatenation60>18>302580*262*116KATHREIN
7,218.0565186.5X0-1500>17>202580*256*50XU-900-65-18i-0-DALLGON
CTS09-09014-0D90168.3V0-1500242390*267*127Antenna-900MHz-7/16
DIN Female-directional-90-14dBd-500WANDREW
7,283.029016V0-1520ALLGON
739,6509016.57.5X0-16after
concatenation00>15>252580*262*116KATHREIN
CTS09-09015-0D90175.8V0-1500243020*267*127Antenna-900MHz-7/16
DIN Female-directional-90-15dBd-500WANDREW
739,66290177X0-16after
concatenation60>16>252580*262*116KATHREIN
CTS09-12013-0D120158.8V0-1500192390*267*127Antenna-900MHz-7/16
DIN Female-directional-120-13dBd-500WANDREW
TQJ-900M3609V002200(L)Sanshui Shenglu
4168.11.33.0360116.5V003000(L)*$78O-900-360-11i-0-DALLGON
736,347360117V003033*51870~960MHz-7/16 DIN
Female-omnidirectional-11dBi-500W-self mountKATHREIN
738,192360117V003237*51KATHREIN
4168.11.33.03360116.5V303033*51O-900-360-11i-3-DALLGON
HTQ-09-11(5)3601113V503400X$50Xi'an Haitian
HTQ-09-11(3)3601113V303400X$50Xi'an Haitian
HTQ-09-113601113V003400X$50Xi'an Haitian
M1800PCS-06513-0D6515.212.7V0-150033antenna-1800MHz-7/16 DIN
Female-directional-63-13.2dBd-250WANDREW
PCSD18-06513-0D6515.410.9X0-150028antenna-1800MHz-7/16 DIN
Female-dual polarized-directional-65-13.4dBd-300WANDREW
UMWD-06515-0DM6517X001473*168*84ANDREW
739,49465186.5X0-1500>301302*155*491710~1880MHz-7/16 DIN
Female-dual polarized-directional-65-18dBi-200W-no
mountKATHREIN
741,79465186.7X0-1520>14>301302*155*69KATHREIN
PCSD18-06516-0D65186.88X0-150025.5antenna-1800MHz-7/16 DIN
Female-dual polarized-directional-65-16dBd-300WANDREW
739,49665187X0-15625>14>301302*155*49KATHREIN
7,247.036518.56X0-1520>19>191556*160*55XM-1800-65-18.5i-2-DALLGON
738,187360117V001568*51KATHREIN
Dual frequency antenna741,320900:65 1800:60900:15
1800:16.5900:14 1800:8XX0-1600>301296*262*116KATHREIN
741,326900:65 1800:60900:15 1800:17900:14
1800:8XX0-1600>301296*262*116KATHREIN
Appendix 5: The Major Optional Antenna Models for Offing
Application Environment
Freq. bandAntenna ModelHorizontal half power angle Gain
(dBi)Vertical half power angle Pola. modeMechanical downtilt
(degree)Electronic downtilt degreeZero point stuff. Upper lobe
suppression
dBF/B dB L*W*D(MM)Descriptions Suppliers
900M7,255.0465179X0-1500>17>201940*256*50XU-900-65-17i-0-DALLGON
739,63465179.5X0-1560>18>301396*262*116KATHREIN
CTSD09-06516-0D65186.6X0-1500>332452*291*90antenna-900MHz-7/16
DIN Female-65-16dBd-500W-dual polarizedANDREW
739,62465187X0-16after
concatenation00>302580*262*116806~960MHz-7/16 DIN Female-dual
polarized-directional-65-18dBi-600W-no mountadjustmentKATHREIN
739,63665187X0-16after
concatenation60>18>302580*262*116KATHREIN
7,218.0565186.5X0-1500>17>202580*256*50XU-900-65-18i-0-DALLGON
CTS09-09014-0D90168.3V0-1500242390*267*127antenna-900MHz-7/16
DIN Female-directional-90-14dBd-500WANDREW
7,283.029016V0-1520ALLGON
739,6509016.57.5X0-16after
concatenation00>15>252580*262*116KATHREIN
CTS09-09015-0D90175.8V0-1500243020*267*127antenna-900MHz-7/16
DIN Female-directional-90-15dBd-500WANDREW
739,66290177X0-16after
concatenation60>16>252580*262*116KATHREIN
M1800UMWD-06515-0DM6517X001473*168*84ANDREW
739,49465186.5X0-1500>301302*155*491710~1880MHz-7/16 DIN
Female-dual polarized-directional-65-18dBi-200W-no
mountKATHREIN
741,79465186.7X0-1520>14>301302*155*69KATHREIN
PCSD18-06516-0D65186.88X0-150025.5antenna-1800MHz-7/16 DIN
Female-dual polarized-directional-65-16dBd-300WANDREW
739,49665187X0-15625>14>301302*155*49KATHREIN
7,247.036518.56X0-1520>19>191556*160*55XM-1800-65-18.5i-2-DALLGON
Dual frequency antenna741,320900:65 1800:60900:15
1800:16.5900:14 1800:8XX0-1600>301296*262*116KATHREIN
741,326900:65 1800:60900:15 1800:17900:14
1800:8XX0-1600>301296*262*116KATHREIN
Appendix 6: The Major Optional Antenna Models for Tunnel
Application Environment
Freq. bandAntenna ModelHorizontal half power angle Gain
(dBi)Vertical half power angle Pola. modeMechanical downtilt
(degree)Electronic downtilt degreeZero point stuff. Upper lobe
suppression
dBF/B dB L*W*D(MM)Descriptions Suppliers
900MMC900S2-8608X00Zhongshan Tongyu
739,632651515X0-1660>16301296*262*116KATHREIN
7,217.03651513X0-1570>17>201320*256*50XU-900-65-15i-7-DALLGON
7,217.046515.50X0-1500>17>201320*256*50XU-900-65-15.5i-0-DALLGON
739,6226515.515X0-1600301296*262*116806~960MHz-7/16 DIN
Female-dual polarized-directional-65-15.5dBi-600W-no
mountadjustmentKATHREIN
739,6236516.59.5X0-1500>15301936*262*116KATHREIN
7,255.0465179X0-1500>17>201940*256*50XU-900-65-17i-0-DALLGON
739,63465179.5X0-1560>18>301396*262*116KATHREIN
736,62490765V00205*115*32KATHREIN
739,646901136X0-1600>16>20656*262*116KATHREIN
M1800MC1800S2-8658X00596*160*55Zhongshan Tongyu
7,289.026514.518X0-1500>14>19596*166*55XM-1800-65-14.5i-0-DALLGON
PCSD18-06513-0D6515.410.9X0-150028antenna-1800MHz-7/16 DIN
Female-dual polarized-directional-65-13.4dBd-300WANDREW
UMWD-06515-0DM6517X001473*168*84ANDREW
739,49465186.5X0-1500>301302*155*491710~1880MHz-7/16 DIN
Female-dual polarized-directional-65-18dBi-200W-no
mountKATHREIN
741,79465186.7X0-1520>14>301302*155*69KATHREIN
PCSD18-06516-0D65186.88X0-150025.5antenna-1800MHz-7/16 DIN
Female-dual polarized-directional-65-16dBd-300WANDREW
739,49665187X0-15625>14>301302*155*49KATHREIN
7,247.036518.56X0-1520>19>191556*160*55XM-1800-65-18.5i-2-DALLGON
Dual frequency antenna 741,320900:65 1800:60900:15
1800:16.5900:14 1800:8XX0-1600>301296*262*116KATHREIN
741,326900:65 1800:60900:15 1800:17900:14
1800:8XX0-1600>301296*262*116KATHREIN
Appendix 7: The Major Optional Antenna Models for Indoor
Application Environment
Freq. bandAntenna ModelHorizontal half power angle Gain
(dBi)Vertical half power angle Pola. modeMechanical downtilt
(degree)Electronic downtilt degreeZero point stuff. Upper lobe
suppression
dBF/B dB L*W*D(MM)Descriptions Suppliers
900M736,62490765V00205*115*32KATHREIN
737,0313602V00115*25KATHREIN
1800M736,93590865V00>18159*94*23KATHREIN
738,451360278V00120*$20KATHREIN
Appendix 8: Website Names of Authenticated Antenna Suppliers
Up to now, the web sites of authenticated base station antenna
suppliers are given as the follows:Http://www.allgon.com/
Http://www.andrew.com/
Http://[email protected]/en/mca/indicator.htm
Http://www.slantenna.com/profile.htm Sanshui Shenglu
Http://cn.tongyu-com.com/ Zhongshan Tongyu
Http://www.xaht.com/ Xi'an Haitian
EMBED PBrush
EMBED PBrush
EMBED PBrush
EMBED PBrush
dBi
dBd
Directional antenna
Theoretic half wave dipole
Ideal isolated wave source
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