skbf | csre Swiss Coordination Centre for Research in Education 248 Institutions Universities of teacher education Institutions In contrast to other areas of tertiary-level professional education (PE), teacher training has never come under the auspices of the Confederation, and has re- mained an exclusively cantonal matter for both funding and regulation. This institutional characteristic is a distinguishing feature between the UTEs and universities of applied sciences (UAS). The Swiss Conference of Cantonal Ministers of Education has issued na- tional recognition regulations (Diplomanerkennungsrecht) for the various teaching profession qualifications, in order to ensure freedom of entry to the profession throughout the country and international recognition of teaching qualifications despite their cantonal origin. The regulations have established standards in core areas such as the structure of courses, admission require- ments and the qualification of lecturers, which must be met to ensure mu- tual recognition (EDK, 1999a, 1999b). The EDK’s assessment following its most recent evaluation of the progress made by the recognition regulations is positive. It maintains that the EDK’s practice of recognising courses guar- antees professional mobility of teachers and the minimum level of quality for teacher training (EDK, 2016b). Institutional accreditation of the universities themselves is done by the Swiss Accreditation Council on the basis of the new Higher Education Funding and Coordination Act (HEFCA) at national level and the Higher Education Concordat at cantonal level ( chapter Ter- tiary-level education, page 169 ). 273 Students of other university types or specialised institutions for teacher training, 2016 Only university types that offer teaching diplomas recognised by the EDK or Confederation, that are members of the UTE Chamber of the Rectors’ Con- ference and whose students are registered in the SHIS are listed. Data: FSO Students 0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 ILLB Uni FR IUFE Uni GE SFIVET (EHB) Pre-school and primary level Lower-secondary and upper-secondary levels Upper-secondary education, vocational education SFIVET Swiss Federal Institute for Vocational Education and Training IUFE Institut universitaire de formation des enseignants, University of Geneva ILLB Institut für Lehrerinnen- und Lehrerbildung für die Sekundarstufen, University of Fribourg 274 Students at universities of teacher education, 2016 Data: FSO Students 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 HfH PHSH PHZG PHSZ HEP FR PHGR HEP VS SUPSI DFA HEP BEJUNE PHTG PHSG HEP Vaud PHLU PHBern PH FHNW PHZH ZFH Pre-school and primary level Lower-secondary level Upper-secondary education, general education Upper-secondary education, vocational education School-based therapy, speech therapy Other departments The list includes the 15 universities of teacher education in Switzerland (including departments and schools located within the UAS) that offer general courses for training of teachers for compulsory education. These 15 UTEs cover 95% of all students on courses for compulsory education (pre-school, primary level and lower- secondary education). The Intercantonal University for Special Needs Education (HfH) is a university of teacher education that specialises in special needs education.