1 Institutional Music Practice in Nepal Ramesh Pokharel, PhD Associate Professor Lalitkala Campus Tribhuvan University, Nepal Abstract Music is a genre that is directly associated with the nature and every human being; it is also the universal language of love that can be expressed through our soul which is beyond of all barriers of country, race or religion. Music education is a field of study associated with the learning and teaching of music. It is specially related to cultural and religious values that have been used as a useful medium of communication and education. Indeed, music is an important part of students’ lives but how to keep their interest and stimulate their music abilities is an important aspect of music education. Music improves students’ team skills, creativity, analytical power, and self-esteem and helps their progress in other important receptiveness. Organized music education helps a country develop socially, economically and culturally. It generates opportunities for the several jobs. In various countries of the world music education has been given a proper base. It is compulsorily prescribed in the curriculum of every school and college. So far in Nepal this concept is much developed 1951onwards. With the establishment of Radio-Nepal in the same year the way of publishing of music started. Similarly, both Royal Nepal Academy and Sanskritik Sansthan (Nachghar) have jointly started to organize many formal and informal ways of cultural exchange programmes throughout the nation. Music as well as all kinds of formal education was banned for common people during the Rana regime before 1951, and musical activities were not easy to perform by civilians' at that time. Those who were closed to the Rana family and the palace were supposed to learn classical music from the Pundit/Ustad of the Palace. With the establishment of Tribhuvan University and its constituent and affiliated Colleges the formal music education started in Nepal. Today much more private music related institutions are also contributing in this field and their effort is very much valuable and appreciable towards the overall cultural development in Nepal. The main objective of this paper is to highlight the overall trends of music and its institutional practice from 1951 to present. Key words: Music education, Constituent-affiliated Campus, Private music institutions, Rana-regime
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Transcript
1
Institutional Music Practice in Nepal
Ramesh Pokharel PhD
Associate Professor
Lalitkala Campus
Tribhuvan University
Nepal
Abstract
Music is a genre that is directly associated with the nature and every human being it is also
the universal language of love that can be expressed through our soul which is beyond of all
barriers of country race or religion Music education is a field of study associated with the
learning and teaching of music It is specially related to cultural and religious values that
have been used as a useful medium of communication and education Indeed music is an
important part of studentsrsquo lives but how to keep their interest and stimulate their music
abilities is an important aspect of music education Music improves studentsrsquo team skills
creativity analytical power and self-esteem and helps their progress in other important
receptiveness Organized music education helps a country develop socially economically and
culturally It generates opportunities for the several jobs In various countries of the world
music education has been given a proper base It is compulsorily prescribed in the
curriculum of every school and college So far in Nepal this concept is much developed
1951onwards With the establishment of Radio-Nepal in the same year the way of publishing
of music started Similarly both Royal Nepal Academy and Sanskritik Sansthan (Nachghar)
have jointly started to organize many formal and informal ways of cultural exchange
programmes throughout the nation Music as well as all kinds of formal education was
banned for common people during the Rana regime before 1951 and musical activities were
not easy to perform by civilians at that time Those who were closed to the Rana family and
the palace were supposed to learn classical music from the PunditUstad of the Palace With
the establishment of Tribhuvan University and its constituent and affiliated Colleges the
formal music education started in Nepal Today much more private music related institutions
are also contributing in this field and their effort is very much valuable and appreciable
towards the overall cultural development in Nepal The main objective of this paper is to
highlight the overall trends of music and its institutional practice from 1951 to present
Key words Music education Constituent-affiliated Campus Private music institutions
Rana-regime
2
Methods and Materials
The objective of this study is to deeply focus on Present Scenario of institutionalized Music
Education system and its trends that running in Nepal after 1951 with a historical perspective
Analysis of the information is made in qualitative approaches This is a descriptive and
analytical study based on secondary sources of information Relevant books articles
journals websites research reports are sources of the study
Background
Rana regime initiated rule in Nepal from 1846 to 1951 when Jang Bahadur Rana took over
as prime minister and recognized genetic rule of the Ranas as prime ministers which
continued for over a century Shah Kings were reduced the power of crowned head to a
figurehead and the position of Prime Minister was made powerful and inherited During this
period people were no allowed to take any type of school education those who were close to
Rana family only could take in selected institutions that were established only for the rana
and their own family members The Rana regime followed a policy of detaching Nepal from
outer effects King Tribhuvan re-established to the authority from Rana regime and the
monarchy once again became a key centre of the political system He took over all power and
proclaimed a constitutional monarchy in 1951
After the first proclamation of the Democracy in 1951 Radio Nepal was established in the
same year (Panday amp others 1977 p160) and the formal way of teaching and publishing of
music started No musical activities were performed by the citizens at that time Those who
were closed to the Rana family and the palace were supposed to learn classical music from
the TeacherUstad of the Palace The significance of Radio Nepal was highly appreciated and
the broadcasting of contemporary classical and modern music unified the musical genres of
Nepal Many Nepali musicians came in the forefront with their talent such as Yajya Raj
The two Essays ldquoWhatrsquos in a Namerdquo(by Henry Louis Gates Jr) and ldquoThe lsquoBlack Tablersquo is Still
Thererdquo(by Lawrence Otis Graham) included in ldquoPatterns of College Writingrdquo the English
Course book for BA 1st year reflect upon the racial discrimination prevalent in the USA
Though the essays are written by two different writers their response towards the prejudice is
based on their own experience Both the writers belong to Black community that went through
traumatic period of prolonged injustice offences deprivation and oppression in America They
give account of their childhood when they had the bitter experience of being insulted and
excluded by whites Gates remembers himself as an innocent child who was ignorant about the
demeaning attitude of whites towards his race in general and his own father in particular Even
when he grows up it makes no senses to him that bynames used for Black people signifies hatred
and prejudice white people have nurtured He implies that people should be judged from their
quality contribution and skill Likewise Graham who clung to integration and still faced the
exclusion during his schooldays was confused about the existing different treatment towards
himself He is disillusioned when he finds out the integration be just superficial as he grows up to
a professional lawyer Gates using the allusion from Shakespearersquos Romeo and Juliet ldquoWhatrsquos in
a namerdquo and Graham using a symbol ldquoBlack Tablerdquo of his junior high school strongly hold the
belief that segregation is wrong
2
Gatesrsquo Experience
African Americans are generally the descendants of enslaved black people within the boundaries
of present United States Formal political economic and social discrimination against these
minorities has been present throughout American history Gates despises the discrimination of
black people especially the spiteful attitude of whites using bynames to address them His
childhood experience gives an account of his irreversible negative recognition labeled to him by
white despite his high financial standings The racial identity has been denominated by whites as
inferior ugly and poor which is further crushed by giving bynames like Kaffir Tar Baby Jim
Crow Georgehellip Even a lower social status white like Mr Wilson would find privilege to insult
his well to do father just because he was a black Gates hated that his father being called by
different name which was not truly his name His fury was not for demeaning his father instead
his fatherrsquos silence hurts him more From then he had the revelation that two worlds exist for
black people like him The hierarchy created by whites has been choking them and shooing them
to the margin White people who regarded themselves supreme hurled the hatred in different
forms and one of them was negative names
Grahamrsquos Experience
In the US the separation was experienced in various areas such as public transportation
schools restaurants and residential places where individuals were restricted on the basis of
racial background Black table in the cafeteria got the name as black boys would separate
themselves from other race except Graham He strictly adhered to integration by avoiding black
table for two reasons first he held the principle of equality and integration strongly and second
he didnrsquot want to lose his white friends by being racial As a schoolboy he carried on the
principle seriously despite being shunned by white community Since he prospered as an
American entertaining all the integrating activities with the whites he condemns the separation
though volunteer it is What shocks him the most is the black table still laying on the cafeteria
even after 27 years He wondered that other separate tables in which athletes Jewish boys
Jewish girls Irish kids heavy metals grouphellipsegregate themselves had never drawn argument
and condemnation during his school life The trend he considered deplorable even though the
principles may have changed is still alive He wakes up to a new realization of truth that people
tend to gravitate towards other people they think they may relate better with and stay away from
what they think is different
Gatesrsquos Allusion
ldquoWhatrsquos in a namerdquo is an allusion derived from Shakespearersquos ldquoRomeo and Julietrdquo a romantic
tragedy Its Juliet who states this very expression to imply that name should not determine how
people are to be regarded by others Julietrsquos stance and condition is analogous to Gates as he
abhors the trend of discrimination and prejudice that lies behind names Gates expresses his
claim that name shaped peoplersquos perceptions and prejudice in the mid 1950s Name is a part of
3
onersquos identity how one is recognized and addressed by the world These names on the other
hand signify offenses and disrespect George was an infamous name to belittle black people and
Gates hated that his father was put to a lower standard than he truly was Gates illustrates how
racism can perpetuate prejudice that aims to snatch individual identity
Grahamrsquos symbol
Black table which is regarded with scorn by whites is a symbol that segregates black boy from
others Graham sees it as a taboo and by avoiding it he wants to prove that he is not an angry
black person who wants nothing to do with the white kids White kids who would never invite
him to occasions as they thought it would make people feel uncomfortable Poor Graham is torn
between the scorns of black boys and taunting of white boys Even after fourteen years of his
adolescence still existing black table refracts that integration has not eradicated the sense of
separation it has become more entrenched as time went by Such vicious circle can go on for
centuries and even millennia perpetuating an imagined hierarchy that sprang from transhistorical
occurrences (Harari 161)
The common ground
Both writers share common ground in yearning for equality dignity and respectable space in
society Black table exhibits stark view of human nature on the one hand and on the other hand it
displays the superficial encroachment of integration that manipulated him to refuse his own
ground Both of them represent the blacks who resent the violation of social dignity and the ones
who want to negotiate the legislation to be united Gates the innocent and naiumlve boy gauges the
wounded self- esteem of his parents after the exposure to unwanted offence he witnessed
Similarly the ideal black boy Graham finds his ground as he becomes a matured man He
blamed the black boysrsquo attitude to be the hurdle of integration He even swallowed white parentrsquos
insulting treatment who begrudged his presence in their gatherings and other occasions Graham
ultimately feels the need to realize that modern times self segregation is the custom that humans
adopted from their ancestors culture and their biology and intelligence It is the imagined orders
and devised scripts humans have constructed and internalized in order to organize the society
within a power structure
Pathos Logos and Ethos
The title ldquoWhatrsquos in a namerdquo is a rhetorical question and finally answers that name can be
manipulated used and even misused according to the userrsquos vested interest His fatherrsquos silence
and helplessness devastates the childrsquos psyche driving him to loathe Mr Wilson who resembled
his own Uncle Joe This infers that how come Mr Wilson so much alike his uncle can be a snob
Gatesrsquo emotional appeal (pathos) invokes readers particularly the blacks who grew up
swallowing the hatred He motivates the readers to empathize the humiliated parents that
dwarfed them to their marginal state Gates first presents the causes of his rage to intensify
readerrsquos emotions Mr Wilson despite his own wretched social status dominates his father using
4
bynames And in turn his fatherrsquos reasoning for suppressed silence infuriates the narrator and the
reader as well Gatesrsquo wrath pervades the end of the essay as Gates describes how they cowered
back to quietness and consoled themselves by glorifying black sports star Jackie Robinson This
situation better speaks the condition of black people before Civil Rights Movement
Likewise Grahams evidently implies the answer of why is the black table still there in his junior
high school His rhetorical questions ldquoWhy did the black kids separate themselves What did the
table say about the segregation that was supposedly going on in homerooms and gym classes
(189) are the logic (logos) providing His reasons in the form of questions ldquoWhat was I
thinkingrdquo and ldquoI realize that how wrong I wasrdquo (190) is the logos appeal consisting of reason for
accepting the narratorrsquos claim Readers can easily grasp Grahamrsquos perspective shaped by idealist
notion that has been changed to a kind of awakening at the fag end of the essay He doesnrsquot
directly tell the audience exactly what to conclude the readers nevertheless are encouraged to
infer the existing differences that lay deep down the surface of integration
The credential of the writerrsquos (ethos) lies on the fact that both of them are from black American
family background which accentuates the ground for trusting their opinion arguments and
feelings Their own experience can be recognized as real since their self-representation is equally
trust-inspiring Readers can simply believe their claims and frustration to be relevant Both
writers oppose the erasing of self the true being of an individual
Style
Beginning with anecdote both the writers excites the readers to go through the text Gates hints
that the issue of mistreating by the so called powerful and highly privileged whites is not new
The use of dialogues has made vivid impact on the writing instigating the readers to feel the
same negative aura Similarly Grahamrsquos narration takes gait from the anecdote itself Profound
rhetorical questions and quotations put additional impetus on his logos appeal provoking to
thoughts Both writers conclude their essay with the same mood and context as they have begun
More personal style makes familiar tone in Grahamrsquos writing using first person pronouns and
contracted forms(Irsquom Irsquod)
Conclusion
The phenomena of racial discrimination in USA are rooted on sociopolitical hierarchies which
cannot be justified through logical and biological basis Biology ie the blackness and other
physiology of black people cannot explain the intricacies of American racial dynamics Gatesrsquo
fury and Grahamrsquos confusion are the outcome of historical phenomena events circumstances
and power structure that transformed the social condition into cruel social structures Martin
Lutherrsquos dream of former slaves and the sons of slaveholders being able to sit down together at
the table of brotherhood (176) seem to be thwarted by self segregation The hierarchy of race
originated from accidental historical circumstances and was perpetuated and refined over many
5
generations with their own vested interest Gates and Graham are among many black writers who
seek justified answer for the age old question asking for the existence of black people as equal to
whites The value of contribution of these black people who were brought to America depriving
their homeland of strong human resource has been relegated The vicious cycle seems to repeat
when the lynching and brutalizing of black by whites trickles down now and then in America
References
Gates Henry Louis Jr ldquoWhatrsquos in a Namerdquo Patterns for College Writing A Rhetorical Readers and
Guide 12th edEd Laurie GKriszner and Stephen R Mandell Boston Bedford 20122-4 Print
Graham Lawrence Otis ldquo lsquoThe Black Tablersquo is Still Thererdquo Kriszner and Mandell 188-190
Harari Yuval Noah Sapiens A Brief History of Humankind London Vintage 2015 Print
King Martin Luther Jr ldquoI Have a Dreamrdquo The Heritage of Wordsrdquo Ed Abhi Subedi Rameshwar
Adhikaray and Shreedhar Lohani Kathmandu Ekta Books 2018 Print
Mahendra Prasad Adhikari
Library officer Lalitkala Campus
A Concept on E-LIBRARY vs Automation Abstract
Generally the working collection of books documents newspapers audio-visual
materials kept and organized people to read or borrow in a library Recent advances
in computers storage and processing communication technologies e-product
networking and internet uses have brought a revolutionary change in functioning of
the libraries and its services Information communication technology (ICT) makes
a lot of impact on library and it has changed the concept of library where print and
paper media are the main components of library system To meet tremendous
information explosion and high demand of information libraries are now changes
in digital library Due to digitizing the library resources and fast changing
technology a new type of library is coming in existence which is called- virtual
library Many of us are always very much confused about such terminology of library
It reflects three main components- service provider service receiver and the
channels of service delivery (ie technology) Internet is the main channel of e-
service delivery while other classic channels (eg telephone call center public kiosk
mobile phone television) are also considered In this paper we try to clear the
concept of these libraries terminology in a professional way
Key Words Automation Hybrid Library Digital Library Virtual Library
Automated Library Electronic Library Modern Library
Introduction
Its an electronic or online library where one can have access to books journals
novels articles or any other information over net E-service (electronic
service) represents application of utilizing the use of Information and
communication technologies (ICTs) in different areasit includes the service
element of e-tailing customer support and service delivery Database of
digitized audio video and written material on a physical site andor a website
giving 24hour online access to users E-Library is generally a library where
books can be accessed through internet Just sitting anywhereanytime a user
can read the material online
The library has purchased subscriptions to many electronic information
resources in order to provide you with access to them free of charge Our
e-resources include lots of things full-text journals newspapers company
information e-books dictionaries encyclopedias economic data digital
images industry profiles market research career information etc
What is Automation
The term automation is introduced used first DS Harder in 1936 He
defined it as ldquothe automation is handling of parts between progressive
production processes Since then the term has been applied to a wide variety
of automatic machinery and automatic systems In addition is action for
human efforts of intelligence
Need for Library Automation
There are several reasons for automation A considerable saving
in efforts Time and resources involved in manual processing can be
achieved The other reasons are 1) To improve control over collection 2) To have an entries control over the entire operation
3) To improve the existing services as well as introduce new
services
4) To avoid duplicate of work
5) To use services of the existing staff effectively
Basic Requirement of Library Automation
The following are the basic requirements for the automation of
libraries through the computer 1) Adequate collection 2) Financial assistance
3) Computer hardware
4) Library software
5) Tanning of the staff
6) Maintenance of development
Advantages of Library Automation
There are several advantages of Library Automation a machine
readable catalogue prepared at the time of acquisition may be required
respectively for number of purposes Automation has the following
advantages 1) Professional staff need not spend much time to do the routine library work 2) Eliminates human errors while performing routine library works
3) Improved control covers library collection
4) Increased computer awareness among users
5) Cataloguing is faster instant access to non-records
6) Excellent control over circulation
Some Library Software
3
1 KOHA
2 EMIS
3 PMB
4 LIBRA etc
The functions of e-libraries
1) Systematic and organized collection of print and non-print resources
2) Digital in formats so that easily process able by computers
3) The acquisition storage disseminates amp retrieval of information is done by the use
of technology
4) Access of entire holding of library is directly or indirectly accessible across the
network with the help of internet
5) Supports and provides more amp better online amp offline services
Natures of e-library
1 In digital library e-library a set of documents available through electronic means by
the use of digital technologies that allow for the retrieval archiving preservation and
dissemination of those documents which are provides access to in electronic format
2 A Physical site andor website that provide 24-hour online access to digitized audio
video and written material such as books journals and articles The content may come
from different providers
3 Digital library provide as an information service in which all the information
resources are available in computer-process able form and the functions of acquisition
storage retrieval access and display are carried out through the use of digital
technologies
4 e-Library collections of documents in organized electronic form available on the
Internet or on CD- ROM disks and Specific library a user may be able to access
magazine articles books papers images sound files and videos
5 A database is a collection of information stored in a computer or server which
incorporates software to provide efficient retrieval of the data Databases are great tools
to help you retrieve information by keyword title author subject year etc The most
common types of databases in the library are the online catalogue and the virtual
electronic databases Some are in visible some are in Download able such as full
Text abstract title with Content free of cost paid full
6 A Virtual Library is a collection of resources available on one or more computer
systems where a single interface or entry point to the collections is provided
7 More than just a means of collocating electronic resources (full-text materials
databases media and catalogues) a virtual library also provides user assistance services
such as reference inter library loan technical assistance etc
4
8 Library resources (indexes journals and reference materials for example) or
online reference services are available over the Internet Terms such as electronic
Library and Digital Library are often used synonymously
9 A hybrid library which is partly electronic and partly physical It has a physical space
with both the physical and electronic resources and services
10 A hybrid library is not just a traditional library (only containing paper-based
resources) or just a virtual library (only containing electronic resources) but somewhere
between the two It is a library which brings together a range of different information
sources printed and electronic local and remote in a seamless way
Different Types of Library
Library is a place where the collection of information resources in print or in other forms
that is organized and made accessible for reading or study is kept International
Organization for Standardization has defined library as irrespective of the title any
organized collection of printed books and periodicals or of any other graphic or audio-
visual materials and the services of a staff to provide and facilitate the use of such
materials as are required to meet the informational research educational or recreational
needs of its users
Advances in Information Communication Technology (ICT) particularly the World
Wide Web (WWW) have seen the evolution of the automated library electronic library
digital library virtual library Hybrid library etc
A Traditional Library Traditionally libraries were collections of books manuscripts
journals and other sources of recorded information The collection of the traditional
libraries are mostly print media manuscripts etc and are not well organized The
documents are deteriorating at a rapid rate the collected information is not easy to locate
and procure Such information does not reach the user of the libraries on time It is
difficult to get such publications in the absence of personal influence and contacts
There are certain restricted publications containing highly informative materials but
may not be easily available Sometimes the information is published after many years
By the time it is published the information becomes obsolete and then abandoned Since
it is not properly indexed or listed the researcher is forced to go through long and
tedious process to ascertain whether any material of hisher interest is available or not
Here the collections are not well organized and some reports are deteriorating at a rapid
rate Preserving them in their original form is difficult and it is not cost effective Again
the traditional libraries are confined itself within a physical boundary
B Automated Library A library wh i c h provides automatic services with machine-
readable catalog computerized acquisition circulation and Online Public Access
Catalogue (OPAC) are called as automated library The holdings or collection of
5
automated such types of libraries makes them better and offer more and effective services
are same as that of traditional libraries
C Electronic Library When automated libraries go for Local Area Networking (LAN)
and CD-ROM networking and started procuring e-journals and other similar kinds of
electronic materials of publications ( magnetic tapes microfilm roles CDs DVDs
Microform or other media) and accessible by any medium such as computer laptops I-
pads etc are stored and then it is known as electronic library The electronic information
or material may be stored in an offline server or online which may be accessed remotely
via computer networks The resources of the electronic libraries are in both print and
electronic form The electronic media are used for storage retrieval and delivery of
information
D Digital Library In digital libraries services are fully automated and all resources
in digital form These libraries are heterogeneous in nature and include work related
to information and how to digitize store find link visualize use publish manage and
share information Digital library is an assemblage of digital computing storage and
communication machinery together with content and software In a digital library there
are mainly two types of information
1) Born digital This information are digitally created and stored
2) Digitalized Information is in physical formats (print format) with the help of
appropriate hardware and software the information is converted into digital format or in
electronic format
It is a later stage of electronic library In digital library high speed optical fiber are used
for LAN and the access is over WAN and provide a wide range of Internet based
services ie audio and video conferencing and like other The majority of the holding
of a digital library is in the computer readable form and also acts as a point of access to
other online sources
E Virtual Library The concept of virtual library also emerged simultaneously with
electronic library and digital library This emergence is perhaps because all the
information uses are at present through networked libraries at the desktop which is quite
virtual (practical) without the physical existence of books on shelves A virtual library
can be simply defined as the internet-based digital library or a library without walls The
concept of virtual library is that any person who has a computer and connection to the
library networks can access not only the resources of that library but also a variety of
information available through national and international networks like internet and
intranet without being physically present in the library Access digital information from
the any part of the globe through an network (LAN or WAN) or any other gateway
such as internet The term virtual library is attracted the interest of users because of the
increasing medium called the WWW (World Wide Web) The virtual library is the single
most reachable and important source of information in the world and leads to
6
replacement for the traditional library A collection of links is also a virtual library these
links are not necessary owned by the virtual library However the links are maintained
updated and managed as a normal function of the virtual library
F Hybrid Library It was designed to bring a range of technologies from different
sources together in the context of a working library and to explore integrated systems
and services in electronic and printed environments It reflects the transitional state of
the library which today can neither be fully printed nor fully digital Hybrid libraries
consist of conventional print material such as books magazines journals as well as
nonconventional or electronic based material such as audio books electronic journals
e-books etc Hybrid libraries are the new and emerging term for the most public and
academic libraries because with the existing services and collection they can easily
provide electronic services or online services and easily build digital collections
There are many myths about digital library as 1) The internet is the digital library
2) Fully automated library is digital library
3) The myth of a single digital library or one-window view of digital library collections
4) Digital libraries will provide more equitable access anywhere any time
5) Digital libraries will be cheaper than print libraries
Advantages of e-libraries Todayrsquos libraries are not encircled to a particular location The user can get his her
information on his own computer screen by using the Internet It is a network of
compound access system which provides quick information to many users at the same
time There are many advantages of having hybrid digital and virtual libraries some of
the common advantages are as follows
1) No physical boundary The users did not require going to the library through internet
they could access the same information from all over the earth instantly He she have to
just type the URL of the library and heshe can get all the services and information what
heshe get in the libraries Which saves users time and every information is on single
click
2) Round the clock availability libraries can be accessed at any time 24 hours a day
and 365 days of the year All the digital content is on the internet so the information is
available at 24 hours because machines donrsquot know about day night weeks and months
Every information is available online without the respect of time
3) Multiple accesses The same resources can be used at the same time by a number of
users The users can access same the same material at numerous of times without any
difficulties and at the same time It saves users time and money which is economical
and leads to better services according to userrsquos needs and demands Multiple accesses
mean many users use the same resource at the same time or after some time However
in traditional libraries particular resource can accessed only once by a single user
7
4) Structured approach the contents of modern libraries are much richer than the
conventional libraries and the collections are in a very organized way ie users can easily
access the catalogue and from catalogue to the exacting book then from the book to a
particular chapter and so on In a library there are organized collections of human
knowledge so with the help of search we can easily approach to our particular topic
and collect the information related to the topic we search the topic in a structured way
which means that from a catalog to book then to index then from chapter so on according
to our needs we move from books to main directory or catalogue
5) Information retrieval The users are able to search or retrieve information with
the use any keyword which are related to the word or phrase of the entire collection
Digital library have user- friendly interfaces one click access to its contents The users
can easily search any word sentence symbol numbers with the help of interfaces called
search box with the help of search we can go through our topic With information
retrieval it saves the userrsquos time in searching of their information quick access to their
topics and easy to operate
6) Space The traditional library faces problems of storage and space as the collections
are in print form it occupies more space whereas electronic or digital libraries store
more information in a very less space Thousands of eBooks magazines journals etc
can be stored in single hard disks so it is important to know that the digital library needs
very less space without effecting their operations and services When the conventional
library had no physical space digitalization of its collection is the only solution
7) Networking nowadays libraries are interconnected with high-speed internet
connection which is called networking sharing of resources can be done through the
sharing of links Users need not required to go to library he can easily access the libraries
resources through internet and use their services Users can easily access many libraries
database at a single click because libraries shares the links of others libraries links which
saves users time and helps in the searching of their relevant information
8) Cost The expenditure on maintaining an electronic virtual library is much lower than
that of a traditional library A conventional library have to accept more expenditure on
the maintenance staff and professionals salaries etc this can be abridged by electronic
virtual libraries because in these modern libraries there are one time investment till the
technology changes and after that less professionals need for the maintenance of the
library
Challengesdisadvantages of e-libraries The computer viruses disasters lack of standardization for digitized information
quick degrading properties of digitized material different display standard of digital
product and its associated problem health hazard nature of the radiation from monitor
etc makes digital libraries at times handicap
1 Copyright Digitization opposes the copyright law as the content or resources of one
author can be simply transferable by others without his knowledge The main challenge
is that how the libraries broadcast information along with protecting the intellectual
8
properties of an author There are very strict rules regarding the violation of copyright
laws but in digital era it is very difficult to save the intellectual property rights of an
author or publisher
2 Speed of access as more and more computers are connected then the loads on the
server makes website slow If new technology will not evolve to solve the problem then
in near future Internet will be full of error messages As we all know that the technology
is going older day by day so itrsquos difficult to provide same speed of access because digital
content includes audio video documents which are of big in size and require more
bandwidth speed
3 Initial cost is high The initial cost of modern libraries such as the cost of software
hardware communication networks and other equipments are very high So it is very
expensive for libraries to purchase them because libraries are not the profit making
organizations they are depend on any institutions which provides funds for the
functioning and running of the libraries
4 Band width libraries will need high transfer rates for transfer of multimedia resources
but the band width is decreasing day by day due to its over utilization and overload on
the internet The slow bandwidth leads to slow download and uploading of digital
material which means users have to give more time in searching and downloading their
contents
5 Efficiency with the information explosion there is tons of information on particular
topics so it is very difficult to find the right information on the particular topic The
authentication of the information is not sure
6 Environment modern libraries cannot produce the environment of traditional
libraries Many users also find that reading printed information much easier than reading
information on a computer screen Due to lack of technological awareness many people
prefer to use print materials for reading Moreover the habits are the major problem
7 Preservation Due to rapid change in technology libraries become outdate and its
information may become inaccessible In future many new formats evolve so it is
difficult to preserve the library resources at a standard format so that in future we may
use it
Conclusion
The hybrid electronic digital and virtual libraries are the modern libraries and they are
synonyms to each other The modern libraries are not going to replace the physical
existence of print resources completely but no doubt to meet the present demand of the
users and change in technology to satisfy the users demand digitization must be
introduced so that at least libraries becomes of hybrid nature and become in the touch of
its users
The preliminary cost of digitization is high but research shows that once digitalization is
introduced then the cost to manage developing this collection will be cheaper than that of
any conventional library Day by day the cost of digitization is decreasing because the
technology going updated with every bit of time the online publication is increasing and
the needs of user are shifting towards the non-print sources The term digital library has
9
been around for at least 24 hours and possibly longer and some of the ideas behind the
term have been around for much longer While there is still disagreement about the
meaning of the term this piece argues that digital libraries are not fundamentally
different from
traditional libraries either in the purposes of existing or in the services provided The
main differences come down to how the services are provided and how collections are
stored and managed
Reference 1 Dr Manoj Kumar Verma Concept of Hybrid Digital and Virtual Library -
Mizoram University Assistant
ProfessorDepartment of Library and information science
2 Dr Manoj Kumar Verma Concept of Hybrid Digital and Virtual Library - UP
पषटभमि सङगीतको इततहास धर परानो मातननछ l ६४ कलाहर मधयको परमख कला सङगीत कला हो l महाकवव लकषमी परसाद दवकोटाल भनका छन कला भनको जीवनलाई रामरो तररकाबाट उठाउन पररपरण गनण र आननद ददन हो l कला भनको मानव हदयमा परभाववत पारी उचचवोधदवारा नततक शिकषा ददन हनपछण l िासतिोकत ढगल रचचत सतवर वरण र िबद आददल यकत जब कन सागीततक शसजणनालाई मचमा परसततत गररनछ र तयसको आननद परसततोता सतवय र शरोता लाई पतन परापत हनछ भन तयो सङगीतकला बनन जानछ l जमणन ववदवान पाकण रका अनसार मानवको इचछा या चाहनादवारा कालपतनक भावनालाई साकार रप ददन न कला हो l गायन वादन र नतय यी तीन कलाको शमशरर न सङगीत हो l वददककाल दखखन ववशभनन उपतनषद परार आदद गरनथमा उललख गररएको नाद शरतत सपत सतवर जातत गराम राग मछणना ताल मनधम दनदभी ववरा आदद बाट तयो समयमा सङगीतल ववकशसत रप शलएको दखखनछ l नपालमा ककराातकाल शलचछवीकाल र मललकालीन समयमा परापत शिलालखमा उललख भएका पदहर वाददिगोषठी परकषरमणडपी डवली नासादयो पयााख चयाण (चचा) आददको आधारमा तयततबला सङगीतको रामरो ववकास भएको मानन सककनछ l िाहकालीन समयमा राजाहर सङगीतमा तनक िौखखन चथए भनन करा पथवी नारायर िाहको ददवय वारी रर वहादरिाहको शसतार वादन सरनर िाहको गीत लखन र बाजा बजाउन राजा महनरल सतथापना गरको नपाल सङगीत महाववदयालय (२०१२) नपाल एकडमी (२०१४) राषटषिय नाचघर (२०१६) शसहदरबार पररसर शभिको रतन रकरड णङ िसतट (२०१८) जन पतछ २०४१ सालमा नपाल टशलशभजनको रपमा परररत भयो दजणनौ परसतकारहरको सतथापना कलाकारलाई परोतसाहन सतवरप ददएका अनकौ उपाधीहर जसततः वादय
शिरोमखर सङगीत शिरोमखर भजन शिरोमखर सङगीत परववर र नारायरदहटी दरबार पररसरको नारायर मषटनदरमा दरबनदीन तोकी िासतिीय सङगीतको तनयशमत कायणकरम सचालन गराइएको जसतता कायणल सतवदिी कला र ससतकती परतत उनको गदहरो मोह सतनह र ठलो योगदान रहको दखखनछ l भारतीय सगीताचायण वसनतदवारा शलखखत पसततक सङगीत वविारदमा रारा कालीन समयमा वीर िमिरल बीरगजमा आयोजना गरको वव स १९५६ को बगडीको सङगीत सममलन जहाा नपाल र भारत वषणका दजणनौ िासतिीय सगीतजञहरल भाग शलएका चथए र गरनथ न तयार परको करा उललख छ l पथवी नारायर िाहल नपालको एकीकरर पशचात ददएको ददवयवारी आफना िोख सयललाई ताल िासति बमोषटजमको तीन िहर नपालका नवारहरको नाच खिकाई हयाण पतन हनछ भनन वारील सङगीतको रामरो ववकास भएको जनाउछ र सतवदिी कला र ससतकतीलाई महतव ददन पछण भनन गदहरो सदि पतन छ तर आजको पररविमा राषि राषटषियता र ससतकार ससतकती माचथन सब भनदा धर ववकतत शभतरिएको अवसतथा चचनताजनक छ l यसमा हामी सबको धयान जानपन दखखनछ l राजतनिको अनतयका लाचग कलाकारहरको पतन ठलो योगदान रहको दखखनछ l परजातनि र गरतनिको सतथापना पतछ सरकारी गर सरकारीसततरबाट सतथावपत भएका ववशभननखाल ससतथाहरल कला र ससतकतीको कषिमा कायणरत नया तथा पराना सरसतटाहरलाई ववशभनन कायणकरम माफण त मान सममान परसतकार अवाडण सममलन आदद कायणल योगदान पयाणउद आएका छन l
ऐततहामसक रपरखा
वद उपतनषद योग दिणन वयाकरर र अधयातमववदया आदद आयण ससतकततका यी आदय गरनथहरमा नादलाई अपार महतव ददइएको छ l ऋगवद को शिकषा िासति अनसार नाद बाट सतवरको उतपवि हनछ सतवर तीन परकारका हनछन l उदाि अनदाि र सतवररत यी ततन सतवरको वरणन पारीनीय अषटधयायीमा छ l उचचरदािाः नीचरनदािाः समाहारः सतवररतः यी तीन वटा सिल तीनवटा भद दखाएको छ -
अथाणत उदािा वाट तनषाद र गानधारको उतपवि अनदाि वाट ऋषभ र धवत तयस गरर सतवररतवाट षडज मधयम र पञचमको उतपवि भएको छ पषटणडत िारगदवल पतन आफनो गरनथ सङगीतरतनाकरमा नादलाई साकषात बरहमन मानन भएको करा तनमन शलोकल परषट परको छ -
चतनय सवणभताना वववि जगदातमना
नादबरहम तदाननदमररतीयमपासतमह
(स र १३१)
अथाणत समपरण जीवातमाको जो चतना हो अथवा जसवाट जीवातमा चतन हनछ साथ जगतको उतपवि षटसतथतत र परलय पतन हनछ तयो नाद बरहम हो र तयस नाद बरहम जो अदववविय छ जसलाई अदवत दवतादवत ववशिषटादवत आदद दिणनल परततपादन गरका छन तयसलाई हामी उपासना गदणछौ
जसरी सब जञानको मल आधार वदलाई मातनएको छ तयसतत सङगीतको पतन आधार सामवद न मातनएको छ l सामवदका ऋचाहर गयातमक छन l गनधवणवदमा सङगीत क बारमा उललख गररएको छ l सङगीतल मातनसलाई षटजउन भावनाको जनम गराउाछ सङगीत मानवजीवनको दहसतसा िताषटबदयौदखख छ सङगीतलाई हरक ससतकततल पजा गछण ककनकक यो हरक ससतकततको पदहचान हो सङगीत सनदा िारीररक र मानशसक दव फाइदा हनछन यसल तनाव र चचनता भगाउाछ l धवतन र नाद नाद र िबद िबद र आकािमा अभद छ भतन ववदवानहरल भनका छन -
नादन वयजयत वरणः पद वराणत पदादवचः
वचसो वयवहारोऽय नादाधीनमतो जगत
(स र १२२)
अथाणत नाददवारा वरणहर उतपनन हनछन वरणहरवाट पद तनषपवि हनछ र पद वाट वाकय अथाणत भावाशभवयकत गन पद सघात उतपनन हनछ र यस वाकय (वारी) दवारा वयवहार चलदछ र वयवहारीक वारीन नादवाट अशभवयकत भएको हनछ
सङगीत बाट जीवनका चार परषाथण अथण धमण काम मोकष परापत हन ववचार यजञवलकय सतमतत गरनथ मा उललख गररएको छ l
वीरा वादनततवजञ शरततववदया वविारदः तालजञशचापरयासन मोकषमाग स ववनदतत
(यासतमयध३११५)
अथाणत वीरा वादनमा किल शरततववदयामा तनपर तथा तालजञ मनषय सहज मषटकतमागणमा परववषट हनछ बरहमाणडमा आकाि र नाद यी दई ततव न यसतता ततव हन जन ववशववयापी र सवणवयापी छन l आकािको गर नाद र िबद हो तयसल सङगीतरतनाकरमा नादको तनरषटकत यसरी गररएको छ
नकार परार नामान दकारमनल ववदः जातः पराराषटगनसयोगािन नादो Ntilde शभधीयत
(स र १३६)
अथाणत नकार भनको परार हो र दकार भनको आगो भतन जानन जव परार र अषटगनको सयोग हनछ तयतत वला तयसबाट उतपनन धवतन वविषलाई नाद भतननछ तयसल समपरण जगतन नादको अचधनमा छ भनन बखिनछ l पराचीन सङगीतकारहरल राग-राचगतनहरका धर सनदर रचनाहर गरका छन l िासतिीय सङगीतको ममण न राग हो l राग िबदको परयोगन सगीताचायण मतगको बहददिी गरनथमा उललखखत भएको पाइएको छ l सङगीतको साधना र अधययनल िासति सतवर ववजञान र सङगीत परदिणनमा किलता परापत हनछ l
राग क र कसरी उतपवि भयो
योNtildeय धवतनवविषसतत सतवरवरणववभवषत l रजको जनचचिानाम स राग कचथतो बध ll
- अशभनव राग मनजरी
अथाणत धवतन को तयो ववशिषट रचना जन सतवर र वरणयकत सनदर छ र जसल मनषय(परारी)को चचिलाई रजन अथवा मनोरनजन परधान गदणछ ववदवानहर तयसलाई राग भनदछन l
उतपविको ववषयमा ववशभनन मत छन जसतमा एक मत सङगीत वविारद गरनथमा वसत लखन हनछ पावणती माता को ियन मरा लाई दखर शिवजील अग परतयगको आधारमा रर वीना बनाई आफनो पााच मख बाट पााच रागहर भरव दहनडोल मघ दीपक र शरी रागको उतपवि गनण भयो र छटौ राग कौशिक सतवय माता पावणतील रचना गनण भयो l पराचचन गरनथमा सङगीतका मखय चार मत पाइनछ l शिव मत कषर मत भरत मत र हनमनमत l
पराचीनकालदखख वतणमान समम रागमा ववशभनन वगीकररहर भए जातत वगीकरर गराम राग वगीकरर दसववचध राग वगीकरर िदध छायालग र सकीरण राग वगीकरर मल राग वगीकरर राग राचगनी वगीकरर रागाग राग वगीकरर र वतणमानमा ठाट राग वगीकरर यदह ठाट राग वगीकररलाईन अदहल हामील िासतिीय सङगीत शसकन शसकाउन माधयमको रपमा मानद आएका छौ
शासतरीय सङगीतको आिशयकता
- जीवनको चार परषाथण अथण धमण काम र मोकष पराषटपतका लाचग l - सब सङगीतको जननी भएकाल यसमा दखल हाशसल गनणका लाचग l - िासतिीय सङगीतलाई मल आधार बनाएर सङगीत कषिमा परवि गरका
- उिम गरी र शिजञकषत कलाकारहरको उतपादन गन गरसततरीय सङगीत तरबदयालय र ववशववयापीरपमा परततसतपधाण गनण सकन वयवहाररक सङगीत शिकषाको ववकास गनण l
- दिभरर छररएर रहका सङगीत परशिकषर कनरहरलाई एउटा छाता मतन राखर गरसततरीय पाठयकरम बनाई परीकषा पररालीमा लयाउन पन l
- कलाकारहर रोजीरोटीमा माि शसशमत रहन पन बाधयता हन l - सङगीत तफण राजयको धयान कषटनरत गराउन नसकन l
शासतरीय सङगीतको सिसतयाहरका सिाधान
- दि सङघीयतामा गईसककाल अब हरक राजय वा परानतमा कलाकारहरको हकदहत र सरकषरको लाचग छटट तनकायको गठन गररनपन l
- िासतिीय सङगीतमा समवपणत साधक सजणकहरको पररचय बनाई जीवन सततर सहज बनाउन आजीवन भिा सवा सतरबधाको राजयल गयारनटी शलनपन तब माि शसजणनाल तनरनतरता पाउाछ र राजयल असल र सततररय सङगीतको ववकास गनण सकछ ककनकक भोको पटल शसजणना गनण सकदन l
- िासतिीय सङगीतको अधययन अधयापनलाई सहज बनाउनलाई हरक परानतमा तरबदयालय तथा महातरबदयालय तहमा िासतिीय सङगीतको पाठयकरम बनाई लाग गररनपन l
- राजधानीमा कषटनरत लशलतकला पदम कनया र रतन राजय कयामपस जसतत दिका अनय भागमा पतन ववसततार गररन पन l
- लशलतकलाको ववकासको लाचग छट Performing Art University को सतथापना गररन पन l
शासतरीय सङगीतको बततिान अिसतथा
- सतकल दखख + २ हाद ववशवववदयालयमा सतनातकोिर र ववदयावाररधी सममको अधययन हन गरको छ l
- समगर नपालको सङगीतको ववकास र सरकषरको लाचग राजयका तफण बाट ररडयो नपाल ( २००७) नपाल सङगीत तथा नाटय परजञा परततषठान (२०६४) सासतकततक ससतथान (२०१६) नपाल टशलशभजन (२०४१) लगाएतका ससतथाहरल योगदान ददइरहका छन l
- कलाकारलाई रोजगारीको अवसर शमलको छ l - राजधानी लगाएतका मठ मषटनदर गठीहर जसततः ककरातशवोर सङगीत
आशरम यलमाया कलाशसक पिपततनाथ सगीतकला परततषठान कपन सङगीत सरोवर कलातनचध सङगीत महातरबदयालय राम मषटनदर आदद कषिहरमा पाजञकषक माशसक रपमा िासतिीय सङगीतका कायणकरमहर हाद आएका छन l
- दजणनौ तनजी सङगीत परशिकषर कनरहरल पतन सङगीत शिकषा परदान गद आएका छन l
- राजयल लगाएत अनय तनषटज ससतथानहरल बषनी कलाकार तथा सरसतटाहरलाई परसतकार तथा मान सममान परदान गद आएका छन l
- कलाकारका हकदहतको लाचग ववशभनन ससतथाहर सककरय छन जसततः रोयलटी सकलन कनर परसततोता समाज सगीतकार सघ गीतकार सघ गायन समाज आदद l
- टशलशभजन लगायत ववशभनन खाल सचारका माधयमबाट आयोजना हन गरका गायनका ररयलदट िोहर जसबाट छोटो समयमान आफनो कला दखाएर चचाण पाउन समभावना बढर गएको छ
- आफनो कलालाई आफल परसततत गनण शमलन कसको पछी लागन नपन ववशभनन परववचधको ववकास भएको छ जसतको परयोगबाट सहज ववशव समदायमा आफनो कला परसततत गनण सककनछ
सङगीतिा गररएका नयाा परयोग (थरापी)
सङगीतदवारा गररन ववशभननखाल रोगहरको उपचार पदधतत लाई न music therapy भतननछ l सतनायववजञानमाचथ अनसनधान गरररहका मनोवजञातनक डयातनयल ज लशभदटनका अनसार मानशसक र िारीररक सतवासतथयका लाचग सङगीत चचककतसाका पररराम रोचक छन अनसनधानका अनसार यसल रोगपरततरोधातमक कषमतामा सकारातमक असर पछण यसल तनाव ददन हमोन कम गराउाछ सङगीतका अततररकत आमाको लोरीलाई पतन महततवपरण मातनएको छ लोरी सनन बानी परको बचचा िानत र सजग हनछ बचचालाई तनरा लागछ र ऊ घररघरर रा दन सङगीत थरापील गभणवती मदहलाको तनाव पतन कम हनछ सङगीत सनन बानील आतमा र िरीरका लाचग औषचधको काम गछण कततपय रोगमा औषचधल काम नगरपतन सङगीतल जादमयी असर दखाउाछ िरीरको कोदटणसोल सततर कम गरर यसल तनावगरसतत मासपिीहरलाई आराम ददनछ तनयशमत सङगीत सनदा ददमागल रामररी काम गनण पाउाछ असहनीय पीडाबाट गषटिरहका मातनसलाई सङगीत सनाउा दा आराम पगछ कयानाडाको अलबटाण ववशवववदयालयमा तीनदखख ११ वषणसममका ४२ बालबाशलकालाई इनजकसन लगाउन बलामा सङगीत सनाउा दा कम पीडा महसस भएको चथयो सङगीत शरवरल िरीरमा इमयनोगलोबशलन ए बढाउाछ यो एनटीबडील िरीरका कोशिकाहर सतवसतथ राखनका लाचग ठलो काम गछण सकरामक रोग लागकाहरलाई उपचारका बलामा सङगीत सनाउा दा परततरकषा पररालीमा सकारातमक असर पछण l घररघरर तरबरामी हनबाट बचनछ भन सङगीत सनन थालनस ढाडको समसतया हटाउन सतमरर िषटकत दहरो बनाउन र रामरो तनरा लयाउन पतन सङगीत परभावकारी हनछ तर िासति मा आधाररत समधर सङगीत सनदा माि यी असर दखखन हन l चको डागड़ोग र ककण ि सङगीत सनदा चादह तनाव थवपनछ l
उपसहार
िासतिीय सङगीतको उपासनाल तरनत मन सतथीर र एकतरित भई सतवरमा र आफनो उपासतयमा सतथीर हन हनाल यो धयानमागणमा पतन परवि गनणका लागी आहत नाद अथाणत सङगीतको अतत महतवपरण भशमका दखखनछ l
आजको नपाली सङगीतको गरसततरमा सदधाषटनतक र वयवहाररक दव पकषमा धर अनतर पाउनको पछाडी भौततक लाभको लाचग माि िासतिीय सङगीत को साधना गररन हो l भौततक पराषटपत का साथ साथ आधयाषटतमक उननततको लाचग पतन िासतिीय सङगीत उविक महतवपरण छ भनन बझन जररी छ l कला सादहतय र सङगीत नबझन वयषटकतलाई सङगीत सादहतयको सपरशसदध गरनथ ldquoितकियमrdquo का रचतयता भतणहरर नीततितकम खडमा भननहनछ -
सादहतयसङगीतकलाववहीनः साकषातपिः पचछववषारहीनः तर न खादननवप जीवमानसततदभागधय परम पिनाम १२
अथाणत जो मनषय सादहतय सगीत कलाबाट वचचत हनछ तयो पचछर तथा शसग तरबनाको साकषात पिको समान हनछ तयो तरबना घाास खाएर जीववत रहन पि भए तनःसदह सौभागयको करा हनछ
यषा न ववदया न तपो न दान जञान न िील न गरो न धमणः त मतयलोक भवव भारभता मनषयरपर मगाशचरषटनत 13
अथाणत ndash जन मनषयसग ववदया तप दानको भावना जञान िील (सतसतवभाव) मानवीय गर धमणमा सलगनताको अभाव हनछ तयो यस मररिील ससारमा धरतीको बोि बनर मनषय रपमा ववचरर गन पि हनछ नीततशलोकका रचतयता राजा भतणहरर यो सतपषट गनण चाहन हनछ कक मनषयको दतनक चयाण यदद पट पालन अथवा तयस भनदा कदह कदम अगारड सखभोगका साधन जटाउनलाई माि सीशमत रहको छ भन उसमा र जनावरमा कन खास फरक रहादन खान-वपउन र सखःभोग गन यही उसको जीवनको उदयशय रहको हनछ मनषयको बौदचधकताको कारर सखभोगको साथ साथ अनय कराहर पतन सलगन रहको हनछ कवव यस करालाई महतव ददन चाहन हनछ कक मनषय र पिमा शभननता कवल िारीररक सरचनामा माि सीशमत न रहर तयस भनदा माचथ उठर ववववध कलामा रचच राखन चचतन-मननको सामथयण हाशसल गनण ववदया आजणन गनण परोपकारादद कायणमा सलगन हन आधयाषटतमक जञानमा रचच राखन आददमा क दरत हन पछण जो यस परकारको उननत दजाणको कमणमा लागदन मनषय
रपमा उसको जीवनको साथणकता वसतततः सददगध हन जानछ तयो धरतीको लाचग एक परकारको बोिन हो भनन सककनछ जसरी सङगीतका सात सतवरहरको उतपवि उदाि अनदाि र सतवररत बाट भए सदहतयको वयाकररमा पतन यी तीन सतवरको वविष महतव रहको पाइनछ l सादहतयमा यमाताराजभानसलगा सि बाट ववशभनन छनदहरको तनमाणर भए जसतत सङगीतमा सारगमपधतनसा सि बाट न ववशभनन परकारका सतवरहर एव राग राचगनी हरको उतपवि भएको पाइनछ l कावयको लाचग ववषय िबद र अथण चादहनछ भन सङगीतको लाचग लय सतवर र धन आवशयक हनछ l सादहतय अथवा कावय सङगीत ववना परण हन सकतन तर सगीतमा सादहतय र िबद नभए पतन हनछ सादहतय िबद परधान हनछ भन सङगीत नाद परधान हनछ र िबद गौड रहनछ l चतन अचतन दबलाई परभाव पन कावय जसततो सङगीतलाई बझन मगज खखयाउन पदन l यसको अततररकत सब उमरका मातनस परारी एवम वोट ववरवा लाई समत लठठ पान कषमता सङगीतमा रहनछ l
अराात साहितय सगीत मधय कन एउटा पनन कला नभएको वयकतत पि समान िो | आफनो कला दवारा चतनाको सवोचच सरान परापत गना र गराउन सतन न मानव िो | पराकनतक रपमा िन िो भन पनछीिरल
घर िनाएको नाचको करायको िडा मनमोिक दखन र सनन सककनछ | तर पनन मानव ल मानव जीवन को अकनतम परयोजन मोकष को लागग आफनो कला परयोग गन गररएको िनाल अर पराकनतक जीव भनदा अलग
अकसततव िनाएको िो |
सगीत कला मधयको पररम कला को रपमा शलन गररनछ तमाम लशलत कला को ववधा भनदा सगीत कला ल अर कला भनदा िित परभाव पान गदाछ | चतन अवचतन र अचतन सिमा सगीत को परभाव पन गरका ववशभनन तथयिर फला परका छन | पराचीन काल िोस वा वतामान काल िोस | िाासरीको धन सन पनछ गाई
ल साववक भनदा अशल िढी दध हदन िरक हदन सगीत परवाि िन ठाउमा भएका बिरवा को बिकाि नछटो िन आहद वतामानमा परमाणणत भएका न छन |
सगीत मा साहितय को परयोग पनन उगचत रपमा जीवनत परयोग गन गररएको पाइनछ | जि कन गीतकार
को गीतमा सगीत को उगचत परयोग गन गररनछ ति तयो गीत कालजयी िनदछ |
राम चनरrdquo जि भजन को रपमा सनननछ सगीत को परभाव ल पाउज िजाउा द सामननमा हिडीरको पो िो कक
भनन भान िनछ |
गायन वादन र नतय को समकषट न सगीत िो | गायन लाइ अझ पषटता परदान गना वादन को परयोग गररनछ
तयस अनरप को नतय पनन गररनछ | िन त तीनवट ववधा छटटा छटट पनन परभाव पाना सफल छन तर पनन
ताल बिना गायन या नतय मा आननद को अनभनत िन पन जतती न िन ताल को सि काया वानछनीय
मानननछ |ताल कया ल आननद को अनभनत गराउादछ तयस ल राषर िोक को समय मा सर िाजा को मातर
परयोग गन गररनछ यसत ताल न जानाती गायको न स वादक कन पनन करा मा जि माननस आफनो सकपणा बिवक परयोग गदाा पनन सफल िन सतदन अनन कसलाई सोधर सफल िन भनन करा खोजद हिडछ
| आफ भनदा बििकी वयकतत फला पाछा अनन उसल सकपणा सफलता िात पादाछ | अनन तयो सफलता शसकाउन वयकतत गर को रपमा मानदछ उसल समाजमा तयो करा भन पनछ उसको जसत समसया भयका अर बयतती ल समाधान गराउन समरा बयतती लाई गर भनदछन र परशसदधी फलाउादछन | उततम गर लाई
उसको परशसदधी मा कन लोभ िादन बयततीमा भएको जञानको जयोनत मा लागको पदाा िटाउाछ र तयस मा फरर पदाा न लाछन उपाय िताउाछ र आफनो िाटो लाछदछ
आफभनदा अगाडी हिडको वयकतत लाइ गर या मागादिाक को रप मा शलन गररनछ | तसता मिान जन
िरक पदचाप लाइ आधार मानन चलन छ | ldquoमिाजनो यन गत स पनर ldquo अराात गणी मिान वयकततिर
ल अपनाएको िाटो कलयाणकारी िन गदाछ र विाालाइ गर मानर अर जनिर कलयाणको कामना मा तयहि
वािनसवामी िरर दास मीरा जीकबिर जीतकाराम आहद ल सगीत (गायन) को सार ल विााका इषट को साकषातकार गना भएको इनतिास छ |
गर िबद को अरा न अजञानको पदाा िटाउन वयकतत को रपमा शलईएको छ | सगीत लाइ गरमखी ववदया भननएको छ ककनकक कियातमक बिषयका अनक भराकनत गर दवारा मातर िल गना सकभव छ | पसतकमा
उललख गररएका ततविर आफल मातर सहि तररका िाट गायन वा वादन सकभव छन तयसल बिना गर
सगीतमा सफल िन सककदन | कन पनन परकारका ववधा मा गर को सरापना जररर छ जो तयस बिषय मा मिारर िाशसल गरको िनछ | तयसल गर को बिषय मा ldquo गररबाहमा गरबिाषण गरदवो मिशवरrdquo यानी गर
सकषट कसरनत र सिार कायामा समरा वयकतत को रप मा माननएको छ | उतकषट गर र शिषय एक अकाामा पररपरक िन गदाछन | चतनाको ववशभनन आयाम को मागादिान गरदवारा न सकभव छ |
पराचीन समय मा सि बिषय िर सनर न पठन पाठन गन चलन गरयो भनन करािर पढन पाइनछ |
वद को पठन पाठन सनर न गन गररनथयो तयस कारण शरनत नामाकरण भयो | जि माननस मा सनर गरिण
समयमा ६४ कला को अधययन अधयापन गररनथयो | राज कल ऋवषकल वपतकल गरकल आहद ससरा िाट शिकषा परदान गन चलन गरयो |६४ कला मधय लशलत कला को सरान पहिलो तयस मधयमा पनन सगीत
लाइ सवोपरी मानन गररएको छ | साम वद न सगीतको जननी को रप मा माननयको गायन आज को समयसकम आइपछदा ववशभनन अवसरा पार गद िाशम सकमख छ |
शिकषण को मखय तीन अग मानननछ
१ गरशिकषक २ शिषय बिदयारी ३ बिषय शिकषा
मागरका तीन करािर जि सकननहित िनछन ति शिकषण िनछ | तीन मधय एउटा कराको मातर अभाव
रिमा अशभषट शसदध निन िनछ | अनन तीन मधय एउटा पनन कमजोर रिमा उतकषट ननतजा आउन करामा सनदि रिन सतछ | तयसल तीनवट को सामनजसय रिन आवसयक छ | जसरर एउटा राषर समदध िन
पालना गना आवसयक मानननछ ति मातर उतकषट राजय िन जानछ | तयसत परकारल गरशिषय र शिकषा को सहि सयोजन िाट उतकषट परनतफल को कामना गना सककनछ | गर मातर गणी भएर िनन तसलाई गरिण गन वयकतत पनन पातरता भएको िन पदाछ आफलाई खाशल पार पछी मातर कन वसत भना सकजलो िनछ | गर का सकमख िादा म लाई आउाछ भनन भाव को सवारा अभाव िन पदाछ भनन चलन छ समगर मा भनन पदाा गर
एव शिषय दव एक अकाा मा पररपरक छन | कन एक को अभावल अशभषट शसदध िदन |
पराचीन समय दणख न उतकषटता को खोजीमा िाशम मनतर तनतर िद यनतर यग सकम आइपगका छौ | परसतत लखमा गर र शिषय मा क क ततव िन पछा भनन करा उललख गना खोकजएको छ | यस बिषय मा िाल
सकम आइ पछदा गर र शिषयमा ननकन करा िर िन पछा भनन अनभव गररएको छ |
गर मा िन पन गण
१ जञान २ ववजञान ३ वचन ४ परयोग शसदगध ५ शिषय ननसपादन ६ उजाा वदगध |
तयस गरर शिषय मा ननकन करा िरको परख गररनछ |
१ समपाण २ भकतत ३ मिनत ४ वफादारी ५ समय को पालन |
अि यस लाइ अशल बिसतार मा िझौ|
गर मा खोकजन करा िर |
१ जञान जन बिषय को अधयन गररनछ तयस बिषय परनत अमक वयकतत को जञान कनत छ यानी तयस बिषय
मा चाहिन बिषय वसतपरनत आवसयक करा िर कनत छ भनन करा पहिलो रोजाई िनछ | तयस वयकतत ल
वयकतत ल शिकषा गरिण गरको गर वा घर पररवार आहद सि करा िररकन उसको पररकषण गररनछ र उसको ववदवतता को चाल पाउन गररचछ | तयस बिषय मा कनत करा िर को पराचीन काल दणख अहिल सकममा भएका पररवतान को िार मा पनन रािा िन पदाछ |
२ ववजञान ववषय को वविष यानी गिन जञान न बिजञान िो | ववषय ल बयतत गना खोजको करा लाइ गिन
रपमा गचनतन गन र तयसलाइ बयतत गना न ववजञान को रपमा शलन गररनछ | जसत बििान को समय मा ककन मनर सपतक मा अभयास गना पछा भनन करा को समाधान गना सतन बिलककित लयमा अभयाि गदाा िन फायदा सवर को कन परकारल अभयास गदाा क कराको फायदा शलन सककनछ आहद करा बिजञान शभतर
राखन सककनछ | शिषय को कन पकष मा झकाि िढी छ तसमा अझ ननखारता र अर पकष को सिल बिकाि मा धयान हदन जञान न बिजञान िो |
३ वचन यानी िोलन तररकाभाषा को परयोग िबद को चयन आहद करा को पनन बिचार गन गररनछ | कन कन िला मा गर ल अशल कठोर खालको िचन को पनन परयोग गना पन िनछ | अशल ररसाएर परयोग गररएको वचन ल बिदयारी अशल सजगता हदएर शसतन पनन िनछ तयस कारण पनन कन समयमा अशल रखो सबद
को परयोग गदाा बिदयारी को िीतलाइ धयान राणखएको िन गदाछ | ससकत मा एउटा नीती वचन ल भनछ ldquo
लालानाद िििो दोषा ताडनाद िििो गणाrdquo यानी धर माया ल पनन बिगगरन सकभावना िनछ समय समय
मा धयान हदन पन िनछ र उगचत कदम चालन पदाछ | वचन को अको परयोजन कन रचना रचना गन समयमा पनन मितव राखदछ कन िकनदि को रचना मा कन खालका िबदावली को परयोग गन भनन करा पनन यसशभतर
राखन सककनछ
४ परयोग शसदगध यानी भाषागत शसकाएका करा यनतर िाट पनन िजाएर वा गायन गरर परसतत गना सतन
िन पदाछ | कन पनन बिषय को शभबतर करा परयोगका सार िताउन सतन यानी कन राग मा परयोग गररएको बिषि कराको शलणखत मातर िन परयोग पनन गना सतन र िताउन सतन िन पदाछ | तिला मा कन घराना मा कसतो ननकाि या गायन मा दरिारी को गानधार या भरवी को गानधार को परयोय गरर दखाउन सतन | भपाली र रामकली या दिकार आहद ककन फरक छ भनन करा को भाशलभाती परयोग गरर शसकाउन सतन |
५ शिषय ननषपादन अनत शसकर आएका नभई सरदणखन आफल शसकाएका शिषय कनत छन या खिर
जसत मौसममा मातर िन अर िला सखा िो कक अरवा शिषय लाइ अनघ िढन या कसरर अगाडी लर जान
सककनछ भनर िर सकभव परयास गन काम ल न शिषय ननषपादन िन सकभव छ विााल नाम शलन शिषय
ल गरका काम िाट पनन शिषय ननषपादन को िारमा जानकारी शलन सककनछ | शिषय को परगनत न भएको मा गचनता शलन खालका गर िन जररर छ | उसका परगती मा भएका िाधा िर सकभव िटाउन खोजन गरल मातर
असल शिषय ननषपादन गरको पाइनछ | आफमा भएको कला गरल योछय शिषयलाइ मातर परदान गरर योछय
शिषय ननषपादन गनािनछ | िरक ववदयारी को कषमताको पहिचान गरर तिी अनरप को तयारी गराउन
सकमा मातर शिषय ननषपादन अझ िढी परभावकारी िन जानछ | ५ जना शिषय लाइ ५ परकार िाट तयार
गराउन सतन आफमा चनौती िन जानछ शिषय आफलाई एउटा बिषयमा ककनरत गरर अभयाि गछा तर
गर ल ५ वटा न करा को अलग अलग गचनतन मनन गना परम आवसयक पछा | जसरर तिला मा िनारि
घराना अनतगात ५ ववदवानको तिला सनन िो भन सिको अलग अलग तिला छ कसरर तसको कारण यहि
िो कक जो शिषय को जन करामा जयादा रची छ तयस अनरप को शसकाई गर िाट भएको छ | ताल योगी पणडीत सरि तलवालकर जी का सि ववदयारी को तिला अलग -२ न छ | शिषय उतपादन गना आफ मा एक
चनौती िो
६ उजाा वदगध गरल िासतर र तयस को परयोग का सारसार तयस बिषयमा अझ रामरोसग लाछन उजााको वदगध िन करा िर ननरनतर परवाि गना अतयनत जररर छ | उजाावान गर ल मातर उजाा हदन सतछ | जि शिषय
गर को भट िनछ अभयास करा पहिलो परारशमकता मा राखदा अझ उततम लाछछ | तयस उजाा ल बिदयारी मा जीवन मा कहि गना सतन िल परापत गछा | भट िादा कन सगीतसाधकको सकारातमक करासगीत को रचना को करा नयाा रचना को करा ल ववदयारी मा उजाा भन काम गछा | बिशिषट गणवान कलाकार को शरबय
दशय समागरील पनन ववदयारी मा उजाा भन काम गदाछ | उचच कोटी का गरिरल आफना चला लाइ आफनो जसतो नभ आफ भनदा फरक काया गना सदव पररणा परदान गना भएको करा उजाा परापत कलाकारिरको करा िाट परापत गररएको पाइनछ | ववदयारी को कषमता अनरप को कायामा लाछन पररणा गना जसत कन ववदयारी रचना गना रची राखछ भन तिी काया मा उसलाई िौिला परदान गन | सगीत का ववशभनन आयाम मा काम
गना सतन खिी को समगचत ढग िाट पहिचान गरर तसलाई अनघ िढन उतपररणा परदान गन | कन कन ववदयारी लाइ सगीत को िार मा खोज गना मन लाछन िन सतछ तसतो ववदयारी लाइ बिषय को िारमा मागा दिान परदान गन काम पनन गर िाट िन पदाछ |
तयस गरर शिषय मा िन पन करा |
१ समपाण कन पनन करामा आफलाइ सकपणा रपमा तयसमा नलगाएमा सफल िन सककदन | तन मन र
५ िफादारी यानी भनको मानन गर ल भन पछी ज गरन पनन पनछ न िटन | शसकाएका करा लाइ जसताको तसत गरर गाउन या िजाउन | जि िफादार छ भनन करा कसरर िनछ ति गरल सि करा कन िाकक नराखी कन शसकाउन िनछ अनन मातर आफनो अशभषट शसदध िनछ | मिाभारत मा अजान र असवतरामा को परसङग
आउछ कक जनत ववदया अजान लाइ रोण ल हदन भयो तती असवतरामा लाइ हदन भएन ककन मिनती र
आफनो ववदया गलत परयोग निन अवसराको जञान ल गदाा न तसतो भएको िो | गर सग शसकको ववदया िो परयोग गन िलामा गरको समरण पनन िफादारी िो | कहि समय एक जना गरकोमा जान फरी अको गरकोमा जान यसरर ननरनतर गरिर पररवतान गन चलन उपयतत माननदन | कन जनावर पाशलयको छ भन उसको माशलक भनदा सि कराल उततम अर कन मानछ साग तयो पालत रवततदन तयसतो गरर िफादार रिन न सक
पनन सक जनत िफादार िन उततम माननएको छ
६ समय को पालन समय को पालन सिल सकयक परकारल गना आवसयक छ यहद समय को पालन गररएन
भन आवसयक काम ननषपादन िदन | कन पनन कामको लागग तोककएको समयमा तयो काम परा गना पदाछ
| भन को समय मा तोककएको काम गररएको खणडमा मातर समय को पालन गररएको मानननछ | शसकाउन समय अभयासगन समय सगीतमा समय अनसार को राग िनछ सहि समय मा सहि राग को परयोगल
ववशभनन काम गन रािा न छ | दख को समय मा सख को समय का लागग अलग -२ ताल र राग को परयोग
गन गररएको पाइनछ | समय को परवाि न ताल को रपमा परयोग गररएको िो | गरकल मा रिी शिकषा आजान
गन ववदयारी लाइ ननयम को पालन अतयनत आवशयक ततव मनननछ |
आफल शसकको बिदया मा न कहि गरर दखाउन उददशयका सार लागग परको बिदयारी ल आफनो किागरिदगध अपरतीम कौिल लगन ननयम नतरब समरण एव आसरा आहद गण भएको खणड मा मातर
समय ववदया मिनत आहद लगानी गना भनदा पहिला परनतफल रामरो िनछकक िदन भनन मागर को तररका परयोग गररकन िन परचलन छ | तयस कारण जान बिवततक या शिषय िनाउन भनन करा सननासार तरनत
सवीकार नगन चलन छ | मागर उललणखत करा िरको िारमा रामरोसग जानकारी शलन कहि समय लगगिालछ
|
कवव भबतरािरी भनन िनछ ldquo गण लबधा सवयमव सकपदrdquo गणको बिकाि न सकपवतत(सकपदा) आगमनको कारण िो | जसतो परकार को सकपवततको भणडार गना खोकजएको िो तसतो गण को बिकाि वानछनीय छ |
The two Essays ldquoWhatrsquos in a Namerdquo(by Henry Louis Gates Jr) and ldquoThe lsquoBlack Tablersquo is Still
Thererdquo(by Lawrence Otis Graham) included in ldquoPatterns of College Writingrdquo the English
Course book for BA 1st year reflect upon the racial discrimination prevalent in the USA
Though the essays are written by two different writers their response towards the prejudice is
based on their own experience Both the writers belong to Black community that went through
traumatic period of prolonged injustice offences deprivation and oppression in America They
give account of their childhood when they had the bitter experience of being insulted and
excluded by whites Gates remembers himself as an innocent child who was ignorant about the
demeaning attitude of whites towards his race in general and his own father in particular Even
when he grows up it makes no senses to him that bynames used for Black people signifies hatred
and prejudice white people have nurtured He implies that people should be judged from their
quality contribution and skill Likewise Graham who clung to integration and still faced the
exclusion during his schooldays was confused about the existing different treatment towards
himself He is disillusioned when he finds out the integration be just superficial as he grows up to
a professional lawyer Gates using the allusion from Shakespearersquos Romeo and Juliet ldquoWhatrsquos in
a namerdquo and Graham using a symbol ldquoBlack Tablerdquo of his junior high school strongly hold the
belief that segregation is wrong
2
Gatesrsquo Experience
African Americans are generally the descendants of enslaved black people within the boundaries
of present United States Formal political economic and social discrimination against these
minorities has been present throughout American history Gates despises the discrimination of
black people especially the spiteful attitude of whites using bynames to address them His
childhood experience gives an account of his irreversible negative recognition labeled to him by
white despite his high financial standings The racial identity has been denominated by whites as
inferior ugly and poor which is further crushed by giving bynames like Kaffir Tar Baby Jim
Crow Georgehellip Even a lower social status white like Mr Wilson would find privilege to insult
his well to do father just because he was a black Gates hated that his father being called by
different name which was not truly his name His fury was not for demeaning his father instead
his fatherrsquos silence hurts him more From then he had the revelation that two worlds exist for
black people like him The hierarchy created by whites has been choking them and shooing them
to the margin White people who regarded themselves supreme hurled the hatred in different
forms and one of them was negative names
Grahamrsquos Experience
In the US the separation was experienced in various areas such as public transportation
schools restaurants and residential places where individuals were restricted on the basis of
racial background Black table in the cafeteria got the name as black boys would separate
themselves from other race except Graham He strictly adhered to integration by avoiding black
table for two reasons first he held the principle of equality and integration strongly and second
he didnrsquot want to lose his white friends by being racial As a schoolboy he carried on the
principle seriously despite being shunned by white community Since he prospered as an
American entertaining all the integrating activities with the whites he condemns the separation
though volunteer it is What shocks him the most is the black table still laying on the cafeteria
even after 27 years He wondered that other separate tables in which athletes Jewish boys
Jewish girls Irish kids heavy metals grouphellipsegregate themselves had never drawn argument
and condemnation during his school life The trend he considered deplorable even though the
principles may have changed is still alive He wakes up to a new realization of truth that people
tend to gravitate towards other people they think they may relate better with and stay away from
what they think is different
Gatesrsquos Allusion
ldquoWhatrsquos in a namerdquo is an allusion derived from Shakespearersquos ldquoRomeo and Julietrdquo a romantic
tragedy Its Juliet who states this very expression to imply that name should not determine how
people are to be regarded by others Julietrsquos stance and condition is analogous to Gates as he
abhors the trend of discrimination and prejudice that lies behind names Gates expresses his
claim that name shaped peoplersquos perceptions and prejudice in the mid 1950s Name is a part of
3
onersquos identity how one is recognized and addressed by the world These names on the other
hand signify offenses and disrespect George was an infamous name to belittle black people and
Gates hated that his father was put to a lower standard than he truly was Gates illustrates how
racism can perpetuate prejudice that aims to snatch individual identity
Grahamrsquos symbol
Black table which is regarded with scorn by whites is a symbol that segregates black boy from
others Graham sees it as a taboo and by avoiding it he wants to prove that he is not an angry
black person who wants nothing to do with the white kids White kids who would never invite
him to occasions as they thought it would make people feel uncomfortable Poor Graham is torn
between the scorns of black boys and taunting of white boys Even after fourteen years of his
adolescence still existing black table refracts that integration has not eradicated the sense of
separation it has become more entrenched as time went by Such vicious circle can go on for
centuries and even millennia perpetuating an imagined hierarchy that sprang from transhistorical
occurrences (Harari 161)
The common ground
Both writers share common ground in yearning for equality dignity and respectable space in
society Black table exhibits stark view of human nature on the one hand and on the other hand it
displays the superficial encroachment of integration that manipulated him to refuse his own
ground Both of them represent the blacks who resent the violation of social dignity and the ones
who want to negotiate the legislation to be united Gates the innocent and naiumlve boy gauges the
wounded self- esteem of his parents after the exposure to unwanted offence he witnessed
Similarly the ideal black boy Graham finds his ground as he becomes a matured man He
blamed the black boysrsquo attitude to be the hurdle of integration He even swallowed white parentrsquos
insulting treatment who begrudged his presence in their gatherings and other occasions Graham
ultimately feels the need to realize that modern times self segregation is the custom that humans
adopted from their ancestors culture and their biology and intelligence It is the imagined orders
and devised scripts humans have constructed and internalized in order to organize the society
within a power structure
Pathos Logos and Ethos
The title ldquoWhatrsquos in a namerdquo is a rhetorical question and finally answers that name can be
manipulated used and even misused according to the userrsquos vested interest His fatherrsquos silence
and helplessness devastates the childrsquos psyche driving him to loathe Mr Wilson who resembled
his own Uncle Joe This infers that how come Mr Wilson so much alike his uncle can be a snob
Gatesrsquo emotional appeal (pathos) invokes readers particularly the blacks who grew up
swallowing the hatred He motivates the readers to empathize the humiliated parents that
dwarfed them to their marginal state Gates first presents the causes of his rage to intensify
readerrsquos emotions Mr Wilson despite his own wretched social status dominates his father using
4
bynames And in turn his fatherrsquos reasoning for suppressed silence infuriates the narrator and the
reader as well Gatesrsquo wrath pervades the end of the essay as Gates describes how they cowered
back to quietness and consoled themselves by glorifying black sports star Jackie Robinson This
situation better speaks the condition of black people before Civil Rights Movement
Likewise Grahams evidently implies the answer of why is the black table still there in his junior
high school His rhetorical questions ldquoWhy did the black kids separate themselves What did the
table say about the segregation that was supposedly going on in homerooms and gym classes
(189) are the logic (logos) providing His reasons in the form of questions ldquoWhat was I
thinkingrdquo and ldquoI realize that how wrong I wasrdquo (190) is the logos appeal consisting of reason for
accepting the narratorrsquos claim Readers can easily grasp Grahamrsquos perspective shaped by idealist
notion that has been changed to a kind of awakening at the fag end of the essay He doesnrsquot
directly tell the audience exactly what to conclude the readers nevertheless are encouraged to
infer the existing differences that lay deep down the surface of integration
The credential of the writerrsquos (ethos) lies on the fact that both of them are from black American
family background which accentuates the ground for trusting their opinion arguments and
feelings Their own experience can be recognized as real since their self-representation is equally
trust-inspiring Readers can simply believe their claims and frustration to be relevant Both
writers oppose the erasing of self the true being of an individual
Style
Beginning with anecdote both the writers excites the readers to go through the text Gates hints
that the issue of mistreating by the so called powerful and highly privileged whites is not new
The use of dialogues has made vivid impact on the writing instigating the readers to feel the
same negative aura Similarly Grahamrsquos narration takes gait from the anecdote itself Profound
rhetorical questions and quotations put additional impetus on his logos appeal provoking to
thoughts Both writers conclude their essay with the same mood and context as they have begun
More personal style makes familiar tone in Grahamrsquos writing using first person pronouns and
contracted forms(Irsquom Irsquod)
Conclusion
The phenomena of racial discrimination in USA are rooted on sociopolitical hierarchies which
cannot be justified through logical and biological basis Biology ie the blackness and other
physiology of black people cannot explain the intricacies of American racial dynamics Gatesrsquo
fury and Grahamrsquos confusion are the outcome of historical phenomena events circumstances
and power structure that transformed the social condition into cruel social structures Martin
Lutherrsquos dream of former slaves and the sons of slaveholders being able to sit down together at
the table of brotherhood (176) seem to be thwarted by self segregation The hierarchy of race
originated from accidental historical circumstances and was perpetuated and refined over many
5
generations with their own vested interest Gates and Graham are among many black writers who
seek justified answer for the age old question asking for the existence of black people as equal to
whites The value of contribution of these black people who were brought to America depriving
their homeland of strong human resource has been relegated The vicious cycle seems to repeat
when the lynching and brutalizing of black by whites trickles down now and then in America
References
Gates Henry Louis Jr ldquoWhatrsquos in a Namerdquo Patterns for College Writing A Rhetorical Readers and
Guide 12th edEd Laurie GKriszner and Stephen R Mandell Boston Bedford 20122-4 Print
Graham Lawrence Otis ldquo lsquoThe Black Tablersquo is Still Thererdquo Kriszner and Mandell 188-190
Harari Yuval Noah Sapiens A Brief History of Humankind London Vintage 2015 Print
King Martin Luther Jr ldquoI Have a Dreamrdquo The Heritage of Wordsrdquo Ed Abhi Subedi Rameshwar
Adhikaray and Shreedhar Lohani Kathmandu Ekta Books 2018 Print
Mahendra Prasad Adhikari
Library officer Lalitkala Campus
A Concept on E-LIBRARY vs Automation Abstract
Generally the working collection of books documents newspapers audio-visual
materials kept and organized people to read or borrow in a library Recent advances
in computers storage and processing communication technologies e-product
networking and internet uses have brought a revolutionary change in functioning of
the libraries and its services Information communication technology (ICT) makes
a lot of impact on library and it has changed the concept of library where print and
paper media are the main components of library system To meet tremendous
information explosion and high demand of information libraries are now changes
in digital library Due to digitizing the library resources and fast changing
technology a new type of library is coming in existence which is called- virtual
library Many of us are always very much confused about such terminology of library
It reflects three main components- service provider service receiver and the
channels of service delivery (ie technology) Internet is the main channel of e-
service delivery while other classic channels (eg telephone call center public kiosk
mobile phone television) are also considered In this paper we try to clear the
concept of these libraries terminology in a professional way
Key Words Automation Hybrid Library Digital Library Virtual Library
Automated Library Electronic Library Modern Library
Introduction
Its an electronic or online library where one can have access to books journals
novels articles or any other information over net E-service (electronic
service) represents application of utilizing the use of Information and
communication technologies (ICTs) in different areasit includes the service
element of e-tailing customer support and service delivery Database of
digitized audio video and written material on a physical site andor a website
giving 24hour online access to users E-Library is generally a library where
books can be accessed through internet Just sitting anywhereanytime a user
can read the material online
The library has purchased subscriptions to many electronic information
resources in order to provide you with access to them free of charge Our
e-resources include lots of things full-text journals newspapers company
information e-books dictionaries encyclopedias economic data digital
images industry profiles market research career information etc
What is Automation
The term automation is introduced used first DS Harder in 1936 He
defined it as ldquothe automation is handling of parts between progressive
production processes Since then the term has been applied to a wide variety
of automatic machinery and automatic systems In addition is action for
human efforts of intelligence
Need for Library Automation
There are several reasons for automation A considerable saving
in efforts Time and resources involved in manual processing can be
achieved The other reasons are 1) To improve control over collection 2) To have an entries control over the entire operation
3) To improve the existing services as well as introduce new
services
4) To avoid duplicate of work
5) To use services of the existing staff effectively
Basic Requirement of Library Automation
The following are the basic requirements for the automation of
libraries through the computer 1) Adequate collection 2) Financial assistance
3) Computer hardware
4) Library software
5) Tanning of the staff
6) Maintenance of development
Advantages of Library Automation
There are several advantages of Library Automation a machine
readable catalogue prepared at the time of acquisition may be required
respectively for number of purposes Automation has the following
advantages 1) Professional staff need not spend much time to do the routine library work 2) Eliminates human errors while performing routine library works
3) Improved control covers library collection
4) Increased computer awareness among users
5) Cataloguing is faster instant access to non-records
6) Excellent control over circulation
Some Library Software
3
1 KOHA
2 EMIS
3 PMB
4 LIBRA etc
The functions of e-libraries
1) Systematic and organized collection of print and non-print resources
2) Digital in formats so that easily process able by computers
3) The acquisition storage disseminates amp retrieval of information is done by the use
of technology
4) Access of entire holding of library is directly or indirectly accessible across the
network with the help of internet
5) Supports and provides more amp better online amp offline services
Natures of e-library
1 In digital library e-library a set of documents available through electronic means by
the use of digital technologies that allow for the retrieval archiving preservation and
dissemination of those documents which are provides access to in electronic format
2 A Physical site andor website that provide 24-hour online access to digitized audio
video and written material such as books journals and articles The content may come
from different providers
3 Digital library provide as an information service in which all the information
resources are available in computer-process able form and the functions of acquisition
storage retrieval access and display are carried out through the use of digital
technologies
4 e-Library collections of documents in organized electronic form available on the
Internet or on CD- ROM disks and Specific library a user may be able to access
magazine articles books papers images sound files and videos
5 A database is a collection of information stored in a computer or server which
incorporates software to provide efficient retrieval of the data Databases are great tools
to help you retrieve information by keyword title author subject year etc The most
common types of databases in the library are the online catalogue and the virtual
electronic databases Some are in visible some are in Download able such as full
Text abstract title with Content free of cost paid full
6 A Virtual Library is a collection of resources available on one or more computer
systems where a single interface or entry point to the collections is provided
7 More than just a means of collocating electronic resources (full-text materials
databases media and catalogues) a virtual library also provides user assistance services
such as reference inter library loan technical assistance etc
4
8 Library resources (indexes journals and reference materials for example) or
online reference services are available over the Internet Terms such as electronic
Library and Digital Library are often used synonymously
9 A hybrid library which is partly electronic and partly physical It has a physical space
with both the physical and electronic resources and services
10 A hybrid library is not just a traditional library (only containing paper-based
resources) or just a virtual library (only containing electronic resources) but somewhere
between the two It is a library which brings together a range of different information
sources printed and electronic local and remote in a seamless way
Different Types of Library
Library is a place where the collection of information resources in print or in other forms
that is organized and made accessible for reading or study is kept International
Organization for Standardization has defined library as irrespective of the title any
organized collection of printed books and periodicals or of any other graphic or audio-
visual materials and the services of a staff to provide and facilitate the use of such
materials as are required to meet the informational research educational or recreational
needs of its users
Advances in Information Communication Technology (ICT) particularly the World
Wide Web (WWW) have seen the evolution of the automated library electronic library
digital library virtual library Hybrid library etc
A Traditional Library Traditionally libraries were collections of books manuscripts
journals and other sources of recorded information The collection of the traditional
libraries are mostly print media manuscripts etc and are not well organized The
documents are deteriorating at a rapid rate the collected information is not easy to locate
and procure Such information does not reach the user of the libraries on time It is
difficult to get such publications in the absence of personal influence and contacts
There are certain restricted publications containing highly informative materials but
may not be easily available Sometimes the information is published after many years
By the time it is published the information becomes obsolete and then abandoned Since
it is not properly indexed or listed the researcher is forced to go through long and
tedious process to ascertain whether any material of hisher interest is available or not
Here the collections are not well organized and some reports are deteriorating at a rapid
rate Preserving them in their original form is difficult and it is not cost effective Again
the traditional libraries are confined itself within a physical boundary
B Automated Library A library wh i c h provides automatic services with machine-
readable catalog computerized acquisition circulation and Online Public Access
Catalogue (OPAC) are called as automated library The holdings or collection of
5
automated such types of libraries makes them better and offer more and effective services
are same as that of traditional libraries
C Electronic Library When automated libraries go for Local Area Networking (LAN)
and CD-ROM networking and started procuring e-journals and other similar kinds of
electronic materials of publications ( magnetic tapes microfilm roles CDs DVDs
Microform or other media) and accessible by any medium such as computer laptops I-
pads etc are stored and then it is known as electronic library The electronic information
or material may be stored in an offline server or online which may be accessed remotely
via computer networks The resources of the electronic libraries are in both print and
electronic form The electronic media are used for storage retrieval and delivery of
information
D Digital Library In digital libraries services are fully automated and all resources
in digital form These libraries are heterogeneous in nature and include work related
to information and how to digitize store find link visualize use publish manage and
share information Digital library is an assemblage of digital computing storage and
communication machinery together with content and software In a digital library there
are mainly two types of information
1) Born digital This information are digitally created and stored
2) Digitalized Information is in physical formats (print format) with the help of
appropriate hardware and software the information is converted into digital format or in
electronic format
It is a later stage of electronic library In digital library high speed optical fiber are used
for LAN and the access is over WAN and provide a wide range of Internet based
services ie audio and video conferencing and like other The majority of the holding
of a digital library is in the computer readable form and also acts as a point of access to
other online sources
E Virtual Library The concept of virtual library also emerged simultaneously with
electronic library and digital library This emergence is perhaps because all the
information uses are at present through networked libraries at the desktop which is quite
virtual (practical) without the physical existence of books on shelves A virtual library
can be simply defined as the internet-based digital library or a library without walls The
concept of virtual library is that any person who has a computer and connection to the
library networks can access not only the resources of that library but also a variety of
information available through national and international networks like internet and
intranet without being physically present in the library Access digital information from
the any part of the globe through an network (LAN or WAN) or any other gateway
such as internet The term virtual library is attracted the interest of users because of the
increasing medium called the WWW (World Wide Web) The virtual library is the single
most reachable and important source of information in the world and leads to
6
replacement for the traditional library A collection of links is also a virtual library these
links are not necessary owned by the virtual library However the links are maintained
updated and managed as a normal function of the virtual library
F Hybrid Library It was designed to bring a range of technologies from different
sources together in the context of a working library and to explore integrated systems
and services in electronic and printed environments It reflects the transitional state of
the library which today can neither be fully printed nor fully digital Hybrid libraries
consist of conventional print material such as books magazines journals as well as
nonconventional or electronic based material such as audio books electronic journals
e-books etc Hybrid libraries are the new and emerging term for the most public and
academic libraries because with the existing services and collection they can easily
provide electronic services or online services and easily build digital collections
There are many myths about digital library as 1) The internet is the digital library
2) Fully automated library is digital library
3) The myth of a single digital library or one-window view of digital library collections
4) Digital libraries will provide more equitable access anywhere any time
5) Digital libraries will be cheaper than print libraries
Advantages of e-libraries Todayrsquos libraries are not encircled to a particular location The user can get his her
information on his own computer screen by using the Internet It is a network of
compound access system which provides quick information to many users at the same
time There are many advantages of having hybrid digital and virtual libraries some of
the common advantages are as follows
1) No physical boundary The users did not require going to the library through internet
they could access the same information from all over the earth instantly He she have to
just type the URL of the library and heshe can get all the services and information what
heshe get in the libraries Which saves users time and every information is on single
click
2) Round the clock availability libraries can be accessed at any time 24 hours a day
and 365 days of the year All the digital content is on the internet so the information is
available at 24 hours because machines donrsquot know about day night weeks and months
Every information is available online without the respect of time
3) Multiple accesses The same resources can be used at the same time by a number of
users The users can access same the same material at numerous of times without any
difficulties and at the same time It saves users time and money which is economical
and leads to better services according to userrsquos needs and demands Multiple accesses
mean many users use the same resource at the same time or after some time However
in traditional libraries particular resource can accessed only once by a single user
7
4) Structured approach the contents of modern libraries are much richer than the
conventional libraries and the collections are in a very organized way ie users can easily
access the catalogue and from catalogue to the exacting book then from the book to a
particular chapter and so on In a library there are organized collections of human
knowledge so with the help of search we can easily approach to our particular topic
and collect the information related to the topic we search the topic in a structured way
which means that from a catalog to book then to index then from chapter so on according
to our needs we move from books to main directory or catalogue
5) Information retrieval The users are able to search or retrieve information with
the use any keyword which are related to the word or phrase of the entire collection
Digital library have user- friendly interfaces one click access to its contents The users
can easily search any word sentence symbol numbers with the help of interfaces called
search box with the help of search we can go through our topic With information
retrieval it saves the userrsquos time in searching of their information quick access to their
topics and easy to operate
6) Space The traditional library faces problems of storage and space as the collections
are in print form it occupies more space whereas electronic or digital libraries store
more information in a very less space Thousands of eBooks magazines journals etc
can be stored in single hard disks so it is important to know that the digital library needs
very less space without effecting their operations and services When the conventional
library had no physical space digitalization of its collection is the only solution
7) Networking nowadays libraries are interconnected with high-speed internet
connection which is called networking sharing of resources can be done through the
sharing of links Users need not required to go to library he can easily access the libraries
resources through internet and use their services Users can easily access many libraries
database at a single click because libraries shares the links of others libraries links which
saves users time and helps in the searching of their relevant information
8) Cost The expenditure on maintaining an electronic virtual library is much lower than
that of a traditional library A conventional library have to accept more expenditure on
the maintenance staff and professionals salaries etc this can be abridged by electronic
virtual libraries because in these modern libraries there are one time investment till the
technology changes and after that less professionals need for the maintenance of the
library
Challengesdisadvantages of e-libraries The computer viruses disasters lack of standardization for digitized information
quick degrading properties of digitized material different display standard of digital
product and its associated problem health hazard nature of the radiation from monitor
etc makes digital libraries at times handicap
1 Copyright Digitization opposes the copyright law as the content or resources of one
author can be simply transferable by others without his knowledge The main challenge
is that how the libraries broadcast information along with protecting the intellectual
8
properties of an author There are very strict rules regarding the violation of copyright
laws but in digital era it is very difficult to save the intellectual property rights of an
author or publisher
2 Speed of access as more and more computers are connected then the loads on the
server makes website slow If new technology will not evolve to solve the problem then
in near future Internet will be full of error messages As we all know that the technology
is going older day by day so itrsquos difficult to provide same speed of access because digital
content includes audio video documents which are of big in size and require more
bandwidth speed
3 Initial cost is high The initial cost of modern libraries such as the cost of software
hardware communication networks and other equipments are very high So it is very
expensive for libraries to purchase them because libraries are not the profit making
organizations they are depend on any institutions which provides funds for the
functioning and running of the libraries
4 Band width libraries will need high transfer rates for transfer of multimedia resources
but the band width is decreasing day by day due to its over utilization and overload on
the internet The slow bandwidth leads to slow download and uploading of digital
material which means users have to give more time in searching and downloading their
contents
5 Efficiency with the information explosion there is tons of information on particular
topics so it is very difficult to find the right information on the particular topic The
authentication of the information is not sure
6 Environment modern libraries cannot produce the environment of traditional
libraries Many users also find that reading printed information much easier than reading
information on a computer screen Due to lack of technological awareness many people
prefer to use print materials for reading Moreover the habits are the major problem
7 Preservation Due to rapid change in technology libraries become outdate and its
information may become inaccessible In future many new formats evolve so it is
difficult to preserve the library resources at a standard format so that in future we may
use it
Conclusion
The hybrid electronic digital and virtual libraries are the modern libraries and they are
synonyms to each other The modern libraries are not going to replace the physical
existence of print resources completely but no doubt to meet the present demand of the
users and change in technology to satisfy the users demand digitization must be
introduced so that at least libraries becomes of hybrid nature and become in the touch of
its users
The preliminary cost of digitization is high but research shows that once digitalization is
introduced then the cost to manage developing this collection will be cheaper than that of
any conventional library Day by day the cost of digitization is decreasing because the
technology going updated with every bit of time the online publication is increasing and
the needs of user are shifting towards the non-print sources The term digital library has
9
been around for at least 24 hours and possibly longer and some of the ideas behind the
term have been around for much longer While there is still disagreement about the
meaning of the term this piece argues that digital libraries are not fundamentally
different from
traditional libraries either in the purposes of existing or in the services provided The
main differences come down to how the services are provided and how collections are
stored and managed
Reference 1 Dr Manoj Kumar Verma Concept of Hybrid Digital and Virtual Library -
Mizoram University Assistant
ProfessorDepartment of Library and information science
2 Dr Manoj Kumar Verma Concept of Hybrid Digital and Virtual Library - UP
पषटभमि सङगीतको इततहास धर परानो मातननछ l ६४ कलाहर मधयको परमख कला सङगीत कला हो l महाकवव लकषमी परसाद दवकोटाल भनका छन कला भनको जीवनलाई रामरो तररकाबाट उठाउन पररपरण गनण र आननद ददन हो l कला भनको मानव हदयमा परभाववत पारी उचचवोधदवारा नततक शिकषा ददन हनपछण l िासतिोकत ढगल रचचत सतवर वरण र िबद आददल यकत जब कन सागीततक शसजणनालाई मचमा परसततत गररनछ र तयसको आननद परसततोता सतवय र शरोता लाई पतन परापत हनछ भन तयो सङगीतकला बनन जानछ l जमणन ववदवान पाकण रका अनसार मानवको इचछा या चाहनादवारा कालपतनक भावनालाई साकार रप ददन न कला हो l गायन वादन र नतय यी तीन कलाको शमशरर न सङगीत हो l वददककाल दखखन ववशभनन उपतनषद परार आदद गरनथमा उललख गररएको नाद शरतत सपत सतवर जातत गराम राग मछणना ताल मनधम दनदभी ववरा आदद बाट तयो समयमा सङगीतल ववकशसत रप शलएको दखखनछ l नपालमा ककराातकाल शलचछवीकाल र मललकालीन समयमा परापत शिलालखमा उललख भएका पदहर वाददिगोषठी परकषरमणडपी डवली नासादयो पयााख चयाण (चचा) आददको आधारमा तयततबला सङगीतको रामरो ववकास भएको मानन सककनछ l िाहकालीन समयमा राजाहर सङगीतमा तनक िौखखन चथए भनन करा पथवी नारायर िाहको ददवय वारी रर वहादरिाहको शसतार वादन सरनर िाहको गीत लखन र बाजा बजाउन राजा महनरल सतथापना गरको नपाल सङगीत महाववदयालय (२०१२) नपाल एकडमी (२०१४) राषटषिय नाचघर (२०१६) शसहदरबार पररसर शभिको रतन रकरड णङ िसतट (२०१८) जन पतछ २०४१ सालमा नपाल टशलशभजनको रपमा परररत भयो दजणनौ परसतकारहरको सतथापना कलाकारलाई परोतसाहन सतवरप ददएका अनकौ उपाधीहर जसततः वादय
शिरोमखर सङगीत शिरोमखर भजन शिरोमखर सङगीत परववर र नारायरदहटी दरबार पररसरको नारायर मषटनदरमा दरबनदीन तोकी िासतिीय सङगीतको तनयशमत कायणकरम सचालन गराइएको जसतता कायणल सतवदिी कला र ससतकती परतत उनको गदहरो मोह सतनह र ठलो योगदान रहको दखखनछ l भारतीय सगीताचायण वसनतदवारा शलखखत पसततक सङगीत वविारदमा रारा कालीन समयमा वीर िमिरल बीरगजमा आयोजना गरको वव स १९५६ को बगडीको सङगीत सममलन जहाा नपाल र भारत वषणका दजणनौ िासतिीय सगीतजञहरल भाग शलएका चथए र गरनथ न तयार परको करा उललख छ l पथवी नारायर िाहल नपालको एकीकरर पशचात ददएको ददवयवारी आफना िोख सयललाई ताल िासति बमोषटजमको तीन िहर नपालका नवारहरको नाच खिकाई हयाण पतन हनछ भनन वारील सङगीतको रामरो ववकास भएको जनाउछ र सतवदिी कला र ससतकतीलाई महतव ददन पछण भनन गदहरो सदि पतन छ तर आजको पररविमा राषि राषटषियता र ससतकार ससतकती माचथन सब भनदा धर ववकतत शभतरिएको अवसतथा चचनताजनक छ l यसमा हामी सबको धयान जानपन दखखनछ l राजतनिको अनतयका लाचग कलाकारहरको पतन ठलो योगदान रहको दखखनछ l परजातनि र गरतनिको सतथापना पतछ सरकारी गर सरकारीसततरबाट सतथावपत भएका ववशभननखाल ससतथाहरल कला र ससतकतीको कषिमा कायणरत नया तथा पराना सरसतटाहरलाई ववशभनन कायणकरम माफण त मान सममान परसतकार अवाडण सममलन आदद कायणल योगदान पयाणउद आएका छन l
ऐततहामसक रपरखा
वद उपतनषद योग दिणन वयाकरर र अधयातमववदया आदद आयण ससतकततका यी आदय गरनथहरमा नादलाई अपार महतव ददइएको छ l ऋगवद को शिकषा िासति अनसार नाद बाट सतवरको उतपवि हनछ सतवर तीन परकारका हनछन l उदाि अनदाि र सतवररत यी ततन सतवरको वरणन पारीनीय अषटधयायीमा छ l उचचरदािाः नीचरनदािाः समाहारः सतवररतः यी तीन वटा सिल तीनवटा भद दखाएको छ -
अथाणत उदािा वाट तनषाद र गानधारको उतपवि अनदाि वाट ऋषभ र धवत तयस गरर सतवररतवाट षडज मधयम र पञचमको उतपवि भएको छ पषटणडत िारगदवल पतन आफनो गरनथ सङगीतरतनाकरमा नादलाई साकषात बरहमन मानन भएको करा तनमन शलोकल परषट परको छ -
चतनय सवणभताना वववि जगदातमना
नादबरहम तदाननदमररतीयमपासतमह
(स र १३१)
अथाणत समपरण जीवातमाको जो चतना हो अथवा जसवाट जीवातमा चतन हनछ साथ जगतको उतपवि षटसतथतत र परलय पतन हनछ तयो नाद बरहम हो र तयस नाद बरहम जो अदववविय छ जसलाई अदवत दवतादवत ववशिषटादवत आदद दिणनल परततपादन गरका छन तयसलाई हामी उपासना गदणछौ
जसरी सब जञानको मल आधार वदलाई मातनएको छ तयसतत सङगीतको पतन आधार सामवद न मातनएको छ l सामवदका ऋचाहर गयातमक छन l गनधवणवदमा सङगीत क बारमा उललख गररएको छ l सङगीतल मातनसलाई षटजउन भावनाको जनम गराउाछ सङगीत मानवजीवनको दहसतसा िताषटबदयौदखख छ सङगीतलाई हरक ससतकततल पजा गछण ककनकक यो हरक ससतकततको पदहचान हो सङगीत सनदा िारीररक र मानशसक दव फाइदा हनछन यसल तनाव र चचनता भगाउाछ l धवतन र नाद नाद र िबद िबद र आकािमा अभद छ भतन ववदवानहरल भनका छन -
नादन वयजयत वरणः पद वराणत पदादवचः
वचसो वयवहारोऽय नादाधीनमतो जगत
(स र १२२)
अथाणत नाददवारा वरणहर उतपनन हनछन वरणहरवाट पद तनषपवि हनछ र पद वाट वाकय अथाणत भावाशभवयकत गन पद सघात उतपनन हनछ र यस वाकय (वारी) दवारा वयवहार चलदछ र वयवहारीक वारीन नादवाट अशभवयकत भएको हनछ
सङगीत बाट जीवनका चार परषाथण अथण धमण काम मोकष परापत हन ववचार यजञवलकय सतमतत गरनथ मा उललख गररएको छ l
वीरा वादनततवजञ शरततववदया वविारदः तालजञशचापरयासन मोकषमाग स ववनदतत
(यासतमयध३११५)
अथाणत वीरा वादनमा किल शरततववदयामा तनपर तथा तालजञ मनषय सहज मषटकतमागणमा परववषट हनछ बरहमाणडमा आकाि र नाद यी दई ततव न यसतता ततव हन जन ववशववयापी र सवणवयापी छन l आकािको गर नाद र िबद हो तयसल सङगीतरतनाकरमा नादको तनरषटकत यसरी गररएको छ
नकार परार नामान दकारमनल ववदः जातः पराराषटगनसयोगािन नादो Ntilde शभधीयत
(स र १३६)
अथाणत नकार भनको परार हो र दकार भनको आगो भतन जानन जव परार र अषटगनको सयोग हनछ तयतत वला तयसबाट उतपनन धवतन वविषलाई नाद भतननछ तयसल समपरण जगतन नादको अचधनमा छ भनन बखिनछ l पराचीन सङगीतकारहरल राग-राचगतनहरका धर सनदर रचनाहर गरका छन l िासतिीय सङगीतको ममण न राग हो l राग िबदको परयोगन सगीताचायण मतगको बहददिी गरनथमा उललखखत भएको पाइएको छ l सङगीतको साधना र अधययनल िासति सतवर ववजञान र सङगीत परदिणनमा किलता परापत हनछ l
राग क र कसरी उतपवि भयो
योNtildeय धवतनवविषसतत सतवरवरणववभवषत l रजको जनचचिानाम स राग कचथतो बध ll
- अशभनव राग मनजरी
अथाणत धवतन को तयो ववशिषट रचना जन सतवर र वरणयकत सनदर छ र जसल मनषय(परारी)को चचिलाई रजन अथवा मनोरनजन परधान गदणछ ववदवानहर तयसलाई राग भनदछन l
उतपविको ववषयमा ववशभनन मत छन जसतमा एक मत सङगीत वविारद गरनथमा वसत लखन हनछ पावणती माता को ियन मरा लाई दखर शिवजील अग परतयगको आधारमा रर वीना बनाई आफनो पााच मख बाट पााच रागहर भरव दहनडोल मघ दीपक र शरी रागको उतपवि गनण भयो र छटौ राग कौशिक सतवय माता पावणतील रचना गनण भयो l पराचचन गरनथमा सङगीतका मखय चार मत पाइनछ l शिव मत कषर मत भरत मत र हनमनमत l
पराचीनकालदखख वतणमान समम रागमा ववशभनन वगीकररहर भए जातत वगीकरर गराम राग वगीकरर दसववचध राग वगीकरर िदध छायालग र सकीरण राग वगीकरर मल राग वगीकरर राग राचगनी वगीकरर रागाग राग वगीकरर र वतणमानमा ठाट राग वगीकरर यदह ठाट राग वगीकररलाईन अदहल हामील िासतिीय सङगीत शसकन शसकाउन माधयमको रपमा मानद आएका छौ
शासतरीय सङगीतको आिशयकता
- जीवनको चार परषाथण अथण धमण काम र मोकष पराषटपतका लाचग l - सब सङगीतको जननी भएकाल यसमा दखल हाशसल गनणका लाचग l - िासतिीय सङगीतलाई मल आधार बनाएर सङगीत कषिमा परवि गरका
- उिम गरी र शिजञकषत कलाकारहरको उतपादन गन गरसततरीय सङगीत तरबदयालय र ववशववयापीरपमा परततसतपधाण गनण सकन वयवहाररक सङगीत शिकषाको ववकास गनण l
- दिभरर छररएर रहका सङगीत परशिकषर कनरहरलाई एउटा छाता मतन राखर गरसततरीय पाठयकरम बनाई परीकषा पररालीमा लयाउन पन l
- कलाकारहर रोजीरोटीमा माि शसशमत रहन पन बाधयता हन l - सङगीत तफण राजयको धयान कषटनरत गराउन नसकन l
शासतरीय सङगीतको सिसतयाहरका सिाधान
- दि सङघीयतामा गईसककाल अब हरक राजय वा परानतमा कलाकारहरको हकदहत र सरकषरको लाचग छटट तनकायको गठन गररनपन l
- िासतिीय सङगीतमा समवपणत साधक सजणकहरको पररचय बनाई जीवन सततर सहज बनाउन आजीवन भिा सवा सतरबधाको राजयल गयारनटी शलनपन तब माि शसजणनाल तनरनतरता पाउाछ र राजयल असल र सततररय सङगीतको ववकास गनण सकछ ककनकक भोको पटल शसजणना गनण सकदन l
- िासतिीय सङगीतको अधययन अधयापनलाई सहज बनाउनलाई हरक परानतमा तरबदयालय तथा महातरबदयालय तहमा िासतिीय सङगीतको पाठयकरम बनाई लाग गररनपन l
- राजधानीमा कषटनरत लशलतकला पदम कनया र रतन राजय कयामपस जसतत दिका अनय भागमा पतन ववसततार गररन पन l
- लशलतकलाको ववकासको लाचग छट Performing Art University को सतथापना गररन पन l
शासतरीय सङगीतको बततिान अिसतथा
- सतकल दखख + २ हाद ववशवववदयालयमा सतनातकोिर र ववदयावाररधी सममको अधययन हन गरको छ l
- समगर नपालको सङगीतको ववकास र सरकषरको लाचग राजयका तफण बाट ररडयो नपाल ( २००७) नपाल सङगीत तथा नाटय परजञा परततषठान (२०६४) सासतकततक ससतथान (२०१६) नपाल टशलशभजन (२०४१) लगाएतका ससतथाहरल योगदान ददइरहका छन l
- कलाकारलाई रोजगारीको अवसर शमलको छ l - राजधानी लगाएतका मठ मषटनदर गठीहर जसततः ककरातशवोर सङगीत
आशरम यलमाया कलाशसक पिपततनाथ सगीतकला परततषठान कपन सङगीत सरोवर कलातनचध सङगीत महातरबदयालय राम मषटनदर आदद कषिहरमा पाजञकषक माशसक रपमा िासतिीय सङगीतका कायणकरमहर हाद आएका छन l
- दजणनौ तनजी सङगीत परशिकषर कनरहरल पतन सङगीत शिकषा परदान गद आएका छन l
- राजयल लगाएत अनय तनषटज ससतथानहरल बषनी कलाकार तथा सरसतटाहरलाई परसतकार तथा मान सममान परदान गद आएका छन l
- कलाकारका हकदहतको लाचग ववशभनन ससतथाहर सककरय छन जसततः रोयलटी सकलन कनर परसततोता समाज सगीतकार सघ गीतकार सघ गायन समाज आदद l
- टशलशभजन लगायत ववशभनन खाल सचारका माधयमबाट आयोजना हन गरका गायनका ररयलदट िोहर जसबाट छोटो समयमान आफनो कला दखाएर चचाण पाउन समभावना बढर गएको छ
- आफनो कलालाई आफल परसततत गनण शमलन कसको पछी लागन नपन ववशभनन परववचधको ववकास भएको छ जसतको परयोगबाट सहज ववशव समदायमा आफनो कला परसततत गनण सककनछ
सङगीतिा गररएका नयाा परयोग (थरापी)
सङगीतदवारा गररन ववशभननखाल रोगहरको उपचार पदधतत लाई न music therapy भतननछ l सतनायववजञानमाचथ अनसनधान गरररहका मनोवजञातनक डयातनयल ज लशभदटनका अनसार मानशसक र िारीररक सतवासतथयका लाचग सङगीत चचककतसाका पररराम रोचक छन अनसनधानका अनसार यसल रोगपरततरोधातमक कषमतामा सकारातमक असर पछण यसल तनाव ददन हमोन कम गराउाछ सङगीतका अततररकत आमाको लोरीलाई पतन महततवपरण मातनएको छ लोरी सनन बानी परको बचचा िानत र सजग हनछ बचचालाई तनरा लागछ र ऊ घररघरर रा दन सङगीत थरापील गभणवती मदहलाको तनाव पतन कम हनछ सङगीत सनन बानील आतमा र िरीरका लाचग औषचधको काम गछण कततपय रोगमा औषचधल काम नगरपतन सङगीतल जादमयी असर दखाउाछ िरीरको कोदटणसोल सततर कम गरर यसल तनावगरसतत मासपिीहरलाई आराम ददनछ तनयशमत सङगीत सनदा ददमागल रामररी काम गनण पाउाछ असहनीय पीडाबाट गषटिरहका मातनसलाई सङगीत सनाउा दा आराम पगछ कयानाडाको अलबटाण ववशवववदयालयमा तीनदखख ११ वषणसममका ४२ बालबाशलकालाई इनजकसन लगाउन बलामा सङगीत सनाउा दा कम पीडा महसस भएको चथयो सङगीत शरवरल िरीरमा इमयनोगलोबशलन ए बढाउाछ यो एनटीबडील िरीरका कोशिकाहर सतवसतथ राखनका लाचग ठलो काम गछण सकरामक रोग लागकाहरलाई उपचारका बलामा सङगीत सनाउा दा परततरकषा पररालीमा सकारातमक असर पछण l घररघरर तरबरामी हनबाट बचनछ भन सङगीत सनन थालनस ढाडको समसतया हटाउन सतमरर िषटकत दहरो बनाउन र रामरो तनरा लयाउन पतन सङगीत परभावकारी हनछ तर िासति मा आधाररत समधर सङगीत सनदा माि यी असर दखखन हन l चको डागड़ोग र ककण ि सङगीत सनदा चादह तनाव थवपनछ l
उपसहार
िासतिीय सङगीतको उपासनाल तरनत मन सतथीर र एकतरित भई सतवरमा र आफनो उपासतयमा सतथीर हन हनाल यो धयानमागणमा पतन परवि गनणका लागी आहत नाद अथाणत सङगीतको अतत महतवपरण भशमका दखखनछ l
आजको नपाली सङगीतको गरसततरमा सदधाषटनतक र वयवहाररक दव पकषमा धर अनतर पाउनको पछाडी भौततक लाभको लाचग माि िासतिीय सङगीत को साधना गररन हो l भौततक पराषटपत का साथ साथ आधयाषटतमक उननततको लाचग पतन िासतिीय सङगीत उविक महतवपरण छ भनन बझन जररी छ l कला सादहतय र सङगीत नबझन वयषटकतलाई सङगीत सादहतयको सपरशसदध गरनथ ldquoितकियमrdquo का रचतयता भतणहरर नीततितकम खडमा भननहनछ -
सादहतयसङगीतकलाववहीनः साकषातपिः पचछववषारहीनः तर न खादननवप जीवमानसततदभागधय परम पिनाम १२
अथाणत जो मनषय सादहतय सगीत कलाबाट वचचत हनछ तयो पचछर तथा शसग तरबनाको साकषात पिको समान हनछ तयो तरबना घाास खाएर जीववत रहन पि भए तनःसदह सौभागयको करा हनछ
यषा न ववदया न तपो न दान जञान न िील न गरो न धमणः त मतयलोक भवव भारभता मनषयरपर मगाशचरषटनत 13
अथाणत ndash जन मनषयसग ववदया तप दानको भावना जञान िील (सतसतवभाव) मानवीय गर धमणमा सलगनताको अभाव हनछ तयो यस मररिील ससारमा धरतीको बोि बनर मनषय रपमा ववचरर गन पि हनछ नीततशलोकका रचतयता राजा भतणहरर यो सतपषट गनण चाहन हनछ कक मनषयको दतनक चयाण यदद पट पालन अथवा तयस भनदा कदह कदम अगारड सखभोगका साधन जटाउनलाई माि सीशमत रहको छ भन उसमा र जनावरमा कन खास फरक रहादन खान-वपउन र सखःभोग गन यही उसको जीवनको उदयशय रहको हनछ मनषयको बौदचधकताको कारर सखभोगको साथ साथ अनय कराहर पतन सलगन रहको हनछ कवव यस करालाई महतव ददन चाहन हनछ कक मनषय र पिमा शभननता कवल िारीररक सरचनामा माि सीशमत न रहर तयस भनदा माचथ उठर ववववध कलामा रचच राखन चचतन-मननको सामथयण हाशसल गनण ववदया आजणन गनण परोपकारादद कायणमा सलगन हन आधयाषटतमक जञानमा रचच राखन आददमा क दरत हन पछण जो यस परकारको उननत दजाणको कमणमा लागदन मनषय
रपमा उसको जीवनको साथणकता वसतततः सददगध हन जानछ तयो धरतीको लाचग एक परकारको बोिन हो भनन सककनछ जसरी सङगीतका सात सतवरहरको उतपवि उदाि अनदाि र सतवररत बाट भए सदहतयको वयाकररमा पतन यी तीन सतवरको वविष महतव रहको पाइनछ l सादहतयमा यमाताराजभानसलगा सि बाट ववशभनन छनदहरको तनमाणर भए जसतत सङगीतमा सारगमपधतनसा सि बाट न ववशभनन परकारका सतवरहर एव राग राचगनी हरको उतपवि भएको पाइनछ l कावयको लाचग ववषय िबद र अथण चादहनछ भन सङगीतको लाचग लय सतवर र धन आवशयक हनछ l सादहतय अथवा कावय सङगीत ववना परण हन सकतन तर सगीतमा सादहतय र िबद नभए पतन हनछ सादहतय िबद परधान हनछ भन सङगीत नाद परधान हनछ र िबद गौड रहनछ l चतन अचतन दबलाई परभाव पन कावय जसततो सङगीतलाई बझन मगज खखयाउन पदन l यसको अततररकत सब उमरका मातनस परारी एवम वोट ववरवा लाई समत लठठ पान कषमता सङगीतमा रहनछ l
अराात साहितय सगीत मधय कन एउटा पनन कला नभएको वयकतत पि समान िो | आफनो कला दवारा चतनाको सवोचच सरान परापत गना र गराउन सतन न मानव िो | पराकनतक रपमा िन िो भन पनछीिरल
घर िनाएको नाचको करायको िडा मनमोिक दखन र सनन सककनछ | तर पनन मानव ल मानव जीवन को अकनतम परयोजन मोकष को लागग आफनो कला परयोग गन गररएको िनाल अर पराकनतक जीव भनदा अलग
अकसततव िनाएको िो |
सगीत कला मधयको पररम कला को रपमा शलन गररनछ तमाम लशलत कला को ववधा भनदा सगीत कला ल अर कला भनदा िित परभाव पान गदाछ | चतन अवचतन र अचतन सिमा सगीत को परभाव पन गरका ववशभनन तथयिर फला परका छन | पराचीन काल िोस वा वतामान काल िोस | िाासरीको धन सन पनछ गाई
ल साववक भनदा अशल िढी दध हदन िरक हदन सगीत परवाि िन ठाउमा भएका बिरवा को बिकाि नछटो िन आहद वतामानमा परमाणणत भएका न छन |
सगीत मा साहितय को परयोग पनन उगचत रपमा जीवनत परयोग गन गररएको पाइनछ | जि कन गीतकार
को गीतमा सगीत को उगचत परयोग गन गररनछ ति तयो गीत कालजयी िनदछ |
राम चनरrdquo जि भजन को रपमा सनननछ सगीत को परभाव ल पाउज िजाउा द सामननमा हिडीरको पो िो कक
भनन भान िनछ |
गायन वादन र नतय को समकषट न सगीत िो | गायन लाइ अझ पषटता परदान गना वादन को परयोग गररनछ
तयस अनरप को नतय पनन गररनछ | िन त तीनवट ववधा छटटा छटट पनन परभाव पाना सफल छन तर पनन
ताल बिना गायन या नतय मा आननद को अनभनत िन पन जतती न िन ताल को सि काया वानछनीय
मानननछ |ताल कया ल आननद को अनभनत गराउादछ तयस ल राषर िोक को समय मा सर िाजा को मातर
परयोग गन गररनछ यसत ताल न जानाती गायको न स वादक कन पनन करा मा जि माननस आफनो सकपणा बिवक परयोग गदाा पनन सफल िन सतदन अनन कसलाई सोधर सफल िन भनन करा खोजद हिडछ
| आफ भनदा बििकी वयकतत फला पाछा अनन उसल सकपणा सफलता िात पादाछ | अनन तयो सफलता शसकाउन वयकतत गर को रपमा मानदछ उसल समाजमा तयो करा भन पनछ उसको जसत समसया भयका अर बयतती ल समाधान गराउन समरा बयतती लाई गर भनदछन र परशसदधी फलाउादछन | उततम गर लाई
उसको परशसदधी मा कन लोभ िादन बयततीमा भएको जञानको जयोनत मा लागको पदाा िटाउाछ र तयस मा फरर पदाा न लाछन उपाय िताउाछ र आफनो िाटो लाछदछ
आफभनदा अगाडी हिडको वयकतत लाइ गर या मागादिाक को रप मा शलन गररनछ | तसता मिान जन
िरक पदचाप लाइ आधार मानन चलन छ | ldquoमिाजनो यन गत स पनर ldquo अराात गणी मिान वयकततिर
ल अपनाएको िाटो कलयाणकारी िन गदाछ र विाालाइ गर मानर अर जनिर कलयाणको कामना मा तयहि
वािनसवामी िरर दास मीरा जीकबिर जीतकाराम आहद ल सगीत (गायन) को सार ल विााका इषट को साकषातकार गना भएको इनतिास छ |
गर िबद को अरा न अजञानको पदाा िटाउन वयकतत को रपमा शलईएको छ | सगीत लाइ गरमखी ववदया भननएको छ ककनकक कियातमक बिषयका अनक भराकनत गर दवारा मातर िल गना सकभव छ | पसतकमा
उललख गररएका ततविर आफल मातर सहि तररका िाट गायन वा वादन सकभव छन तयसल बिना गर
सगीतमा सफल िन सककदन | कन पनन परकारका ववधा मा गर को सरापना जररर छ जो तयस बिषय मा मिारर िाशसल गरको िनछ | तयसल गर को बिषय मा ldquo गररबाहमा गरबिाषण गरदवो मिशवरrdquo यानी गर
सकषट कसरनत र सिार कायामा समरा वयकतत को रप मा माननएको छ | उतकषट गर र शिषय एक अकाामा पररपरक िन गदाछन | चतनाको ववशभनन आयाम को मागादिान गरदवारा न सकभव छ |
पराचीन समय मा सि बिषय िर सनर न पठन पाठन गन चलन गरयो भनन करािर पढन पाइनछ |
वद को पठन पाठन सनर न गन गररनथयो तयस कारण शरनत नामाकरण भयो | जि माननस मा सनर गरिण
समयमा ६४ कला को अधययन अधयापन गररनथयो | राज कल ऋवषकल वपतकल गरकल आहद ससरा िाट शिकषा परदान गन चलन गरयो |६४ कला मधय लशलत कला को सरान पहिलो तयस मधयमा पनन सगीत
लाइ सवोपरी मानन गररएको छ | साम वद न सगीतको जननी को रप मा माननयको गायन आज को समयसकम आइपछदा ववशभनन अवसरा पार गद िाशम सकमख छ |
शिकषण को मखय तीन अग मानननछ
१ गरशिकषक २ शिषय बिदयारी ३ बिषय शिकषा
मागरका तीन करािर जि सकननहित िनछन ति शिकषण िनछ | तीन मधय एउटा कराको मातर अभाव
रिमा अशभषट शसदध निन िनछ | अनन तीन मधय एउटा पनन कमजोर रिमा उतकषट ननतजा आउन करामा सनदि रिन सतछ | तयसल तीनवट को सामनजसय रिन आवसयक छ | जसरर एउटा राषर समदध िन
पालना गना आवसयक मानननछ ति मातर उतकषट राजय िन जानछ | तयसत परकारल गरशिषय र शिकषा को सहि सयोजन िाट उतकषट परनतफल को कामना गना सककनछ | गर मातर गणी भएर िनन तसलाई गरिण गन वयकतत पनन पातरता भएको िन पदाछ आफलाई खाशल पार पछी मातर कन वसत भना सकजलो िनछ | गर का सकमख िादा म लाई आउाछ भनन भाव को सवारा अभाव िन पदाछ भनन चलन छ समगर मा भनन पदाा गर
एव शिषय दव एक अकाा मा पररपरक छन | कन एक को अभावल अशभषट शसदध िदन |
पराचीन समय दणख न उतकषटता को खोजीमा िाशम मनतर तनतर िद यनतर यग सकम आइपगका छौ | परसतत लखमा गर र शिषय मा क क ततव िन पछा भनन करा उललख गना खोकजएको छ | यस बिषय मा िाल
सकम आइ पछदा गर र शिषयमा ननकन करा िर िन पछा भनन अनभव गररएको छ |
गर मा िन पन गण
१ जञान २ ववजञान ३ वचन ४ परयोग शसदगध ५ शिषय ननसपादन ६ उजाा वदगध |
तयस गरर शिषय मा ननकन करा िरको परख गररनछ |
१ समपाण २ भकतत ३ मिनत ४ वफादारी ५ समय को पालन |
अि यस लाइ अशल बिसतार मा िझौ|
गर मा खोकजन करा िर |
१ जञान जन बिषय को अधयन गररनछ तयस बिषय परनत अमक वयकतत को जञान कनत छ यानी तयस बिषय
मा चाहिन बिषय वसतपरनत आवसयक करा िर कनत छ भनन करा पहिलो रोजाई िनछ | तयस वयकतत ल
वयकतत ल शिकषा गरिण गरको गर वा घर पररवार आहद सि करा िररकन उसको पररकषण गररनछ र उसको ववदवतता को चाल पाउन गररचछ | तयस बिषय मा कनत करा िर को पराचीन काल दणख अहिल सकममा भएका पररवतान को िार मा पनन रािा िन पदाछ |
२ ववजञान ववषय को वविष यानी गिन जञान न बिजञान िो | ववषय ल बयतत गना खोजको करा लाइ गिन
रपमा गचनतन गन र तयसलाइ बयतत गना न ववजञान को रपमा शलन गररनछ | जसत बििान को समय मा ककन मनर सपतक मा अभयास गना पछा भनन करा को समाधान गना सतन बिलककित लयमा अभयाि गदाा िन फायदा सवर को कन परकारल अभयास गदाा क कराको फायदा शलन सककनछ आहद करा बिजञान शभतर
राखन सककनछ | शिषय को कन पकष मा झकाि िढी छ तसमा अझ ननखारता र अर पकष को सिल बिकाि मा धयान हदन जञान न बिजञान िो |
३ वचन यानी िोलन तररकाभाषा को परयोग िबद को चयन आहद करा को पनन बिचार गन गररनछ | कन कन िला मा गर ल अशल कठोर खालको िचन को पनन परयोग गना पन िनछ | अशल ररसाएर परयोग गररएको वचन ल बिदयारी अशल सजगता हदएर शसतन पनन िनछ तयस कारण पनन कन समयमा अशल रखो सबद
को परयोग गदाा बिदयारी को िीतलाइ धयान राणखएको िन गदाछ | ससकत मा एउटा नीती वचन ल भनछ ldquo
लालानाद िििो दोषा ताडनाद िििो गणाrdquo यानी धर माया ल पनन बिगगरन सकभावना िनछ समय समय
मा धयान हदन पन िनछ र उगचत कदम चालन पदाछ | वचन को अको परयोजन कन रचना रचना गन समयमा पनन मितव राखदछ कन िकनदि को रचना मा कन खालका िबदावली को परयोग गन भनन करा पनन यसशभतर
राखन सककनछ
४ परयोग शसदगध यानी भाषागत शसकाएका करा यनतर िाट पनन िजाएर वा गायन गरर परसतत गना सतन
िन पदाछ | कन पनन बिषय को शभबतर करा परयोगका सार िताउन सतन यानी कन राग मा परयोग गररएको बिषि कराको शलणखत मातर िन परयोग पनन गना सतन र िताउन सतन िन पदाछ | तिला मा कन घराना मा कसतो ननकाि या गायन मा दरिारी को गानधार या भरवी को गानधार को परयोय गरर दखाउन सतन | भपाली र रामकली या दिकार आहद ककन फरक छ भनन करा को भाशलभाती परयोग गरर शसकाउन सतन |
५ शिषय ननषपादन अनत शसकर आएका नभई सरदणखन आफल शसकाएका शिषय कनत छन या खिर
जसत मौसममा मातर िन अर िला सखा िो कक अरवा शिषय लाइ अनघ िढन या कसरर अगाडी लर जान
सककनछ भनर िर सकभव परयास गन काम ल न शिषय ननषपादन िन सकभव छ विााल नाम शलन शिषय
ल गरका काम िाट पनन शिषय ननषपादन को िारमा जानकारी शलन सककनछ | शिषय को परगनत न भएको मा गचनता शलन खालका गर िन जररर छ | उसका परगती मा भएका िाधा िर सकभव िटाउन खोजन गरल मातर
असल शिषय ननषपादन गरको पाइनछ | आफमा भएको कला गरल योछय शिषयलाइ मातर परदान गरर योछय
शिषय ननषपादन गनािनछ | िरक ववदयारी को कषमताको पहिचान गरर तिी अनरप को तयारी गराउन
सकमा मातर शिषय ननषपादन अझ िढी परभावकारी िन जानछ | ५ जना शिषय लाइ ५ परकार िाट तयार
गराउन सतन आफमा चनौती िन जानछ शिषय आफलाई एउटा बिषयमा ककनरत गरर अभयाि गछा तर
गर ल ५ वटा न करा को अलग अलग गचनतन मनन गना परम आवसयक पछा | जसरर तिला मा िनारि
घराना अनतगात ५ ववदवानको तिला सनन िो भन सिको अलग अलग तिला छ कसरर तसको कारण यहि
िो कक जो शिषय को जन करामा जयादा रची छ तयस अनरप को शसकाई गर िाट भएको छ | ताल योगी पणडीत सरि तलवालकर जी का सि ववदयारी को तिला अलग -२ न छ | शिषय उतपादन गना आफ मा एक
चनौती िो
६ उजाा वदगध गरल िासतर र तयस को परयोग का सारसार तयस बिषयमा अझ रामरोसग लाछन उजााको वदगध िन करा िर ननरनतर परवाि गना अतयनत जररर छ | उजाावान गर ल मातर उजाा हदन सतछ | जि शिषय
गर को भट िनछ अभयास करा पहिलो परारशमकता मा राखदा अझ उततम लाछछ | तयस उजाा ल बिदयारी मा जीवन मा कहि गना सतन िल परापत गछा | भट िादा कन सगीतसाधकको सकारातमक करासगीत को रचना को करा नयाा रचना को करा ल ववदयारी मा उजाा भन काम गछा | बिशिषट गणवान कलाकार को शरबय
दशय समागरील पनन ववदयारी मा उजाा भन काम गदाछ | उचच कोटी का गरिरल आफना चला लाइ आफनो जसतो नभ आफ भनदा फरक काया गना सदव पररणा परदान गना भएको करा उजाा परापत कलाकारिरको करा िाट परापत गररएको पाइनछ | ववदयारी को कषमता अनरप को कायामा लाछन पररणा गना जसत कन ववदयारी रचना गना रची राखछ भन तिी काया मा उसलाई िौिला परदान गन | सगीत का ववशभनन आयाम मा काम
गना सतन खिी को समगचत ढग िाट पहिचान गरर तसलाई अनघ िढन उतपररणा परदान गन | कन कन ववदयारी लाइ सगीत को िार मा खोज गना मन लाछन िन सतछ तसतो ववदयारी लाइ बिषय को िारमा मागा दिान परदान गन काम पनन गर िाट िन पदाछ |
तयस गरर शिषय मा िन पन करा |
१ समपाण कन पनन करामा आफलाइ सकपणा रपमा तयसमा नलगाएमा सफल िन सककदन | तन मन र
५ िफादारी यानी भनको मानन गर ल भन पछी ज गरन पनन पनछ न िटन | शसकाएका करा लाइ जसताको तसत गरर गाउन या िजाउन | जि िफादार छ भनन करा कसरर िनछ ति गरल सि करा कन िाकक नराखी कन शसकाउन िनछ अनन मातर आफनो अशभषट शसदध िनछ | मिाभारत मा अजान र असवतरामा को परसङग
आउछ कक जनत ववदया अजान लाइ रोण ल हदन भयो तती असवतरामा लाइ हदन भएन ककन मिनती र
आफनो ववदया गलत परयोग निन अवसराको जञान ल गदाा न तसतो भएको िो | गर सग शसकको ववदया िो परयोग गन िलामा गरको समरण पनन िफादारी िो | कहि समय एक जना गरकोमा जान फरी अको गरकोमा जान यसरर ननरनतर गरिर पररवतान गन चलन उपयतत माननदन | कन जनावर पाशलयको छ भन उसको माशलक भनदा सि कराल उततम अर कन मानछ साग तयो पालत रवततदन तयसतो गरर िफादार रिन न सक
पनन सक जनत िफादार िन उततम माननएको छ
६ समय को पालन समय को पालन सिल सकयक परकारल गना आवसयक छ यहद समय को पालन गररएन
भन आवसयक काम ननषपादन िदन | कन पनन कामको लागग तोककएको समयमा तयो काम परा गना पदाछ
| भन को समय मा तोककएको काम गररएको खणडमा मातर समय को पालन गररएको मानननछ | शसकाउन समय अभयासगन समय सगीतमा समय अनसार को राग िनछ सहि समय मा सहि राग को परयोगल
ववशभनन काम गन रािा न छ | दख को समय मा सख को समय का लागग अलग -२ ताल र राग को परयोग
गन गररएको पाइनछ | समय को परवाि न ताल को रपमा परयोग गररएको िो | गरकल मा रिी शिकषा आजान
गन ववदयारी लाइ ननयम को पालन अतयनत आवशयक ततव मनननछ |
आफल शसकको बिदया मा न कहि गरर दखाउन उददशयका सार लागग परको बिदयारी ल आफनो किागरिदगध अपरतीम कौिल लगन ननयम नतरब समरण एव आसरा आहद गण भएको खणड मा मातर
समय ववदया मिनत आहद लगानी गना भनदा पहिला परनतफल रामरो िनछकक िदन भनन मागर को तररका परयोग गररकन िन परचलन छ | तयस कारण जान बिवततक या शिषय िनाउन भनन करा सननासार तरनत
सवीकार नगन चलन छ | मागर उललणखत करा िरको िारमा रामरोसग जानकारी शलन कहि समय लगगिालछ
|
कवव भबतरािरी भनन िनछ ldquo गण लबधा सवयमव सकपदrdquo गणको बिकाि न सकपवतत(सकपदा) आगमनको कारण िो | जसतो परकार को सकपवततको भणडार गना खोकजएको िो तसतो गण को बिकाि वानछनीय छ |
The two Essays ldquoWhatrsquos in a Namerdquo(by Henry Louis Gates Jr) and ldquoThe lsquoBlack Tablersquo is Still
Thererdquo(by Lawrence Otis Graham) included in ldquoPatterns of College Writingrdquo the English
Course book for BA 1st year reflect upon the racial discrimination prevalent in the USA
Though the essays are written by two different writers their response towards the prejudice is
based on their own experience Both the writers belong to Black community that went through
traumatic period of prolonged injustice offences deprivation and oppression in America They
give account of their childhood when they had the bitter experience of being insulted and
excluded by whites Gates remembers himself as an innocent child who was ignorant about the
demeaning attitude of whites towards his race in general and his own father in particular Even
when he grows up it makes no senses to him that bynames used for Black people signifies hatred
and prejudice white people have nurtured He implies that people should be judged from their
quality contribution and skill Likewise Graham who clung to integration and still faced the
exclusion during his schooldays was confused about the existing different treatment towards
himself He is disillusioned when he finds out the integration be just superficial as he grows up to
a professional lawyer Gates using the allusion from Shakespearersquos Romeo and Juliet ldquoWhatrsquos in
a namerdquo and Graham using a symbol ldquoBlack Tablerdquo of his junior high school strongly hold the
belief that segregation is wrong
2
Gatesrsquo Experience
African Americans are generally the descendants of enslaved black people within the boundaries
of present United States Formal political economic and social discrimination against these
minorities has been present throughout American history Gates despises the discrimination of
black people especially the spiteful attitude of whites using bynames to address them His
childhood experience gives an account of his irreversible negative recognition labeled to him by
white despite his high financial standings The racial identity has been denominated by whites as
inferior ugly and poor which is further crushed by giving bynames like Kaffir Tar Baby Jim
Crow Georgehellip Even a lower social status white like Mr Wilson would find privilege to insult
his well to do father just because he was a black Gates hated that his father being called by
different name which was not truly his name His fury was not for demeaning his father instead
his fatherrsquos silence hurts him more From then he had the revelation that two worlds exist for
black people like him The hierarchy created by whites has been choking them and shooing them
to the margin White people who regarded themselves supreme hurled the hatred in different
forms and one of them was negative names
Grahamrsquos Experience
In the US the separation was experienced in various areas such as public transportation
schools restaurants and residential places where individuals were restricted on the basis of
racial background Black table in the cafeteria got the name as black boys would separate
themselves from other race except Graham He strictly adhered to integration by avoiding black
table for two reasons first he held the principle of equality and integration strongly and second
he didnrsquot want to lose his white friends by being racial As a schoolboy he carried on the
principle seriously despite being shunned by white community Since he prospered as an
American entertaining all the integrating activities with the whites he condemns the separation
though volunteer it is What shocks him the most is the black table still laying on the cafeteria
even after 27 years He wondered that other separate tables in which athletes Jewish boys
Jewish girls Irish kids heavy metals grouphellipsegregate themselves had never drawn argument
and condemnation during his school life The trend he considered deplorable even though the
principles may have changed is still alive He wakes up to a new realization of truth that people
tend to gravitate towards other people they think they may relate better with and stay away from
what they think is different
Gatesrsquos Allusion
ldquoWhatrsquos in a namerdquo is an allusion derived from Shakespearersquos ldquoRomeo and Julietrdquo a romantic
tragedy Its Juliet who states this very expression to imply that name should not determine how
people are to be regarded by others Julietrsquos stance and condition is analogous to Gates as he
abhors the trend of discrimination and prejudice that lies behind names Gates expresses his
claim that name shaped peoplersquos perceptions and prejudice in the mid 1950s Name is a part of
3
onersquos identity how one is recognized and addressed by the world These names on the other
hand signify offenses and disrespect George was an infamous name to belittle black people and
Gates hated that his father was put to a lower standard than he truly was Gates illustrates how
racism can perpetuate prejudice that aims to snatch individual identity
Grahamrsquos symbol
Black table which is regarded with scorn by whites is a symbol that segregates black boy from
others Graham sees it as a taboo and by avoiding it he wants to prove that he is not an angry
black person who wants nothing to do with the white kids White kids who would never invite
him to occasions as they thought it would make people feel uncomfortable Poor Graham is torn
between the scorns of black boys and taunting of white boys Even after fourteen years of his
adolescence still existing black table refracts that integration has not eradicated the sense of
separation it has become more entrenched as time went by Such vicious circle can go on for
centuries and even millennia perpetuating an imagined hierarchy that sprang from transhistorical
occurrences (Harari 161)
The common ground
Both writers share common ground in yearning for equality dignity and respectable space in
society Black table exhibits stark view of human nature on the one hand and on the other hand it
displays the superficial encroachment of integration that manipulated him to refuse his own
ground Both of them represent the blacks who resent the violation of social dignity and the ones
who want to negotiate the legislation to be united Gates the innocent and naiumlve boy gauges the
wounded self- esteem of his parents after the exposure to unwanted offence he witnessed
Similarly the ideal black boy Graham finds his ground as he becomes a matured man He
blamed the black boysrsquo attitude to be the hurdle of integration He even swallowed white parentrsquos
insulting treatment who begrudged his presence in their gatherings and other occasions Graham
ultimately feels the need to realize that modern times self segregation is the custom that humans
adopted from their ancestors culture and their biology and intelligence It is the imagined orders
and devised scripts humans have constructed and internalized in order to organize the society
within a power structure
Pathos Logos and Ethos
The title ldquoWhatrsquos in a namerdquo is a rhetorical question and finally answers that name can be
manipulated used and even misused according to the userrsquos vested interest His fatherrsquos silence
and helplessness devastates the childrsquos psyche driving him to loathe Mr Wilson who resembled
his own Uncle Joe This infers that how come Mr Wilson so much alike his uncle can be a snob
Gatesrsquo emotional appeal (pathos) invokes readers particularly the blacks who grew up
swallowing the hatred He motivates the readers to empathize the humiliated parents that
dwarfed them to their marginal state Gates first presents the causes of his rage to intensify
readerrsquos emotions Mr Wilson despite his own wretched social status dominates his father using
4
bynames And in turn his fatherrsquos reasoning for suppressed silence infuriates the narrator and the
reader as well Gatesrsquo wrath pervades the end of the essay as Gates describes how they cowered
back to quietness and consoled themselves by glorifying black sports star Jackie Robinson This
situation better speaks the condition of black people before Civil Rights Movement
Likewise Grahams evidently implies the answer of why is the black table still there in his junior
high school His rhetorical questions ldquoWhy did the black kids separate themselves What did the
table say about the segregation that was supposedly going on in homerooms and gym classes
(189) are the logic (logos) providing His reasons in the form of questions ldquoWhat was I
thinkingrdquo and ldquoI realize that how wrong I wasrdquo (190) is the logos appeal consisting of reason for
accepting the narratorrsquos claim Readers can easily grasp Grahamrsquos perspective shaped by idealist
notion that has been changed to a kind of awakening at the fag end of the essay He doesnrsquot
directly tell the audience exactly what to conclude the readers nevertheless are encouraged to
infer the existing differences that lay deep down the surface of integration
The credential of the writerrsquos (ethos) lies on the fact that both of them are from black American
family background which accentuates the ground for trusting their opinion arguments and
feelings Their own experience can be recognized as real since their self-representation is equally
trust-inspiring Readers can simply believe their claims and frustration to be relevant Both
writers oppose the erasing of self the true being of an individual
Style
Beginning with anecdote both the writers excites the readers to go through the text Gates hints
that the issue of mistreating by the so called powerful and highly privileged whites is not new
The use of dialogues has made vivid impact on the writing instigating the readers to feel the
same negative aura Similarly Grahamrsquos narration takes gait from the anecdote itself Profound
rhetorical questions and quotations put additional impetus on his logos appeal provoking to
thoughts Both writers conclude their essay with the same mood and context as they have begun
More personal style makes familiar tone in Grahamrsquos writing using first person pronouns and
contracted forms(Irsquom Irsquod)
Conclusion
The phenomena of racial discrimination in USA are rooted on sociopolitical hierarchies which
cannot be justified through logical and biological basis Biology ie the blackness and other
physiology of black people cannot explain the intricacies of American racial dynamics Gatesrsquo
fury and Grahamrsquos confusion are the outcome of historical phenomena events circumstances
and power structure that transformed the social condition into cruel social structures Martin
Lutherrsquos dream of former slaves and the sons of slaveholders being able to sit down together at
the table of brotherhood (176) seem to be thwarted by self segregation The hierarchy of race
originated from accidental historical circumstances and was perpetuated and refined over many
5
generations with their own vested interest Gates and Graham are among many black writers who
seek justified answer for the age old question asking for the existence of black people as equal to
whites The value of contribution of these black people who were brought to America depriving
their homeland of strong human resource has been relegated The vicious cycle seems to repeat
when the lynching and brutalizing of black by whites trickles down now and then in America
References
Gates Henry Louis Jr ldquoWhatrsquos in a Namerdquo Patterns for College Writing A Rhetorical Readers and
Guide 12th edEd Laurie GKriszner and Stephen R Mandell Boston Bedford 20122-4 Print
Graham Lawrence Otis ldquo lsquoThe Black Tablersquo is Still Thererdquo Kriszner and Mandell 188-190
Harari Yuval Noah Sapiens A Brief History of Humankind London Vintage 2015 Print
King Martin Luther Jr ldquoI Have a Dreamrdquo The Heritage of Wordsrdquo Ed Abhi Subedi Rameshwar
Adhikaray and Shreedhar Lohani Kathmandu Ekta Books 2018 Print
Mahendra Prasad Adhikari
Library officer Lalitkala Campus
A Concept on E-LIBRARY vs Automation Abstract
Generally the working collection of books documents newspapers audio-visual
materials kept and organized people to read or borrow in a library Recent advances
in computers storage and processing communication technologies e-product
networking and internet uses have brought a revolutionary change in functioning of
the libraries and its services Information communication technology (ICT) makes
a lot of impact on library and it has changed the concept of library where print and
paper media are the main components of library system To meet tremendous
information explosion and high demand of information libraries are now changes
in digital library Due to digitizing the library resources and fast changing
technology a new type of library is coming in existence which is called- virtual
library Many of us are always very much confused about such terminology of library
It reflects three main components- service provider service receiver and the
channels of service delivery (ie technology) Internet is the main channel of e-
service delivery while other classic channels (eg telephone call center public kiosk
mobile phone television) are also considered In this paper we try to clear the
concept of these libraries terminology in a professional way
Key Words Automation Hybrid Library Digital Library Virtual Library
Automated Library Electronic Library Modern Library
Introduction
Its an electronic or online library where one can have access to books journals
novels articles or any other information over net E-service (electronic
service) represents application of utilizing the use of Information and
communication technologies (ICTs) in different areasit includes the service
element of e-tailing customer support and service delivery Database of
digitized audio video and written material on a physical site andor a website
giving 24hour online access to users E-Library is generally a library where
books can be accessed through internet Just sitting anywhereanytime a user
can read the material online
The library has purchased subscriptions to many electronic information
resources in order to provide you with access to them free of charge Our
e-resources include lots of things full-text journals newspapers company
information e-books dictionaries encyclopedias economic data digital
images industry profiles market research career information etc
What is Automation
The term automation is introduced used first DS Harder in 1936 He
defined it as ldquothe automation is handling of parts between progressive
production processes Since then the term has been applied to a wide variety
of automatic machinery and automatic systems In addition is action for
human efforts of intelligence
Need for Library Automation
There are several reasons for automation A considerable saving
in efforts Time and resources involved in manual processing can be
achieved The other reasons are 1) To improve control over collection 2) To have an entries control over the entire operation
3) To improve the existing services as well as introduce new
services
4) To avoid duplicate of work
5) To use services of the existing staff effectively
Basic Requirement of Library Automation
The following are the basic requirements for the automation of
libraries through the computer 1) Adequate collection 2) Financial assistance
3) Computer hardware
4) Library software
5) Tanning of the staff
6) Maintenance of development
Advantages of Library Automation
There are several advantages of Library Automation a machine
readable catalogue prepared at the time of acquisition may be required
respectively for number of purposes Automation has the following
advantages 1) Professional staff need not spend much time to do the routine library work 2) Eliminates human errors while performing routine library works
3) Improved control covers library collection
4) Increased computer awareness among users
5) Cataloguing is faster instant access to non-records
6) Excellent control over circulation
Some Library Software
3
1 KOHA
2 EMIS
3 PMB
4 LIBRA etc
The functions of e-libraries
1) Systematic and organized collection of print and non-print resources
2) Digital in formats so that easily process able by computers
3) The acquisition storage disseminates amp retrieval of information is done by the use
of technology
4) Access of entire holding of library is directly or indirectly accessible across the
network with the help of internet
5) Supports and provides more amp better online amp offline services
Natures of e-library
1 In digital library e-library a set of documents available through electronic means by
the use of digital technologies that allow for the retrieval archiving preservation and
dissemination of those documents which are provides access to in electronic format
2 A Physical site andor website that provide 24-hour online access to digitized audio
video and written material such as books journals and articles The content may come
from different providers
3 Digital library provide as an information service in which all the information
resources are available in computer-process able form and the functions of acquisition
storage retrieval access and display are carried out through the use of digital
technologies
4 e-Library collections of documents in organized electronic form available on the
Internet or on CD- ROM disks and Specific library a user may be able to access
magazine articles books papers images sound files and videos
5 A database is a collection of information stored in a computer or server which
incorporates software to provide efficient retrieval of the data Databases are great tools
to help you retrieve information by keyword title author subject year etc The most
common types of databases in the library are the online catalogue and the virtual
electronic databases Some are in visible some are in Download able such as full
Text abstract title with Content free of cost paid full
6 A Virtual Library is a collection of resources available on one or more computer
systems where a single interface or entry point to the collections is provided
7 More than just a means of collocating electronic resources (full-text materials
databases media and catalogues) a virtual library also provides user assistance services
such as reference inter library loan technical assistance etc
4
8 Library resources (indexes journals and reference materials for example) or
online reference services are available over the Internet Terms such as electronic
Library and Digital Library are often used synonymously
9 A hybrid library which is partly electronic and partly physical It has a physical space
with both the physical and electronic resources and services
10 A hybrid library is not just a traditional library (only containing paper-based
resources) or just a virtual library (only containing electronic resources) but somewhere
between the two It is a library which brings together a range of different information
sources printed and electronic local and remote in a seamless way
Different Types of Library
Library is a place where the collection of information resources in print or in other forms
that is organized and made accessible for reading or study is kept International
Organization for Standardization has defined library as irrespective of the title any
organized collection of printed books and periodicals or of any other graphic or audio-
visual materials and the services of a staff to provide and facilitate the use of such
materials as are required to meet the informational research educational or recreational
needs of its users
Advances in Information Communication Technology (ICT) particularly the World
Wide Web (WWW) have seen the evolution of the automated library electronic library
digital library virtual library Hybrid library etc
A Traditional Library Traditionally libraries were collections of books manuscripts
journals and other sources of recorded information The collection of the traditional
libraries are mostly print media manuscripts etc and are not well organized The
documents are deteriorating at a rapid rate the collected information is not easy to locate
and procure Such information does not reach the user of the libraries on time It is
difficult to get such publications in the absence of personal influence and contacts
There are certain restricted publications containing highly informative materials but
may not be easily available Sometimes the information is published after many years
By the time it is published the information becomes obsolete and then abandoned Since
it is not properly indexed or listed the researcher is forced to go through long and
tedious process to ascertain whether any material of hisher interest is available or not
Here the collections are not well organized and some reports are deteriorating at a rapid
rate Preserving them in their original form is difficult and it is not cost effective Again
the traditional libraries are confined itself within a physical boundary
B Automated Library A library wh i c h provides automatic services with machine-
readable catalog computerized acquisition circulation and Online Public Access
Catalogue (OPAC) are called as automated library The holdings or collection of
5
automated such types of libraries makes them better and offer more and effective services
are same as that of traditional libraries
C Electronic Library When automated libraries go for Local Area Networking (LAN)
and CD-ROM networking and started procuring e-journals and other similar kinds of
electronic materials of publications ( magnetic tapes microfilm roles CDs DVDs
Microform or other media) and accessible by any medium such as computer laptops I-
pads etc are stored and then it is known as electronic library The electronic information
or material may be stored in an offline server or online which may be accessed remotely
via computer networks The resources of the electronic libraries are in both print and
electronic form The electronic media are used for storage retrieval and delivery of
information
D Digital Library In digital libraries services are fully automated and all resources
in digital form These libraries are heterogeneous in nature and include work related
to information and how to digitize store find link visualize use publish manage and
share information Digital library is an assemblage of digital computing storage and
communication machinery together with content and software In a digital library there
are mainly two types of information
1) Born digital This information are digitally created and stored
2) Digitalized Information is in physical formats (print format) with the help of
appropriate hardware and software the information is converted into digital format or in
electronic format
It is a later stage of electronic library In digital library high speed optical fiber are used
for LAN and the access is over WAN and provide a wide range of Internet based
services ie audio and video conferencing and like other The majority of the holding
of a digital library is in the computer readable form and also acts as a point of access to
other online sources
E Virtual Library The concept of virtual library also emerged simultaneously with
electronic library and digital library This emergence is perhaps because all the
information uses are at present through networked libraries at the desktop which is quite
virtual (practical) without the physical existence of books on shelves A virtual library
can be simply defined as the internet-based digital library or a library without walls The
concept of virtual library is that any person who has a computer and connection to the
library networks can access not only the resources of that library but also a variety of
information available through national and international networks like internet and
intranet without being physically present in the library Access digital information from
the any part of the globe through an network (LAN or WAN) or any other gateway
such as internet The term virtual library is attracted the interest of users because of the
increasing medium called the WWW (World Wide Web) The virtual library is the single
most reachable and important source of information in the world and leads to
6
replacement for the traditional library A collection of links is also a virtual library these
links are not necessary owned by the virtual library However the links are maintained
updated and managed as a normal function of the virtual library
F Hybrid Library It was designed to bring a range of technologies from different
sources together in the context of a working library and to explore integrated systems
and services in electronic and printed environments It reflects the transitional state of
the library which today can neither be fully printed nor fully digital Hybrid libraries
consist of conventional print material such as books magazines journals as well as
nonconventional or electronic based material such as audio books electronic journals
e-books etc Hybrid libraries are the new and emerging term for the most public and
academic libraries because with the existing services and collection they can easily
provide electronic services or online services and easily build digital collections
There are many myths about digital library as 1) The internet is the digital library
2) Fully automated library is digital library
3) The myth of a single digital library or one-window view of digital library collections
4) Digital libraries will provide more equitable access anywhere any time
5) Digital libraries will be cheaper than print libraries
Advantages of e-libraries Todayrsquos libraries are not encircled to a particular location The user can get his her
information on his own computer screen by using the Internet It is a network of
compound access system which provides quick information to many users at the same
time There are many advantages of having hybrid digital and virtual libraries some of
the common advantages are as follows
1) No physical boundary The users did not require going to the library through internet
they could access the same information from all over the earth instantly He she have to
just type the URL of the library and heshe can get all the services and information what
heshe get in the libraries Which saves users time and every information is on single
click
2) Round the clock availability libraries can be accessed at any time 24 hours a day
and 365 days of the year All the digital content is on the internet so the information is
available at 24 hours because machines donrsquot know about day night weeks and months
Every information is available online without the respect of time
3) Multiple accesses The same resources can be used at the same time by a number of
users The users can access same the same material at numerous of times without any
difficulties and at the same time It saves users time and money which is economical
and leads to better services according to userrsquos needs and demands Multiple accesses
mean many users use the same resource at the same time or after some time However
in traditional libraries particular resource can accessed only once by a single user
7
4) Structured approach the contents of modern libraries are much richer than the
conventional libraries and the collections are in a very organized way ie users can easily
access the catalogue and from catalogue to the exacting book then from the book to a
particular chapter and so on In a library there are organized collections of human
knowledge so with the help of search we can easily approach to our particular topic
and collect the information related to the topic we search the topic in a structured way
which means that from a catalog to book then to index then from chapter so on according
to our needs we move from books to main directory or catalogue
5) Information retrieval The users are able to search or retrieve information with
the use any keyword which are related to the word or phrase of the entire collection
Digital library have user- friendly interfaces one click access to its contents The users
can easily search any word sentence symbol numbers with the help of interfaces called
search box with the help of search we can go through our topic With information
retrieval it saves the userrsquos time in searching of their information quick access to their
topics and easy to operate
6) Space The traditional library faces problems of storage and space as the collections
are in print form it occupies more space whereas electronic or digital libraries store
more information in a very less space Thousands of eBooks magazines journals etc
can be stored in single hard disks so it is important to know that the digital library needs
very less space without effecting their operations and services When the conventional
library had no physical space digitalization of its collection is the only solution
7) Networking nowadays libraries are interconnected with high-speed internet
connection which is called networking sharing of resources can be done through the
sharing of links Users need not required to go to library he can easily access the libraries
resources through internet and use their services Users can easily access many libraries
database at a single click because libraries shares the links of others libraries links which
saves users time and helps in the searching of their relevant information
8) Cost The expenditure on maintaining an electronic virtual library is much lower than
that of a traditional library A conventional library have to accept more expenditure on
the maintenance staff and professionals salaries etc this can be abridged by electronic
virtual libraries because in these modern libraries there are one time investment till the
technology changes and after that less professionals need for the maintenance of the
library
Challengesdisadvantages of e-libraries The computer viruses disasters lack of standardization for digitized information
quick degrading properties of digitized material different display standard of digital
product and its associated problem health hazard nature of the radiation from monitor
etc makes digital libraries at times handicap
1 Copyright Digitization opposes the copyright law as the content or resources of one
author can be simply transferable by others without his knowledge The main challenge
is that how the libraries broadcast information along with protecting the intellectual
8
properties of an author There are very strict rules regarding the violation of copyright
laws but in digital era it is very difficult to save the intellectual property rights of an
author or publisher
2 Speed of access as more and more computers are connected then the loads on the
server makes website slow If new technology will not evolve to solve the problem then
in near future Internet will be full of error messages As we all know that the technology
is going older day by day so itrsquos difficult to provide same speed of access because digital
content includes audio video documents which are of big in size and require more
bandwidth speed
3 Initial cost is high The initial cost of modern libraries such as the cost of software
hardware communication networks and other equipments are very high So it is very
expensive for libraries to purchase them because libraries are not the profit making
organizations they are depend on any institutions which provides funds for the
functioning and running of the libraries
4 Band width libraries will need high transfer rates for transfer of multimedia resources
but the band width is decreasing day by day due to its over utilization and overload on
the internet The slow bandwidth leads to slow download and uploading of digital
material which means users have to give more time in searching and downloading their
contents
5 Efficiency with the information explosion there is tons of information on particular
topics so it is very difficult to find the right information on the particular topic The
authentication of the information is not sure
6 Environment modern libraries cannot produce the environment of traditional
libraries Many users also find that reading printed information much easier than reading
information on a computer screen Due to lack of technological awareness many people
prefer to use print materials for reading Moreover the habits are the major problem
7 Preservation Due to rapid change in technology libraries become outdate and its
information may become inaccessible In future many new formats evolve so it is
difficult to preserve the library resources at a standard format so that in future we may
use it
Conclusion
The hybrid electronic digital and virtual libraries are the modern libraries and they are
synonyms to each other The modern libraries are not going to replace the physical
existence of print resources completely but no doubt to meet the present demand of the
users and change in technology to satisfy the users demand digitization must be
introduced so that at least libraries becomes of hybrid nature and become in the touch of
its users
The preliminary cost of digitization is high but research shows that once digitalization is
introduced then the cost to manage developing this collection will be cheaper than that of
any conventional library Day by day the cost of digitization is decreasing because the
technology going updated with every bit of time the online publication is increasing and
the needs of user are shifting towards the non-print sources The term digital library has
9
been around for at least 24 hours and possibly longer and some of the ideas behind the
term have been around for much longer While there is still disagreement about the
meaning of the term this piece argues that digital libraries are not fundamentally
different from
traditional libraries either in the purposes of existing or in the services provided The
main differences come down to how the services are provided and how collections are
stored and managed
Reference 1 Dr Manoj Kumar Verma Concept of Hybrid Digital and Virtual Library -
Mizoram University Assistant
ProfessorDepartment of Library and information science
2 Dr Manoj Kumar Verma Concept of Hybrid Digital and Virtual Library - UP
पषटभमि सङगीतको इततहास धर परानो मातननछ l ६४ कलाहर मधयको परमख कला सङगीत कला हो l महाकवव लकषमी परसाद दवकोटाल भनका छन कला भनको जीवनलाई रामरो तररकाबाट उठाउन पररपरण गनण र आननद ददन हो l कला भनको मानव हदयमा परभाववत पारी उचचवोधदवारा नततक शिकषा ददन हनपछण l िासतिोकत ढगल रचचत सतवर वरण र िबद आददल यकत जब कन सागीततक शसजणनालाई मचमा परसततत गररनछ र तयसको आननद परसततोता सतवय र शरोता लाई पतन परापत हनछ भन तयो सङगीतकला बनन जानछ l जमणन ववदवान पाकण रका अनसार मानवको इचछा या चाहनादवारा कालपतनक भावनालाई साकार रप ददन न कला हो l गायन वादन र नतय यी तीन कलाको शमशरर न सङगीत हो l वददककाल दखखन ववशभनन उपतनषद परार आदद गरनथमा उललख गररएको नाद शरतत सपत सतवर जातत गराम राग मछणना ताल मनधम दनदभी ववरा आदद बाट तयो समयमा सङगीतल ववकशसत रप शलएको दखखनछ l नपालमा ककराातकाल शलचछवीकाल र मललकालीन समयमा परापत शिलालखमा उललख भएका पदहर वाददिगोषठी परकषरमणडपी डवली नासादयो पयााख चयाण (चचा) आददको आधारमा तयततबला सङगीतको रामरो ववकास भएको मानन सककनछ l िाहकालीन समयमा राजाहर सङगीतमा तनक िौखखन चथए भनन करा पथवी नारायर िाहको ददवय वारी रर वहादरिाहको शसतार वादन सरनर िाहको गीत लखन र बाजा बजाउन राजा महनरल सतथापना गरको नपाल सङगीत महाववदयालय (२०१२) नपाल एकडमी (२०१४) राषटषिय नाचघर (२०१६) शसहदरबार पररसर शभिको रतन रकरड णङ िसतट (२०१८) जन पतछ २०४१ सालमा नपाल टशलशभजनको रपमा परररत भयो दजणनौ परसतकारहरको सतथापना कलाकारलाई परोतसाहन सतवरप ददएका अनकौ उपाधीहर जसततः वादय
शिरोमखर सङगीत शिरोमखर भजन शिरोमखर सङगीत परववर र नारायरदहटी दरबार पररसरको नारायर मषटनदरमा दरबनदीन तोकी िासतिीय सङगीतको तनयशमत कायणकरम सचालन गराइएको जसतता कायणल सतवदिी कला र ससतकती परतत उनको गदहरो मोह सतनह र ठलो योगदान रहको दखखनछ l भारतीय सगीताचायण वसनतदवारा शलखखत पसततक सङगीत वविारदमा रारा कालीन समयमा वीर िमिरल बीरगजमा आयोजना गरको वव स १९५६ को बगडीको सङगीत सममलन जहाा नपाल र भारत वषणका दजणनौ िासतिीय सगीतजञहरल भाग शलएका चथए र गरनथ न तयार परको करा उललख छ l पथवी नारायर िाहल नपालको एकीकरर पशचात ददएको ददवयवारी आफना िोख सयललाई ताल िासति बमोषटजमको तीन िहर नपालका नवारहरको नाच खिकाई हयाण पतन हनछ भनन वारील सङगीतको रामरो ववकास भएको जनाउछ र सतवदिी कला र ससतकतीलाई महतव ददन पछण भनन गदहरो सदि पतन छ तर आजको पररविमा राषि राषटषियता र ससतकार ससतकती माचथन सब भनदा धर ववकतत शभतरिएको अवसतथा चचनताजनक छ l यसमा हामी सबको धयान जानपन दखखनछ l राजतनिको अनतयका लाचग कलाकारहरको पतन ठलो योगदान रहको दखखनछ l परजातनि र गरतनिको सतथापना पतछ सरकारी गर सरकारीसततरबाट सतथावपत भएका ववशभननखाल ससतथाहरल कला र ससतकतीको कषिमा कायणरत नया तथा पराना सरसतटाहरलाई ववशभनन कायणकरम माफण त मान सममान परसतकार अवाडण सममलन आदद कायणल योगदान पयाणउद आएका छन l
ऐततहामसक रपरखा
वद उपतनषद योग दिणन वयाकरर र अधयातमववदया आदद आयण ससतकततका यी आदय गरनथहरमा नादलाई अपार महतव ददइएको छ l ऋगवद को शिकषा िासति अनसार नाद बाट सतवरको उतपवि हनछ सतवर तीन परकारका हनछन l उदाि अनदाि र सतवररत यी ततन सतवरको वरणन पारीनीय अषटधयायीमा छ l उचचरदािाः नीचरनदािाः समाहारः सतवररतः यी तीन वटा सिल तीनवटा भद दखाएको छ -
अथाणत उदािा वाट तनषाद र गानधारको उतपवि अनदाि वाट ऋषभ र धवत तयस गरर सतवररतवाट षडज मधयम र पञचमको उतपवि भएको छ पषटणडत िारगदवल पतन आफनो गरनथ सङगीतरतनाकरमा नादलाई साकषात बरहमन मानन भएको करा तनमन शलोकल परषट परको छ -
चतनय सवणभताना वववि जगदातमना
नादबरहम तदाननदमररतीयमपासतमह
(स र १३१)
अथाणत समपरण जीवातमाको जो चतना हो अथवा जसवाट जीवातमा चतन हनछ साथ जगतको उतपवि षटसतथतत र परलय पतन हनछ तयो नाद बरहम हो र तयस नाद बरहम जो अदववविय छ जसलाई अदवत दवतादवत ववशिषटादवत आदद दिणनल परततपादन गरका छन तयसलाई हामी उपासना गदणछौ
जसरी सब जञानको मल आधार वदलाई मातनएको छ तयसतत सङगीतको पतन आधार सामवद न मातनएको छ l सामवदका ऋचाहर गयातमक छन l गनधवणवदमा सङगीत क बारमा उललख गररएको छ l सङगीतल मातनसलाई षटजउन भावनाको जनम गराउाछ सङगीत मानवजीवनको दहसतसा िताषटबदयौदखख छ सङगीतलाई हरक ससतकततल पजा गछण ककनकक यो हरक ससतकततको पदहचान हो सङगीत सनदा िारीररक र मानशसक दव फाइदा हनछन यसल तनाव र चचनता भगाउाछ l धवतन र नाद नाद र िबद िबद र आकािमा अभद छ भतन ववदवानहरल भनका छन -
नादन वयजयत वरणः पद वराणत पदादवचः
वचसो वयवहारोऽय नादाधीनमतो जगत
(स र १२२)
अथाणत नाददवारा वरणहर उतपनन हनछन वरणहरवाट पद तनषपवि हनछ र पद वाट वाकय अथाणत भावाशभवयकत गन पद सघात उतपनन हनछ र यस वाकय (वारी) दवारा वयवहार चलदछ र वयवहारीक वारीन नादवाट अशभवयकत भएको हनछ
सङगीत बाट जीवनका चार परषाथण अथण धमण काम मोकष परापत हन ववचार यजञवलकय सतमतत गरनथ मा उललख गररएको छ l
वीरा वादनततवजञ शरततववदया वविारदः तालजञशचापरयासन मोकषमाग स ववनदतत
(यासतमयध३११५)
अथाणत वीरा वादनमा किल शरततववदयामा तनपर तथा तालजञ मनषय सहज मषटकतमागणमा परववषट हनछ बरहमाणडमा आकाि र नाद यी दई ततव न यसतता ततव हन जन ववशववयापी र सवणवयापी छन l आकािको गर नाद र िबद हो तयसल सङगीतरतनाकरमा नादको तनरषटकत यसरी गररएको छ
नकार परार नामान दकारमनल ववदः जातः पराराषटगनसयोगािन नादो Ntilde शभधीयत
(स र १३६)
अथाणत नकार भनको परार हो र दकार भनको आगो भतन जानन जव परार र अषटगनको सयोग हनछ तयतत वला तयसबाट उतपनन धवतन वविषलाई नाद भतननछ तयसल समपरण जगतन नादको अचधनमा छ भनन बखिनछ l पराचीन सङगीतकारहरल राग-राचगतनहरका धर सनदर रचनाहर गरका छन l िासतिीय सङगीतको ममण न राग हो l राग िबदको परयोगन सगीताचायण मतगको बहददिी गरनथमा उललखखत भएको पाइएको छ l सङगीतको साधना र अधययनल िासति सतवर ववजञान र सङगीत परदिणनमा किलता परापत हनछ l
राग क र कसरी उतपवि भयो
योNtildeय धवतनवविषसतत सतवरवरणववभवषत l रजको जनचचिानाम स राग कचथतो बध ll
- अशभनव राग मनजरी
अथाणत धवतन को तयो ववशिषट रचना जन सतवर र वरणयकत सनदर छ र जसल मनषय(परारी)को चचिलाई रजन अथवा मनोरनजन परधान गदणछ ववदवानहर तयसलाई राग भनदछन l
उतपविको ववषयमा ववशभनन मत छन जसतमा एक मत सङगीत वविारद गरनथमा वसत लखन हनछ पावणती माता को ियन मरा लाई दखर शिवजील अग परतयगको आधारमा रर वीना बनाई आफनो पााच मख बाट पााच रागहर भरव दहनडोल मघ दीपक र शरी रागको उतपवि गनण भयो र छटौ राग कौशिक सतवय माता पावणतील रचना गनण भयो l पराचचन गरनथमा सङगीतका मखय चार मत पाइनछ l शिव मत कषर मत भरत मत र हनमनमत l
पराचीनकालदखख वतणमान समम रागमा ववशभनन वगीकररहर भए जातत वगीकरर गराम राग वगीकरर दसववचध राग वगीकरर िदध छायालग र सकीरण राग वगीकरर मल राग वगीकरर राग राचगनी वगीकरर रागाग राग वगीकरर र वतणमानमा ठाट राग वगीकरर यदह ठाट राग वगीकररलाईन अदहल हामील िासतिीय सङगीत शसकन शसकाउन माधयमको रपमा मानद आएका छौ
शासतरीय सङगीतको आिशयकता
- जीवनको चार परषाथण अथण धमण काम र मोकष पराषटपतका लाचग l - सब सङगीतको जननी भएकाल यसमा दखल हाशसल गनणका लाचग l - िासतिीय सङगीतलाई मल आधार बनाएर सङगीत कषिमा परवि गरका
- उिम गरी र शिजञकषत कलाकारहरको उतपादन गन गरसततरीय सङगीत तरबदयालय र ववशववयापीरपमा परततसतपधाण गनण सकन वयवहाररक सङगीत शिकषाको ववकास गनण l
- दिभरर छररएर रहका सङगीत परशिकषर कनरहरलाई एउटा छाता मतन राखर गरसततरीय पाठयकरम बनाई परीकषा पररालीमा लयाउन पन l
- कलाकारहर रोजीरोटीमा माि शसशमत रहन पन बाधयता हन l - सङगीत तफण राजयको धयान कषटनरत गराउन नसकन l
शासतरीय सङगीतको सिसतयाहरका सिाधान
- दि सङघीयतामा गईसककाल अब हरक राजय वा परानतमा कलाकारहरको हकदहत र सरकषरको लाचग छटट तनकायको गठन गररनपन l
- िासतिीय सङगीतमा समवपणत साधक सजणकहरको पररचय बनाई जीवन सततर सहज बनाउन आजीवन भिा सवा सतरबधाको राजयल गयारनटी शलनपन तब माि शसजणनाल तनरनतरता पाउाछ र राजयल असल र सततररय सङगीतको ववकास गनण सकछ ककनकक भोको पटल शसजणना गनण सकदन l
- िासतिीय सङगीतको अधययन अधयापनलाई सहज बनाउनलाई हरक परानतमा तरबदयालय तथा महातरबदयालय तहमा िासतिीय सङगीतको पाठयकरम बनाई लाग गररनपन l
- राजधानीमा कषटनरत लशलतकला पदम कनया र रतन राजय कयामपस जसतत दिका अनय भागमा पतन ववसततार गररन पन l
- लशलतकलाको ववकासको लाचग छट Performing Art University को सतथापना गररन पन l
शासतरीय सङगीतको बततिान अिसतथा
- सतकल दखख + २ हाद ववशवववदयालयमा सतनातकोिर र ववदयावाररधी सममको अधययन हन गरको छ l
- समगर नपालको सङगीतको ववकास र सरकषरको लाचग राजयका तफण बाट ररडयो नपाल ( २००७) नपाल सङगीत तथा नाटय परजञा परततषठान (२०६४) सासतकततक ससतथान (२०१६) नपाल टशलशभजन (२०४१) लगाएतका ससतथाहरल योगदान ददइरहका छन l
- कलाकारलाई रोजगारीको अवसर शमलको छ l - राजधानी लगाएतका मठ मषटनदर गठीहर जसततः ककरातशवोर सङगीत
आशरम यलमाया कलाशसक पिपततनाथ सगीतकला परततषठान कपन सङगीत सरोवर कलातनचध सङगीत महातरबदयालय राम मषटनदर आदद कषिहरमा पाजञकषक माशसक रपमा िासतिीय सङगीतका कायणकरमहर हाद आएका छन l
- दजणनौ तनजी सङगीत परशिकषर कनरहरल पतन सङगीत शिकषा परदान गद आएका छन l
- राजयल लगाएत अनय तनषटज ससतथानहरल बषनी कलाकार तथा सरसतटाहरलाई परसतकार तथा मान सममान परदान गद आएका छन l
- कलाकारका हकदहतको लाचग ववशभनन ससतथाहर सककरय छन जसततः रोयलटी सकलन कनर परसततोता समाज सगीतकार सघ गीतकार सघ गायन समाज आदद l
- टशलशभजन लगायत ववशभनन खाल सचारका माधयमबाट आयोजना हन गरका गायनका ररयलदट िोहर जसबाट छोटो समयमान आफनो कला दखाएर चचाण पाउन समभावना बढर गएको छ
- आफनो कलालाई आफल परसततत गनण शमलन कसको पछी लागन नपन ववशभनन परववचधको ववकास भएको छ जसतको परयोगबाट सहज ववशव समदायमा आफनो कला परसततत गनण सककनछ
सङगीतिा गररएका नयाा परयोग (थरापी)
सङगीतदवारा गररन ववशभननखाल रोगहरको उपचार पदधतत लाई न music therapy भतननछ l सतनायववजञानमाचथ अनसनधान गरररहका मनोवजञातनक डयातनयल ज लशभदटनका अनसार मानशसक र िारीररक सतवासतथयका लाचग सङगीत चचककतसाका पररराम रोचक छन अनसनधानका अनसार यसल रोगपरततरोधातमक कषमतामा सकारातमक असर पछण यसल तनाव ददन हमोन कम गराउाछ सङगीतका अततररकत आमाको लोरीलाई पतन महततवपरण मातनएको छ लोरी सनन बानी परको बचचा िानत र सजग हनछ बचचालाई तनरा लागछ र ऊ घररघरर रा दन सङगीत थरापील गभणवती मदहलाको तनाव पतन कम हनछ सङगीत सनन बानील आतमा र िरीरका लाचग औषचधको काम गछण कततपय रोगमा औषचधल काम नगरपतन सङगीतल जादमयी असर दखाउाछ िरीरको कोदटणसोल सततर कम गरर यसल तनावगरसतत मासपिीहरलाई आराम ददनछ तनयशमत सङगीत सनदा ददमागल रामररी काम गनण पाउाछ असहनीय पीडाबाट गषटिरहका मातनसलाई सङगीत सनाउा दा आराम पगछ कयानाडाको अलबटाण ववशवववदयालयमा तीनदखख ११ वषणसममका ४२ बालबाशलकालाई इनजकसन लगाउन बलामा सङगीत सनाउा दा कम पीडा महसस भएको चथयो सङगीत शरवरल िरीरमा इमयनोगलोबशलन ए बढाउाछ यो एनटीबडील िरीरका कोशिकाहर सतवसतथ राखनका लाचग ठलो काम गछण सकरामक रोग लागकाहरलाई उपचारका बलामा सङगीत सनाउा दा परततरकषा पररालीमा सकारातमक असर पछण l घररघरर तरबरामी हनबाट बचनछ भन सङगीत सनन थालनस ढाडको समसतया हटाउन सतमरर िषटकत दहरो बनाउन र रामरो तनरा लयाउन पतन सङगीत परभावकारी हनछ तर िासति मा आधाररत समधर सङगीत सनदा माि यी असर दखखन हन l चको डागड़ोग र ककण ि सङगीत सनदा चादह तनाव थवपनछ l
उपसहार
िासतिीय सङगीतको उपासनाल तरनत मन सतथीर र एकतरित भई सतवरमा र आफनो उपासतयमा सतथीर हन हनाल यो धयानमागणमा पतन परवि गनणका लागी आहत नाद अथाणत सङगीतको अतत महतवपरण भशमका दखखनछ l
आजको नपाली सङगीतको गरसततरमा सदधाषटनतक र वयवहाररक दव पकषमा धर अनतर पाउनको पछाडी भौततक लाभको लाचग माि िासतिीय सङगीत को साधना गररन हो l भौततक पराषटपत का साथ साथ आधयाषटतमक उननततको लाचग पतन िासतिीय सङगीत उविक महतवपरण छ भनन बझन जररी छ l कला सादहतय र सङगीत नबझन वयषटकतलाई सङगीत सादहतयको सपरशसदध गरनथ ldquoितकियमrdquo का रचतयता भतणहरर नीततितकम खडमा भननहनछ -
सादहतयसङगीतकलाववहीनः साकषातपिः पचछववषारहीनः तर न खादननवप जीवमानसततदभागधय परम पिनाम १२
अथाणत जो मनषय सादहतय सगीत कलाबाट वचचत हनछ तयो पचछर तथा शसग तरबनाको साकषात पिको समान हनछ तयो तरबना घाास खाएर जीववत रहन पि भए तनःसदह सौभागयको करा हनछ
यषा न ववदया न तपो न दान जञान न िील न गरो न धमणः त मतयलोक भवव भारभता मनषयरपर मगाशचरषटनत 13
अथाणत ndash जन मनषयसग ववदया तप दानको भावना जञान िील (सतसतवभाव) मानवीय गर धमणमा सलगनताको अभाव हनछ तयो यस मररिील ससारमा धरतीको बोि बनर मनषय रपमा ववचरर गन पि हनछ नीततशलोकका रचतयता राजा भतणहरर यो सतपषट गनण चाहन हनछ कक मनषयको दतनक चयाण यदद पट पालन अथवा तयस भनदा कदह कदम अगारड सखभोगका साधन जटाउनलाई माि सीशमत रहको छ भन उसमा र जनावरमा कन खास फरक रहादन खान-वपउन र सखःभोग गन यही उसको जीवनको उदयशय रहको हनछ मनषयको बौदचधकताको कारर सखभोगको साथ साथ अनय कराहर पतन सलगन रहको हनछ कवव यस करालाई महतव ददन चाहन हनछ कक मनषय र पिमा शभननता कवल िारीररक सरचनामा माि सीशमत न रहर तयस भनदा माचथ उठर ववववध कलामा रचच राखन चचतन-मननको सामथयण हाशसल गनण ववदया आजणन गनण परोपकारादद कायणमा सलगन हन आधयाषटतमक जञानमा रचच राखन आददमा क दरत हन पछण जो यस परकारको उननत दजाणको कमणमा लागदन मनषय
रपमा उसको जीवनको साथणकता वसतततः सददगध हन जानछ तयो धरतीको लाचग एक परकारको बोिन हो भनन सककनछ जसरी सङगीतका सात सतवरहरको उतपवि उदाि अनदाि र सतवररत बाट भए सदहतयको वयाकररमा पतन यी तीन सतवरको वविष महतव रहको पाइनछ l सादहतयमा यमाताराजभानसलगा सि बाट ववशभनन छनदहरको तनमाणर भए जसतत सङगीतमा सारगमपधतनसा सि बाट न ववशभनन परकारका सतवरहर एव राग राचगनी हरको उतपवि भएको पाइनछ l कावयको लाचग ववषय िबद र अथण चादहनछ भन सङगीतको लाचग लय सतवर र धन आवशयक हनछ l सादहतय अथवा कावय सङगीत ववना परण हन सकतन तर सगीतमा सादहतय र िबद नभए पतन हनछ सादहतय िबद परधान हनछ भन सङगीत नाद परधान हनछ र िबद गौड रहनछ l चतन अचतन दबलाई परभाव पन कावय जसततो सङगीतलाई बझन मगज खखयाउन पदन l यसको अततररकत सब उमरका मातनस परारी एवम वोट ववरवा लाई समत लठठ पान कषमता सङगीतमा रहनछ l
अराात साहितय सगीत मधय कन एउटा पनन कला नभएको वयकतत पि समान िो | आफनो कला दवारा चतनाको सवोचच सरान परापत गना र गराउन सतन न मानव िो | पराकनतक रपमा िन िो भन पनछीिरल
घर िनाएको नाचको करायको िडा मनमोिक दखन र सनन सककनछ | तर पनन मानव ल मानव जीवन को अकनतम परयोजन मोकष को लागग आफनो कला परयोग गन गररएको िनाल अर पराकनतक जीव भनदा अलग
अकसततव िनाएको िो |
सगीत कला मधयको पररम कला को रपमा शलन गररनछ तमाम लशलत कला को ववधा भनदा सगीत कला ल अर कला भनदा िित परभाव पान गदाछ | चतन अवचतन र अचतन सिमा सगीत को परभाव पन गरका ववशभनन तथयिर फला परका छन | पराचीन काल िोस वा वतामान काल िोस | िाासरीको धन सन पनछ गाई
ल साववक भनदा अशल िढी दध हदन िरक हदन सगीत परवाि िन ठाउमा भएका बिरवा को बिकाि नछटो िन आहद वतामानमा परमाणणत भएका न छन |
सगीत मा साहितय को परयोग पनन उगचत रपमा जीवनत परयोग गन गररएको पाइनछ | जि कन गीतकार
को गीतमा सगीत को उगचत परयोग गन गररनछ ति तयो गीत कालजयी िनदछ |
राम चनरrdquo जि भजन को रपमा सनननछ सगीत को परभाव ल पाउज िजाउा द सामननमा हिडीरको पो िो कक
भनन भान िनछ |
गायन वादन र नतय को समकषट न सगीत िो | गायन लाइ अझ पषटता परदान गना वादन को परयोग गररनछ
तयस अनरप को नतय पनन गररनछ | िन त तीनवट ववधा छटटा छटट पनन परभाव पाना सफल छन तर पनन
ताल बिना गायन या नतय मा आननद को अनभनत िन पन जतती न िन ताल को सि काया वानछनीय
मानननछ |ताल कया ल आननद को अनभनत गराउादछ तयस ल राषर िोक को समय मा सर िाजा को मातर
परयोग गन गररनछ यसत ताल न जानाती गायको न स वादक कन पनन करा मा जि माननस आफनो सकपणा बिवक परयोग गदाा पनन सफल िन सतदन अनन कसलाई सोधर सफल िन भनन करा खोजद हिडछ
| आफ भनदा बििकी वयकतत फला पाछा अनन उसल सकपणा सफलता िात पादाछ | अनन तयो सफलता शसकाउन वयकतत गर को रपमा मानदछ उसल समाजमा तयो करा भन पनछ उसको जसत समसया भयका अर बयतती ल समाधान गराउन समरा बयतती लाई गर भनदछन र परशसदधी फलाउादछन | उततम गर लाई
उसको परशसदधी मा कन लोभ िादन बयततीमा भएको जञानको जयोनत मा लागको पदाा िटाउाछ र तयस मा फरर पदाा न लाछन उपाय िताउाछ र आफनो िाटो लाछदछ
आफभनदा अगाडी हिडको वयकतत लाइ गर या मागादिाक को रप मा शलन गररनछ | तसता मिान जन
िरक पदचाप लाइ आधार मानन चलन छ | ldquoमिाजनो यन गत स पनर ldquo अराात गणी मिान वयकततिर
ल अपनाएको िाटो कलयाणकारी िन गदाछ र विाालाइ गर मानर अर जनिर कलयाणको कामना मा तयहि
वािनसवामी िरर दास मीरा जीकबिर जीतकाराम आहद ल सगीत (गायन) को सार ल विााका इषट को साकषातकार गना भएको इनतिास छ |
गर िबद को अरा न अजञानको पदाा िटाउन वयकतत को रपमा शलईएको छ | सगीत लाइ गरमखी ववदया भननएको छ ककनकक कियातमक बिषयका अनक भराकनत गर दवारा मातर िल गना सकभव छ | पसतकमा
उललख गररएका ततविर आफल मातर सहि तररका िाट गायन वा वादन सकभव छन तयसल बिना गर
सगीतमा सफल िन सककदन | कन पनन परकारका ववधा मा गर को सरापना जररर छ जो तयस बिषय मा मिारर िाशसल गरको िनछ | तयसल गर को बिषय मा ldquo गररबाहमा गरबिाषण गरदवो मिशवरrdquo यानी गर
सकषट कसरनत र सिार कायामा समरा वयकतत को रप मा माननएको छ | उतकषट गर र शिषय एक अकाामा पररपरक िन गदाछन | चतनाको ववशभनन आयाम को मागादिान गरदवारा न सकभव छ |
पराचीन समय मा सि बिषय िर सनर न पठन पाठन गन चलन गरयो भनन करािर पढन पाइनछ |
वद को पठन पाठन सनर न गन गररनथयो तयस कारण शरनत नामाकरण भयो | जि माननस मा सनर गरिण
समयमा ६४ कला को अधययन अधयापन गररनथयो | राज कल ऋवषकल वपतकल गरकल आहद ससरा िाट शिकषा परदान गन चलन गरयो |६४ कला मधय लशलत कला को सरान पहिलो तयस मधयमा पनन सगीत
लाइ सवोपरी मानन गररएको छ | साम वद न सगीतको जननी को रप मा माननयको गायन आज को समयसकम आइपछदा ववशभनन अवसरा पार गद िाशम सकमख छ |
शिकषण को मखय तीन अग मानननछ
१ गरशिकषक २ शिषय बिदयारी ३ बिषय शिकषा
मागरका तीन करािर जि सकननहित िनछन ति शिकषण िनछ | तीन मधय एउटा कराको मातर अभाव
रिमा अशभषट शसदध निन िनछ | अनन तीन मधय एउटा पनन कमजोर रिमा उतकषट ननतजा आउन करामा सनदि रिन सतछ | तयसल तीनवट को सामनजसय रिन आवसयक छ | जसरर एउटा राषर समदध िन
पालना गना आवसयक मानननछ ति मातर उतकषट राजय िन जानछ | तयसत परकारल गरशिषय र शिकषा को सहि सयोजन िाट उतकषट परनतफल को कामना गना सककनछ | गर मातर गणी भएर िनन तसलाई गरिण गन वयकतत पनन पातरता भएको िन पदाछ आफलाई खाशल पार पछी मातर कन वसत भना सकजलो िनछ | गर का सकमख िादा म लाई आउाछ भनन भाव को सवारा अभाव िन पदाछ भनन चलन छ समगर मा भनन पदाा गर
एव शिषय दव एक अकाा मा पररपरक छन | कन एक को अभावल अशभषट शसदध िदन |
पराचीन समय दणख न उतकषटता को खोजीमा िाशम मनतर तनतर िद यनतर यग सकम आइपगका छौ | परसतत लखमा गर र शिषय मा क क ततव िन पछा भनन करा उललख गना खोकजएको छ | यस बिषय मा िाल
सकम आइ पछदा गर र शिषयमा ननकन करा िर िन पछा भनन अनभव गररएको छ |
गर मा िन पन गण
१ जञान २ ववजञान ३ वचन ४ परयोग शसदगध ५ शिषय ननसपादन ६ उजाा वदगध |
तयस गरर शिषय मा ननकन करा िरको परख गररनछ |
१ समपाण २ भकतत ३ मिनत ४ वफादारी ५ समय को पालन |
अि यस लाइ अशल बिसतार मा िझौ|
गर मा खोकजन करा िर |
१ जञान जन बिषय को अधयन गररनछ तयस बिषय परनत अमक वयकतत को जञान कनत छ यानी तयस बिषय
मा चाहिन बिषय वसतपरनत आवसयक करा िर कनत छ भनन करा पहिलो रोजाई िनछ | तयस वयकतत ल
वयकतत ल शिकषा गरिण गरको गर वा घर पररवार आहद सि करा िररकन उसको पररकषण गररनछ र उसको ववदवतता को चाल पाउन गररचछ | तयस बिषय मा कनत करा िर को पराचीन काल दणख अहिल सकममा भएका पररवतान को िार मा पनन रािा िन पदाछ |
२ ववजञान ववषय को वविष यानी गिन जञान न बिजञान िो | ववषय ल बयतत गना खोजको करा लाइ गिन
रपमा गचनतन गन र तयसलाइ बयतत गना न ववजञान को रपमा शलन गररनछ | जसत बििान को समय मा ककन मनर सपतक मा अभयास गना पछा भनन करा को समाधान गना सतन बिलककित लयमा अभयाि गदाा िन फायदा सवर को कन परकारल अभयास गदाा क कराको फायदा शलन सककनछ आहद करा बिजञान शभतर
राखन सककनछ | शिषय को कन पकष मा झकाि िढी छ तसमा अझ ननखारता र अर पकष को सिल बिकाि मा धयान हदन जञान न बिजञान िो |
३ वचन यानी िोलन तररकाभाषा को परयोग िबद को चयन आहद करा को पनन बिचार गन गररनछ | कन कन िला मा गर ल अशल कठोर खालको िचन को पनन परयोग गना पन िनछ | अशल ररसाएर परयोग गररएको वचन ल बिदयारी अशल सजगता हदएर शसतन पनन िनछ तयस कारण पनन कन समयमा अशल रखो सबद
को परयोग गदाा बिदयारी को िीतलाइ धयान राणखएको िन गदाछ | ससकत मा एउटा नीती वचन ल भनछ ldquo
लालानाद िििो दोषा ताडनाद िििो गणाrdquo यानी धर माया ल पनन बिगगरन सकभावना िनछ समय समय
मा धयान हदन पन िनछ र उगचत कदम चालन पदाछ | वचन को अको परयोजन कन रचना रचना गन समयमा पनन मितव राखदछ कन िकनदि को रचना मा कन खालका िबदावली को परयोग गन भनन करा पनन यसशभतर
राखन सककनछ
४ परयोग शसदगध यानी भाषागत शसकाएका करा यनतर िाट पनन िजाएर वा गायन गरर परसतत गना सतन
िन पदाछ | कन पनन बिषय को शभबतर करा परयोगका सार िताउन सतन यानी कन राग मा परयोग गररएको बिषि कराको शलणखत मातर िन परयोग पनन गना सतन र िताउन सतन िन पदाछ | तिला मा कन घराना मा कसतो ननकाि या गायन मा दरिारी को गानधार या भरवी को गानधार को परयोय गरर दखाउन सतन | भपाली र रामकली या दिकार आहद ककन फरक छ भनन करा को भाशलभाती परयोग गरर शसकाउन सतन |
५ शिषय ननषपादन अनत शसकर आएका नभई सरदणखन आफल शसकाएका शिषय कनत छन या खिर
जसत मौसममा मातर िन अर िला सखा िो कक अरवा शिषय लाइ अनघ िढन या कसरर अगाडी लर जान
सककनछ भनर िर सकभव परयास गन काम ल न शिषय ननषपादन िन सकभव छ विााल नाम शलन शिषय
ल गरका काम िाट पनन शिषय ननषपादन को िारमा जानकारी शलन सककनछ | शिषय को परगनत न भएको मा गचनता शलन खालका गर िन जररर छ | उसका परगती मा भएका िाधा िर सकभव िटाउन खोजन गरल मातर
असल शिषय ननषपादन गरको पाइनछ | आफमा भएको कला गरल योछय शिषयलाइ मातर परदान गरर योछय
शिषय ननषपादन गनािनछ | िरक ववदयारी को कषमताको पहिचान गरर तिी अनरप को तयारी गराउन
सकमा मातर शिषय ननषपादन अझ िढी परभावकारी िन जानछ | ५ जना शिषय लाइ ५ परकार िाट तयार
गराउन सतन आफमा चनौती िन जानछ शिषय आफलाई एउटा बिषयमा ककनरत गरर अभयाि गछा तर
गर ल ५ वटा न करा को अलग अलग गचनतन मनन गना परम आवसयक पछा | जसरर तिला मा िनारि
घराना अनतगात ५ ववदवानको तिला सनन िो भन सिको अलग अलग तिला छ कसरर तसको कारण यहि
िो कक जो शिषय को जन करामा जयादा रची छ तयस अनरप को शसकाई गर िाट भएको छ | ताल योगी पणडीत सरि तलवालकर जी का सि ववदयारी को तिला अलग -२ न छ | शिषय उतपादन गना आफ मा एक
चनौती िो
६ उजाा वदगध गरल िासतर र तयस को परयोग का सारसार तयस बिषयमा अझ रामरोसग लाछन उजााको वदगध िन करा िर ननरनतर परवाि गना अतयनत जररर छ | उजाावान गर ल मातर उजाा हदन सतछ | जि शिषय
गर को भट िनछ अभयास करा पहिलो परारशमकता मा राखदा अझ उततम लाछछ | तयस उजाा ल बिदयारी मा जीवन मा कहि गना सतन िल परापत गछा | भट िादा कन सगीतसाधकको सकारातमक करासगीत को रचना को करा नयाा रचना को करा ल ववदयारी मा उजाा भन काम गछा | बिशिषट गणवान कलाकार को शरबय
दशय समागरील पनन ववदयारी मा उजाा भन काम गदाछ | उचच कोटी का गरिरल आफना चला लाइ आफनो जसतो नभ आफ भनदा फरक काया गना सदव पररणा परदान गना भएको करा उजाा परापत कलाकारिरको करा िाट परापत गररएको पाइनछ | ववदयारी को कषमता अनरप को कायामा लाछन पररणा गना जसत कन ववदयारी रचना गना रची राखछ भन तिी काया मा उसलाई िौिला परदान गन | सगीत का ववशभनन आयाम मा काम
गना सतन खिी को समगचत ढग िाट पहिचान गरर तसलाई अनघ िढन उतपररणा परदान गन | कन कन ववदयारी लाइ सगीत को िार मा खोज गना मन लाछन िन सतछ तसतो ववदयारी लाइ बिषय को िारमा मागा दिान परदान गन काम पनन गर िाट िन पदाछ |
तयस गरर शिषय मा िन पन करा |
१ समपाण कन पनन करामा आफलाइ सकपणा रपमा तयसमा नलगाएमा सफल िन सककदन | तन मन र
५ िफादारी यानी भनको मानन गर ल भन पछी ज गरन पनन पनछ न िटन | शसकाएका करा लाइ जसताको तसत गरर गाउन या िजाउन | जि िफादार छ भनन करा कसरर िनछ ति गरल सि करा कन िाकक नराखी कन शसकाउन िनछ अनन मातर आफनो अशभषट शसदध िनछ | मिाभारत मा अजान र असवतरामा को परसङग
आउछ कक जनत ववदया अजान लाइ रोण ल हदन भयो तती असवतरामा लाइ हदन भएन ककन मिनती र
आफनो ववदया गलत परयोग निन अवसराको जञान ल गदाा न तसतो भएको िो | गर सग शसकको ववदया िो परयोग गन िलामा गरको समरण पनन िफादारी िो | कहि समय एक जना गरकोमा जान फरी अको गरकोमा जान यसरर ननरनतर गरिर पररवतान गन चलन उपयतत माननदन | कन जनावर पाशलयको छ भन उसको माशलक भनदा सि कराल उततम अर कन मानछ साग तयो पालत रवततदन तयसतो गरर िफादार रिन न सक
पनन सक जनत िफादार िन उततम माननएको छ
६ समय को पालन समय को पालन सिल सकयक परकारल गना आवसयक छ यहद समय को पालन गररएन
भन आवसयक काम ननषपादन िदन | कन पनन कामको लागग तोककएको समयमा तयो काम परा गना पदाछ
| भन को समय मा तोककएको काम गररएको खणडमा मातर समय को पालन गररएको मानननछ | शसकाउन समय अभयासगन समय सगीतमा समय अनसार को राग िनछ सहि समय मा सहि राग को परयोगल
ववशभनन काम गन रािा न छ | दख को समय मा सख को समय का लागग अलग -२ ताल र राग को परयोग
गन गररएको पाइनछ | समय को परवाि न ताल को रपमा परयोग गररएको िो | गरकल मा रिी शिकषा आजान
गन ववदयारी लाइ ननयम को पालन अतयनत आवशयक ततव मनननछ |
आफल शसकको बिदया मा न कहि गरर दखाउन उददशयका सार लागग परको बिदयारी ल आफनो किागरिदगध अपरतीम कौिल लगन ननयम नतरब समरण एव आसरा आहद गण भएको खणड मा मातर
समय ववदया मिनत आहद लगानी गना भनदा पहिला परनतफल रामरो िनछकक िदन भनन मागर को तररका परयोग गररकन िन परचलन छ | तयस कारण जान बिवततक या शिषय िनाउन भनन करा सननासार तरनत
सवीकार नगन चलन छ | मागर उललणखत करा िरको िारमा रामरोसग जानकारी शलन कहि समय लगगिालछ
|
कवव भबतरािरी भनन िनछ ldquo गण लबधा सवयमव सकपदrdquo गणको बिकाि न सकपवतत(सकपदा) आगमनको कारण िो | जसतो परकार को सकपवततको भणडार गना खोकजएको िो तसतो गण को बिकाि वानछनीय छ |
The two Essays ldquoWhatrsquos in a Namerdquo(by Henry Louis Gates Jr) and ldquoThe lsquoBlack Tablersquo is Still
Thererdquo(by Lawrence Otis Graham) included in ldquoPatterns of College Writingrdquo the English
Course book for BA 1st year reflect upon the racial discrimination prevalent in the USA
Though the essays are written by two different writers their response towards the prejudice is
based on their own experience Both the writers belong to Black community that went through
traumatic period of prolonged injustice offences deprivation and oppression in America They
give account of their childhood when they had the bitter experience of being insulted and
excluded by whites Gates remembers himself as an innocent child who was ignorant about the
demeaning attitude of whites towards his race in general and his own father in particular Even
when he grows up it makes no senses to him that bynames used for Black people signifies hatred
and prejudice white people have nurtured He implies that people should be judged from their
quality contribution and skill Likewise Graham who clung to integration and still faced the
exclusion during his schooldays was confused about the existing different treatment towards
himself He is disillusioned when he finds out the integration be just superficial as he grows up to
a professional lawyer Gates using the allusion from Shakespearersquos Romeo and Juliet ldquoWhatrsquos in
a namerdquo and Graham using a symbol ldquoBlack Tablerdquo of his junior high school strongly hold the
belief that segregation is wrong
2
Gatesrsquo Experience
African Americans are generally the descendants of enslaved black people within the boundaries
of present United States Formal political economic and social discrimination against these
minorities has been present throughout American history Gates despises the discrimination of
black people especially the spiteful attitude of whites using bynames to address them His
childhood experience gives an account of his irreversible negative recognition labeled to him by
white despite his high financial standings The racial identity has been denominated by whites as
inferior ugly and poor which is further crushed by giving bynames like Kaffir Tar Baby Jim
Crow Georgehellip Even a lower social status white like Mr Wilson would find privilege to insult
his well to do father just because he was a black Gates hated that his father being called by
different name which was not truly his name His fury was not for demeaning his father instead
his fatherrsquos silence hurts him more From then he had the revelation that two worlds exist for
black people like him The hierarchy created by whites has been choking them and shooing them
to the margin White people who regarded themselves supreme hurled the hatred in different
forms and one of them was negative names
Grahamrsquos Experience
In the US the separation was experienced in various areas such as public transportation
schools restaurants and residential places where individuals were restricted on the basis of
racial background Black table in the cafeteria got the name as black boys would separate
themselves from other race except Graham He strictly adhered to integration by avoiding black
table for two reasons first he held the principle of equality and integration strongly and second
he didnrsquot want to lose his white friends by being racial As a schoolboy he carried on the
principle seriously despite being shunned by white community Since he prospered as an
American entertaining all the integrating activities with the whites he condemns the separation
though volunteer it is What shocks him the most is the black table still laying on the cafeteria
even after 27 years He wondered that other separate tables in which athletes Jewish boys
Jewish girls Irish kids heavy metals grouphellipsegregate themselves had never drawn argument
and condemnation during his school life The trend he considered deplorable even though the
principles may have changed is still alive He wakes up to a new realization of truth that people
tend to gravitate towards other people they think they may relate better with and stay away from
what they think is different
Gatesrsquos Allusion
ldquoWhatrsquos in a namerdquo is an allusion derived from Shakespearersquos ldquoRomeo and Julietrdquo a romantic
tragedy Its Juliet who states this very expression to imply that name should not determine how
people are to be regarded by others Julietrsquos stance and condition is analogous to Gates as he
abhors the trend of discrimination and prejudice that lies behind names Gates expresses his
claim that name shaped peoplersquos perceptions and prejudice in the mid 1950s Name is a part of
3
onersquos identity how one is recognized and addressed by the world These names on the other
hand signify offenses and disrespect George was an infamous name to belittle black people and
Gates hated that his father was put to a lower standard than he truly was Gates illustrates how
racism can perpetuate prejudice that aims to snatch individual identity
Grahamrsquos symbol
Black table which is regarded with scorn by whites is a symbol that segregates black boy from
others Graham sees it as a taboo and by avoiding it he wants to prove that he is not an angry
black person who wants nothing to do with the white kids White kids who would never invite
him to occasions as they thought it would make people feel uncomfortable Poor Graham is torn
between the scorns of black boys and taunting of white boys Even after fourteen years of his
adolescence still existing black table refracts that integration has not eradicated the sense of
separation it has become more entrenched as time went by Such vicious circle can go on for
centuries and even millennia perpetuating an imagined hierarchy that sprang from transhistorical
occurrences (Harari 161)
The common ground
Both writers share common ground in yearning for equality dignity and respectable space in
society Black table exhibits stark view of human nature on the one hand and on the other hand it
displays the superficial encroachment of integration that manipulated him to refuse his own
ground Both of them represent the blacks who resent the violation of social dignity and the ones
who want to negotiate the legislation to be united Gates the innocent and naiumlve boy gauges the
wounded self- esteem of his parents after the exposure to unwanted offence he witnessed
Similarly the ideal black boy Graham finds his ground as he becomes a matured man He
blamed the black boysrsquo attitude to be the hurdle of integration He even swallowed white parentrsquos
insulting treatment who begrudged his presence in their gatherings and other occasions Graham
ultimately feels the need to realize that modern times self segregation is the custom that humans
adopted from their ancestors culture and their biology and intelligence It is the imagined orders
and devised scripts humans have constructed and internalized in order to organize the society
within a power structure
Pathos Logos and Ethos
The title ldquoWhatrsquos in a namerdquo is a rhetorical question and finally answers that name can be
manipulated used and even misused according to the userrsquos vested interest His fatherrsquos silence
and helplessness devastates the childrsquos psyche driving him to loathe Mr Wilson who resembled
his own Uncle Joe This infers that how come Mr Wilson so much alike his uncle can be a snob
Gatesrsquo emotional appeal (pathos) invokes readers particularly the blacks who grew up
swallowing the hatred He motivates the readers to empathize the humiliated parents that
dwarfed them to their marginal state Gates first presents the causes of his rage to intensify
readerrsquos emotions Mr Wilson despite his own wretched social status dominates his father using
4
bynames And in turn his fatherrsquos reasoning for suppressed silence infuriates the narrator and the
reader as well Gatesrsquo wrath pervades the end of the essay as Gates describes how they cowered
back to quietness and consoled themselves by glorifying black sports star Jackie Robinson This
situation better speaks the condition of black people before Civil Rights Movement
Likewise Grahams evidently implies the answer of why is the black table still there in his junior
high school His rhetorical questions ldquoWhy did the black kids separate themselves What did the
table say about the segregation that was supposedly going on in homerooms and gym classes
(189) are the logic (logos) providing His reasons in the form of questions ldquoWhat was I
thinkingrdquo and ldquoI realize that how wrong I wasrdquo (190) is the logos appeal consisting of reason for
accepting the narratorrsquos claim Readers can easily grasp Grahamrsquos perspective shaped by idealist
notion that has been changed to a kind of awakening at the fag end of the essay He doesnrsquot
directly tell the audience exactly what to conclude the readers nevertheless are encouraged to
infer the existing differences that lay deep down the surface of integration
The credential of the writerrsquos (ethos) lies on the fact that both of them are from black American
family background which accentuates the ground for trusting their opinion arguments and
feelings Their own experience can be recognized as real since their self-representation is equally
trust-inspiring Readers can simply believe their claims and frustration to be relevant Both
writers oppose the erasing of self the true being of an individual
Style
Beginning with anecdote both the writers excites the readers to go through the text Gates hints
that the issue of mistreating by the so called powerful and highly privileged whites is not new
The use of dialogues has made vivid impact on the writing instigating the readers to feel the
same negative aura Similarly Grahamrsquos narration takes gait from the anecdote itself Profound
rhetorical questions and quotations put additional impetus on his logos appeal provoking to
thoughts Both writers conclude their essay with the same mood and context as they have begun
More personal style makes familiar tone in Grahamrsquos writing using first person pronouns and
contracted forms(Irsquom Irsquod)
Conclusion
The phenomena of racial discrimination in USA are rooted on sociopolitical hierarchies which
cannot be justified through logical and biological basis Biology ie the blackness and other
physiology of black people cannot explain the intricacies of American racial dynamics Gatesrsquo
fury and Grahamrsquos confusion are the outcome of historical phenomena events circumstances
and power structure that transformed the social condition into cruel social structures Martin
Lutherrsquos dream of former slaves and the sons of slaveholders being able to sit down together at
the table of brotherhood (176) seem to be thwarted by self segregation The hierarchy of race
originated from accidental historical circumstances and was perpetuated and refined over many
5
generations with their own vested interest Gates and Graham are among many black writers who
seek justified answer for the age old question asking for the existence of black people as equal to
whites The value of contribution of these black people who were brought to America depriving
their homeland of strong human resource has been relegated The vicious cycle seems to repeat
when the lynching and brutalizing of black by whites trickles down now and then in America
References
Gates Henry Louis Jr ldquoWhatrsquos in a Namerdquo Patterns for College Writing A Rhetorical Readers and
Guide 12th edEd Laurie GKriszner and Stephen R Mandell Boston Bedford 20122-4 Print
Graham Lawrence Otis ldquo lsquoThe Black Tablersquo is Still Thererdquo Kriszner and Mandell 188-190
Harari Yuval Noah Sapiens A Brief History of Humankind London Vintage 2015 Print
King Martin Luther Jr ldquoI Have a Dreamrdquo The Heritage of Wordsrdquo Ed Abhi Subedi Rameshwar
Adhikaray and Shreedhar Lohani Kathmandu Ekta Books 2018 Print
Mahendra Prasad Adhikari
Library officer Lalitkala Campus
A Concept on E-LIBRARY vs Automation Abstract
Generally the working collection of books documents newspapers audio-visual
materials kept and organized people to read or borrow in a library Recent advances
in computers storage and processing communication technologies e-product
networking and internet uses have brought a revolutionary change in functioning of
the libraries and its services Information communication technology (ICT) makes
a lot of impact on library and it has changed the concept of library where print and
paper media are the main components of library system To meet tremendous
information explosion and high demand of information libraries are now changes
in digital library Due to digitizing the library resources and fast changing
technology a new type of library is coming in existence which is called- virtual
library Many of us are always very much confused about such terminology of library
It reflects three main components- service provider service receiver and the
channels of service delivery (ie technology) Internet is the main channel of e-
service delivery while other classic channels (eg telephone call center public kiosk
mobile phone television) are also considered In this paper we try to clear the
concept of these libraries terminology in a professional way
Key Words Automation Hybrid Library Digital Library Virtual Library
Automated Library Electronic Library Modern Library
Introduction
Its an electronic or online library where one can have access to books journals
novels articles or any other information over net E-service (electronic
service) represents application of utilizing the use of Information and
communication technologies (ICTs) in different areasit includes the service
element of e-tailing customer support and service delivery Database of
digitized audio video and written material on a physical site andor a website
giving 24hour online access to users E-Library is generally a library where
books can be accessed through internet Just sitting anywhereanytime a user
can read the material online
The library has purchased subscriptions to many electronic information
resources in order to provide you with access to them free of charge Our
e-resources include lots of things full-text journals newspapers company
information e-books dictionaries encyclopedias economic data digital
images industry profiles market research career information etc
What is Automation
The term automation is introduced used first DS Harder in 1936 He
defined it as ldquothe automation is handling of parts between progressive
production processes Since then the term has been applied to a wide variety
of automatic machinery and automatic systems In addition is action for
human efforts of intelligence
Need for Library Automation
There are several reasons for automation A considerable saving
in efforts Time and resources involved in manual processing can be
achieved The other reasons are 1) To improve control over collection 2) To have an entries control over the entire operation
3) To improve the existing services as well as introduce new
services
4) To avoid duplicate of work
5) To use services of the existing staff effectively
Basic Requirement of Library Automation
The following are the basic requirements for the automation of
libraries through the computer 1) Adequate collection 2) Financial assistance
3) Computer hardware
4) Library software
5) Tanning of the staff
6) Maintenance of development
Advantages of Library Automation
There are several advantages of Library Automation a machine
readable catalogue prepared at the time of acquisition may be required
respectively for number of purposes Automation has the following
advantages 1) Professional staff need not spend much time to do the routine library work 2) Eliminates human errors while performing routine library works
3) Improved control covers library collection
4) Increased computer awareness among users
5) Cataloguing is faster instant access to non-records
6) Excellent control over circulation
Some Library Software
3
1 KOHA
2 EMIS
3 PMB
4 LIBRA etc
The functions of e-libraries
1) Systematic and organized collection of print and non-print resources
2) Digital in formats so that easily process able by computers
3) The acquisition storage disseminates amp retrieval of information is done by the use
of technology
4) Access of entire holding of library is directly or indirectly accessible across the
network with the help of internet
5) Supports and provides more amp better online amp offline services
Natures of e-library
1 In digital library e-library a set of documents available through electronic means by
the use of digital technologies that allow for the retrieval archiving preservation and
dissemination of those documents which are provides access to in electronic format
2 A Physical site andor website that provide 24-hour online access to digitized audio
video and written material such as books journals and articles The content may come
from different providers
3 Digital library provide as an information service in which all the information
resources are available in computer-process able form and the functions of acquisition
storage retrieval access and display are carried out through the use of digital
technologies
4 e-Library collections of documents in organized electronic form available on the
Internet or on CD- ROM disks and Specific library a user may be able to access
magazine articles books papers images sound files and videos
5 A database is a collection of information stored in a computer or server which
incorporates software to provide efficient retrieval of the data Databases are great tools
to help you retrieve information by keyword title author subject year etc The most
common types of databases in the library are the online catalogue and the virtual
electronic databases Some are in visible some are in Download able such as full
Text abstract title with Content free of cost paid full
6 A Virtual Library is a collection of resources available on one or more computer
systems where a single interface or entry point to the collections is provided
7 More than just a means of collocating electronic resources (full-text materials
databases media and catalogues) a virtual library also provides user assistance services
such as reference inter library loan technical assistance etc
4
8 Library resources (indexes journals and reference materials for example) or
online reference services are available over the Internet Terms such as electronic
Library and Digital Library are often used synonymously
9 A hybrid library which is partly electronic and partly physical It has a physical space
with both the physical and electronic resources and services
10 A hybrid library is not just a traditional library (only containing paper-based
resources) or just a virtual library (only containing electronic resources) but somewhere
between the two It is a library which brings together a range of different information
sources printed and electronic local and remote in a seamless way
Different Types of Library
Library is a place where the collection of information resources in print or in other forms
that is organized and made accessible for reading or study is kept International
Organization for Standardization has defined library as irrespective of the title any
organized collection of printed books and periodicals or of any other graphic or audio-
visual materials and the services of a staff to provide and facilitate the use of such
materials as are required to meet the informational research educational or recreational
needs of its users
Advances in Information Communication Technology (ICT) particularly the World
Wide Web (WWW) have seen the evolution of the automated library electronic library
digital library virtual library Hybrid library etc
A Traditional Library Traditionally libraries were collections of books manuscripts
journals and other sources of recorded information The collection of the traditional
libraries are mostly print media manuscripts etc and are not well organized The
documents are deteriorating at a rapid rate the collected information is not easy to locate
and procure Such information does not reach the user of the libraries on time It is
difficult to get such publications in the absence of personal influence and contacts
There are certain restricted publications containing highly informative materials but
may not be easily available Sometimes the information is published after many years
By the time it is published the information becomes obsolete and then abandoned Since
it is not properly indexed or listed the researcher is forced to go through long and
tedious process to ascertain whether any material of hisher interest is available or not
Here the collections are not well organized and some reports are deteriorating at a rapid
rate Preserving them in their original form is difficult and it is not cost effective Again
the traditional libraries are confined itself within a physical boundary
B Automated Library A library wh i c h provides automatic services with machine-
readable catalog computerized acquisition circulation and Online Public Access
Catalogue (OPAC) are called as automated library The holdings or collection of
5
automated such types of libraries makes them better and offer more and effective services
are same as that of traditional libraries
C Electronic Library When automated libraries go for Local Area Networking (LAN)
and CD-ROM networking and started procuring e-journals and other similar kinds of
electronic materials of publications ( magnetic tapes microfilm roles CDs DVDs
Microform or other media) and accessible by any medium such as computer laptops I-
pads etc are stored and then it is known as electronic library The electronic information
or material may be stored in an offline server or online which may be accessed remotely
via computer networks The resources of the electronic libraries are in both print and
electronic form The electronic media are used for storage retrieval and delivery of
information
D Digital Library In digital libraries services are fully automated and all resources
in digital form These libraries are heterogeneous in nature and include work related
to information and how to digitize store find link visualize use publish manage and
share information Digital library is an assemblage of digital computing storage and
communication machinery together with content and software In a digital library there
are mainly two types of information
1) Born digital This information are digitally created and stored
2) Digitalized Information is in physical formats (print format) with the help of
appropriate hardware and software the information is converted into digital format or in
electronic format
It is a later stage of electronic library In digital library high speed optical fiber are used
for LAN and the access is over WAN and provide a wide range of Internet based
services ie audio and video conferencing and like other The majority of the holding
of a digital library is in the computer readable form and also acts as a point of access to
other online sources
E Virtual Library The concept of virtual library also emerged simultaneously with
electronic library and digital library This emergence is perhaps because all the
information uses are at present through networked libraries at the desktop which is quite
virtual (practical) without the physical existence of books on shelves A virtual library
can be simply defined as the internet-based digital library or a library without walls The
concept of virtual library is that any person who has a computer and connection to the
library networks can access not only the resources of that library but also a variety of
information available through national and international networks like internet and
intranet without being physically present in the library Access digital information from
the any part of the globe through an network (LAN or WAN) or any other gateway
such as internet The term virtual library is attracted the interest of users because of the
increasing medium called the WWW (World Wide Web) The virtual library is the single
most reachable and important source of information in the world and leads to
6
replacement for the traditional library A collection of links is also a virtual library these
links are not necessary owned by the virtual library However the links are maintained
updated and managed as a normal function of the virtual library
F Hybrid Library It was designed to bring a range of technologies from different
sources together in the context of a working library and to explore integrated systems
and services in electronic and printed environments It reflects the transitional state of
the library which today can neither be fully printed nor fully digital Hybrid libraries
consist of conventional print material such as books magazines journals as well as
nonconventional or electronic based material such as audio books electronic journals
e-books etc Hybrid libraries are the new and emerging term for the most public and
academic libraries because with the existing services and collection they can easily
provide electronic services or online services and easily build digital collections
There are many myths about digital library as 1) The internet is the digital library
2) Fully automated library is digital library
3) The myth of a single digital library or one-window view of digital library collections
4) Digital libraries will provide more equitable access anywhere any time
5) Digital libraries will be cheaper than print libraries
Advantages of e-libraries Todayrsquos libraries are not encircled to a particular location The user can get his her
information on his own computer screen by using the Internet It is a network of
compound access system which provides quick information to many users at the same
time There are many advantages of having hybrid digital and virtual libraries some of
the common advantages are as follows
1) No physical boundary The users did not require going to the library through internet
they could access the same information from all over the earth instantly He she have to
just type the URL of the library and heshe can get all the services and information what
heshe get in the libraries Which saves users time and every information is on single
click
2) Round the clock availability libraries can be accessed at any time 24 hours a day
and 365 days of the year All the digital content is on the internet so the information is
available at 24 hours because machines donrsquot know about day night weeks and months
Every information is available online without the respect of time
3) Multiple accesses The same resources can be used at the same time by a number of
users The users can access same the same material at numerous of times without any
difficulties and at the same time It saves users time and money which is economical
and leads to better services according to userrsquos needs and demands Multiple accesses
mean many users use the same resource at the same time or after some time However
in traditional libraries particular resource can accessed only once by a single user
7
4) Structured approach the contents of modern libraries are much richer than the
conventional libraries and the collections are in a very organized way ie users can easily
access the catalogue and from catalogue to the exacting book then from the book to a
particular chapter and so on In a library there are organized collections of human
knowledge so with the help of search we can easily approach to our particular topic
and collect the information related to the topic we search the topic in a structured way
which means that from a catalog to book then to index then from chapter so on according
to our needs we move from books to main directory or catalogue
5) Information retrieval The users are able to search or retrieve information with
the use any keyword which are related to the word or phrase of the entire collection
Digital library have user- friendly interfaces one click access to its contents The users
can easily search any word sentence symbol numbers with the help of interfaces called
search box with the help of search we can go through our topic With information
retrieval it saves the userrsquos time in searching of their information quick access to their
topics and easy to operate
6) Space The traditional library faces problems of storage and space as the collections
are in print form it occupies more space whereas electronic or digital libraries store
more information in a very less space Thousands of eBooks magazines journals etc
can be stored in single hard disks so it is important to know that the digital library needs
very less space without effecting their operations and services When the conventional
library had no physical space digitalization of its collection is the only solution
7) Networking nowadays libraries are interconnected with high-speed internet
connection which is called networking sharing of resources can be done through the
sharing of links Users need not required to go to library he can easily access the libraries
resources through internet and use their services Users can easily access many libraries
database at a single click because libraries shares the links of others libraries links which
saves users time and helps in the searching of their relevant information
8) Cost The expenditure on maintaining an electronic virtual library is much lower than
that of a traditional library A conventional library have to accept more expenditure on
the maintenance staff and professionals salaries etc this can be abridged by electronic
virtual libraries because in these modern libraries there are one time investment till the
technology changes and after that less professionals need for the maintenance of the
library
Challengesdisadvantages of e-libraries The computer viruses disasters lack of standardization for digitized information
quick degrading properties of digitized material different display standard of digital
product and its associated problem health hazard nature of the radiation from monitor
etc makes digital libraries at times handicap
1 Copyright Digitization opposes the copyright law as the content or resources of one
author can be simply transferable by others without his knowledge The main challenge
is that how the libraries broadcast information along with protecting the intellectual
8
properties of an author There are very strict rules regarding the violation of copyright
laws but in digital era it is very difficult to save the intellectual property rights of an
author or publisher
2 Speed of access as more and more computers are connected then the loads on the
server makes website slow If new technology will not evolve to solve the problem then
in near future Internet will be full of error messages As we all know that the technology
is going older day by day so itrsquos difficult to provide same speed of access because digital
content includes audio video documents which are of big in size and require more
bandwidth speed
3 Initial cost is high The initial cost of modern libraries such as the cost of software
hardware communication networks and other equipments are very high So it is very
expensive for libraries to purchase them because libraries are not the profit making
organizations they are depend on any institutions which provides funds for the
functioning and running of the libraries
4 Band width libraries will need high transfer rates for transfer of multimedia resources
but the band width is decreasing day by day due to its over utilization and overload on
the internet The slow bandwidth leads to slow download and uploading of digital
material which means users have to give more time in searching and downloading their
contents
5 Efficiency with the information explosion there is tons of information on particular
topics so it is very difficult to find the right information on the particular topic The
authentication of the information is not sure
6 Environment modern libraries cannot produce the environment of traditional
libraries Many users also find that reading printed information much easier than reading
information on a computer screen Due to lack of technological awareness many people
prefer to use print materials for reading Moreover the habits are the major problem
7 Preservation Due to rapid change in technology libraries become outdate and its
information may become inaccessible In future many new formats evolve so it is
difficult to preserve the library resources at a standard format so that in future we may
use it
Conclusion
The hybrid electronic digital and virtual libraries are the modern libraries and they are
synonyms to each other The modern libraries are not going to replace the physical
existence of print resources completely but no doubt to meet the present demand of the
users and change in technology to satisfy the users demand digitization must be
introduced so that at least libraries becomes of hybrid nature and become in the touch of
its users
The preliminary cost of digitization is high but research shows that once digitalization is
introduced then the cost to manage developing this collection will be cheaper than that of
any conventional library Day by day the cost of digitization is decreasing because the
technology going updated with every bit of time the online publication is increasing and
the needs of user are shifting towards the non-print sources The term digital library has
9
been around for at least 24 hours and possibly longer and some of the ideas behind the
term have been around for much longer While there is still disagreement about the
meaning of the term this piece argues that digital libraries are not fundamentally
different from
traditional libraries either in the purposes of existing or in the services provided The
main differences come down to how the services are provided and how collections are
stored and managed
Reference 1 Dr Manoj Kumar Verma Concept of Hybrid Digital and Virtual Library -
Mizoram University Assistant
ProfessorDepartment of Library and information science
2 Dr Manoj Kumar Verma Concept of Hybrid Digital and Virtual Library - UP
पषटभमि सङगीतको इततहास धर परानो मातननछ l ६४ कलाहर मधयको परमख कला सङगीत कला हो l महाकवव लकषमी परसाद दवकोटाल भनका छन कला भनको जीवनलाई रामरो तररकाबाट उठाउन पररपरण गनण र आननद ददन हो l कला भनको मानव हदयमा परभाववत पारी उचचवोधदवारा नततक शिकषा ददन हनपछण l िासतिोकत ढगल रचचत सतवर वरण र िबद आददल यकत जब कन सागीततक शसजणनालाई मचमा परसततत गररनछ र तयसको आननद परसततोता सतवय र शरोता लाई पतन परापत हनछ भन तयो सङगीतकला बनन जानछ l जमणन ववदवान पाकण रका अनसार मानवको इचछा या चाहनादवारा कालपतनक भावनालाई साकार रप ददन न कला हो l गायन वादन र नतय यी तीन कलाको शमशरर न सङगीत हो l वददककाल दखखन ववशभनन उपतनषद परार आदद गरनथमा उललख गररएको नाद शरतत सपत सतवर जातत गराम राग मछणना ताल मनधम दनदभी ववरा आदद बाट तयो समयमा सङगीतल ववकशसत रप शलएको दखखनछ l नपालमा ककराातकाल शलचछवीकाल र मललकालीन समयमा परापत शिलालखमा उललख भएका पदहर वाददिगोषठी परकषरमणडपी डवली नासादयो पयााख चयाण (चचा) आददको आधारमा तयततबला सङगीतको रामरो ववकास भएको मानन सककनछ l िाहकालीन समयमा राजाहर सङगीतमा तनक िौखखन चथए भनन करा पथवी नारायर िाहको ददवय वारी रर वहादरिाहको शसतार वादन सरनर िाहको गीत लखन र बाजा बजाउन राजा महनरल सतथापना गरको नपाल सङगीत महाववदयालय (२०१२) नपाल एकडमी (२०१४) राषटषिय नाचघर (२०१६) शसहदरबार पररसर शभिको रतन रकरड णङ िसतट (२०१८) जन पतछ २०४१ सालमा नपाल टशलशभजनको रपमा परररत भयो दजणनौ परसतकारहरको सतथापना कलाकारलाई परोतसाहन सतवरप ददएका अनकौ उपाधीहर जसततः वादय
शिरोमखर सङगीत शिरोमखर भजन शिरोमखर सङगीत परववर र नारायरदहटी दरबार पररसरको नारायर मषटनदरमा दरबनदीन तोकी िासतिीय सङगीतको तनयशमत कायणकरम सचालन गराइएको जसतता कायणल सतवदिी कला र ससतकती परतत उनको गदहरो मोह सतनह र ठलो योगदान रहको दखखनछ l भारतीय सगीताचायण वसनतदवारा शलखखत पसततक सङगीत वविारदमा रारा कालीन समयमा वीर िमिरल बीरगजमा आयोजना गरको वव स १९५६ को बगडीको सङगीत सममलन जहाा नपाल र भारत वषणका दजणनौ िासतिीय सगीतजञहरल भाग शलएका चथए र गरनथ न तयार परको करा उललख छ l पथवी नारायर िाहल नपालको एकीकरर पशचात ददएको ददवयवारी आफना िोख सयललाई ताल िासति बमोषटजमको तीन िहर नपालका नवारहरको नाच खिकाई हयाण पतन हनछ भनन वारील सङगीतको रामरो ववकास भएको जनाउछ र सतवदिी कला र ससतकतीलाई महतव ददन पछण भनन गदहरो सदि पतन छ तर आजको पररविमा राषि राषटषियता र ससतकार ससतकती माचथन सब भनदा धर ववकतत शभतरिएको अवसतथा चचनताजनक छ l यसमा हामी सबको धयान जानपन दखखनछ l राजतनिको अनतयका लाचग कलाकारहरको पतन ठलो योगदान रहको दखखनछ l परजातनि र गरतनिको सतथापना पतछ सरकारी गर सरकारीसततरबाट सतथावपत भएका ववशभननखाल ससतथाहरल कला र ससतकतीको कषिमा कायणरत नया तथा पराना सरसतटाहरलाई ववशभनन कायणकरम माफण त मान सममान परसतकार अवाडण सममलन आदद कायणल योगदान पयाणउद आएका छन l
ऐततहामसक रपरखा
वद उपतनषद योग दिणन वयाकरर र अधयातमववदया आदद आयण ससतकततका यी आदय गरनथहरमा नादलाई अपार महतव ददइएको छ l ऋगवद को शिकषा िासति अनसार नाद बाट सतवरको उतपवि हनछ सतवर तीन परकारका हनछन l उदाि अनदाि र सतवररत यी ततन सतवरको वरणन पारीनीय अषटधयायीमा छ l उचचरदािाः नीचरनदािाः समाहारः सतवररतः यी तीन वटा सिल तीनवटा भद दखाएको छ -
अथाणत उदािा वाट तनषाद र गानधारको उतपवि अनदाि वाट ऋषभ र धवत तयस गरर सतवररतवाट षडज मधयम र पञचमको उतपवि भएको छ पषटणडत िारगदवल पतन आफनो गरनथ सङगीतरतनाकरमा नादलाई साकषात बरहमन मानन भएको करा तनमन शलोकल परषट परको छ -
चतनय सवणभताना वववि जगदातमना
नादबरहम तदाननदमररतीयमपासतमह
(स र १३१)
अथाणत समपरण जीवातमाको जो चतना हो अथवा जसवाट जीवातमा चतन हनछ साथ जगतको उतपवि षटसतथतत र परलय पतन हनछ तयो नाद बरहम हो र तयस नाद बरहम जो अदववविय छ जसलाई अदवत दवतादवत ववशिषटादवत आदद दिणनल परततपादन गरका छन तयसलाई हामी उपासना गदणछौ
जसरी सब जञानको मल आधार वदलाई मातनएको छ तयसतत सङगीतको पतन आधार सामवद न मातनएको छ l सामवदका ऋचाहर गयातमक छन l गनधवणवदमा सङगीत क बारमा उललख गररएको छ l सङगीतल मातनसलाई षटजउन भावनाको जनम गराउाछ सङगीत मानवजीवनको दहसतसा िताषटबदयौदखख छ सङगीतलाई हरक ससतकततल पजा गछण ककनकक यो हरक ससतकततको पदहचान हो सङगीत सनदा िारीररक र मानशसक दव फाइदा हनछन यसल तनाव र चचनता भगाउाछ l धवतन र नाद नाद र िबद िबद र आकािमा अभद छ भतन ववदवानहरल भनका छन -
नादन वयजयत वरणः पद वराणत पदादवचः
वचसो वयवहारोऽय नादाधीनमतो जगत
(स र १२२)
अथाणत नाददवारा वरणहर उतपनन हनछन वरणहरवाट पद तनषपवि हनछ र पद वाट वाकय अथाणत भावाशभवयकत गन पद सघात उतपनन हनछ र यस वाकय (वारी) दवारा वयवहार चलदछ र वयवहारीक वारीन नादवाट अशभवयकत भएको हनछ
सङगीत बाट जीवनका चार परषाथण अथण धमण काम मोकष परापत हन ववचार यजञवलकय सतमतत गरनथ मा उललख गररएको छ l
वीरा वादनततवजञ शरततववदया वविारदः तालजञशचापरयासन मोकषमाग स ववनदतत
(यासतमयध३११५)
अथाणत वीरा वादनमा किल शरततववदयामा तनपर तथा तालजञ मनषय सहज मषटकतमागणमा परववषट हनछ बरहमाणडमा आकाि र नाद यी दई ततव न यसतता ततव हन जन ववशववयापी र सवणवयापी छन l आकािको गर नाद र िबद हो तयसल सङगीतरतनाकरमा नादको तनरषटकत यसरी गररएको छ
नकार परार नामान दकारमनल ववदः जातः पराराषटगनसयोगािन नादो Ntilde शभधीयत
(स र १३६)
अथाणत नकार भनको परार हो र दकार भनको आगो भतन जानन जव परार र अषटगनको सयोग हनछ तयतत वला तयसबाट उतपनन धवतन वविषलाई नाद भतननछ तयसल समपरण जगतन नादको अचधनमा छ भनन बखिनछ l पराचीन सङगीतकारहरल राग-राचगतनहरका धर सनदर रचनाहर गरका छन l िासतिीय सङगीतको ममण न राग हो l राग िबदको परयोगन सगीताचायण मतगको बहददिी गरनथमा उललखखत भएको पाइएको छ l सङगीतको साधना र अधययनल िासति सतवर ववजञान र सङगीत परदिणनमा किलता परापत हनछ l
राग क र कसरी उतपवि भयो
योNtildeय धवतनवविषसतत सतवरवरणववभवषत l रजको जनचचिानाम स राग कचथतो बध ll
- अशभनव राग मनजरी
अथाणत धवतन को तयो ववशिषट रचना जन सतवर र वरणयकत सनदर छ र जसल मनषय(परारी)को चचिलाई रजन अथवा मनोरनजन परधान गदणछ ववदवानहर तयसलाई राग भनदछन l
उतपविको ववषयमा ववशभनन मत छन जसतमा एक मत सङगीत वविारद गरनथमा वसत लखन हनछ पावणती माता को ियन मरा लाई दखर शिवजील अग परतयगको आधारमा रर वीना बनाई आफनो पााच मख बाट पााच रागहर भरव दहनडोल मघ दीपक र शरी रागको उतपवि गनण भयो र छटौ राग कौशिक सतवय माता पावणतील रचना गनण भयो l पराचचन गरनथमा सङगीतका मखय चार मत पाइनछ l शिव मत कषर मत भरत मत र हनमनमत l
पराचीनकालदखख वतणमान समम रागमा ववशभनन वगीकररहर भए जातत वगीकरर गराम राग वगीकरर दसववचध राग वगीकरर िदध छायालग र सकीरण राग वगीकरर मल राग वगीकरर राग राचगनी वगीकरर रागाग राग वगीकरर र वतणमानमा ठाट राग वगीकरर यदह ठाट राग वगीकररलाईन अदहल हामील िासतिीय सङगीत शसकन शसकाउन माधयमको रपमा मानद आएका छौ
शासतरीय सङगीतको आिशयकता
- जीवनको चार परषाथण अथण धमण काम र मोकष पराषटपतका लाचग l - सब सङगीतको जननी भएकाल यसमा दखल हाशसल गनणका लाचग l - िासतिीय सङगीतलाई मल आधार बनाएर सङगीत कषिमा परवि गरका
- उिम गरी र शिजञकषत कलाकारहरको उतपादन गन गरसततरीय सङगीत तरबदयालय र ववशववयापीरपमा परततसतपधाण गनण सकन वयवहाररक सङगीत शिकषाको ववकास गनण l
- दिभरर छररएर रहका सङगीत परशिकषर कनरहरलाई एउटा छाता मतन राखर गरसततरीय पाठयकरम बनाई परीकषा पररालीमा लयाउन पन l
- कलाकारहर रोजीरोटीमा माि शसशमत रहन पन बाधयता हन l - सङगीत तफण राजयको धयान कषटनरत गराउन नसकन l
शासतरीय सङगीतको सिसतयाहरका सिाधान
- दि सङघीयतामा गईसककाल अब हरक राजय वा परानतमा कलाकारहरको हकदहत र सरकषरको लाचग छटट तनकायको गठन गररनपन l
- िासतिीय सङगीतमा समवपणत साधक सजणकहरको पररचय बनाई जीवन सततर सहज बनाउन आजीवन भिा सवा सतरबधाको राजयल गयारनटी शलनपन तब माि शसजणनाल तनरनतरता पाउाछ र राजयल असल र सततररय सङगीतको ववकास गनण सकछ ककनकक भोको पटल शसजणना गनण सकदन l
- िासतिीय सङगीतको अधययन अधयापनलाई सहज बनाउनलाई हरक परानतमा तरबदयालय तथा महातरबदयालय तहमा िासतिीय सङगीतको पाठयकरम बनाई लाग गररनपन l
- राजधानीमा कषटनरत लशलतकला पदम कनया र रतन राजय कयामपस जसतत दिका अनय भागमा पतन ववसततार गररन पन l
- लशलतकलाको ववकासको लाचग छट Performing Art University को सतथापना गररन पन l
शासतरीय सङगीतको बततिान अिसतथा
- सतकल दखख + २ हाद ववशवववदयालयमा सतनातकोिर र ववदयावाररधी सममको अधययन हन गरको छ l
- समगर नपालको सङगीतको ववकास र सरकषरको लाचग राजयका तफण बाट ररडयो नपाल ( २००७) नपाल सङगीत तथा नाटय परजञा परततषठान (२०६४) सासतकततक ससतथान (२०१६) नपाल टशलशभजन (२०४१) लगाएतका ससतथाहरल योगदान ददइरहका छन l
- कलाकारलाई रोजगारीको अवसर शमलको छ l - राजधानी लगाएतका मठ मषटनदर गठीहर जसततः ककरातशवोर सङगीत
आशरम यलमाया कलाशसक पिपततनाथ सगीतकला परततषठान कपन सङगीत सरोवर कलातनचध सङगीत महातरबदयालय राम मषटनदर आदद कषिहरमा पाजञकषक माशसक रपमा िासतिीय सङगीतका कायणकरमहर हाद आएका छन l
- दजणनौ तनजी सङगीत परशिकषर कनरहरल पतन सङगीत शिकषा परदान गद आएका छन l
- राजयल लगाएत अनय तनषटज ससतथानहरल बषनी कलाकार तथा सरसतटाहरलाई परसतकार तथा मान सममान परदान गद आएका छन l
- कलाकारका हकदहतको लाचग ववशभनन ससतथाहर सककरय छन जसततः रोयलटी सकलन कनर परसततोता समाज सगीतकार सघ गीतकार सघ गायन समाज आदद l
- टशलशभजन लगायत ववशभनन खाल सचारका माधयमबाट आयोजना हन गरका गायनका ररयलदट िोहर जसबाट छोटो समयमान आफनो कला दखाएर चचाण पाउन समभावना बढर गएको छ
- आफनो कलालाई आफल परसततत गनण शमलन कसको पछी लागन नपन ववशभनन परववचधको ववकास भएको छ जसतको परयोगबाट सहज ववशव समदायमा आफनो कला परसततत गनण सककनछ
सङगीतिा गररएका नयाा परयोग (थरापी)
सङगीतदवारा गररन ववशभननखाल रोगहरको उपचार पदधतत लाई न music therapy भतननछ l सतनायववजञानमाचथ अनसनधान गरररहका मनोवजञातनक डयातनयल ज लशभदटनका अनसार मानशसक र िारीररक सतवासतथयका लाचग सङगीत चचककतसाका पररराम रोचक छन अनसनधानका अनसार यसल रोगपरततरोधातमक कषमतामा सकारातमक असर पछण यसल तनाव ददन हमोन कम गराउाछ सङगीतका अततररकत आमाको लोरीलाई पतन महततवपरण मातनएको छ लोरी सनन बानी परको बचचा िानत र सजग हनछ बचचालाई तनरा लागछ र ऊ घररघरर रा दन सङगीत थरापील गभणवती मदहलाको तनाव पतन कम हनछ सङगीत सनन बानील आतमा र िरीरका लाचग औषचधको काम गछण कततपय रोगमा औषचधल काम नगरपतन सङगीतल जादमयी असर दखाउाछ िरीरको कोदटणसोल सततर कम गरर यसल तनावगरसतत मासपिीहरलाई आराम ददनछ तनयशमत सङगीत सनदा ददमागल रामररी काम गनण पाउाछ असहनीय पीडाबाट गषटिरहका मातनसलाई सङगीत सनाउा दा आराम पगछ कयानाडाको अलबटाण ववशवववदयालयमा तीनदखख ११ वषणसममका ४२ बालबाशलकालाई इनजकसन लगाउन बलामा सङगीत सनाउा दा कम पीडा महसस भएको चथयो सङगीत शरवरल िरीरमा इमयनोगलोबशलन ए बढाउाछ यो एनटीबडील िरीरका कोशिकाहर सतवसतथ राखनका लाचग ठलो काम गछण सकरामक रोग लागकाहरलाई उपचारका बलामा सङगीत सनाउा दा परततरकषा पररालीमा सकारातमक असर पछण l घररघरर तरबरामी हनबाट बचनछ भन सङगीत सनन थालनस ढाडको समसतया हटाउन सतमरर िषटकत दहरो बनाउन र रामरो तनरा लयाउन पतन सङगीत परभावकारी हनछ तर िासति मा आधाररत समधर सङगीत सनदा माि यी असर दखखन हन l चको डागड़ोग र ककण ि सङगीत सनदा चादह तनाव थवपनछ l
उपसहार
िासतिीय सङगीतको उपासनाल तरनत मन सतथीर र एकतरित भई सतवरमा र आफनो उपासतयमा सतथीर हन हनाल यो धयानमागणमा पतन परवि गनणका लागी आहत नाद अथाणत सङगीतको अतत महतवपरण भशमका दखखनछ l
आजको नपाली सङगीतको गरसततरमा सदधाषटनतक र वयवहाररक दव पकषमा धर अनतर पाउनको पछाडी भौततक लाभको लाचग माि िासतिीय सङगीत को साधना गररन हो l भौततक पराषटपत का साथ साथ आधयाषटतमक उननततको लाचग पतन िासतिीय सङगीत उविक महतवपरण छ भनन बझन जररी छ l कला सादहतय र सङगीत नबझन वयषटकतलाई सङगीत सादहतयको सपरशसदध गरनथ ldquoितकियमrdquo का रचतयता भतणहरर नीततितकम खडमा भननहनछ -
सादहतयसङगीतकलाववहीनः साकषातपिः पचछववषारहीनः तर न खादननवप जीवमानसततदभागधय परम पिनाम १२
अथाणत जो मनषय सादहतय सगीत कलाबाट वचचत हनछ तयो पचछर तथा शसग तरबनाको साकषात पिको समान हनछ तयो तरबना घाास खाएर जीववत रहन पि भए तनःसदह सौभागयको करा हनछ
यषा न ववदया न तपो न दान जञान न िील न गरो न धमणः त मतयलोक भवव भारभता मनषयरपर मगाशचरषटनत 13
अथाणत ndash जन मनषयसग ववदया तप दानको भावना जञान िील (सतसतवभाव) मानवीय गर धमणमा सलगनताको अभाव हनछ तयो यस मररिील ससारमा धरतीको बोि बनर मनषय रपमा ववचरर गन पि हनछ नीततशलोकका रचतयता राजा भतणहरर यो सतपषट गनण चाहन हनछ कक मनषयको दतनक चयाण यदद पट पालन अथवा तयस भनदा कदह कदम अगारड सखभोगका साधन जटाउनलाई माि सीशमत रहको छ भन उसमा र जनावरमा कन खास फरक रहादन खान-वपउन र सखःभोग गन यही उसको जीवनको उदयशय रहको हनछ मनषयको बौदचधकताको कारर सखभोगको साथ साथ अनय कराहर पतन सलगन रहको हनछ कवव यस करालाई महतव ददन चाहन हनछ कक मनषय र पिमा शभननता कवल िारीररक सरचनामा माि सीशमत न रहर तयस भनदा माचथ उठर ववववध कलामा रचच राखन चचतन-मननको सामथयण हाशसल गनण ववदया आजणन गनण परोपकारादद कायणमा सलगन हन आधयाषटतमक जञानमा रचच राखन आददमा क दरत हन पछण जो यस परकारको उननत दजाणको कमणमा लागदन मनषय
रपमा उसको जीवनको साथणकता वसतततः सददगध हन जानछ तयो धरतीको लाचग एक परकारको बोिन हो भनन सककनछ जसरी सङगीतका सात सतवरहरको उतपवि उदाि अनदाि र सतवररत बाट भए सदहतयको वयाकररमा पतन यी तीन सतवरको वविष महतव रहको पाइनछ l सादहतयमा यमाताराजभानसलगा सि बाट ववशभनन छनदहरको तनमाणर भए जसतत सङगीतमा सारगमपधतनसा सि बाट न ववशभनन परकारका सतवरहर एव राग राचगनी हरको उतपवि भएको पाइनछ l कावयको लाचग ववषय िबद र अथण चादहनछ भन सङगीतको लाचग लय सतवर र धन आवशयक हनछ l सादहतय अथवा कावय सङगीत ववना परण हन सकतन तर सगीतमा सादहतय र िबद नभए पतन हनछ सादहतय िबद परधान हनछ भन सङगीत नाद परधान हनछ र िबद गौड रहनछ l चतन अचतन दबलाई परभाव पन कावय जसततो सङगीतलाई बझन मगज खखयाउन पदन l यसको अततररकत सब उमरका मातनस परारी एवम वोट ववरवा लाई समत लठठ पान कषमता सङगीतमा रहनछ l
अराात साहितय सगीत मधय कन एउटा पनन कला नभएको वयकतत पि समान िो | आफनो कला दवारा चतनाको सवोचच सरान परापत गना र गराउन सतन न मानव िो | पराकनतक रपमा िन िो भन पनछीिरल
घर िनाएको नाचको करायको िडा मनमोिक दखन र सनन सककनछ | तर पनन मानव ल मानव जीवन को अकनतम परयोजन मोकष को लागग आफनो कला परयोग गन गररएको िनाल अर पराकनतक जीव भनदा अलग
अकसततव िनाएको िो |
सगीत कला मधयको पररम कला को रपमा शलन गररनछ तमाम लशलत कला को ववधा भनदा सगीत कला ल अर कला भनदा िित परभाव पान गदाछ | चतन अवचतन र अचतन सिमा सगीत को परभाव पन गरका ववशभनन तथयिर फला परका छन | पराचीन काल िोस वा वतामान काल िोस | िाासरीको धन सन पनछ गाई
ल साववक भनदा अशल िढी दध हदन िरक हदन सगीत परवाि िन ठाउमा भएका बिरवा को बिकाि नछटो िन आहद वतामानमा परमाणणत भएका न छन |
सगीत मा साहितय को परयोग पनन उगचत रपमा जीवनत परयोग गन गररएको पाइनछ | जि कन गीतकार
को गीतमा सगीत को उगचत परयोग गन गररनछ ति तयो गीत कालजयी िनदछ |
राम चनरrdquo जि भजन को रपमा सनननछ सगीत को परभाव ल पाउज िजाउा द सामननमा हिडीरको पो िो कक
भनन भान िनछ |
गायन वादन र नतय को समकषट न सगीत िो | गायन लाइ अझ पषटता परदान गना वादन को परयोग गररनछ
तयस अनरप को नतय पनन गररनछ | िन त तीनवट ववधा छटटा छटट पनन परभाव पाना सफल छन तर पनन
ताल बिना गायन या नतय मा आननद को अनभनत िन पन जतती न िन ताल को सि काया वानछनीय
मानननछ |ताल कया ल आननद को अनभनत गराउादछ तयस ल राषर िोक को समय मा सर िाजा को मातर
परयोग गन गररनछ यसत ताल न जानाती गायको न स वादक कन पनन करा मा जि माननस आफनो सकपणा बिवक परयोग गदाा पनन सफल िन सतदन अनन कसलाई सोधर सफल िन भनन करा खोजद हिडछ
| आफ भनदा बििकी वयकतत फला पाछा अनन उसल सकपणा सफलता िात पादाछ | अनन तयो सफलता शसकाउन वयकतत गर को रपमा मानदछ उसल समाजमा तयो करा भन पनछ उसको जसत समसया भयका अर बयतती ल समाधान गराउन समरा बयतती लाई गर भनदछन र परशसदधी फलाउादछन | उततम गर लाई
उसको परशसदधी मा कन लोभ िादन बयततीमा भएको जञानको जयोनत मा लागको पदाा िटाउाछ र तयस मा फरर पदाा न लाछन उपाय िताउाछ र आफनो िाटो लाछदछ
आफभनदा अगाडी हिडको वयकतत लाइ गर या मागादिाक को रप मा शलन गररनछ | तसता मिान जन
िरक पदचाप लाइ आधार मानन चलन छ | ldquoमिाजनो यन गत स पनर ldquo अराात गणी मिान वयकततिर
ल अपनाएको िाटो कलयाणकारी िन गदाछ र विाालाइ गर मानर अर जनिर कलयाणको कामना मा तयहि
वािनसवामी िरर दास मीरा जीकबिर जीतकाराम आहद ल सगीत (गायन) को सार ल विााका इषट को साकषातकार गना भएको इनतिास छ |
गर िबद को अरा न अजञानको पदाा िटाउन वयकतत को रपमा शलईएको छ | सगीत लाइ गरमखी ववदया भननएको छ ककनकक कियातमक बिषयका अनक भराकनत गर दवारा मातर िल गना सकभव छ | पसतकमा
उललख गररएका ततविर आफल मातर सहि तररका िाट गायन वा वादन सकभव छन तयसल बिना गर
सगीतमा सफल िन सककदन | कन पनन परकारका ववधा मा गर को सरापना जररर छ जो तयस बिषय मा मिारर िाशसल गरको िनछ | तयसल गर को बिषय मा ldquo गररबाहमा गरबिाषण गरदवो मिशवरrdquo यानी गर
सकषट कसरनत र सिार कायामा समरा वयकतत को रप मा माननएको छ | उतकषट गर र शिषय एक अकाामा पररपरक िन गदाछन | चतनाको ववशभनन आयाम को मागादिान गरदवारा न सकभव छ |
पराचीन समय मा सि बिषय िर सनर न पठन पाठन गन चलन गरयो भनन करािर पढन पाइनछ |
वद को पठन पाठन सनर न गन गररनथयो तयस कारण शरनत नामाकरण भयो | जि माननस मा सनर गरिण
समयमा ६४ कला को अधययन अधयापन गररनथयो | राज कल ऋवषकल वपतकल गरकल आहद ससरा िाट शिकषा परदान गन चलन गरयो |६४ कला मधय लशलत कला को सरान पहिलो तयस मधयमा पनन सगीत
लाइ सवोपरी मानन गररएको छ | साम वद न सगीतको जननी को रप मा माननयको गायन आज को समयसकम आइपछदा ववशभनन अवसरा पार गद िाशम सकमख छ |
शिकषण को मखय तीन अग मानननछ
१ गरशिकषक २ शिषय बिदयारी ३ बिषय शिकषा
मागरका तीन करािर जि सकननहित िनछन ति शिकषण िनछ | तीन मधय एउटा कराको मातर अभाव
रिमा अशभषट शसदध निन िनछ | अनन तीन मधय एउटा पनन कमजोर रिमा उतकषट ननतजा आउन करामा सनदि रिन सतछ | तयसल तीनवट को सामनजसय रिन आवसयक छ | जसरर एउटा राषर समदध िन
पालना गना आवसयक मानननछ ति मातर उतकषट राजय िन जानछ | तयसत परकारल गरशिषय र शिकषा को सहि सयोजन िाट उतकषट परनतफल को कामना गना सककनछ | गर मातर गणी भएर िनन तसलाई गरिण गन वयकतत पनन पातरता भएको िन पदाछ आफलाई खाशल पार पछी मातर कन वसत भना सकजलो िनछ | गर का सकमख िादा म लाई आउाछ भनन भाव को सवारा अभाव िन पदाछ भनन चलन छ समगर मा भनन पदाा गर
एव शिषय दव एक अकाा मा पररपरक छन | कन एक को अभावल अशभषट शसदध िदन |
पराचीन समय दणख न उतकषटता को खोजीमा िाशम मनतर तनतर िद यनतर यग सकम आइपगका छौ | परसतत लखमा गर र शिषय मा क क ततव िन पछा भनन करा उललख गना खोकजएको छ | यस बिषय मा िाल
सकम आइ पछदा गर र शिषयमा ननकन करा िर िन पछा भनन अनभव गररएको छ |
गर मा िन पन गण
१ जञान २ ववजञान ३ वचन ४ परयोग शसदगध ५ शिषय ननसपादन ६ उजाा वदगध |
तयस गरर शिषय मा ननकन करा िरको परख गररनछ |
१ समपाण २ भकतत ३ मिनत ४ वफादारी ५ समय को पालन |
अि यस लाइ अशल बिसतार मा िझौ|
गर मा खोकजन करा िर |
१ जञान जन बिषय को अधयन गररनछ तयस बिषय परनत अमक वयकतत को जञान कनत छ यानी तयस बिषय
मा चाहिन बिषय वसतपरनत आवसयक करा िर कनत छ भनन करा पहिलो रोजाई िनछ | तयस वयकतत ल
वयकतत ल शिकषा गरिण गरको गर वा घर पररवार आहद सि करा िररकन उसको पररकषण गररनछ र उसको ववदवतता को चाल पाउन गररचछ | तयस बिषय मा कनत करा िर को पराचीन काल दणख अहिल सकममा भएका पररवतान को िार मा पनन रािा िन पदाछ |
२ ववजञान ववषय को वविष यानी गिन जञान न बिजञान िो | ववषय ल बयतत गना खोजको करा लाइ गिन
रपमा गचनतन गन र तयसलाइ बयतत गना न ववजञान को रपमा शलन गररनछ | जसत बििान को समय मा ककन मनर सपतक मा अभयास गना पछा भनन करा को समाधान गना सतन बिलककित लयमा अभयाि गदाा िन फायदा सवर को कन परकारल अभयास गदाा क कराको फायदा शलन सककनछ आहद करा बिजञान शभतर
राखन सककनछ | शिषय को कन पकष मा झकाि िढी छ तसमा अझ ननखारता र अर पकष को सिल बिकाि मा धयान हदन जञान न बिजञान िो |
३ वचन यानी िोलन तररकाभाषा को परयोग िबद को चयन आहद करा को पनन बिचार गन गररनछ | कन कन िला मा गर ल अशल कठोर खालको िचन को पनन परयोग गना पन िनछ | अशल ररसाएर परयोग गररएको वचन ल बिदयारी अशल सजगता हदएर शसतन पनन िनछ तयस कारण पनन कन समयमा अशल रखो सबद
को परयोग गदाा बिदयारी को िीतलाइ धयान राणखएको िन गदाछ | ससकत मा एउटा नीती वचन ल भनछ ldquo
लालानाद िििो दोषा ताडनाद िििो गणाrdquo यानी धर माया ल पनन बिगगरन सकभावना िनछ समय समय
मा धयान हदन पन िनछ र उगचत कदम चालन पदाछ | वचन को अको परयोजन कन रचना रचना गन समयमा पनन मितव राखदछ कन िकनदि को रचना मा कन खालका िबदावली को परयोग गन भनन करा पनन यसशभतर
राखन सककनछ
४ परयोग शसदगध यानी भाषागत शसकाएका करा यनतर िाट पनन िजाएर वा गायन गरर परसतत गना सतन
िन पदाछ | कन पनन बिषय को शभबतर करा परयोगका सार िताउन सतन यानी कन राग मा परयोग गररएको बिषि कराको शलणखत मातर िन परयोग पनन गना सतन र िताउन सतन िन पदाछ | तिला मा कन घराना मा कसतो ननकाि या गायन मा दरिारी को गानधार या भरवी को गानधार को परयोय गरर दखाउन सतन | भपाली र रामकली या दिकार आहद ककन फरक छ भनन करा को भाशलभाती परयोग गरर शसकाउन सतन |
५ शिषय ननषपादन अनत शसकर आएका नभई सरदणखन आफल शसकाएका शिषय कनत छन या खिर
जसत मौसममा मातर िन अर िला सखा िो कक अरवा शिषय लाइ अनघ िढन या कसरर अगाडी लर जान
सककनछ भनर िर सकभव परयास गन काम ल न शिषय ननषपादन िन सकभव छ विााल नाम शलन शिषय
ल गरका काम िाट पनन शिषय ननषपादन को िारमा जानकारी शलन सककनछ | शिषय को परगनत न भएको मा गचनता शलन खालका गर िन जररर छ | उसका परगती मा भएका िाधा िर सकभव िटाउन खोजन गरल मातर
असल शिषय ननषपादन गरको पाइनछ | आफमा भएको कला गरल योछय शिषयलाइ मातर परदान गरर योछय
शिषय ननषपादन गनािनछ | िरक ववदयारी को कषमताको पहिचान गरर तिी अनरप को तयारी गराउन
सकमा मातर शिषय ननषपादन अझ िढी परभावकारी िन जानछ | ५ जना शिषय लाइ ५ परकार िाट तयार
गराउन सतन आफमा चनौती िन जानछ शिषय आफलाई एउटा बिषयमा ककनरत गरर अभयाि गछा तर
गर ल ५ वटा न करा को अलग अलग गचनतन मनन गना परम आवसयक पछा | जसरर तिला मा िनारि
घराना अनतगात ५ ववदवानको तिला सनन िो भन सिको अलग अलग तिला छ कसरर तसको कारण यहि
िो कक जो शिषय को जन करामा जयादा रची छ तयस अनरप को शसकाई गर िाट भएको छ | ताल योगी पणडीत सरि तलवालकर जी का सि ववदयारी को तिला अलग -२ न छ | शिषय उतपादन गना आफ मा एक
चनौती िो
६ उजाा वदगध गरल िासतर र तयस को परयोग का सारसार तयस बिषयमा अझ रामरोसग लाछन उजााको वदगध िन करा िर ननरनतर परवाि गना अतयनत जररर छ | उजाावान गर ल मातर उजाा हदन सतछ | जि शिषय
गर को भट िनछ अभयास करा पहिलो परारशमकता मा राखदा अझ उततम लाछछ | तयस उजाा ल बिदयारी मा जीवन मा कहि गना सतन िल परापत गछा | भट िादा कन सगीतसाधकको सकारातमक करासगीत को रचना को करा नयाा रचना को करा ल ववदयारी मा उजाा भन काम गछा | बिशिषट गणवान कलाकार को शरबय
दशय समागरील पनन ववदयारी मा उजाा भन काम गदाछ | उचच कोटी का गरिरल आफना चला लाइ आफनो जसतो नभ आफ भनदा फरक काया गना सदव पररणा परदान गना भएको करा उजाा परापत कलाकारिरको करा िाट परापत गररएको पाइनछ | ववदयारी को कषमता अनरप को कायामा लाछन पररणा गना जसत कन ववदयारी रचना गना रची राखछ भन तिी काया मा उसलाई िौिला परदान गन | सगीत का ववशभनन आयाम मा काम
गना सतन खिी को समगचत ढग िाट पहिचान गरर तसलाई अनघ िढन उतपररणा परदान गन | कन कन ववदयारी लाइ सगीत को िार मा खोज गना मन लाछन िन सतछ तसतो ववदयारी लाइ बिषय को िारमा मागा दिान परदान गन काम पनन गर िाट िन पदाछ |
तयस गरर शिषय मा िन पन करा |
१ समपाण कन पनन करामा आफलाइ सकपणा रपमा तयसमा नलगाएमा सफल िन सककदन | तन मन र
५ िफादारी यानी भनको मानन गर ल भन पछी ज गरन पनन पनछ न िटन | शसकाएका करा लाइ जसताको तसत गरर गाउन या िजाउन | जि िफादार छ भनन करा कसरर िनछ ति गरल सि करा कन िाकक नराखी कन शसकाउन िनछ अनन मातर आफनो अशभषट शसदध िनछ | मिाभारत मा अजान र असवतरामा को परसङग
आउछ कक जनत ववदया अजान लाइ रोण ल हदन भयो तती असवतरामा लाइ हदन भएन ककन मिनती र
आफनो ववदया गलत परयोग निन अवसराको जञान ल गदाा न तसतो भएको िो | गर सग शसकको ववदया िो परयोग गन िलामा गरको समरण पनन िफादारी िो | कहि समय एक जना गरकोमा जान फरी अको गरकोमा जान यसरर ननरनतर गरिर पररवतान गन चलन उपयतत माननदन | कन जनावर पाशलयको छ भन उसको माशलक भनदा सि कराल उततम अर कन मानछ साग तयो पालत रवततदन तयसतो गरर िफादार रिन न सक
पनन सक जनत िफादार िन उततम माननएको छ
६ समय को पालन समय को पालन सिल सकयक परकारल गना आवसयक छ यहद समय को पालन गररएन
भन आवसयक काम ननषपादन िदन | कन पनन कामको लागग तोककएको समयमा तयो काम परा गना पदाछ
| भन को समय मा तोककएको काम गररएको खणडमा मातर समय को पालन गररएको मानननछ | शसकाउन समय अभयासगन समय सगीतमा समय अनसार को राग िनछ सहि समय मा सहि राग को परयोगल
ववशभनन काम गन रािा न छ | दख को समय मा सख को समय का लागग अलग -२ ताल र राग को परयोग
गन गररएको पाइनछ | समय को परवाि न ताल को रपमा परयोग गररएको िो | गरकल मा रिी शिकषा आजान
गन ववदयारी लाइ ननयम को पालन अतयनत आवशयक ततव मनननछ |
आफल शसकको बिदया मा न कहि गरर दखाउन उददशयका सार लागग परको बिदयारी ल आफनो किागरिदगध अपरतीम कौिल लगन ननयम नतरब समरण एव आसरा आहद गण भएको खणड मा मातर
समय ववदया मिनत आहद लगानी गना भनदा पहिला परनतफल रामरो िनछकक िदन भनन मागर को तररका परयोग गररकन िन परचलन छ | तयस कारण जान बिवततक या शिषय िनाउन भनन करा सननासार तरनत
सवीकार नगन चलन छ | मागर उललणखत करा िरको िारमा रामरोसग जानकारी शलन कहि समय लगगिालछ
|
कवव भबतरािरी भनन िनछ ldquo गण लबधा सवयमव सकपदrdquo गणको बिकाि न सकपवतत(सकपदा) आगमनको कारण िो | जसतो परकार को सकपवततको भणडार गना खोकजएको िो तसतो गण को बिकाि वानछनीय छ |
The two Essays ldquoWhatrsquos in a Namerdquo(by Henry Louis Gates Jr) and ldquoThe lsquoBlack Tablersquo is Still
Thererdquo(by Lawrence Otis Graham) included in ldquoPatterns of College Writingrdquo the English
Course book for BA 1st year reflect upon the racial discrimination prevalent in the USA
Though the essays are written by two different writers their response towards the prejudice is
based on their own experience Both the writers belong to Black community that went through
traumatic period of prolonged injustice offences deprivation and oppression in America They
give account of their childhood when they had the bitter experience of being insulted and
excluded by whites Gates remembers himself as an innocent child who was ignorant about the
demeaning attitude of whites towards his race in general and his own father in particular Even
when he grows up it makes no senses to him that bynames used for Black people signifies hatred
and prejudice white people have nurtured He implies that people should be judged from their
quality contribution and skill Likewise Graham who clung to integration and still faced the
exclusion during his schooldays was confused about the existing different treatment towards
himself He is disillusioned when he finds out the integration be just superficial as he grows up to
a professional lawyer Gates using the allusion from Shakespearersquos Romeo and Juliet ldquoWhatrsquos in
a namerdquo and Graham using a symbol ldquoBlack Tablerdquo of his junior high school strongly hold the
belief that segregation is wrong
2
Gatesrsquo Experience
African Americans are generally the descendants of enslaved black people within the boundaries
of present United States Formal political economic and social discrimination against these
minorities has been present throughout American history Gates despises the discrimination of
black people especially the spiteful attitude of whites using bynames to address them His
childhood experience gives an account of his irreversible negative recognition labeled to him by
white despite his high financial standings The racial identity has been denominated by whites as
inferior ugly and poor which is further crushed by giving bynames like Kaffir Tar Baby Jim
Crow Georgehellip Even a lower social status white like Mr Wilson would find privilege to insult
his well to do father just because he was a black Gates hated that his father being called by
different name which was not truly his name His fury was not for demeaning his father instead
his fatherrsquos silence hurts him more From then he had the revelation that two worlds exist for
black people like him The hierarchy created by whites has been choking them and shooing them
to the margin White people who regarded themselves supreme hurled the hatred in different
forms and one of them was negative names
Grahamrsquos Experience
In the US the separation was experienced in various areas such as public transportation
schools restaurants and residential places where individuals were restricted on the basis of
racial background Black table in the cafeteria got the name as black boys would separate
themselves from other race except Graham He strictly adhered to integration by avoiding black
table for two reasons first he held the principle of equality and integration strongly and second
he didnrsquot want to lose his white friends by being racial As a schoolboy he carried on the
principle seriously despite being shunned by white community Since he prospered as an
American entertaining all the integrating activities with the whites he condemns the separation
though volunteer it is What shocks him the most is the black table still laying on the cafeteria
even after 27 years He wondered that other separate tables in which athletes Jewish boys
Jewish girls Irish kids heavy metals grouphellipsegregate themselves had never drawn argument
and condemnation during his school life The trend he considered deplorable even though the
principles may have changed is still alive He wakes up to a new realization of truth that people
tend to gravitate towards other people they think they may relate better with and stay away from
what they think is different
Gatesrsquos Allusion
ldquoWhatrsquos in a namerdquo is an allusion derived from Shakespearersquos ldquoRomeo and Julietrdquo a romantic
tragedy Its Juliet who states this very expression to imply that name should not determine how
people are to be regarded by others Julietrsquos stance and condition is analogous to Gates as he
abhors the trend of discrimination and prejudice that lies behind names Gates expresses his
claim that name shaped peoplersquos perceptions and prejudice in the mid 1950s Name is a part of
3
onersquos identity how one is recognized and addressed by the world These names on the other
hand signify offenses and disrespect George was an infamous name to belittle black people and
Gates hated that his father was put to a lower standard than he truly was Gates illustrates how
racism can perpetuate prejudice that aims to snatch individual identity
Grahamrsquos symbol
Black table which is regarded with scorn by whites is a symbol that segregates black boy from
others Graham sees it as a taboo and by avoiding it he wants to prove that he is not an angry
black person who wants nothing to do with the white kids White kids who would never invite
him to occasions as they thought it would make people feel uncomfortable Poor Graham is torn
between the scorns of black boys and taunting of white boys Even after fourteen years of his
adolescence still existing black table refracts that integration has not eradicated the sense of
separation it has become more entrenched as time went by Such vicious circle can go on for
centuries and even millennia perpetuating an imagined hierarchy that sprang from transhistorical
occurrences (Harari 161)
The common ground
Both writers share common ground in yearning for equality dignity and respectable space in
society Black table exhibits stark view of human nature on the one hand and on the other hand it
displays the superficial encroachment of integration that manipulated him to refuse his own
ground Both of them represent the blacks who resent the violation of social dignity and the ones
who want to negotiate the legislation to be united Gates the innocent and naiumlve boy gauges the
wounded self- esteem of his parents after the exposure to unwanted offence he witnessed
Similarly the ideal black boy Graham finds his ground as he becomes a matured man He
blamed the black boysrsquo attitude to be the hurdle of integration He even swallowed white parentrsquos
insulting treatment who begrudged his presence in their gatherings and other occasions Graham
ultimately feels the need to realize that modern times self segregation is the custom that humans
adopted from their ancestors culture and their biology and intelligence It is the imagined orders
and devised scripts humans have constructed and internalized in order to organize the society
within a power structure
Pathos Logos and Ethos
The title ldquoWhatrsquos in a namerdquo is a rhetorical question and finally answers that name can be
manipulated used and even misused according to the userrsquos vested interest His fatherrsquos silence
and helplessness devastates the childrsquos psyche driving him to loathe Mr Wilson who resembled
his own Uncle Joe This infers that how come Mr Wilson so much alike his uncle can be a snob
Gatesrsquo emotional appeal (pathos) invokes readers particularly the blacks who grew up
swallowing the hatred He motivates the readers to empathize the humiliated parents that
dwarfed them to their marginal state Gates first presents the causes of his rage to intensify
readerrsquos emotions Mr Wilson despite his own wretched social status dominates his father using
4
bynames And in turn his fatherrsquos reasoning for suppressed silence infuriates the narrator and the
reader as well Gatesrsquo wrath pervades the end of the essay as Gates describes how they cowered
back to quietness and consoled themselves by glorifying black sports star Jackie Robinson This
situation better speaks the condition of black people before Civil Rights Movement
Likewise Grahams evidently implies the answer of why is the black table still there in his junior
high school His rhetorical questions ldquoWhy did the black kids separate themselves What did the
table say about the segregation that was supposedly going on in homerooms and gym classes
(189) are the logic (logos) providing His reasons in the form of questions ldquoWhat was I
thinkingrdquo and ldquoI realize that how wrong I wasrdquo (190) is the logos appeal consisting of reason for
accepting the narratorrsquos claim Readers can easily grasp Grahamrsquos perspective shaped by idealist
notion that has been changed to a kind of awakening at the fag end of the essay He doesnrsquot
directly tell the audience exactly what to conclude the readers nevertheless are encouraged to
infer the existing differences that lay deep down the surface of integration
The credential of the writerrsquos (ethos) lies on the fact that both of them are from black American
family background which accentuates the ground for trusting their opinion arguments and
feelings Their own experience can be recognized as real since their self-representation is equally
trust-inspiring Readers can simply believe their claims and frustration to be relevant Both
writers oppose the erasing of self the true being of an individual
Style
Beginning with anecdote both the writers excites the readers to go through the text Gates hints
that the issue of mistreating by the so called powerful and highly privileged whites is not new
The use of dialogues has made vivid impact on the writing instigating the readers to feel the
same negative aura Similarly Grahamrsquos narration takes gait from the anecdote itself Profound
rhetorical questions and quotations put additional impetus on his logos appeal provoking to
thoughts Both writers conclude their essay with the same mood and context as they have begun
More personal style makes familiar tone in Grahamrsquos writing using first person pronouns and
contracted forms(Irsquom Irsquod)
Conclusion
The phenomena of racial discrimination in USA are rooted on sociopolitical hierarchies which
cannot be justified through logical and biological basis Biology ie the blackness and other
physiology of black people cannot explain the intricacies of American racial dynamics Gatesrsquo
fury and Grahamrsquos confusion are the outcome of historical phenomena events circumstances
and power structure that transformed the social condition into cruel social structures Martin
Lutherrsquos dream of former slaves and the sons of slaveholders being able to sit down together at
the table of brotherhood (176) seem to be thwarted by self segregation The hierarchy of race
originated from accidental historical circumstances and was perpetuated and refined over many
5
generations with their own vested interest Gates and Graham are among many black writers who
seek justified answer for the age old question asking for the existence of black people as equal to
whites The value of contribution of these black people who were brought to America depriving
their homeland of strong human resource has been relegated The vicious cycle seems to repeat
when the lynching and brutalizing of black by whites trickles down now and then in America
References
Gates Henry Louis Jr ldquoWhatrsquos in a Namerdquo Patterns for College Writing A Rhetorical Readers and
Guide 12th edEd Laurie GKriszner and Stephen R Mandell Boston Bedford 20122-4 Print
Graham Lawrence Otis ldquo lsquoThe Black Tablersquo is Still Thererdquo Kriszner and Mandell 188-190
Harari Yuval Noah Sapiens A Brief History of Humankind London Vintage 2015 Print
King Martin Luther Jr ldquoI Have a Dreamrdquo The Heritage of Wordsrdquo Ed Abhi Subedi Rameshwar
Adhikaray and Shreedhar Lohani Kathmandu Ekta Books 2018 Print
Mahendra Prasad Adhikari
Library officer Lalitkala Campus
A Concept on E-LIBRARY vs Automation Abstract
Generally the working collection of books documents newspapers audio-visual
materials kept and organized people to read or borrow in a library Recent advances
in computers storage and processing communication technologies e-product
networking and internet uses have brought a revolutionary change in functioning of
the libraries and its services Information communication technology (ICT) makes
a lot of impact on library and it has changed the concept of library where print and
paper media are the main components of library system To meet tremendous
information explosion and high demand of information libraries are now changes
in digital library Due to digitizing the library resources and fast changing
technology a new type of library is coming in existence which is called- virtual
library Many of us are always very much confused about such terminology of library
It reflects three main components- service provider service receiver and the
channels of service delivery (ie technology) Internet is the main channel of e-
service delivery while other classic channels (eg telephone call center public kiosk
mobile phone television) are also considered In this paper we try to clear the
concept of these libraries terminology in a professional way
Key Words Automation Hybrid Library Digital Library Virtual Library
Automated Library Electronic Library Modern Library
Introduction
Its an electronic or online library where one can have access to books journals
novels articles or any other information over net E-service (electronic
service) represents application of utilizing the use of Information and
communication technologies (ICTs) in different areasit includes the service
element of e-tailing customer support and service delivery Database of
digitized audio video and written material on a physical site andor a website
giving 24hour online access to users E-Library is generally a library where
books can be accessed through internet Just sitting anywhereanytime a user
can read the material online
The library has purchased subscriptions to many electronic information
resources in order to provide you with access to them free of charge Our
e-resources include lots of things full-text journals newspapers company
information e-books dictionaries encyclopedias economic data digital
images industry profiles market research career information etc
What is Automation
The term automation is introduced used first DS Harder in 1936 He
defined it as ldquothe automation is handling of parts between progressive
production processes Since then the term has been applied to a wide variety
of automatic machinery and automatic systems In addition is action for
human efforts of intelligence
Need for Library Automation
There are several reasons for automation A considerable saving
in efforts Time and resources involved in manual processing can be
achieved The other reasons are 1) To improve control over collection 2) To have an entries control over the entire operation
3) To improve the existing services as well as introduce new
services
4) To avoid duplicate of work
5) To use services of the existing staff effectively
Basic Requirement of Library Automation
The following are the basic requirements for the automation of
libraries through the computer 1) Adequate collection 2) Financial assistance
3) Computer hardware
4) Library software
5) Tanning of the staff
6) Maintenance of development
Advantages of Library Automation
There are several advantages of Library Automation a machine
readable catalogue prepared at the time of acquisition may be required
respectively for number of purposes Automation has the following
advantages 1) Professional staff need not spend much time to do the routine library work 2) Eliminates human errors while performing routine library works
3) Improved control covers library collection
4) Increased computer awareness among users
5) Cataloguing is faster instant access to non-records
6) Excellent control over circulation
Some Library Software
3
1 KOHA
2 EMIS
3 PMB
4 LIBRA etc
The functions of e-libraries
1) Systematic and organized collection of print and non-print resources
2) Digital in formats so that easily process able by computers
3) The acquisition storage disseminates amp retrieval of information is done by the use
of technology
4) Access of entire holding of library is directly or indirectly accessible across the
network with the help of internet
5) Supports and provides more amp better online amp offline services
Natures of e-library
1 In digital library e-library a set of documents available through electronic means by
the use of digital technologies that allow for the retrieval archiving preservation and
dissemination of those documents which are provides access to in electronic format
2 A Physical site andor website that provide 24-hour online access to digitized audio
video and written material such as books journals and articles The content may come
from different providers
3 Digital library provide as an information service in which all the information
resources are available in computer-process able form and the functions of acquisition
storage retrieval access and display are carried out through the use of digital
technologies
4 e-Library collections of documents in organized electronic form available on the
Internet or on CD- ROM disks and Specific library a user may be able to access
magazine articles books papers images sound files and videos
5 A database is a collection of information stored in a computer or server which
incorporates software to provide efficient retrieval of the data Databases are great tools
to help you retrieve information by keyword title author subject year etc The most
common types of databases in the library are the online catalogue and the virtual
electronic databases Some are in visible some are in Download able such as full
Text abstract title with Content free of cost paid full
6 A Virtual Library is a collection of resources available on one or more computer
systems where a single interface or entry point to the collections is provided
7 More than just a means of collocating electronic resources (full-text materials
databases media and catalogues) a virtual library also provides user assistance services
such as reference inter library loan technical assistance etc
4
8 Library resources (indexes journals and reference materials for example) or
online reference services are available over the Internet Terms such as electronic
Library and Digital Library are often used synonymously
9 A hybrid library which is partly electronic and partly physical It has a physical space
with both the physical and electronic resources and services
10 A hybrid library is not just a traditional library (only containing paper-based
resources) or just a virtual library (only containing electronic resources) but somewhere
between the two It is a library which brings together a range of different information
sources printed and electronic local and remote in a seamless way
Different Types of Library
Library is a place where the collection of information resources in print or in other forms
that is organized and made accessible for reading or study is kept International
Organization for Standardization has defined library as irrespective of the title any
organized collection of printed books and periodicals or of any other graphic or audio-
visual materials and the services of a staff to provide and facilitate the use of such
materials as are required to meet the informational research educational or recreational
needs of its users
Advances in Information Communication Technology (ICT) particularly the World
Wide Web (WWW) have seen the evolution of the automated library electronic library
digital library virtual library Hybrid library etc
A Traditional Library Traditionally libraries were collections of books manuscripts
journals and other sources of recorded information The collection of the traditional
libraries are mostly print media manuscripts etc and are not well organized The
documents are deteriorating at a rapid rate the collected information is not easy to locate
and procure Such information does not reach the user of the libraries on time It is
difficult to get such publications in the absence of personal influence and contacts
There are certain restricted publications containing highly informative materials but
may not be easily available Sometimes the information is published after many years
By the time it is published the information becomes obsolete and then abandoned Since
it is not properly indexed or listed the researcher is forced to go through long and
tedious process to ascertain whether any material of hisher interest is available or not
Here the collections are not well organized and some reports are deteriorating at a rapid
rate Preserving them in their original form is difficult and it is not cost effective Again
the traditional libraries are confined itself within a physical boundary
B Automated Library A library wh i c h provides automatic services with machine-
readable catalog computerized acquisition circulation and Online Public Access
Catalogue (OPAC) are called as automated library The holdings or collection of
5
automated such types of libraries makes them better and offer more and effective services
are same as that of traditional libraries
C Electronic Library When automated libraries go for Local Area Networking (LAN)
and CD-ROM networking and started procuring e-journals and other similar kinds of
electronic materials of publications ( magnetic tapes microfilm roles CDs DVDs
Microform or other media) and accessible by any medium such as computer laptops I-
pads etc are stored and then it is known as electronic library The electronic information
or material may be stored in an offline server or online which may be accessed remotely
via computer networks The resources of the electronic libraries are in both print and
electronic form The electronic media are used for storage retrieval and delivery of
information
D Digital Library In digital libraries services are fully automated and all resources
in digital form These libraries are heterogeneous in nature and include work related
to information and how to digitize store find link visualize use publish manage and
share information Digital library is an assemblage of digital computing storage and
communication machinery together with content and software In a digital library there
are mainly two types of information
1) Born digital This information are digitally created and stored
2) Digitalized Information is in physical formats (print format) with the help of
appropriate hardware and software the information is converted into digital format or in
electronic format
It is a later stage of electronic library In digital library high speed optical fiber are used
for LAN and the access is over WAN and provide a wide range of Internet based
services ie audio and video conferencing and like other The majority of the holding
of a digital library is in the computer readable form and also acts as a point of access to
other online sources
E Virtual Library The concept of virtual library also emerged simultaneously with
electronic library and digital library This emergence is perhaps because all the
information uses are at present through networked libraries at the desktop which is quite
virtual (practical) without the physical existence of books on shelves A virtual library
can be simply defined as the internet-based digital library or a library without walls The
concept of virtual library is that any person who has a computer and connection to the
library networks can access not only the resources of that library but also a variety of
information available through national and international networks like internet and
intranet without being physically present in the library Access digital information from
the any part of the globe through an network (LAN or WAN) or any other gateway
such as internet The term virtual library is attracted the interest of users because of the
increasing medium called the WWW (World Wide Web) The virtual library is the single
most reachable and important source of information in the world and leads to
6
replacement for the traditional library A collection of links is also a virtual library these
links are not necessary owned by the virtual library However the links are maintained
updated and managed as a normal function of the virtual library
F Hybrid Library It was designed to bring a range of technologies from different
sources together in the context of a working library and to explore integrated systems
and services in electronic and printed environments It reflects the transitional state of
the library which today can neither be fully printed nor fully digital Hybrid libraries
consist of conventional print material such as books magazines journals as well as
nonconventional or electronic based material such as audio books electronic journals
e-books etc Hybrid libraries are the new and emerging term for the most public and
academic libraries because with the existing services and collection they can easily
provide electronic services or online services and easily build digital collections
There are many myths about digital library as 1) The internet is the digital library
2) Fully automated library is digital library
3) The myth of a single digital library or one-window view of digital library collections
4) Digital libraries will provide more equitable access anywhere any time
5) Digital libraries will be cheaper than print libraries
Advantages of e-libraries Todayrsquos libraries are not encircled to a particular location The user can get his her
information on his own computer screen by using the Internet It is a network of
compound access system which provides quick information to many users at the same
time There are many advantages of having hybrid digital and virtual libraries some of
the common advantages are as follows
1) No physical boundary The users did not require going to the library through internet
they could access the same information from all over the earth instantly He she have to
just type the URL of the library and heshe can get all the services and information what
heshe get in the libraries Which saves users time and every information is on single
click
2) Round the clock availability libraries can be accessed at any time 24 hours a day
and 365 days of the year All the digital content is on the internet so the information is
available at 24 hours because machines donrsquot know about day night weeks and months
Every information is available online without the respect of time
3) Multiple accesses The same resources can be used at the same time by a number of
users The users can access same the same material at numerous of times without any
difficulties and at the same time It saves users time and money which is economical
and leads to better services according to userrsquos needs and demands Multiple accesses
mean many users use the same resource at the same time or after some time However
in traditional libraries particular resource can accessed only once by a single user
7
4) Structured approach the contents of modern libraries are much richer than the
conventional libraries and the collections are in a very organized way ie users can easily
access the catalogue and from catalogue to the exacting book then from the book to a
particular chapter and so on In a library there are organized collections of human
knowledge so with the help of search we can easily approach to our particular topic
and collect the information related to the topic we search the topic in a structured way
which means that from a catalog to book then to index then from chapter so on according
to our needs we move from books to main directory or catalogue
5) Information retrieval The users are able to search or retrieve information with
the use any keyword which are related to the word or phrase of the entire collection
Digital library have user- friendly interfaces one click access to its contents The users
can easily search any word sentence symbol numbers with the help of interfaces called
search box with the help of search we can go through our topic With information
retrieval it saves the userrsquos time in searching of their information quick access to their
topics and easy to operate
6) Space The traditional library faces problems of storage and space as the collections
are in print form it occupies more space whereas electronic or digital libraries store
more information in a very less space Thousands of eBooks magazines journals etc
can be stored in single hard disks so it is important to know that the digital library needs
very less space without effecting their operations and services When the conventional
library had no physical space digitalization of its collection is the only solution
7) Networking nowadays libraries are interconnected with high-speed internet
connection which is called networking sharing of resources can be done through the
sharing of links Users need not required to go to library he can easily access the libraries
resources through internet and use their services Users can easily access many libraries
database at a single click because libraries shares the links of others libraries links which
saves users time and helps in the searching of their relevant information
8) Cost The expenditure on maintaining an electronic virtual library is much lower than
that of a traditional library A conventional library have to accept more expenditure on
the maintenance staff and professionals salaries etc this can be abridged by electronic
virtual libraries because in these modern libraries there are one time investment till the
technology changes and after that less professionals need for the maintenance of the
library
Challengesdisadvantages of e-libraries The computer viruses disasters lack of standardization for digitized information
quick degrading properties of digitized material different display standard of digital
product and its associated problem health hazard nature of the radiation from monitor
etc makes digital libraries at times handicap
1 Copyright Digitization opposes the copyright law as the content or resources of one
author can be simply transferable by others without his knowledge The main challenge
is that how the libraries broadcast information along with protecting the intellectual
8
properties of an author There are very strict rules regarding the violation of copyright
laws but in digital era it is very difficult to save the intellectual property rights of an
author or publisher
2 Speed of access as more and more computers are connected then the loads on the
server makes website slow If new technology will not evolve to solve the problem then
in near future Internet will be full of error messages As we all know that the technology
is going older day by day so itrsquos difficult to provide same speed of access because digital
content includes audio video documents which are of big in size and require more
bandwidth speed
3 Initial cost is high The initial cost of modern libraries such as the cost of software
hardware communication networks and other equipments are very high So it is very
expensive for libraries to purchase them because libraries are not the profit making
organizations they are depend on any institutions which provides funds for the
functioning and running of the libraries
4 Band width libraries will need high transfer rates for transfer of multimedia resources
but the band width is decreasing day by day due to its over utilization and overload on
the internet The slow bandwidth leads to slow download and uploading of digital
material which means users have to give more time in searching and downloading their
contents
5 Efficiency with the information explosion there is tons of information on particular
topics so it is very difficult to find the right information on the particular topic The
authentication of the information is not sure
6 Environment modern libraries cannot produce the environment of traditional
libraries Many users also find that reading printed information much easier than reading
information on a computer screen Due to lack of technological awareness many people
prefer to use print materials for reading Moreover the habits are the major problem
7 Preservation Due to rapid change in technology libraries become outdate and its
information may become inaccessible In future many new formats evolve so it is
difficult to preserve the library resources at a standard format so that in future we may
use it
Conclusion
The hybrid electronic digital and virtual libraries are the modern libraries and they are
synonyms to each other The modern libraries are not going to replace the physical
existence of print resources completely but no doubt to meet the present demand of the
users and change in technology to satisfy the users demand digitization must be
introduced so that at least libraries becomes of hybrid nature and become in the touch of
its users
The preliminary cost of digitization is high but research shows that once digitalization is
introduced then the cost to manage developing this collection will be cheaper than that of
any conventional library Day by day the cost of digitization is decreasing because the
technology going updated with every bit of time the online publication is increasing and
the needs of user are shifting towards the non-print sources The term digital library has
9
been around for at least 24 hours and possibly longer and some of the ideas behind the
term have been around for much longer While there is still disagreement about the
meaning of the term this piece argues that digital libraries are not fundamentally
different from
traditional libraries either in the purposes of existing or in the services provided The
main differences come down to how the services are provided and how collections are
stored and managed
Reference 1 Dr Manoj Kumar Verma Concept of Hybrid Digital and Virtual Library -
Mizoram University Assistant
ProfessorDepartment of Library and information science
2 Dr Manoj Kumar Verma Concept of Hybrid Digital and Virtual Library - UP
पषटभमि सङगीतको इततहास धर परानो मातननछ l ६४ कलाहर मधयको परमख कला सङगीत कला हो l महाकवव लकषमी परसाद दवकोटाल भनका छन कला भनको जीवनलाई रामरो तररकाबाट उठाउन पररपरण गनण र आननद ददन हो l कला भनको मानव हदयमा परभाववत पारी उचचवोधदवारा नततक शिकषा ददन हनपछण l िासतिोकत ढगल रचचत सतवर वरण र िबद आददल यकत जब कन सागीततक शसजणनालाई मचमा परसततत गररनछ र तयसको आननद परसततोता सतवय र शरोता लाई पतन परापत हनछ भन तयो सङगीतकला बनन जानछ l जमणन ववदवान पाकण रका अनसार मानवको इचछा या चाहनादवारा कालपतनक भावनालाई साकार रप ददन न कला हो l गायन वादन र नतय यी तीन कलाको शमशरर न सङगीत हो l वददककाल दखखन ववशभनन उपतनषद परार आदद गरनथमा उललख गररएको नाद शरतत सपत सतवर जातत गराम राग मछणना ताल मनधम दनदभी ववरा आदद बाट तयो समयमा सङगीतल ववकशसत रप शलएको दखखनछ l नपालमा ककराातकाल शलचछवीकाल र मललकालीन समयमा परापत शिलालखमा उललख भएका पदहर वाददिगोषठी परकषरमणडपी डवली नासादयो पयााख चयाण (चचा) आददको आधारमा तयततबला सङगीतको रामरो ववकास भएको मानन सककनछ l िाहकालीन समयमा राजाहर सङगीतमा तनक िौखखन चथए भनन करा पथवी नारायर िाहको ददवय वारी रर वहादरिाहको शसतार वादन सरनर िाहको गीत लखन र बाजा बजाउन राजा महनरल सतथापना गरको नपाल सङगीत महाववदयालय (२०१२) नपाल एकडमी (२०१४) राषटषिय नाचघर (२०१६) शसहदरबार पररसर शभिको रतन रकरड णङ िसतट (२०१८) जन पतछ २०४१ सालमा नपाल टशलशभजनको रपमा परररत भयो दजणनौ परसतकारहरको सतथापना कलाकारलाई परोतसाहन सतवरप ददएका अनकौ उपाधीहर जसततः वादय
शिरोमखर सङगीत शिरोमखर भजन शिरोमखर सङगीत परववर र नारायरदहटी दरबार पररसरको नारायर मषटनदरमा दरबनदीन तोकी िासतिीय सङगीतको तनयशमत कायणकरम सचालन गराइएको जसतता कायणल सतवदिी कला र ससतकती परतत उनको गदहरो मोह सतनह र ठलो योगदान रहको दखखनछ l भारतीय सगीताचायण वसनतदवारा शलखखत पसततक सङगीत वविारदमा रारा कालीन समयमा वीर िमिरल बीरगजमा आयोजना गरको वव स १९५६ को बगडीको सङगीत सममलन जहाा नपाल र भारत वषणका दजणनौ िासतिीय सगीतजञहरल भाग शलएका चथए र गरनथ न तयार परको करा उललख छ l पथवी नारायर िाहल नपालको एकीकरर पशचात ददएको ददवयवारी आफना िोख सयललाई ताल िासति बमोषटजमको तीन िहर नपालका नवारहरको नाच खिकाई हयाण पतन हनछ भनन वारील सङगीतको रामरो ववकास भएको जनाउछ र सतवदिी कला र ससतकतीलाई महतव ददन पछण भनन गदहरो सदि पतन छ तर आजको पररविमा राषि राषटषियता र ससतकार ससतकती माचथन सब भनदा धर ववकतत शभतरिएको अवसतथा चचनताजनक छ l यसमा हामी सबको धयान जानपन दखखनछ l राजतनिको अनतयका लाचग कलाकारहरको पतन ठलो योगदान रहको दखखनछ l परजातनि र गरतनिको सतथापना पतछ सरकारी गर सरकारीसततरबाट सतथावपत भएका ववशभननखाल ससतथाहरल कला र ससतकतीको कषिमा कायणरत नया तथा पराना सरसतटाहरलाई ववशभनन कायणकरम माफण त मान सममान परसतकार अवाडण सममलन आदद कायणल योगदान पयाणउद आएका छन l
ऐततहामसक रपरखा
वद उपतनषद योग दिणन वयाकरर र अधयातमववदया आदद आयण ससतकततका यी आदय गरनथहरमा नादलाई अपार महतव ददइएको छ l ऋगवद को शिकषा िासति अनसार नाद बाट सतवरको उतपवि हनछ सतवर तीन परकारका हनछन l उदाि अनदाि र सतवररत यी ततन सतवरको वरणन पारीनीय अषटधयायीमा छ l उचचरदािाः नीचरनदािाः समाहारः सतवररतः यी तीन वटा सिल तीनवटा भद दखाएको छ -
अथाणत उदािा वाट तनषाद र गानधारको उतपवि अनदाि वाट ऋषभ र धवत तयस गरर सतवररतवाट षडज मधयम र पञचमको उतपवि भएको छ पषटणडत िारगदवल पतन आफनो गरनथ सङगीतरतनाकरमा नादलाई साकषात बरहमन मानन भएको करा तनमन शलोकल परषट परको छ -
चतनय सवणभताना वववि जगदातमना
नादबरहम तदाननदमररतीयमपासतमह
(स र १३१)
अथाणत समपरण जीवातमाको जो चतना हो अथवा जसवाट जीवातमा चतन हनछ साथ जगतको उतपवि षटसतथतत र परलय पतन हनछ तयो नाद बरहम हो र तयस नाद बरहम जो अदववविय छ जसलाई अदवत दवतादवत ववशिषटादवत आदद दिणनल परततपादन गरका छन तयसलाई हामी उपासना गदणछौ
जसरी सब जञानको मल आधार वदलाई मातनएको छ तयसतत सङगीतको पतन आधार सामवद न मातनएको छ l सामवदका ऋचाहर गयातमक छन l गनधवणवदमा सङगीत क बारमा उललख गररएको छ l सङगीतल मातनसलाई षटजउन भावनाको जनम गराउाछ सङगीत मानवजीवनको दहसतसा िताषटबदयौदखख छ सङगीतलाई हरक ससतकततल पजा गछण ककनकक यो हरक ससतकततको पदहचान हो सङगीत सनदा िारीररक र मानशसक दव फाइदा हनछन यसल तनाव र चचनता भगाउाछ l धवतन र नाद नाद र िबद िबद र आकािमा अभद छ भतन ववदवानहरल भनका छन -
नादन वयजयत वरणः पद वराणत पदादवचः
वचसो वयवहारोऽय नादाधीनमतो जगत
(स र १२२)
अथाणत नाददवारा वरणहर उतपनन हनछन वरणहरवाट पद तनषपवि हनछ र पद वाट वाकय अथाणत भावाशभवयकत गन पद सघात उतपनन हनछ र यस वाकय (वारी) दवारा वयवहार चलदछ र वयवहारीक वारीन नादवाट अशभवयकत भएको हनछ
सङगीत बाट जीवनका चार परषाथण अथण धमण काम मोकष परापत हन ववचार यजञवलकय सतमतत गरनथ मा उललख गररएको छ l
वीरा वादनततवजञ शरततववदया वविारदः तालजञशचापरयासन मोकषमाग स ववनदतत
(यासतमयध३११५)
अथाणत वीरा वादनमा किल शरततववदयामा तनपर तथा तालजञ मनषय सहज मषटकतमागणमा परववषट हनछ बरहमाणडमा आकाि र नाद यी दई ततव न यसतता ततव हन जन ववशववयापी र सवणवयापी छन l आकािको गर नाद र िबद हो तयसल सङगीतरतनाकरमा नादको तनरषटकत यसरी गररएको छ
नकार परार नामान दकारमनल ववदः जातः पराराषटगनसयोगािन नादो Ntilde शभधीयत
(स र १३६)
अथाणत नकार भनको परार हो र दकार भनको आगो भतन जानन जव परार र अषटगनको सयोग हनछ तयतत वला तयसबाट उतपनन धवतन वविषलाई नाद भतननछ तयसल समपरण जगतन नादको अचधनमा छ भनन बखिनछ l पराचीन सङगीतकारहरल राग-राचगतनहरका धर सनदर रचनाहर गरका छन l िासतिीय सङगीतको ममण न राग हो l राग िबदको परयोगन सगीताचायण मतगको बहददिी गरनथमा उललखखत भएको पाइएको छ l सङगीतको साधना र अधययनल िासति सतवर ववजञान र सङगीत परदिणनमा किलता परापत हनछ l
राग क र कसरी उतपवि भयो
योNtildeय धवतनवविषसतत सतवरवरणववभवषत l रजको जनचचिानाम स राग कचथतो बध ll
- अशभनव राग मनजरी
अथाणत धवतन को तयो ववशिषट रचना जन सतवर र वरणयकत सनदर छ र जसल मनषय(परारी)को चचिलाई रजन अथवा मनोरनजन परधान गदणछ ववदवानहर तयसलाई राग भनदछन l
उतपविको ववषयमा ववशभनन मत छन जसतमा एक मत सङगीत वविारद गरनथमा वसत लखन हनछ पावणती माता को ियन मरा लाई दखर शिवजील अग परतयगको आधारमा रर वीना बनाई आफनो पााच मख बाट पााच रागहर भरव दहनडोल मघ दीपक र शरी रागको उतपवि गनण भयो र छटौ राग कौशिक सतवय माता पावणतील रचना गनण भयो l पराचचन गरनथमा सङगीतका मखय चार मत पाइनछ l शिव मत कषर मत भरत मत र हनमनमत l
पराचीनकालदखख वतणमान समम रागमा ववशभनन वगीकररहर भए जातत वगीकरर गराम राग वगीकरर दसववचध राग वगीकरर िदध छायालग र सकीरण राग वगीकरर मल राग वगीकरर राग राचगनी वगीकरर रागाग राग वगीकरर र वतणमानमा ठाट राग वगीकरर यदह ठाट राग वगीकररलाईन अदहल हामील िासतिीय सङगीत शसकन शसकाउन माधयमको रपमा मानद आएका छौ
शासतरीय सङगीतको आिशयकता
- जीवनको चार परषाथण अथण धमण काम र मोकष पराषटपतका लाचग l - सब सङगीतको जननी भएकाल यसमा दखल हाशसल गनणका लाचग l - िासतिीय सङगीतलाई मल आधार बनाएर सङगीत कषिमा परवि गरका
- उिम गरी र शिजञकषत कलाकारहरको उतपादन गन गरसततरीय सङगीत तरबदयालय र ववशववयापीरपमा परततसतपधाण गनण सकन वयवहाररक सङगीत शिकषाको ववकास गनण l
- दिभरर छररएर रहका सङगीत परशिकषर कनरहरलाई एउटा छाता मतन राखर गरसततरीय पाठयकरम बनाई परीकषा पररालीमा लयाउन पन l
- कलाकारहर रोजीरोटीमा माि शसशमत रहन पन बाधयता हन l - सङगीत तफण राजयको धयान कषटनरत गराउन नसकन l
शासतरीय सङगीतको सिसतयाहरका सिाधान
- दि सङघीयतामा गईसककाल अब हरक राजय वा परानतमा कलाकारहरको हकदहत र सरकषरको लाचग छटट तनकायको गठन गररनपन l
- िासतिीय सङगीतमा समवपणत साधक सजणकहरको पररचय बनाई जीवन सततर सहज बनाउन आजीवन भिा सवा सतरबधाको राजयल गयारनटी शलनपन तब माि शसजणनाल तनरनतरता पाउाछ र राजयल असल र सततररय सङगीतको ववकास गनण सकछ ककनकक भोको पटल शसजणना गनण सकदन l
- िासतिीय सङगीतको अधययन अधयापनलाई सहज बनाउनलाई हरक परानतमा तरबदयालय तथा महातरबदयालय तहमा िासतिीय सङगीतको पाठयकरम बनाई लाग गररनपन l
- राजधानीमा कषटनरत लशलतकला पदम कनया र रतन राजय कयामपस जसतत दिका अनय भागमा पतन ववसततार गररन पन l
- लशलतकलाको ववकासको लाचग छट Performing Art University को सतथापना गररन पन l
शासतरीय सङगीतको बततिान अिसतथा
- सतकल दखख + २ हाद ववशवववदयालयमा सतनातकोिर र ववदयावाररधी सममको अधययन हन गरको छ l
- समगर नपालको सङगीतको ववकास र सरकषरको लाचग राजयका तफण बाट ररडयो नपाल ( २००७) नपाल सङगीत तथा नाटय परजञा परततषठान (२०६४) सासतकततक ससतथान (२०१६) नपाल टशलशभजन (२०४१) लगाएतका ससतथाहरल योगदान ददइरहका छन l
- कलाकारलाई रोजगारीको अवसर शमलको छ l - राजधानी लगाएतका मठ मषटनदर गठीहर जसततः ककरातशवोर सङगीत
आशरम यलमाया कलाशसक पिपततनाथ सगीतकला परततषठान कपन सङगीत सरोवर कलातनचध सङगीत महातरबदयालय राम मषटनदर आदद कषिहरमा पाजञकषक माशसक रपमा िासतिीय सङगीतका कायणकरमहर हाद आएका छन l
- दजणनौ तनजी सङगीत परशिकषर कनरहरल पतन सङगीत शिकषा परदान गद आएका छन l
- राजयल लगाएत अनय तनषटज ससतथानहरल बषनी कलाकार तथा सरसतटाहरलाई परसतकार तथा मान सममान परदान गद आएका छन l
- कलाकारका हकदहतको लाचग ववशभनन ससतथाहर सककरय छन जसततः रोयलटी सकलन कनर परसततोता समाज सगीतकार सघ गीतकार सघ गायन समाज आदद l
- टशलशभजन लगायत ववशभनन खाल सचारका माधयमबाट आयोजना हन गरका गायनका ररयलदट िोहर जसबाट छोटो समयमान आफनो कला दखाएर चचाण पाउन समभावना बढर गएको छ
- आफनो कलालाई आफल परसततत गनण शमलन कसको पछी लागन नपन ववशभनन परववचधको ववकास भएको छ जसतको परयोगबाट सहज ववशव समदायमा आफनो कला परसततत गनण सककनछ
सङगीतिा गररएका नयाा परयोग (थरापी)
सङगीतदवारा गररन ववशभननखाल रोगहरको उपचार पदधतत लाई न music therapy भतननछ l सतनायववजञानमाचथ अनसनधान गरररहका मनोवजञातनक डयातनयल ज लशभदटनका अनसार मानशसक र िारीररक सतवासतथयका लाचग सङगीत चचककतसाका पररराम रोचक छन अनसनधानका अनसार यसल रोगपरततरोधातमक कषमतामा सकारातमक असर पछण यसल तनाव ददन हमोन कम गराउाछ सङगीतका अततररकत आमाको लोरीलाई पतन महततवपरण मातनएको छ लोरी सनन बानी परको बचचा िानत र सजग हनछ बचचालाई तनरा लागछ र ऊ घररघरर रा दन सङगीत थरापील गभणवती मदहलाको तनाव पतन कम हनछ सङगीत सनन बानील आतमा र िरीरका लाचग औषचधको काम गछण कततपय रोगमा औषचधल काम नगरपतन सङगीतल जादमयी असर दखाउाछ िरीरको कोदटणसोल सततर कम गरर यसल तनावगरसतत मासपिीहरलाई आराम ददनछ तनयशमत सङगीत सनदा ददमागल रामररी काम गनण पाउाछ असहनीय पीडाबाट गषटिरहका मातनसलाई सङगीत सनाउा दा आराम पगछ कयानाडाको अलबटाण ववशवववदयालयमा तीनदखख ११ वषणसममका ४२ बालबाशलकालाई इनजकसन लगाउन बलामा सङगीत सनाउा दा कम पीडा महसस भएको चथयो सङगीत शरवरल िरीरमा इमयनोगलोबशलन ए बढाउाछ यो एनटीबडील िरीरका कोशिकाहर सतवसतथ राखनका लाचग ठलो काम गछण सकरामक रोग लागकाहरलाई उपचारका बलामा सङगीत सनाउा दा परततरकषा पररालीमा सकारातमक असर पछण l घररघरर तरबरामी हनबाट बचनछ भन सङगीत सनन थालनस ढाडको समसतया हटाउन सतमरर िषटकत दहरो बनाउन र रामरो तनरा लयाउन पतन सङगीत परभावकारी हनछ तर िासति मा आधाररत समधर सङगीत सनदा माि यी असर दखखन हन l चको डागड़ोग र ककण ि सङगीत सनदा चादह तनाव थवपनछ l
उपसहार
िासतिीय सङगीतको उपासनाल तरनत मन सतथीर र एकतरित भई सतवरमा र आफनो उपासतयमा सतथीर हन हनाल यो धयानमागणमा पतन परवि गनणका लागी आहत नाद अथाणत सङगीतको अतत महतवपरण भशमका दखखनछ l
आजको नपाली सङगीतको गरसततरमा सदधाषटनतक र वयवहाररक दव पकषमा धर अनतर पाउनको पछाडी भौततक लाभको लाचग माि िासतिीय सङगीत को साधना गररन हो l भौततक पराषटपत का साथ साथ आधयाषटतमक उननततको लाचग पतन िासतिीय सङगीत उविक महतवपरण छ भनन बझन जररी छ l कला सादहतय र सङगीत नबझन वयषटकतलाई सङगीत सादहतयको सपरशसदध गरनथ ldquoितकियमrdquo का रचतयता भतणहरर नीततितकम खडमा भननहनछ -
सादहतयसङगीतकलाववहीनः साकषातपिः पचछववषारहीनः तर न खादननवप जीवमानसततदभागधय परम पिनाम १२
अथाणत जो मनषय सादहतय सगीत कलाबाट वचचत हनछ तयो पचछर तथा शसग तरबनाको साकषात पिको समान हनछ तयो तरबना घाास खाएर जीववत रहन पि भए तनःसदह सौभागयको करा हनछ
यषा न ववदया न तपो न दान जञान न िील न गरो न धमणः त मतयलोक भवव भारभता मनषयरपर मगाशचरषटनत 13
अथाणत ndash जन मनषयसग ववदया तप दानको भावना जञान िील (सतसतवभाव) मानवीय गर धमणमा सलगनताको अभाव हनछ तयो यस मररिील ससारमा धरतीको बोि बनर मनषय रपमा ववचरर गन पि हनछ नीततशलोकका रचतयता राजा भतणहरर यो सतपषट गनण चाहन हनछ कक मनषयको दतनक चयाण यदद पट पालन अथवा तयस भनदा कदह कदम अगारड सखभोगका साधन जटाउनलाई माि सीशमत रहको छ भन उसमा र जनावरमा कन खास फरक रहादन खान-वपउन र सखःभोग गन यही उसको जीवनको उदयशय रहको हनछ मनषयको बौदचधकताको कारर सखभोगको साथ साथ अनय कराहर पतन सलगन रहको हनछ कवव यस करालाई महतव ददन चाहन हनछ कक मनषय र पिमा शभननता कवल िारीररक सरचनामा माि सीशमत न रहर तयस भनदा माचथ उठर ववववध कलामा रचच राखन चचतन-मननको सामथयण हाशसल गनण ववदया आजणन गनण परोपकारादद कायणमा सलगन हन आधयाषटतमक जञानमा रचच राखन आददमा क दरत हन पछण जो यस परकारको उननत दजाणको कमणमा लागदन मनषय
रपमा उसको जीवनको साथणकता वसतततः सददगध हन जानछ तयो धरतीको लाचग एक परकारको बोिन हो भनन सककनछ जसरी सङगीतका सात सतवरहरको उतपवि उदाि अनदाि र सतवररत बाट भए सदहतयको वयाकररमा पतन यी तीन सतवरको वविष महतव रहको पाइनछ l सादहतयमा यमाताराजभानसलगा सि बाट ववशभनन छनदहरको तनमाणर भए जसतत सङगीतमा सारगमपधतनसा सि बाट न ववशभनन परकारका सतवरहर एव राग राचगनी हरको उतपवि भएको पाइनछ l कावयको लाचग ववषय िबद र अथण चादहनछ भन सङगीतको लाचग लय सतवर र धन आवशयक हनछ l सादहतय अथवा कावय सङगीत ववना परण हन सकतन तर सगीतमा सादहतय र िबद नभए पतन हनछ सादहतय िबद परधान हनछ भन सङगीत नाद परधान हनछ र िबद गौड रहनछ l चतन अचतन दबलाई परभाव पन कावय जसततो सङगीतलाई बझन मगज खखयाउन पदन l यसको अततररकत सब उमरका मातनस परारी एवम वोट ववरवा लाई समत लठठ पान कषमता सङगीतमा रहनछ l
अराात साहितय सगीत मधय कन एउटा पनन कला नभएको वयकतत पि समान िो | आफनो कला दवारा चतनाको सवोचच सरान परापत गना र गराउन सतन न मानव िो | पराकनतक रपमा िन िो भन पनछीिरल
घर िनाएको नाचको करायको िडा मनमोिक दखन र सनन सककनछ | तर पनन मानव ल मानव जीवन को अकनतम परयोजन मोकष को लागग आफनो कला परयोग गन गररएको िनाल अर पराकनतक जीव भनदा अलग
अकसततव िनाएको िो |
सगीत कला मधयको पररम कला को रपमा शलन गररनछ तमाम लशलत कला को ववधा भनदा सगीत कला ल अर कला भनदा िित परभाव पान गदाछ | चतन अवचतन र अचतन सिमा सगीत को परभाव पन गरका ववशभनन तथयिर फला परका छन | पराचीन काल िोस वा वतामान काल िोस | िाासरीको धन सन पनछ गाई
ल साववक भनदा अशल िढी दध हदन िरक हदन सगीत परवाि िन ठाउमा भएका बिरवा को बिकाि नछटो िन आहद वतामानमा परमाणणत भएका न छन |
सगीत मा साहितय को परयोग पनन उगचत रपमा जीवनत परयोग गन गररएको पाइनछ | जि कन गीतकार
को गीतमा सगीत को उगचत परयोग गन गररनछ ति तयो गीत कालजयी िनदछ |
राम चनरrdquo जि भजन को रपमा सनननछ सगीत को परभाव ल पाउज िजाउा द सामननमा हिडीरको पो िो कक
भनन भान िनछ |
गायन वादन र नतय को समकषट न सगीत िो | गायन लाइ अझ पषटता परदान गना वादन को परयोग गररनछ
तयस अनरप को नतय पनन गररनछ | िन त तीनवट ववधा छटटा छटट पनन परभाव पाना सफल छन तर पनन
ताल बिना गायन या नतय मा आननद को अनभनत िन पन जतती न िन ताल को सि काया वानछनीय
मानननछ |ताल कया ल आननद को अनभनत गराउादछ तयस ल राषर िोक को समय मा सर िाजा को मातर
परयोग गन गररनछ यसत ताल न जानाती गायको न स वादक कन पनन करा मा जि माननस आफनो सकपणा बिवक परयोग गदाा पनन सफल िन सतदन अनन कसलाई सोधर सफल िन भनन करा खोजद हिडछ
| आफ भनदा बििकी वयकतत फला पाछा अनन उसल सकपणा सफलता िात पादाछ | अनन तयो सफलता शसकाउन वयकतत गर को रपमा मानदछ उसल समाजमा तयो करा भन पनछ उसको जसत समसया भयका अर बयतती ल समाधान गराउन समरा बयतती लाई गर भनदछन र परशसदधी फलाउादछन | उततम गर लाई
उसको परशसदधी मा कन लोभ िादन बयततीमा भएको जञानको जयोनत मा लागको पदाा िटाउाछ र तयस मा फरर पदाा न लाछन उपाय िताउाछ र आफनो िाटो लाछदछ
आफभनदा अगाडी हिडको वयकतत लाइ गर या मागादिाक को रप मा शलन गररनछ | तसता मिान जन
िरक पदचाप लाइ आधार मानन चलन छ | ldquoमिाजनो यन गत स पनर ldquo अराात गणी मिान वयकततिर
ल अपनाएको िाटो कलयाणकारी िन गदाछ र विाालाइ गर मानर अर जनिर कलयाणको कामना मा तयहि
वािनसवामी िरर दास मीरा जीकबिर जीतकाराम आहद ल सगीत (गायन) को सार ल विााका इषट को साकषातकार गना भएको इनतिास छ |
गर िबद को अरा न अजञानको पदाा िटाउन वयकतत को रपमा शलईएको छ | सगीत लाइ गरमखी ववदया भननएको छ ककनकक कियातमक बिषयका अनक भराकनत गर दवारा मातर िल गना सकभव छ | पसतकमा
उललख गररएका ततविर आफल मातर सहि तररका िाट गायन वा वादन सकभव छन तयसल बिना गर
सगीतमा सफल िन सककदन | कन पनन परकारका ववधा मा गर को सरापना जररर छ जो तयस बिषय मा मिारर िाशसल गरको िनछ | तयसल गर को बिषय मा ldquo गररबाहमा गरबिाषण गरदवो मिशवरrdquo यानी गर
सकषट कसरनत र सिार कायामा समरा वयकतत को रप मा माननएको छ | उतकषट गर र शिषय एक अकाामा पररपरक िन गदाछन | चतनाको ववशभनन आयाम को मागादिान गरदवारा न सकभव छ |
पराचीन समय मा सि बिषय िर सनर न पठन पाठन गन चलन गरयो भनन करािर पढन पाइनछ |
वद को पठन पाठन सनर न गन गररनथयो तयस कारण शरनत नामाकरण भयो | जि माननस मा सनर गरिण
समयमा ६४ कला को अधययन अधयापन गररनथयो | राज कल ऋवषकल वपतकल गरकल आहद ससरा िाट शिकषा परदान गन चलन गरयो |६४ कला मधय लशलत कला को सरान पहिलो तयस मधयमा पनन सगीत
लाइ सवोपरी मानन गररएको छ | साम वद न सगीतको जननी को रप मा माननयको गायन आज को समयसकम आइपछदा ववशभनन अवसरा पार गद िाशम सकमख छ |
शिकषण को मखय तीन अग मानननछ
१ गरशिकषक २ शिषय बिदयारी ३ बिषय शिकषा
मागरका तीन करािर जि सकननहित िनछन ति शिकषण िनछ | तीन मधय एउटा कराको मातर अभाव
रिमा अशभषट शसदध निन िनछ | अनन तीन मधय एउटा पनन कमजोर रिमा उतकषट ननतजा आउन करामा सनदि रिन सतछ | तयसल तीनवट को सामनजसय रिन आवसयक छ | जसरर एउटा राषर समदध िन
पालना गना आवसयक मानननछ ति मातर उतकषट राजय िन जानछ | तयसत परकारल गरशिषय र शिकषा को सहि सयोजन िाट उतकषट परनतफल को कामना गना सककनछ | गर मातर गणी भएर िनन तसलाई गरिण गन वयकतत पनन पातरता भएको िन पदाछ आफलाई खाशल पार पछी मातर कन वसत भना सकजलो िनछ | गर का सकमख िादा म लाई आउाछ भनन भाव को सवारा अभाव िन पदाछ भनन चलन छ समगर मा भनन पदाा गर
एव शिषय दव एक अकाा मा पररपरक छन | कन एक को अभावल अशभषट शसदध िदन |
पराचीन समय दणख न उतकषटता को खोजीमा िाशम मनतर तनतर िद यनतर यग सकम आइपगका छौ | परसतत लखमा गर र शिषय मा क क ततव िन पछा भनन करा उललख गना खोकजएको छ | यस बिषय मा िाल
सकम आइ पछदा गर र शिषयमा ननकन करा िर िन पछा भनन अनभव गररएको छ |
गर मा िन पन गण
१ जञान २ ववजञान ३ वचन ४ परयोग शसदगध ५ शिषय ननसपादन ६ उजाा वदगध |
तयस गरर शिषय मा ननकन करा िरको परख गररनछ |
१ समपाण २ भकतत ३ मिनत ४ वफादारी ५ समय को पालन |
अि यस लाइ अशल बिसतार मा िझौ|
गर मा खोकजन करा िर |
१ जञान जन बिषय को अधयन गररनछ तयस बिषय परनत अमक वयकतत को जञान कनत छ यानी तयस बिषय
मा चाहिन बिषय वसतपरनत आवसयक करा िर कनत छ भनन करा पहिलो रोजाई िनछ | तयस वयकतत ल
वयकतत ल शिकषा गरिण गरको गर वा घर पररवार आहद सि करा िररकन उसको पररकषण गररनछ र उसको ववदवतता को चाल पाउन गररचछ | तयस बिषय मा कनत करा िर को पराचीन काल दणख अहिल सकममा भएका पररवतान को िार मा पनन रािा िन पदाछ |
२ ववजञान ववषय को वविष यानी गिन जञान न बिजञान िो | ववषय ल बयतत गना खोजको करा लाइ गिन
रपमा गचनतन गन र तयसलाइ बयतत गना न ववजञान को रपमा शलन गररनछ | जसत बििान को समय मा ककन मनर सपतक मा अभयास गना पछा भनन करा को समाधान गना सतन बिलककित लयमा अभयाि गदाा िन फायदा सवर को कन परकारल अभयास गदाा क कराको फायदा शलन सककनछ आहद करा बिजञान शभतर
राखन सककनछ | शिषय को कन पकष मा झकाि िढी छ तसमा अझ ननखारता र अर पकष को सिल बिकाि मा धयान हदन जञान न बिजञान िो |
३ वचन यानी िोलन तररकाभाषा को परयोग िबद को चयन आहद करा को पनन बिचार गन गररनछ | कन कन िला मा गर ल अशल कठोर खालको िचन को पनन परयोग गना पन िनछ | अशल ररसाएर परयोग गररएको वचन ल बिदयारी अशल सजगता हदएर शसतन पनन िनछ तयस कारण पनन कन समयमा अशल रखो सबद
को परयोग गदाा बिदयारी को िीतलाइ धयान राणखएको िन गदाछ | ससकत मा एउटा नीती वचन ल भनछ ldquo
लालानाद िििो दोषा ताडनाद िििो गणाrdquo यानी धर माया ल पनन बिगगरन सकभावना िनछ समय समय
मा धयान हदन पन िनछ र उगचत कदम चालन पदाछ | वचन को अको परयोजन कन रचना रचना गन समयमा पनन मितव राखदछ कन िकनदि को रचना मा कन खालका िबदावली को परयोग गन भनन करा पनन यसशभतर
राखन सककनछ
४ परयोग शसदगध यानी भाषागत शसकाएका करा यनतर िाट पनन िजाएर वा गायन गरर परसतत गना सतन
िन पदाछ | कन पनन बिषय को शभबतर करा परयोगका सार िताउन सतन यानी कन राग मा परयोग गररएको बिषि कराको शलणखत मातर िन परयोग पनन गना सतन र िताउन सतन िन पदाछ | तिला मा कन घराना मा कसतो ननकाि या गायन मा दरिारी को गानधार या भरवी को गानधार को परयोय गरर दखाउन सतन | भपाली र रामकली या दिकार आहद ककन फरक छ भनन करा को भाशलभाती परयोग गरर शसकाउन सतन |
५ शिषय ननषपादन अनत शसकर आएका नभई सरदणखन आफल शसकाएका शिषय कनत छन या खिर
जसत मौसममा मातर िन अर िला सखा िो कक अरवा शिषय लाइ अनघ िढन या कसरर अगाडी लर जान
सककनछ भनर िर सकभव परयास गन काम ल न शिषय ननषपादन िन सकभव छ विााल नाम शलन शिषय
ल गरका काम िाट पनन शिषय ननषपादन को िारमा जानकारी शलन सककनछ | शिषय को परगनत न भएको मा गचनता शलन खालका गर िन जररर छ | उसका परगती मा भएका िाधा िर सकभव िटाउन खोजन गरल मातर
असल शिषय ननषपादन गरको पाइनछ | आफमा भएको कला गरल योछय शिषयलाइ मातर परदान गरर योछय
शिषय ननषपादन गनािनछ | िरक ववदयारी को कषमताको पहिचान गरर तिी अनरप को तयारी गराउन
सकमा मातर शिषय ननषपादन अझ िढी परभावकारी िन जानछ | ५ जना शिषय लाइ ५ परकार िाट तयार
गराउन सतन आफमा चनौती िन जानछ शिषय आफलाई एउटा बिषयमा ककनरत गरर अभयाि गछा तर
गर ल ५ वटा न करा को अलग अलग गचनतन मनन गना परम आवसयक पछा | जसरर तिला मा िनारि
घराना अनतगात ५ ववदवानको तिला सनन िो भन सिको अलग अलग तिला छ कसरर तसको कारण यहि
िो कक जो शिषय को जन करामा जयादा रची छ तयस अनरप को शसकाई गर िाट भएको छ | ताल योगी पणडीत सरि तलवालकर जी का सि ववदयारी को तिला अलग -२ न छ | शिषय उतपादन गना आफ मा एक
चनौती िो
६ उजाा वदगध गरल िासतर र तयस को परयोग का सारसार तयस बिषयमा अझ रामरोसग लाछन उजााको वदगध िन करा िर ननरनतर परवाि गना अतयनत जररर छ | उजाावान गर ल मातर उजाा हदन सतछ | जि शिषय
गर को भट िनछ अभयास करा पहिलो परारशमकता मा राखदा अझ उततम लाछछ | तयस उजाा ल बिदयारी मा जीवन मा कहि गना सतन िल परापत गछा | भट िादा कन सगीतसाधकको सकारातमक करासगीत को रचना को करा नयाा रचना को करा ल ववदयारी मा उजाा भन काम गछा | बिशिषट गणवान कलाकार को शरबय
दशय समागरील पनन ववदयारी मा उजाा भन काम गदाछ | उचच कोटी का गरिरल आफना चला लाइ आफनो जसतो नभ आफ भनदा फरक काया गना सदव पररणा परदान गना भएको करा उजाा परापत कलाकारिरको करा िाट परापत गररएको पाइनछ | ववदयारी को कषमता अनरप को कायामा लाछन पररणा गना जसत कन ववदयारी रचना गना रची राखछ भन तिी काया मा उसलाई िौिला परदान गन | सगीत का ववशभनन आयाम मा काम
गना सतन खिी को समगचत ढग िाट पहिचान गरर तसलाई अनघ िढन उतपररणा परदान गन | कन कन ववदयारी लाइ सगीत को िार मा खोज गना मन लाछन िन सतछ तसतो ववदयारी लाइ बिषय को िारमा मागा दिान परदान गन काम पनन गर िाट िन पदाछ |
तयस गरर शिषय मा िन पन करा |
१ समपाण कन पनन करामा आफलाइ सकपणा रपमा तयसमा नलगाएमा सफल िन सककदन | तन मन र
५ िफादारी यानी भनको मानन गर ल भन पछी ज गरन पनन पनछ न िटन | शसकाएका करा लाइ जसताको तसत गरर गाउन या िजाउन | जि िफादार छ भनन करा कसरर िनछ ति गरल सि करा कन िाकक नराखी कन शसकाउन िनछ अनन मातर आफनो अशभषट शसदध िनछ | मिाभारत मा अजान र असवतरामा को परसङग
आउछ कक जनत ववदया अजान लाइ रोण ल हदन भयो तती असवतरामा लाइ हदन भएन ककन मिनती र
आफनो ववदया गलत परयोग निन अवसराको जञान ल गदाा न तसतो भएको िो | गर सग शसकको ववदया िो परयोग गन िलामा गरको समरण पनन िफादारी िो | कहि समय एक जना गरकोमा जान फरी अको गरकोमा जान यसरर ननरनतर गरिर पररवतान गन चलन उपयतत माननदन | कन जनावर पाशलयको छ भन उसको माशलक भनदा सि कराल उततम अर कन मानछ साग तयो पालत रवततदन तयसतो गरर िफादार रिन न सक
पनन सक जनत िफादार िन उततम माननएको छ
६ समय को पालन समय को पालन सिल सकयक परकारल गना आवसयक छ यहद समय को पालन गररएन
भन आवसयक काम ननषपादन िदन | कन पनन कामको लागग तोककएको समयमा तयो काम परा गना पदाछ
| भन को समय मा तोककएको काम गररएको खणडमा मातर समय को पालन गररएको मानननछ | शसकाउन समय अभयासगन समय सगीतमा समय अनसार को राग िनछ सहि समय मा सहि राग को परयोगल
ववशभनन काम गन रािा न छ | दख को समय मा सख को समय का लागग अलग -२ ताल र राग को परयोग
गन गररएको पाइनछ | समय को परवाि न ताल को रपमा परयोग गररएको िो | गरकल मा रिी शिकषा आजान
गन ववदयारी लाइ ननयम को पालन अतयनत आवशयक ततव मनननछ |
आफल शसकको बिदया मा न कहि गरर दखाउन उददशयका सार लागग परको बिदयारी ल आफनो किागरिदगध अपरतीम कौिल लगन ननयम नतरब समरण एव आसरा आहद गण भएको खणड मा मातर
समय ववदया मिनत आहद लगानी गना भनदा पहिला परनतफल रामरो िनछकक िदन भनन मागर को तररका परयोग गररकन िन परचलन छ | तयस कारण जान बिवततक या शिषय िनाउन भनन करा सननासार तरनत
सवीकार नगन चलन छ | मागर उललणखत करा िरको िारमा रामरोसग जानकारी शलन कहि समय लगगिालछ
|
कवव भबतरािरी भनन िनछ ldquo गण लबधा सवयमव सकपदrdquo गणको बिकाि न सकपवतत(सकपदा) आगमनको कारण िो | जसतो परकार को सकपवततको भणडार गना खोकजएको िो तसतो गण को बिकाि वानछनीय छ |
The two Essays ldquoWhatrsquos in a Namerdquo(by Henry Louis Gates Jr) and ldquoThe lsquoBlack Tablersquo is Still
Thererdquo(by Lawrence Otis Graham) included in ldquoPatterns of College Writingrdquo the English
Course book for BA 1st year reflect upon the racial discrimination prevalent in the USA
Though the essays are written by two different writers their response towards the prejudice is
based on their own experience Both the writers belong to Black community that went through
traumatic period of prolonged injustice offences deprivation and oppression in America They
give account of their childhood when they had the bitter experience of being insulted and
excluded by whites Gates remembers himself as an innocent child who was ignorant about the
demeaning attitude of whites towards his race in general and his own father in particular Even
when he grows up it makes no senses to him that bynames used for Black people signifies hatred
and prejudice white people have nurtured He implies that people should be judged from their
quality contribution and skill Likewise Graham who clung to integration and still faced the
exclusion during his schooldays was confused about the existing different treatment towards
himself He is disillusioned when he finds out the integration be just superficial as he grows up to
a professional lawyer Gates using the allusion from Shakespearersquos Romeo and Juliet ldquoWhatrsquos in
a namerdquo and Graham using a symbol ldquoBlack Tablerdquo of his junior high school strongly hold the
belief that segregation is wrong
2
Gatesrsquo Experience
African Americans are generally the descendants of enslaved black people within the boundaries
of present United States Formal political economic and social discrimination against these
minorities has been present throughout American history Gates despises the discrimination of
black people especially the spiteful attitude of whites using bynames to address them His
childhood experience gives an account of his irreversible negative recognition labeled to him by
white despite his high financial standings The racial identity has been denominated by whites as
inferior ugly and poor which is further crushed by giving bynames like Kaffir Tar Baby Jim
Crow Georgehellip Even a lower social status white like Mr Wilson would find privilege to insult
his well to do father just because he was a black Gates hated that his father being called by
different name which was not truly his name His fury was not for demeaning his father instead
his fatherrsquos silence hurts him more From then he had the revelation that two worlds exist for
black people like him The hierarchy created by whites has been choking them and shooing them
to the margin White people who regarded themselves supreme hurled the hatred in different
forms and one of them was negative names
Grahamrsquos Experience
In the US the separation was experienced in various areas such as public transportation
schools restaurants and residential places where individuals were restricted on the basis of
racial background Black table in the cafeteria got the name as black boys would separate
themselves from other race except Graham He strictly adhered to integration by avoiding black
table for two reasons first he held the principle of equality and integration strongly and second
he didnrsquot want to lose his white friends by being racial As a schoolboy he carried on the
principle seriously despite being shunned by white community Since he prospered as an
American entertaining all the integrating activities with the whites he condemns the separation
though volunteer it is What shocks him the most is the black table still laying on the cafeteria
even after 27 years He wondered that other separate tables in which athletes Jewish boys
Jewish girls Irish kids heavy metals grouphellipsegregate themselves had never drawn argument
and condemnation during his school life The trend he considered deplorable even though the
principles may have changed is still alive He wakes up to a new realization of truth that people
tend to gravitate towards other people they think they may relate better with and stay away from
what they think is different
Gatesrsquos Allusion
ldquoWhatrsquos in a namerdquo is an allusion derived from Shakespearersquos ldquoRomeo and Julietrdquo a romantic
tragedy Its Juliet who states this very expression to imply that name should not determine how
people are to be regarded by others Julietrsquos stance and condition is analogous to Gates as he
abhors the trend of discrimination and prejudice that lies behind names Gates expresses his
claim that name shaped peoplersquos perceptions and prejudice in the mid 1950s Name is a part of
3
onersquos identity how one is recognized and addressed by the world These names on the other
hand signify offenses and disrespect George was an infamous name to belittle black people and
Gates hated that his father was put to a lower standard than he truly was Gates illustrates how
racism can perpetuate prejudice that aims to snatch individual identity
Grahamrsquos symbol
Black table which is regarded with scorn by whites is a symbol that segregates black boy from
others Graham sees it as a taboo and by avoiding it he wants to prove that he is not an angry
black person who wants nothing to do with the white kids White kids who would never invite
him to occasions as they thought it would make people feel uncomfortable Poor Graham is torn
between the scorns of black boys and taunting of white boys Even after fourteen years of his
adolescence still existing black table refracts that integration has not eradicated the sense of
separation it has become more entrenched as time went by Such vicious circle can go on for
centuries and even millennia perpetuating an imagined hierarchy that sprang from transhistorical
occurrences (Harari 161)
The common ground
Both writers share common ground in yearning for equality dignity and respectable space in
society Black table exhibits stark view of human nature on the one hand and on the other hand it
displays the superficial encroachment of integration that manipulated him to refuse his own
ground Both of them represent the blacks who resent the violation of social dignity and the ones
who want to negotiate the legislation to be united Gates the innocent and naiumlve boy gauges the
wounded self- esteem of his parents after the exposure to unwanted offence he witnessed
Similarly the ideal black boy Graham finds his ground as he becomes a matured man He
blamed the black boysrsquo attitude to be the hurdle of integration He even swallowed white parentrsquos
insulting treatment who begrudged his presence in their gatherings and other occasions Graham
ultimately feels the need to realize that modern times self segregation is the custom that humans
adopted from their ancestors culture and their biology and intelligence It is the imagined orders
and devised scripts humans have constructed and internalized in order to organize the society
within a power structure
Pathos Logos and Ethos
The title ldquoWhatrsquos in a namerdquo is a rhetorical question and finally answers that name can be
manipulated used and even misused according to the userrsquos vested interest His fatherrsquos silence
and helplessness devastates the childrsquos psyche driving him to loathe Mr Wilson who resembled
his own Uncle Joe This infers that how come Mr Wilson so much alike his uncle can be a snob
Gatesrsquo emotional appeal (pathos) invokes readers particularly the blacks who grew up
swallowing the hatred He motivates the readers to empathize the humiliated parents that
dwarfed them to their marginal state Gates first presents the causes of his rage to intensify
readerrsquos emotions Mr Wilson despite his own wretched social status dominates his father using
4
bynames And in turn his fatherrsquos reasoning for suppressed silence infuriates the narrator and the
reader as well Gatesrsquo wrath pervades the end of the essay as Gates describes how they cowered
back to quietness and consoled themselves by glorifying black sports star Jackie Robinson This
situation better speaks the condition of black people before Civil Rights Movement
Likewise Grahams evidently implies the answer of why is the black table still there in his junior
high school His rhetorical questions ldquoWhy did the black kids separate themselves What did the
table say about the segregation that was supposedly going on in homerooms and gym classes
(189) are the logic (logos) providing His reasons in the form of questions ldquoWhat was I
thinkingrdquo and ldquoI realize that how wrong I wasrdquo (190) is the logos appeal consisting of reason for
accepting the narratorrsquos claim Readers can easily grasp Grahamrsquos perspective shaped by idealist
notion that has been changed to a kind of awakening at the fag end of the essay He doesnrsquot
directly tell the audience exactly what to conclude the readers nevertheless are encouraged to
infer the existing differences that lay deep down the surface of integration
The credential of the writerrsquos (ethos) lies on the fact that both of them are from black American
family background which accentuates the ground for trusting their opinion arguments and
feelings Their own experience can be recognized as real since their self-representation is equally
trust-inspiring Readers can simply believe their claims and frustration to be relevant Both
writers oppose the erasing of self the true being of an individual
Style
Beginning with anecdote both the writers excites the readers to go through the text Gates hints
that the issue of mistreating by the so called powerful and highly privileged whites is not new
The use of dialogues has made vivid impact on the writing instigating the readers to feel the
same negative aura Similarly Grahamrsquos narration takes gait from the anecdote itself Profound
rhetorical questions and quotations put additional impetus on his logos appeal provoking to
thoughts Both writers conclude their essay with the same mood and context as they have begun
More personal style makes familiar tone in Grahamrsquos writing using first person pronouns and
contracted forms(Irsquom Irsquod)
Conclusion
The phenomena of racial discrimination in USA are rooted on sociopolitical hierarchies which
cannot be justified through logical and biological basis Biology ie the blackness and other
physiology of black people cannot explain the intricacies of American racial dynamics Gatesrsquo
fury and Grahamrsquos confusion are the outcome of historical phenomena events circumstances
and power structure that transformed the social condition into cruel social structures Martin
Lutherrsquos dream of former slaves and the sons of slaveholders being able to sit down together at
the table of brotherhood (176) seem to be thwarted by self segregation The hierarchy of race
originated from accidental historical circumstances and was perpetuated and refined over many
5
generations with their own vested interest Gates and Graham are among many black writers who
seek justified answer for the age old question asking for the existence of black people as equal to
whites The value of contribution of these black people who were brought to America depriving
their homeland of strong human resource has been relegated The vicious cycle seems to repeat
when the lynching and brutalizing of black by whites trickles down now and then in America
References
Gates Henry Louis Jr ldquoWhatrsquos in a Namerdquo Patterns for College Writing A Rhetorical Readers and
Guide 12th edEd Laurie GKriszner and Stephen R Mandell Boston Bedford 20122-4 Print
Graham Lawrence Otis ldquo lsquoThe Black Tablersquo is Still Thererdquo Kriszner and Mandell 188-190
Harari Yuval Noah Sapiens A Brief History of Humankind London Vintage 2015 Print
King Martin Luther Jr ldquoI Have a Dreamrdquo The Heritage of Wordsrdquo Ed Abhi Subedi Rameshwar
Adhikaray and Shreedhar Lohani Kathmandu Ekta Books 2018 Print
Mahendra Prasad Adhikari
Library officer Lalitkala Campus
A Concept on E-LIBRARY vs Automation Abstract
Generally the working collection of books documents newspapers audio-visual
materials kept and organized people to read or borrow in a library Recent advances
in computers storage and processing communication technologies e-product
networking and internet uses have brought a revolutionary change in functioning of
the libraries and its services Information communication technology (ICT) makes
a lot of impact on library and it has changed the concept of library where print and
paper media are the main components of library system To meet tremendous
information explosion and high demand of information libraries are now changes
in digital library Due to digitizing the library resources and fast changing
technology a new type of library is coming in existence which is called- virtual
library Many of us are always very much confused about such terminology of library
It reflects three main components- service provider service receiver and the
channels of service delivery (ie technology) Internet is the main channel of e-
service delivery while other classic channels (eg telephone call center public kiosk
mobile phone television) are also considered In this paper we try to clear the
concept of these libraries terminology in a professional way
Key Words Automation Hybrid Library Digital Library Virtual Library
Automated Library Electronic Library Modern Library
Introduction
Its an electronic or online library where one can have access to books journals
novels articles or any other information over net E-service (electronic
service) represents application of utilizing the use of Information and
communication technologies (ICTs) in different areasit includes the service
element of e-tailing customer support and service delivery Database of
digitized audio video and written material on a physical site andor a website
giving 24hour online access to users E-Library is generally a library where
books can be accessed through internet Just sitting anywhereanytime a user
can read the material online
The library has purchased subscriptions to many electronic information
resources in order to provide you with access to them free of charge Our
e-resources include lots of things full-text journals newspapers company
information e-books dictionaries encyclopedias economic data digital
images industry profiles market research career information etc
What is Automation
The term automation is introduced used first DS Harder in 1936 He
defined it as ldquothe automation is handling of parts between progressive
production processes Since then the term has been applied to a wide variety
of automatic machinery and automatic systems In addition is action for
human efforts of intelligence
Need for Library Automation
There are several reasons for automation A considerable saving
in efforts Time and resources involved in manual processing can be
achieved The other reasons are 1) To improve control over collection 2) To have an entries control over the entire operation
3) To improve the existing services as well as introduce new
services
4) To avoid duplicate of work
5) To use services of the existing staff effectively
Basic Requirement of Library Automation
The following are the basic requirements for the automation of
libraries through the computer 1) Adequate collection 2) Financial assistance
3) Computer hardware
4) Library software
5) Tanning of the staff
6) Maintenance of development
Advantages of Library Automation
There are several advantages of Library Automation a machine
readable catalogue prepared at the time of acquisition may be required
respectively for number of purposes Automation has the following
advantages 1) Professional staff need not spend much time to do the routine library work 2) Eliminates human errors while performing routine library works
3) Improved control covers library collection
4) Increased computer awareness among users
5) Cataloguing is faster instant access to non-records
6) Excellent control over circulation
Some Library Software
3
1 KOHA
2 EMIS
3 PMB
4 LIBRA etc
The functions of e-libraries
1) Systematic and organized collection of print and non-print resources
2) Digital in formats so that easily process able by computers
3) The acquisition storage disseminates amp retrieval of information is done by the use
of technology
4) Access of entire holding of library is directly or indirectly accessible across the
network with the help of internet
5) Supports and provides more amp better online amp offline services
Natures of e-library
1 In digital library e-library a set of documents available through electronic means by
the use of digital technologies that allow for the retrieval archiving preservation and
dissemination of those documents which are provides access to in electronic format
2 A Physical site andor website that provide 24-hour online access to digitized audio
video and written material such as books journals and articles The content may come
from different providers
3 Digital library provide as an information service in which all the information
resources are available in computer-process able form and the functions of acquisition
storage retrieval access and display are carried out through the use of digital
technologies
4 e-Library collections of documents in organized electronic form available on the
Internet or on CD- ROM disks and Specific library a user may be able to access
magazine articles books papers images sound files and videos
5 A database is a collection of information stored in a computer or server which
incorporates software to provide efficient retrieval of the data Databases are great tools
to help you retrieve information by keyword title author subject year etc The most
common types of databases in the library are the online catalogue and the virtual
electronic databases Some are in visible some are in Download able such as full
Text abstract title with Content free of cost paid full
6 A Virtual Library is a collection of resources available on one or more computer
systems where a single interface or entry point to the collections is provided
7 More than just a means of collocating electronic resources (full-text materials
databases media and catalogues) a virtual library also provides user assistance services
such as reference inter library loan technical assistance etc
4
8 Library resources (indexes journals and reference materials for example) or
online reference services are available over the Internet Terms such as electronic
Library and Digital Library are often used synonymously
9 A hybrid library which is partly electronic and partly physical It has a physical space
with both the physical and electronic resources and services
10 A hybrid library is not just a traditional library (only containing paper-based
resources) or just a virtual library (only containing electronic resources) but somewhere
between the two It is a library which brings together a range of different information
sources printed and electronic local and remote in a seamless way
Different Types of Library
Library is a place where the collection of information resources in print or in other forms
that is organized and made accessible for reading or study is kept International
Organization for Standardization has defined library as irrespective of the title any
organized collection of printed books and periodicals or of any other graphic or audio-
visual materials and the services of a staff to provide and facilitate the use of such
materials as are required to meet the informational research educational or recreational
needs of its users
Advances in Information Communication Technology (ICT) particularly the World
Wide Web (WWW) have seen the evolution of the automated library electronic library
digital library virtual library Hybrid library etc
A Traditional Library Traditionally libraries were collections of books manuscripts
journals and other sources of recorded information The collection of the traditional
libraries are mostly print media manuscripts etc and are not well organized The
documents are deteriorating at a rapid rate the collected information is not easy to locate
and procure Such information does not reach the user of the libraries on time It is
difficult to get such publications in the absence of personal influence and contacts
There are certain restricted publications containing highly informative materials but
may not be easily available Sometimes the information is published after many years
By the time it is published the information becomes obsolete and then abandoned Since
it is not properly indexed or listed the researcher is forced to go through long and
tedious process to ascertain whether any material of hisher interest is available or not
Here the collections are not well organized and some reports are deteriorating at a rapid
rate Preserving them in their original form is difficult and it is not cost effective Again
the traditional libraries are confined itself within a physical boundary
B Automated Library A library wh i c h provides automatic services with machine-
readable catalog computerized acquisition circulation and Online Public Access
Catalogue (OPAC) are called as automated library The holdings or collection of
5
automated such types of libraries makes them better and offer more and effective services
are same as that of traditional libraries
C Electronic Library When automated libraries go for Local Area Networking (LAN)
and CD-ROM networking and started procuring e-journals and other similar kinds of
electronic materials of publications ( magnetic tapes microfilm roles CDs DVDs
Microform or other media) and accessible by any medium such as computer laptops I-
pads etc are stored and then it is known as electronic library The electronic information
or material may be stored in an offline server or online which may be accessed remotely
via computer networks The resources of the electronic libraries are in both print and
electronic form The electronic media are used for storage retrieval and delivery of
information
D Digital Library In digital libraries services are fully automated and all resources
in digital form These libraries are heterogeneous in nature and include work related
to information and how to digitize store find link visualize use publish manage and
share information Digital library is an assemblage of digital computing storage and
communication machinery together with content and software In a digital library there
are mainly two types of information
1) Born digital This information are digitally created and stored
2) Digitalized Information is in physical formats (print format) with the help of
appropriate hardware and software the information is converted into digital format or in
electronic format
It is a later stage of electronic library In digital library high speed optical fiber are used
for LAN and the access is over WAN and provide a wide range of Internet based
services ie audio and video conferencing and like other The majority of the holding
of a digital library is in the computer readable form and also acts as a point of access to
other online sources
E Virtual Library The concept of virtual library also emerged simultaneously with
electronic library and digital library This emergence is perhaps because all the
information uses are at present through networked libraries at the desktop which is quite
virtual (practical) without the physical existence of books on shelves A virtual library
can be simply defined as the internet-based digital library or a library without walls The
concept of virtual library is that any person who has a computer and connection to the
library networks can access not only the resources of that library but also a variety of
information available through national and international networks like internet and
intranet without being physically present in the library Access digital information from
the any part of the globe through an network (LAN or WAN) or any other gateway
such as internet The term virtual library is attracted the interest of users because of the
increasing medium called the WWW (World Wide Web) The virtual library is the single
most reachable and important source of information in the world and leads to
6
replacement for the traditional library A collection of links is also a virtual library these
links are not necessary owned by the virtual library However the links are maintained
updated and managed as a normal function of the virtual library
F Hybrid Library It was designed to bring a range of technologies from different
sources together in the context of a working library and to explore integrated systems
and services in electronic and printed environments It reflects the transitional state of
the library which today can neither be fully printed nor fully digital Hybrid libraries
consist of conventional print material such as books magazines journals as well as
nonconventional or electronic based material such as audio books electronic journals
e-books etc Hybrid libraries are the new and emerging term for the most public and
academic libraries because with the existing services and collection they can easily
provide electronic services or online services and easily build digital collections
There are many myths about digital library as 1) The internet is the digital library
2) Fully automated library is digital library
3) The myth of a single digital library or one-window view of digital library collections
4) Digital libraries will provide more equitable access anywhere any time
5) Digital libraries will be cheaper than print libraries
Advantages of e-libraries Todayrsquos libraries are not encircled to a particular location The user can get his her
information on his own computer screen by using the Internet It is a network of
compound access system which provides quick information to many users at the same
time There are many advantages of having hybrid digital and virtual libraries some of
the common advantages are as follows
1) No physical boundary The users did not require going to the library through internet
they could access the same information from all over the earth instantly He she have to
just type the URL of the library and heshe can get all the services and information what
heshe get in the libraries Which saves users time and every information is on single
click
2) Round the clock availability libraries can be accessed at any time 24 hours a day
and 365 days of the year All the digital content is on the internet so the information is
available at 24 hours because machines donrsquot know about day night weeks and months
Every information is available online without the respect of time
3) Multiple accesses The same resources can be used at the same time by a number of
users The users can access same the same material at numerous of times without any
difficulties and at the same time It saves users time and money which is economical
and leads to better services according to userrsquos needs and demands Multiple accesses
mean many users use the same resource at the same time or after some time However
in traditional libraries particular resource can accessed only once by a single user
7
4) Structured approach the contents of modern libraries are much richer than the
conventional libraries and the collections are in a very organized way ie users can easily
access the catalogue and from catalogue to the exacting book then from the book to a
particular chapter and so on In a library there are organized collections of human
knowledge so with the help of search we can easily approach to our particular topic
and collect the information related to the topic we search the topic in a structured way
which means that from a catalog to book then to index then from chapter so on according
to our needs we move from books to main directory or catalogue
5) Information retrieval The users are able to search or retrieve information with
the use any keyword which are related to the word or phrase of the entire collection
Digital library have user- friendly interfaces one click access to its contents The users
can easily search any word sentence symbol numbers with the help of interfaces called
search box with the help of search we can go through our topic With information
retrieval it saves the userrsquos time in searching of their information quick access to their
topics and easy to operate
6) Space The traditional library faces problems of storage and space as the collections
are in print form it occupies more space whereas electronic or digital libraries store
more information in a very less space Thousands of eBooks magazines journals etc
can be stored in single hard disks so it is important to know that the digital library needs
very less space without effecting their operations and services When the conventional
library had no physical space digitalization of its collection is the only solution
7) Networking nowadays libraries are interconnected with high-speed internet
connection which is called networking sharing of resources can be done through the
sharing of links Users need not required to go to library he can easily access the libraries
resources through internet and use their services Users can easily access many libraries
database at a single click because libraries shares the links of others libraries links which
saves users time and helps in the searching of their relevant information
8) Cost The expenditure on maintaining an electronic virtual library is much lower than
that of a traditional library A conventional library have to accept more expenditure on
the maintenance staff and professionals salaries etc this can be abridged by electronic
virtual libraries because in these modern libraries there are one time investment till the
technology changes and after that less professionals need for the maintenance of the
library
Challengesdisadvantages of e-libraries The computer viruses disasters lack of standardization for digitized information
quick degrading properties of digitized material different display standard of digital
product and its associated problem health hazard nature of the radiation from monitor
etc makes digital libraries at times handicap
1 Copyright Digitization opposes the copyright law as the content or resources of one
author can be simply transferable by others without his knowledge The main challenge
is that how the libraries broadcast information along with protecting the intellectual
8
properties of an author There are very strict rules regarding the violation of copyright
laws but in digital era it is very difficult to save the intellectual property rights of an
author or publisher
2 Speed of access as more and more computers are connected then the loads on the
server makes website slow If new technology will not evolve to solve the problem then
in near future Internet will be full of error messages As we all know that the technology
is going older day by day so itrsquos difficult to provide same speed of access because digital
content includes audio video documents which are of big in size and require more
bandwidth speed
3 Initial cost is high The initial cost of modern libraries such as the cost of software
hardware communication networks and other equipments are very high So it is very
expensive for libraries to purchase them because libraries are not the profit making
organizations they are depend on any institutions which provides funds for the
functioning and running of the libraries
4 Band width libraries will need high transfer rates for transfer of multimedia resources
but the band width is decreasing day by day due to its over utilization and overload on
the internet The slow bandwidth leads to slow download and uploading of digital
material which means users have to give more time in searching and downloading their
contents
5 Efficiency with the information explosion there is tons of information on particular
topics so it is very difficult to find the right information on the particular topic The
authentication of the information is not sure
6 Environment modern libraries cannot produce the environment of traditional
libraries Many users also find that reading printed information much easier than reading
information on a computer screen Due to lack of technological awareness many people
prefer to use print materials for reading Moreover the habits are the major problem
7 Preservation Due to rapid change in technology libraries become outdate and its
information may become inaccessible In future many new formats evolve so it is
difficult to preserve the library resources at a standard format so that in future we may
use it
Conclusion
The hybrid electronic digital and virtual libraries are the modern libraries and they are
synonyms to each other The modern libraries are not going to replace the physical
existence of print resources completely but no doubt to meet the present demand of the
users and change in technology to satisfy the users demand digitization must be
introduced so that at least libraries becomes of hybrid nature and become in the touch of
its users
The preliminary cost of digitization is high but research shows that once digitalization is
introduced then the cost to manage developing this collection will be cheaper than that of
any conventional library Day by day the cost of digitization is decreasing because the
technology going updated with every bit of time the online publication is increasing and
the needs of user are shifting towards the non-print sources The term digital library has
9
been around for at least 24 hours and possibly longer and some of the ideas behind the
term have been around for much longer While there is still disagreement about the
meaning of the term this piece argues that digital libraries are not fundamentally
different from
traditional libraries either in the purposes of existing or in the services provided The
main differences come down to how the services are provided and how collections are
stored and managed
Reference 1 Dr Manoj Kumar Verma Concept of Hybrid Digital and Virtual Library -
Mizoram University Assistant
ProfessorDepartment of Library and information science
2 Dr Manoj Kumar Verma Concept of Hybrid Digital and Virtual Library - UP
पषटभमि सङगीतको इततहास धर परानो मातननछ l ६४ कलाहर मधयको परमख कला सङगीत कला हो l महाकवव लकषमी परसाद दवकोटाल भनका छन कला भनको जीवनलाई रामरो तररकाबाट उठाउन पररपरण गनण र आननद ददन हो l कला भनको मानव हदयमा परभाववत पारी उचचवोधदवारा नततक शिकषा ददन हनपछण l िासतिोकत ढगल रचचत सतवर वरण र िबद आददल यकत जब कन सागीततक शसजणनालाई मचमा परसततत गररनछ र तयसको आननद परसततोता सतवय र शरोता लाई पतन परापत हनछ भन तयो सङगीतकला बनन जानछ l जमणन ववदवान पाकण रका अनसार मानवको इचछा या चाहनादवारा कालपतनक भावनालाई साकार रप ददन न कला हो l गायन वादन र नतय यी तीन कलाको शमशरर न सङगीत हो l वददककाल दखखन ववशभनन उपतनषद परार आदद गरनथमा उललख गररएको नाद शरतत सपत सतवर जातत गराम राग मछणना ताल मनधम दनदभी ववरा आदद बाट तयो समयमा सङगीतल ववकशसत रप शलएको दखखनछ l नपालमा ककराातकाल शलचछवीकाल र मललकालीन समयमा परापत शिलालखमा उललख भएका पदहर वाददिगोषठी परकषरमणडपी डवली नासादयो पयााख चयाण (चचा) आददको आधारमा तयततबला सङगीतको रामरो ववकास भएको मानन सककनछ l िाहकालीन समयमा राजाहर सङगीतमा तनक िौखखन चथए भनन करा पथवी नारायर िाहको ददवय वारी रर वहादरिाहको शसतार वादन सरनर िाहको गीत लखन र बाजा बजाउन राजा महनरल सतथापना गरको नपाल सङगीत महाववदयालय (२०१२) नपाल एकडमी (२०१४) राषटषिय नाचघर (२०१६) शसहदरबार पररसर शभिको रतन रकरड णङ िसतट (२०१८) जन पतछ २०४१ सालमा नपाल टशलशभजनको रपमा परररत भयो दजणनौ परसतकारहरको सतथापना कलाकारलाई परोतसाहन सतवरप ददएका अनकौ उपाधीहर जसततः वादय
शिरोमखर सङगीत शिरोमखर भजन शिरोमखर सङगीत परववर र नारायरदहटी दरबार पररसरको नारायर मषटनदरमा दरबनदीन तोकी िासतिीय सङगीतको तनयशमत कायणकरम सचालन गराइएको जसतता कायणल सतवदिी कला र ससतकती परतत उनको गदहरो मोह सतनह र ठलो योगदान रहको दखखनछ l भारतीय सगीताचायण वसनतदवारा शलखखत पसततक सङगीत वविारदमा रारा कालीन समयमा वीर िमिरल बीरगजमा आयोजना गरको वव स १९५६ को बगडीको सङगीत सममलन जहाा नपाल र भारत वषणका दजणनौ िासतिीय सगीतजञहरल भाग शलएका चथए र गरनथ न तयार परको करा उललख छ l पथवी नारायर िाहल नपालको एकीकरर पशचात ददएको ददवयवारी आफना िोख सयललाई ताल िासति बमोषटजमको तीन िहर नपालका नवारहरको नाच खिकाई हयाण पतन हनछ भनन वारील सङगीतको रामरो ववकास भएको जनाउछ र सतवदिी कला र ससतकतीलाई महतव ददन पछण भनन गदहरो सदि पतन छ तर आजको पररविमा राषि राषटषियता र ससतकार ससतकती माचथन सब भनदा धर ववकतत शभतरिएको अवसतथा चचनताजनक छ l यसमा हामी सबको धयान जानपन दखखनछ l राजतनिको अनतयका लाचग कलाकारहरको पतन ठलो योगदान रहको दखखनछ l परजातनि र गरतनिको सतथापना पतछ सरकारी गर सरकारीसततरबाट सतथावपत भएका ववशभननखाल ससतथाहरल कला र ससतकतीको कषिमा कायणरत नया तथा पराना सरसतटाहरलाई ववशभनन कायणकरम माफण त मान सममान परसतकार अवाडण सममलन आदद कायणल योगदान पयाणउद आएका छन l
ऐततहामसक रपरखा
वद उपतनषद योग दिणन वयाकरर र अधयातमववदया आदद आयण ससतकततका यी आदय गरनथहरमा नादलाई अपार महतव ददइएको छ l ऋगवद को शिकषा िासति अनसार नाद बाट सतवरको उतपवि हनछ सतवर तीन परकारका हनछन l उदाि अनदाि र सतवररत यी ततन सतवरको वरणन पारीनीय अषटधयायीमा छ l उचचरदािाः नीचरनदािाः समाहारः सतवररतः यी तीन वटा सिल तीनवटा भद दखाएको छ -
अथाणत उदािा वाट तनषाद र गानधारको उतपवि अनदाि वाट ऋषभ र धवत तयस गरर सतवररतवाट षडज मधयम र पञचमको उतपवि भएको छ पषटणडत िारगदवल पतन आफनो गरनथ सङगीतरतनाकरमा नादलाई साकषात बरहमन मानन भएको करा तनमन शलोकल परषट परको छ -
चतनय सवणभताना वववि जगदातमना
नादबरहम तदाननदमररतीयमपासतमह
(स र १३१)
अथाणत समपरण जीवातमाको जो चतना हो अथवा जसवाट जीवातमा चतन हनछ साथ जगतको उतपवि षटसतथतत र परलय पतन हनछ तयो नाद बरहम हो र तयस नाद बरहम जो अदववविय छ जसलाई अदवत दवतादवत ववशिषटादवत आदद दिणनल परततपादन गरका छन तयसलाई हामी उपासना गदणछौ
जसरी सब जञानको मल आधार वदलाई मातनएको छ तयसतत सङगीतको पतन आधार सामवद न मातनएको छ l सामवदका ऋचाहर गयातमक छन l गनधवणवदमा सङगीत क बारमा उललख गररएको छ l सङगीतल मातनसलाई षटजउन भावनाको जनम गराउाछ सङगीत मानवजीवनको दहसतसा िताषटबदयौदखख छ सङगीतलाई हरक ससतकततल पजा गछण ककनकक यो हरक ससतकततको पदहचान हो सङगीत सनदा िारीररक र मानशसक दव फाइदा हनछन यसल तनाव र चचनता भगाउाछ l धवतन र नाद नाद र िबद िबद र आकािमा अभद छ भतन ववदवानहरल भनका छन -
नादन वयजयत वरणः पद वराणत पदादवचः
वचसो वयवहारोऽय नादाधीनमतो जगत
(स र १२२)
अथाणत नाददवारा वरणहर उतपनन हनछन वरणहरवाट पद तनषपवि हनछ र पद वाट वाकय अथाणत भावाशभवयकत गन पद सघात उतपनन हनछ र यस वाकय (वारी) दवारा वयवहार चलदछ र वयवहारीक वारीन नादवाट अशभवयकत भएको हनछ
सङगीत बाट जीवनका चार परषाथण अथण धमण काम मोकष परापत हन ववचार यजञवलकय सतमतत गरनथ मा उललख गररएको छ l
वीरा वादनततवजञ शरततववदया वविारदः तालजञशचापरयासन मोकषमाग स ववनदतत
(यासतमयध३११५)
अथाणत वीरा वादनमा किल शरततववदयामा तनपर तथा तालजञ मनषय सहज मषटकतमागणमा परववषट हनछ बरहमाणडमा आकाि र नाद यी दई ततव न यसतता ततव हन जन ववशववयापी र सवणवयापी छन l आकािको गर नाद र िबद हो तयसल सङगीतरतनाकरमा नादको तनरषटकत यसरी गररएको छ
नकार परार नामान दकारमनल ववदः जातः पराराषटगनसयोगािन नादो Ntilde शभधीयत
(स र १३६)
अथाणत नकार भनको परार हो र दकार भनको आगो भतन जानन जव परार र अषटगनको सयोग हनछ तयतत वला तयसबाट उतपनन धवतन वविषलाई नाद भतननछ तयसल समपरण जगतन नादको अचधनमा छ भनन बखिनछ l पराचीन सङगीतकारहरल राग-राचगतनहरका धर सनदर रचनाहर गरका छन l िासतिीय सङगीतको ममण न राग हो l राग िबदको परयोगन सगीताचायण मतगको बहददिी गरनथमा उललखखत भएको पाइएको छ l सङगीतको साधना र अधययनल िासति सतवर ववजञान र सङगीत परदिणनमा किलता परापत हनछ l
राग क र कसरी उतपवि भयो
योNtildeय धवतनवविषसतत सतवरवरणववभवषत l रजको जनचचिानाम स राग कचथतो बध ll
- अशभनव राग मनजरी
अथाणत धवतन को तयो ववशिषट रचना जन सतवर र वरणयकत सनदर छ र जसल मनषय(परारी)को चचिलाई रजन अथवा मनोरनजन परधान गदणछ ववदवानहर तयसलाई राग भनदछन l
उतपविको ववषयमा ववशभनन मत छन जसतमा एक मत सङगीत वविारद गरनथमा वसत लखन हनछ पावणती माता को ियन मरा लाई दखर शिवजील अग परतयगको आधारमा रर वीना बनाई आफनो पााच मख बाट पााच रागहर भरव दहनडोल मघ दीपक र शरी रागको उतपवि गनण भयो र छटौ राग कौशिक सतवय माता पावणतील रचना गनण भयो l पराचचन गरनथमा सङगीतका मखय चार मत पाइनछ l शिव मत कषर मत भरत मत र हनमनमत l
पराचीनकालदखख वतणमान समम रागमा ववशभनन वगीकररहर भए जातत वगीकरर गराम राग वगीकरर दसववचध राग वगीकरर िदध छायालग र सकीरण राग वगीकरर मल राग वगीकरर राग राचगनी वगीकरर रागाग राग वगीकरर र वतणमानमा ठाट राग वगीकरर यदह ठाट राग वगीकररलाईन अदहल हामील िासतिीय सङगीत शसकन शसकाउन माधयमको रपमा मानद आएका छौ
शासतरीय सङगीतको आिशयकता
- जीवनको चार परषाथण अथण धमण काम र मोकष पराषटपतका लाचग l - सब सङगीतको जननी भएकाल यसमा दखल हाशसल गनणका लाचग l - िासतिीय सङगीतलाई मल आधार बनाएर सङगीत कषिमा परवि गरका
- उिम गरी र शिजञकषत कलाकारहरको उतपादन गन गरसततरीय सङगीत तरबदयालय र ववशववयापीरपमा परततसतपधाण गनण सकन वयवहाररक सङगीत शिकषाको ववकास गनण l
- दिभरर छररएर रहका सङगीत परशिकषर कनरहरलाई एउटा छाता मतन राखर गरसततरीय पाठयकरम बनाई परीकषा पररालीमा लयाउन पन l
- कलाकारहर रोजीरोटीमा माि शसशमत रहन पन बाधयता हन l - सङगीत तफण राजयको धयान कषटनरत गराउन नसकन l
शासतरीय सङगीतको सिसतयाहरका सिाधान
- दि सङघीयतामा गईसककाल अब हरक राजय वा परानतमा कलाकारहरको हकदहत र सरकषरको लाचग छटट तनकायको गठन गररनपन l
- िासतिीय सङगीतमा समवपणत साधक सजणकहरको पररचय बनाई जीवन सततर सहज बनाउन आजीवन भिा सवा सतरबधाको राजयल गयारनटी शलनपन तब माि शसजणनाल तनरनतरता पाउाछ र राजयल असल र सततररय सङगीतको ववकास गनण सकछ ककनकक भोको पटल शसजणना गनण सकदन l
- िासतिीय सङगीतको अधययन अधयापनलाई सहज बनाउनलाई हरक परानतमा तरबदयालय तथा महातरबदयालय तहमा िासतिीय सङगीतको पाठयकरम बनाई लाग गररनपन l
- राजधानीमा कषटनरत लशलतकला पदम कनया र रतन राजय कयामपस जसतत दिका अनय भागमा पतन ववसततार गररन पन l
- लशलतकलाको ववकासको लाचग छट Performing Art University को सतथापना गररन पन l
शासतरीय सङगीतको बततिान अिसतथा
- सतकल दखख + २ हाद ववशवववदयालयमा सतनातकोिर र ववदयावाररधी सममको अधययन हन गरको छ l
- समगर नपालको सङगीतको ववकास र सरकषरको लाचग राजयका तफण बाट ररडयो नपाल ( २००७) नपाल सङगीत तथा नाटय परजञा परततषठान (२०६४) सासतकततक ससतथान (२०१६) नपाल टशलशभजन (२०४१) लगाएतका ससतथाहरल योगदान ददइरहका छन l
- कलाकारलाई रोजगारीको अवसर शमलको छ l - राजधानी लगाएतका मठ मषटनदर गठीहर जसततः ककरातशवोर सङगीत
आशरम यलमाया कलाशसक पिपततनाथ सगीतकला परततषठान कपन सङगीत सरोवर कलातनचध सङगीत महातरबदयालय राम मषटनदर आदद कषिहरमा पाजञकषक माशसक रपमा िासतिीय सङगीतका कायणकरमहर हाद आएका छन l
- दजणनौ तनजी सङगीत परशिकषर कनरहरल पतन सङगीत शिकषा परदान गद आएका छन l
- राजयल लगाएत अनय तनषटज ससतथानहरल बषनी कलाकार तथा सरसतटाहरलाई परसतकार तथा मान सममान परदान गद आएका छन l
- कलाकारका हकदहतको लाचग ववशभनन ससतथाहर सककरय छन जसततः रोयलटी सकलन कनर परसततोता समाज सगीतकार सघ गीतकार सघ गायन समाज आदद l
- टशलशभजन लगायत ववशभनन खाल सचारका माधयमबाट आयोजना हन गरका गायनका ररयलदट िोहर जसबाट छोटो समयमान आफनो कला दखाएर चचाण पाउन समभावना बढर गएको छ
- आफनो कलालाई आफल परसततत गनण शमलन कसको पछी लागन नपन ववशभनन परववचधको ववकास भएको छ जसतको परयोगबाट सहज ववशव समदायमा आफनो कला परसततत गनण सककनछ
सङगीतिा गररएका नयाा परयोग (थरापी)
सङगीतदवारा गररन ववशभननखाल रोगहरको उपचार पदधतत लाई न music therapy भतननछ l सतनायववजञानमाचथ अनसनधान गरररहका मनोवजञातनक डयातनयल ज लशभदटनका अनसार मानशसक र िारीररक सतवासतथयका लाचग सङगीत चचककतसाका पररराम रोचक छन अनसनधानका अनसार यसल रोगपरततरोधातमक कषमतामा सकारातमक असर पछण यसल तनाव ददन हमोन कम गराउाछ सङगीतका अततररकत आमाको लोरीलाई पतन महततवपरण मातनएको छ लोरी सनन बानी परको बचचा िानत र सजग हनछ बचचालाई तनरा लागछ र ऊ घररघरर रा दन सङगीत थरापील गभणवती मदहलाको तनाव पतन कम हनछ सङगीत सनन बानील आतमा र िरीरका लाचग औषचधको काम गछण कततपय रोगमा औषचधल काम नगरपतन सङगीतल जादमयी असर दखाउाछ िरीरको कोदटणसोल सततर कम गरर यसल तनावगरसतत मासपिीहरलाई आराम ददनछ तनयशमत सङगीत सनदा ददमागल रामररी काम गनण पाउाछ असहनीय पीडाबाट गषटिरहका मातनसलाई सङगीत सनाउा दा आराम पगछ कयानाडाको अलबटाण ववशवववदयालयमा तीनदखख ११ वषणसममका ४२ बालबाशलकालाई इनजकसन लगाउन बलामा सङगीत सनाउा दा कम पीडा महसस भएको चथयो सङगीत शरवरल िरीरमा इमयनोगलोबशलन ए बढाउाछ यो एनटीबडील िरीरका कोशिकाहर सतवसतथ राखनका लाचग ठलो काम गछण सकरामक रोग लागकाहरलाई उपचारका बलामा सङगीत सनाउा दा परततरकषा पररालीमा सकारातमक असर पछण l घररघरर तरबरामी हनबाट बचनछ भन सङगीत सनन थालनस ढाडको समसतया हटाउन सतमरर िषटकत दहरो बनाउन र रामरो तनरा लयाउन पतन सङगीत परभावकारी हनछ तर िासति मा आधाररत समधर सङगीत सनदा माि यी असर दखखन हन l चको डागड़ोग र ककण ि सङगीत सनदा चादह तनाव थवपनछ l
उपसहार
िासतिीय सङगीतको उपासनाल तरनत मन सतथीर र एकतरित भई सतवरमा र आफनो उपासतयमा सतथीर हन हनाल यो धयानमागणमा पतन परवि गनणका लागी आहत नाद अथाणत सङगीतको अतत महतवपरण भशमका दखखनछ l
आजको नपाली सङगीतको गरसततरमा सदधाषटनतक र वयवहाररक दव पकषमा धर अनतर पाउनको पछाडी भौततक लाभको लाचग माि िासतिीय सङगीत को साधना गररन हो l भौततक पराषटपत का साथ साथ आधयाषटतमक उननततको लाचग पतन िासतिीय सङगीत उविक महतवपरण छ भनन बझन जररी छ l कला सादहतय र सङगीत नबझन वयषटकतलाई सङगीत सादहतयको सपरशसदध गरनथ ldquoितकियमrdquo का रचतयता भतणहरर नीततितकम खडमा भननहनछ -
सादहतयसङगीतकलाववहीनः साकषातपिः पचछववषारहीनः तर न खादननवप जीवमानसततदभागधय परम पिनाम १२
अथाणत जो मनषय सादहतय सगीत कलाबाट वचचत हनछ तयो पचछर तथा शसग तरबनाको साकषात पिको समान हनछ तयो तरबना घाास खाएर जीववत रहन पि भए तनःसदह सौभागयको करा हनछ
यषा न ववदया न तपो न दान जञान न िील न गरो न धमणः त मतयलोक भवव भारभता मनषयरपर मगाशचरषटनत 13
अथाणत ndash जन मनषयसग ववदया तप दानको भावना जञान िील (सतसतवभाव) मानवीय गर धमणमा सलगनताको अभाव हनछ तयो यस मररिील ससारमा धरतीको बोि बनर मनषय रपमा ववचरर गन पि हनछ नीततशलोकका रचतयता राजा भतणहरर यो सतपषट गनण चाहन हनछ कक मनषयको दतनक चयाण यदद पट पालन अथवा तयस भनदा कदह कदम अगारड सखभोगका साधन जटाउनलाई माि सीशमत रहको छ भन उसमा र जनावरमा कन खास फरक रहादन खान-वपउन र सखःभोग गन यही उसको जीवनको उदयशय रहको हनछ मनषयको बौदचधकताको कारर सखभोगको साथ साथ अनय कराहर पतन सलगन रहको हनछ कवव यस करालाई महतव ददन चाहन हनछ कक मनषय र पिमा शभननता कवल िारीररक सरचनामा माि सीशमत न रहर तयस भनदा माचथ उठर ववववध कलामा रचच राखन चचतन-मननको सामथयण हाशसल गनण ववदया आजणन गनण परोपकारादद कायणमा सलगन हन आधयाषटतमक जञानमा रचच राखन आददमा क दरत हन पछण जो यस परकारको उननत दजाणको कमणमा लागदन मनषय
रपमा उसको जीवनको साथणकता वसतततः सददगध हन जानछ तयो धरतीको लाचग एक परकारको बोिन हो भनन सककनछ जसरी सङगीतका सात सतवरहरको उतपवि उदाि अनदाि र सतवररत बाट भए सदहतयको वयाकररमा पतन यी तीन सतवरको वविष महतव रहको पाइनछ l सादहतयमा यमाताराजभानसलगा सि बाट ववशभनन छनदहरको तनमाणर भए जसतत सङगीतमा सारगमपधतनसा सि बाट न ववशभनन परकारका सतवरहर एव राग राचगनी हरको उतपवि भएको पाइनछ l कावयको लाचग ववषय िबद र अथण चादहनछ भन सङगीतको लाचग लय सतवर र धन आवशयक हनछ l सादहतय अथवा कावय सङगीत ववना परण हन सकतन तर सगीतमा सादहतय र िबद नभए पतन हनछ सादहतय िबद परधान हनछ भन सङगीत नाद परधान हनछ र िबद गौड रहनछ l चतन अचतन दबलाई परभाव पन कावय जसततो सङगीतलाई बझन मगज खखयाउन पदन l यसको अततररकत सब उमरका मातनस परारी एवम वोट ववरवा लाई समत लठठ पान कषमता सङगीतमा रहनछ l
अराात साहितय सगीत मधय कन एउटा पनन कला नभएको वयकतत पि समान िो | आफनो कला दवारा चतनाको सवोचच सरान परापत गना र गराउन सतन न मानव िो | पराकनतक रपमा िन िो भन पनछीिरल
घर िनाएको नाचको करायको िडा मनमोिक दखन र सनन सककनछ | तर पनन मानव ल मानव जीवन को अकनतम परयोजन मोकष को लागग आफनो कला परयोग गन गररएको िनाल अर पराकनतक जीव भनदा अलग
अकसततव िनाएको िो |
सगीत कला मधयको पररम कला को रपमा शलन गररनछ तमाम लशलत कला को ववधा भनदा सगीत कला ल अर कला भनदा िित परभाव पान गदाछ | चतन अवचतन र अचतन सिमा सगीत को परभाव पन गरका ववशभनन तथयिर फला परका छन | पराचीन काल िोस वा वतामान काल िोस | िाासरीको धन सन पनछ गाई
ल साववक भनदा अशल िढी दध हदन िरक हदन सगीत परवाि िन ठाउमा भएका बिरवा को बिकाि नछटो िन आहद वतामानमा परमाणणत भएका न छन |
सगीत मा साहितय को परयोग पनन उगचत रपमा जीवनत परयोग गन गररएको पाइनछ | जि कन गीतकार
को गीतमा सगीत को उगचत परयोग गन गररनछ ति तयो गीत कालजयी िनदछ |
राम चनरrdquo जि भजन को रपमा सनननछ सगीत को परभाव ल पाउज िजाउा द सामननमा हिडीरको पो िो कक
भनन भान िनछ |
गायन वादन र नतय को समकषट न सगीत िो | गायन लाइ अझ पषटता परदान गना वादन को परयोग गररनछ
तयस अनरप को नतय पनन गररनछ | िन त तीनवट ववधा छटटा छटट पनन परभाव पाना सफल छन तर पनन
ताल बिना गायन या नतय मा आननद को अनभनत िन पन जतती न िन ताल को सि काया वानछनीय
मानननछ |ताल कया ल आननद को अनभनत गराउादछ तयस ल राषर िोक को समय मा सर िाजा को मातर
परयोग गन गररनछ यसत ताल न जानाती गायको न स वादक कन पनन करा मा जि माननस आफनो सकपणा बिवक परयोग गदाा पनन सफल िन सतदन अनन कसलाई सोधर सफल िन भनन करा खोजद हिडछ
| आफ भनदा बििकी वयकतत फला पाछा अनन उसल सकपणा सफलता िात पादाछ | अनन तयो सफलता शसकाउन वयकतत गर को रपमा मानदछ उसल समाजमा तयो करा भन पनछ उसको जसत समसया भयका अर बयतती ल समाधान गराउन समरा बयतती लाई गर भनदछन र परशसदधी फलाउादछन | उततम गर लाई
उसको परशसदधी मा कन लोभ िादन बयततीमा भएको जञानको जयोनत मा लागको पदाा िटाउाछ र तयस मा फरर पदाा न लाछन उपाय िताउाछ र आफनो िाटो लाछदछ
आफभनदा अगाडी हिडको वयकतत लाइ गर या मागादिाक को रप मा शलन गररनछ | तसता मिान जन
िरक पदचाप लाइ आधार मानन चलन छ | ldquoमिाजनो यन गत स पनर ldquo अराात गणी मिान वयकततिर
ल अपनाएको िाटो कलयाणकारी िन गदाछ र विाालाइ गर मानर अर जनिर कलयाणको कामना मा तयहि
वािनसवामी िरर दास मीरा जीकबिर जीतकाराम आहद ल सगीत (गायन) को सार ल विााका इषट को साकषातकार गना भएको इनतिास छ |
गर िबद को अरा न अजञानको पदाा िटाउन वयकतत को रपमा शलईएको छ | सगीत लाइ गरमखी ववदया भननएको छ ककनकक कियातमक बिषयका अनक भराकनत गर दवारा मातर िल गना सकभव छ | पसतकमा
उललख गररएका ततविर आफल मातर सहि तररका िाट गायन वा वादन सकभव छन तयसल बिना गर
सगीतमा सफल िन सककदन | कन पनन परकारका ववधा मा गर को सरापना जररर छ जो तयस बिषय मा मिारर िाशसल गरको िनछ | तयसल गर को बिषय मा ldquo गररबाहमा गरबिाषण गरदवो मिशवरrdquo यानी गर
सकषट कसरनत र सिार कायामा समरा वयकतत को रप मा माननएको छ | उतकषट गर र शिषय एक अकाामा पररपरक िन गदाछन | चतनाको ववशभनन आयाम को मागादिान गरदवारा न सकभव छ |
पराचीन समय मा सि बिषय िर सनर न पठन पाठन गन चलन गरयो भनन करािर पढन पाइनछ |
वद को पठन पाठन सनर न गन गररनथयो तयस कारण शरनत नामाकरण भयो | जि माननस मा सनर गरिण
समयमा ६४ कला को अधययन अधयापन गररनथयो | राज कल ऋवषकल वपतकल गरकल आहद ससरा िाट शिकषा परदान गन चलन गरयो |६४ कला मधय लशलत कला को सरान पहिलो तयस मधयमा पनन सगीत
लाइ सवोपरी मानन गररएको छ | साम वद न सगीतको जननी को रप मा माननयको गायन आज को समयसकम आइपछदा ववशभनन अवसरा पार गद िाशम सकमख छ |
शिकषण को मखय तीन अग मानननछ
१ गरशिकषक २ शिषय बिदयारी ३ बिषय शिकषा
मागरका तीन करािर जि सकननहित िनछन ति शिकषण िनछ | तीन मधय एउटा कराको मातर अभाव
रिमा अशभषट शसदध निन िनछ | अनन तीन मधय एउटा पनन कमजोर रिमा उतकषट ननतजा आउन करामा सनदि रिन सतछ | तयसल तीनवट को सामनजसय रिन आवसयक छ | जसरर एउटा राषर समदध िन
पालना गना आवसयक मानननछ ति मातर उतकषट राजय िन जानछ | तयसत परकारल गरशिषय र शिकषा को सहि सयोजन िाट उतकषट परनतफल को कामना गना सककनछ | गर मातर गणी भएर िनन तसलाई गरिण गन वयकतत पनन पातरता भएको िन पदाछ आफलाई खाशल पार पछी मातर कन वसत भना सकजलो िनछ | गर का सकमख िादा म लाई आउाछ भनन भाव को सवारा अभाव िन पदाछ भनन चलन छ समगर मा भनन पदाा गर
एव शिषय दव एक अकाा मा पररपरक छन | कन एक को अभावल अशभषट शसदध िदन |
पराचीन समय दणख न उतकषटता को खोजीमा िाशम मनतर तनतर िद यनतर यग सकम आइपगका छौ | परसतत लखमा गर र शिषय मा क क ततव िन पछा भनन करा उललख गना खोकजएको छ | यस बिषय मा िाल
सकम आइ पछदा गर र शिषयमा ननकन करा िर िन पछा भनन अनभव गररएको छ |
गर मा िन पन गण
१ जञान २ ववजञान ३ वचन ४ परयोग शसदगध ५ शिषय ननसपादन ६ उजाा वदगध |
तयस गरर शिषय मा ननकन करा िरको परख गररनछ |
१ समपाण २ भकतत ३ मिनत ४ वफादारी ५ समय को पालन |
अि यस लाइ अशल बिसतार मा िझौ|
गर मा खोकजन करा िर |
१ जञान जन बिषय को अधयन गररनछ तयस बिषय परनत अमक वयकतत को जञान कनत छ यानी तयस बिषय
मा चाहिन बिषय वसतपरनत आवसयक करा िर कनत छ भनन करा पहिलो रोजाई िनछ | तयस वयकतत ल
वयकतत ल शिकषा गरिण गरको गर वा घर पररवार आहद सि करा िररकन उसको पररकषण गररनछ र उसको ववदवतता को चाल पाउन गररचछ | तयस बिषय मा कनत करा िर को पराचीन काल दणख अहिल सकममा भएका पररवतान को िार मा पनन रािा िन पदाछ |
२ ववजञान ववषय को वविष यानी गिन जञान न बिजञान िो | ववषय ल बयतत गना खोजको करा लाइ गिन
रपमा गचनतन गन र तयसलाइ बयतत गना न ववजञान को रपमा शलन गररनछ | जसत बििान को समय मा ककन मनर सपतक मा अभयास गना पछा भनन करा को समाधान गना सतन बिलककित लयमा अभयाि गदाा िन फायदा सवर को कन परकारल अभयास गदाा क कराको फायदा शलन सककनछ आहद करा बिजञान शभतर
राखन सककनछ | शिषय को कन पकष मा झकाि िढी छ तसमा अझ ननखारता र अर पकष को सिल बिकाि मा धयान हदन जञान न बिजञान िो |
३ वचन यानी िोलन तररकाभाषा को परयोग िबद को चयन आहद करा को पनन बिचार गन गररनछ | कन कन िला मा गर ल अशल कठोर खालको िचन को पनन परयोग गना पन िनछ | अशल ररसाएर परयोग गररएको वचन ल बिदयारी अशल सजगता हदएर शसतन पनन िनछ तयस कारण पनन कन समयमा अशल रखो सबद
को परयोग गदाा बिदयारी को िीतलाइ धयान राणखएको िन गदाछ | ससकत मा एउटा नीती वचन ल भनछ ldquo
लालानाद िििो दोषा ताडनाद िििो गणाrdquo यानी धर माया ल पनन बिगगरन सकभावना िनछ समय समय
मा धयान हदन पन िनछ र उगचत कदम चालन पदाछ | वचन को अको परयोजन कन रचना रचना गन समयमा पनन मितव राखदछ कन िकनदि को रचना मा कन खालका िबदावली को परयोग गन भनन करा पनन यसशभतर
राखन सककनछ
४ परयोग शसदगध यानी भाषागत शसकाएका करा यनतर िाट पनन िजाएर वा गायन गरर परसतत गना सतन
िन पदाछ | कन पनन बिषय को शभबतर करा परयोगका सार िताउन सतन यानी कन राग मा परयोग गररएको बिषि कराको शलणखत मातर िन परयोग पनन गना सतन र िताउन सतन िन पदाछ | तिला मा कन घराना मा कसतो ननकाि या गायन मा दरिारी को गानधार या भरवी को गानधार को परयोय गरर दखाउन सतन | भपाली र रामकली या दिकार आहद ककन फरक छ भनन करा को भाशलभाती परयोग गरर शसकाउन सतन |
५ शिषय ननषपादन अनत शसकर आएका नभई सरदणखन आफल शसकाएका शिषय कनत छन या खिर
जसत मौसममा मातर िन अर िला सखा िो कक अरवा शिषय लाइ अनघ िढन या कसरर अगाडी लर जान
सककनछ भनर िर सकभव परयास गन काम ल न शिषय ननषपादन िन सकभव छ विााल नाम शलन शिषय
ल गरका काम िाट पनन शिषय ननषपादन को िारमा जानकारी शलन सककनछ | शिषय को परगनत न भएको मा गचनता शलन खालका गर िन जररर छ | उसका परगती मा भएका िाधा िर सकभव िटाउन खोजन गरल मातर
असल शिषय ननषपादन गरको पाइनछ | आफमा भएको कला गरल योछय शिषयलाइ मातर परदान गरर योछय
शिषय ननषपादन गनािनछ | िरक ववदयारी को कषमताको पहिचान गरर तिी अनरप को तयारी गराउन
सकमा मातर शिषय ननषपादन अझ िढी परभावकारी िन जानछ | ५ जना शिषय लाइ ५ परकार िाट तयार
गराउन सतन आफमा चनौती िन जानछ शिषय आफलाई एउटा बिषयमा ककनरत गरर अभयाि गछा तर
गर ल ५ वटा न करा को अलग अलग गचनतन मनन गना परम आवसयक पछा | जसरर तिला मा िनारि
घराना अनतगात ५ ववदवानको तिला सनन िो भन सिको अलग अलग तिला छ कसरर तसको कारण यहि
िो कक जो शिषय को जन करामा जयादा रची छ तयस अनरप को शसकाई गर िाट भएको छ | ताल योगी पणडीत सरि तलवालकर जी का सि ववदयारी को तिला अलग -२ न छ | शिषय उतपादन गना आफ मा एक
चनौती िो
६ उजाा वदगध गरल िासतर र तयस को परयोग का सारसार तयस बिषयमा अझ रामरोसग लाछन उजााको वदगध िन करा िर ननरनतर परवाि गना अतयनत जररर छ | उजाावान गर ल मातर उजाा हदन सतछ | जि शिषय
गर को भट िनछ अभयास करा पहिलो परारशमकता मा राखदा अझ उततम लाछछ | तयस उजाा ल बिदयारी मा जीवन मा कहि गना सतन िल परापत गछा | भट िादा कन सगीतसाधकको सकारातमक करासगीत को रचना को करा नयाा रचना को करा ल ववदयारी मा उजाा भन काम गछा | बिशिषट गणवान कलाकार को शरबय
दशय समागरील पनन ववदयारी मा उजाा भन काम गदाछ | उचच कोटी का गरिरल आफना चला लाइ आफनो जसतो नभ आफ भनदा फरक काया गना सदव पररणा परदान गना भएको करा उजाा परापत कलाकारिरको करा िाट परापत गररएको पाइनछ | ववदयारी को कषमता अनरप को कायामा लाछन पररणा गना जसत कन ववदयारी रचना गना रची राखछ भन तिी काया मा उसलाई िौिला परदान गन | सगीत का ववशभनन आयाम मा काम
गना सतन खिी को समगचत ढग िाट पहिचान गरर तसलाई अनघ िढन उतपररणा परदान गन | कन कन ववदयारी लाइ सगीत को िार मा खोज गना मन लाछन िन सतछ तसतो ववदयारी लाइ बिषय को िारमा मागा दिान परदान गन काम पनन गर िाट िन पदाछ |
तयस गरर शिषय मा िन पन करा |
१ समपाण कन पनन करामा आफलाइ सकपणा रपमा तयसमा नलगाएमा सफल िन सककदन | तन मन र
५ िफादारी यानी भनको मानन गर ल भन पछी ज गरन पनन पनछ न िटन | शसकाएका करा लाइ जसताको तसत गरर गाउन या िजाउन | जि िफादार छ भनन करा कसरर िनछ ति गरल सि करा कन िाकक नराखी कन शसकाउन िनछ अनन मातर आफनो अशभषट शसदध िनछ | मिाभारत मा अजान र असवतरामा को परसङग
आउछ कक जनत ववदया अजान लाइ रोण ल हदन भयो तती असवतरामा लाइ हदन भएन ककन मिनती र
आफनो ववदया गलत परयोग निन अवसराको जञान ल गदाा न तसतो भएको िो | गर सग शसकको ववदया िो परयोग गन िलामा गरको समरण पनन िफादारी िो | कहि समय एक जना गरकोमा जान फरी अको गरकोमा जान यसरर ननरनतर गरिर पररवतान गन चलन उपयतत माननदन | कन जनावर पाशलयको छ भन उसको माशलक भनदा सि कराल उततम अर कन मानछ साग तयो पालत रवततदन तयसतो गरर िफादार रिन न सक
पनन सक जनत िफादार िन उततम माननएको छ
६ समय को पालन समय को पालन सिल सकयक परकारल गना आवसयक छ यहद समय को पालन गररएन
भन आवसयक काम ननषपादन िदन | कन पनन कामको लागग तोककएको समयमा तयो काम परा गना पदाछ
| भन को समय मा तोककएको काम गररएको खणडमा मातर समय को पालन गररएको मानननछ | शसकाउन समय अभयासगन समय सगीतमा समय अनसार को राग िनछ सहि समय मा सहि राग को परयोगल
ववशभनन काम गन रािा न छ | दख को समय मा सख को समय का लागग अलग -२ ताल र राग को परयोग
गन गररएको पाइनछ | समय को परवाि न ताल को रपमा परयोग गररएको िो | गरकल मा रिी शिकषा आजान
गन ववदयारी लाइ ननयम को पालन अतयनत आवशयक ततव मनननछ |
आफल शसकको बिदया मा न कहि गरर दखाउन उददशयका सार लागग परको बिदयारी ल आफनो किागरिदगध अपरतीम कौिल लगन ननयम नतरब समरण एव आसरा आहद गण भएको खणड मा मातर
समय ववदया मिनत आहद लगानी गना भनदा पहिला परनतफल रामरो िनछकक िदन भनन मागर को तररका परयोग गररकन िन परचलन छ | तयस कारण जान बिवततक या शिषय िनाउन भनन करा सननासार तरनत
सवीकार नगन चलन छ | मागर उललणखत करा िरको िारमा रामरोसग जानकारी शलन कहि समय लगगिालछ
|
कवव भबतरािरी भनन िनछ ldquo गण लबधा सवयमव सकपदrdquo गणको बिकाि न सकपवतत(सकपदा) आगमनको कारण िो | जसतो परकार को सकपवततको भणडार गना खोकजएको िो तसतो गण को बिकाि वानछनीय छ |
The two Essays ldquoWhatrsquos in a Namerdquo(by Henry Louis Gates Jr) and ldquoThe lsquoBlack Tablersquo is Still
Thererdquo(by Lawrence Otis Graham) included in ldquoPatterns of College Writingrdquo the English
Course book for BA 1st year reflect upon the racial discrimination prevalent in the USA
Though the essays are written by two different writers their response towards the prejudice is
based on their own experience Both the writers belong to Black community that went through
traumatic period of prolonged injustice offences deprivation and oppression in America They
give account of their childhood when they had the bitter experience of being insulted and
excluded by whites Gates remembers himself as an innocent child who was ignorant about the
demeaning attitude of whites towards his race in general and his own father in particular Even
when he grows up it makes no senses to him that bynames used for Black people signifies hatred
and prejudice white people have nurtured He implies that people should be judged from their
quality contribution and skill Likewise Graham who clung to integration and still faced the
exclusion during his schooldays was confused about the existing different treatment towards
himself He is disillusioned when he finds out the integration be just superficial as he grows up to
a professional lawyer Gates using the allusion from Shakespearersquos Romeo and Juliet ldquoWhatrsquos in
a namerdquo and Graham using a symbol ldquoBlack Tablerdquo of his junior high school strongly hold the
belief that segregation is wrong
2
Gatesrsquo Experience
African Americans are generally the descendants of enslaved black people within the boundaries
of present United States Formal political economic and social discrimination against these
minorities has been present throughout American history Gates despises the discrimination of
black people especially the spiteful attitude of whites using bynames to address them His
childhood experience gives an account of his irreversible negative recognition labeled to him by
white despite his high financial standings The racial identity has been denominated by whites as
inferior ugly and poor which is further crushed by giving bynames like Kaffir Tar Baby Jim
Crow Georgehellip Even a lower social status white like Mr Wilson would find privilege to insult
his well to do father just because he was a black Gates hated that his father being called by
different name which was not truly his name His fury was not for demeaning his father instead
his fatherrsquos silence hurts him more From then he had the revelation that two worlds exist for
black people like him The hierarchy created by whites has been choking them and shooing them
to the margin White people who regarded themselves supreme hurled the hatred in different
forms and one of them was negative names
Grahamrsquos Experience
In the US the separation was experienced in various areas such as public transportation
schools restaurants and residential places where individuals were restricted on the basis of
racial background Black table in the cafeteria got the name as black boys would separate
themselves from other race except Graham He strictly adhered to integration by avoiding black
table for two reasons first he held the principle of equality and integration strongly and second
he didnrsquot want to lose his white friends by being racial As a schoolboy he carried on the
principle seriously despite being shunned by white community Since he prospered as an
American entertaining all the integrating activities with the whites he condemns the separation
though volunteer it is What shocks him the most is the black table still laying on the cafeteria
even after 27 years He wondered that other separate tables in which athletes Jewish boys
Jewish girls Irish kids heavy metals grouphellipsegregate themselves had never drawn argument
and condemnation during his school life The trend he considered deplorable even though the
principles may have changed is still alive He wakes up to a new realization of truth that people
tend to gravitate towards other people they think they may relate better with and stay away from
what they think is different
Gatesrsquos Allusion
ldquoWhatrsquos in a namerdquo is an allusion derived from Shakespearersquos ldquoRomeo and Julietrdquo a romantic
tragedy Its Juliet who states this very expression to imply that name should not determine how
people are to be regarded by others Julietrsquos stance and condition is analogous to Gates as he
abhors the trend of discrimination and prejudice that lies behind names Gates expresses his
claim that name shaped peoplersquos perceptions and prejudice in the mid 1950s Name is a part of
3
onersquos identity how one is recognized and addressed by the world These names on the other
hand signify offenses and disrespect George was an infamous name to belittle black people and
Gates hated that his father was put to a lower standard than he truly was Gates illustrates how
racism can perpetuate prejudice that aims to snatch individual identity
Grahamrsquos symbol
Black table which is regarded with scorn by whites is a symbol that segregates black boy from
others Graham sees it as a taboo and by avoiding it he wants to prove that he is not an angry
black person who wants nothing to do with the white kids White kids who would never invite
him to occasions as they thought it would make people feel uncomfortable Poor Graham is torn
between the scorns of black boys and taunting of white boys Even after fourteen years of his
adolescence still existing black table refracts that integration has not eradicated the sense of
separation it has become more entrenched as time went by Such vicious circle can go on for
centuries and even millennia perpetuating an imagined hierarchy that sprang from transhistorical
occurrences (Harari 161)
The common ground
Both writers share common ground in yearning for equality dignity and respectable space in
society Black table exhibits stark view of human nature on the one hand and on the other hand it
displays the superficial encroachment of integration that manipulated him to refuse his own
ground Both of them represent the blacks who resent the violation of social dignity and the ones
who want to negotiate the legislation to be united Gates the innocent and naiumlve boy gauges the
wounded self- esteem of his parents after the exposure to unwanted offence he witnessed
Similarly the ideal black boy Graham finds his ground as he becomes a matured man He
blamed the black boysrsquo attitude to be the hurdle of integration He even swallowed white parentrsquos
insulting treatment who begrudged his presence in their gatherings and other occasions Graham
ultimately feels the need to realize that modern times self segregation is the custom that humans
adopted from their ancestors culture and their biology and intelligence It is the imagined orders
and devised scripts humans have constructed and internalized in order to organize the society
within a power structure
Pathos Logos and Ethos
The title ldquoWhatrsquos in a namerdquo is a rhetorical question and finally answers that name can be
manipulated used and even misused according to the userrsquos vested interest His fatherrsquos silence
and helplessness devastates the childrsquos psyche driving him to loathe Mr Wilson who resembled
his own Uncle Joe This infers that how come Mr Wilson so much alike his uncle can be a snob
Gatesrsquo emotional appeal (pathos) invokes readers particularly the blacks who grew up
swallowing the hatred He motivates the readers to empathize the humiliated parents that
dwarfed them to their marginal state Gates first presents the causes of his rage to intensify
readerrsquos emotions Mr Wilson despite his own wretched social status dominates his father using
4
bynames And in turn his fatherrsquos reasoning for suppressed silence infuriates the narrator and the
reader as well Gatesrsquo wrath pervades the end of the essay as Gates describes how they cowered
back to quietness and consoled themselves by glorifying black sports star Jackie Robinson This
situation better speaks the condition of black people before Civil Rights Movement
Likewise Grahams evidently implies the answer of why is the black table still there in his junior
high school His rhetorical questions ldquoWhy did the black kids separate themselves What did the
table say about the segregation that was supposedly going on in homerooms and gym classes
(189) are the logic (logos) providing His reasons in the form of questions ldquoWhat was I
thinkingrdquo and ldquoI realize that how wrong I wasrdquo (190) is the logos appeal consisting of reason for
accepting the narratorrsquos claim Readers can easily grasp Grahamrsquos perspective shaped by idealist
notion that has been changed to a kind of awakening at the fag end of the essay He doesnrsquot
directly tell the audience exactly what to conclude the readers nevertheless are encouraged to
infer the existing differences that lay deep down the surface of integration
The credential of the writerrsquos (ethos) lies on the fact that both of them are from black American
family background which accentuates the ground for trusting their opinion arguments and
feelings Their own experience can be recognized as real since their self-representation is equally
trust-inspiring Readers can simply believe their claims and frustration to be relevant Both
writers oppose the erasing of self the true being of an individual
Style
Beginning with anecdote both the writers excites the readers to go through the text Gates hints
that the issue of mistreating by the so called powerful and highly privileged whites is not new
The use of dialogues has made vivid impact on the writing instigating the readers to feel the
same negative aura Similarly Grahamrsquos narration takes gait from the anecdote itself Profound
rhetorical questions and quotations put additional impetus on his logos appeal provoking to
thoughts Both writers conclude their essay with the same mood and context as they have begun
More personal style makes familiar tone in Grahamrsquos writing using first person pronouns and
contracted forms(Irsquom Irsquod)
Conclusion
The phenomena of racial discrimination in USA are rooted on sociopolitical hierarchies which
cannot be justified through logical and biological basis Biology ie the blackness and other
physiology of black people cannot explain the intricacies of American racial dynamics Gatesrsquo
fury and Grahamrsquos confusion are the outcome of historical phenomena events circumstances
and power structure that transformed the social condition into cruel social structures Martin
Lutherrsquos dream of former slaves and the sons of slaveholders being able to sit down together at
the table of brotherhood (176) seem to be thwarted by self segregation The hierarchy of race
originated from accidental historical circumstances and was perpetuated and refined over many
5
generations with their own vested interest Gates and Graham are among many black writers who
seek justified answer for the age old question asking for the existence of black people as equal to
whites The value of contribution of these black people who were brought to America depriving
their homeland of strong human resource has been relegated The vicious cycle seems to repeat
when the lynching and brutalizing of black by whites trickles down now and then in America
References
Gates Henry Louis Jr ldquoWhatrsquos in a Namerdquo Patterns for College Writing A Rhetorical Readers and
Guide 12th edEd Laurie GKriszner and Stephen R Mandell Boston Bedford 20122-4 Print
Graham Lawrence Otis ldquo lsquoThe Black Tablersquo is Still Thererdquo Kriszner and Mandell 188-190
Harari Yuval Noah Sapiens A Brief History of Humankind London Vintage 2015 Print
King Martin Luther Jr ldquoI Have a Dreamrdquo The Heritage of Wordsrdquo Ed Abhi Subedi Rameshwar
Adhikaray and Shreedhar Lohani Kathmandu Ekta Books 2018 Print
Mahendra Prasad Adhikari
Library officer Lalitkala Campus
A Concept on E-LIBRARY vs Automation Abstract
Generally the working collection of books documents newspapers audio-visual
materials kept and organized people to read or borrow in a library Recent advances
in computers storage and processing communication technologies e-product
networking and internet uses have brought a revolutionary change in functioning of
the libraries and its services Information communication technology (ICT) makes
a lot of impact on library and it has changed the concept of library where print and
paper media are the main components of library system To meet tremendous
information explosion and high demand of information libraries are now changes
in digital library Due to digitizing the library resources and fast changing
technology a new type of library is coming in existence which is called- virtual
library Many of us are always very much confused about such terminology of library
It reflects three main components- service provider service receiver and the
channels of service delivery (ie technology) Internet is the main channel of e-
service delivery while other classic channels (eg telephone call center public kiosk
mobile phone television) are also considered In this paper we try to clear the
concept of these libraries terminology in a professional way
Key Words Automation Hybrid Library Digital Library Virtual Library
Automated Library Electronic Library Modern Library
Introduction
Its an electronic or online library where one can have access to books journals
novels articles or any other information over net E-service (electronic
service) represents application of utilizing the use of Information and
communication technologies (ICTs) in different areasit includes the service
element of e-tailing customer support and service delivery Database of
digitized audio video and written material on a physical site andor a website
giving 24hour online access to users E-Library is generally a library where
books can be accessed through internet Just sitting anywhereanytime a user
can read the material online
The library has purchased subscriptions to many electronic information
resources in order to provide you with access to them free of charge Our
e-resources include lots of things full-text journals newspapers company
information e-books dictionaries encyclopedias economic data digital
images industry profiles market research career information etc
What is Automation
The term automation is introduced used first DS Harder in 1936 He
defined it as ldquothe automation is handling of parts between progressive
production processes Since then the term has been applied to a wide variety
of automatic machinery and automatic systems In addition is action for
human efforts of intelligence
Need for Library Automation
There are several reasons for automation A considerable saving
in efforts Time and resources involved in manual processing can be
achieved The other reasons are 1) To improve control over collection 2) To have an entries control over the entire operation
3) To improve the existing services as well as introduce new
services
4) To avoid duplicate of work
5) To use services of the existing staff effectively
Basic Requirement of Library Automation
The following are the basic requirements for the automation of
libraries through the computer 1) Adequate collection 2) Financial assistance
3) Computer hardware
4) Library software
5) Tanning of the staff
6) Maintenance of development
Advantages of Library Automation
There are several advantages of Library Automation a machine
readable catalogue prepared at the time of acquisition may be required
respectively for number of purposes Automation has the following
advantages 1) Professional staff need not spend much time to do the routine library work 2) Eliminates human errors while performing routine library works
3) Improved control covers library collection
4) Increased computer awareness among users
5) Cataloguing is faster instant access to non-records
6) Excellent control over circulation
Some Library Software
3
1 KOHA
2 EMIS
3 PMB
4 LIBRA etc
The functions of e-libraries
1) Systematic and organized collection of print and non-print resources
2) Digital in formats so that easily process able by computers
3) The acquisition storage disseminates amp retrieval of information is done by the use
of technology
4) Access of entire holding of library is directly or indirectly accessible across the
network with the help of internet
5) Supports and provides more amp better online amp offline services
Natures of e-library
1 In digital library e-library a set of documents available through electronic means by
the use of digital technologies that allow for the retrieval archiving preservation and
dissemination of those documents which are provides access to in electronic format
2 A Physical site andor website that provide 24-hour online access to digitized audio
video and written material such as books journals and articles The content may come
from different providers
3 Digital library provide as an information service in which all the information
resources are available in computer-process able form and the functions of acquisition
storage retrieval access and display are carried out through the use of digital
technologies
4 e-Library collections of documents in organized electronic form available on the
Internet or on CD- ROM disks and Specific library a user may be able to access
magazine articles books papers images sound files and videos
5 A database is a collection of information stored in a computer or server which
incorporates software to provide efficient retrieval of the data Databases are great tools
to help you retrieve information by keyword title author subject year etc The most
common types of databases in the library are the online catalogue and the virtual
electronic databases Some are in visible some are in Download able such as full
Text abstract title with Content free of cost paid full
6 A Virtual Library is a collection of resources available on one or more computer
systems where a single interface or entry point to the collections is provided
7 More than just a means of collocating electronic resources (full-text materials
databases media and catalogues) a virtual library also provides user assistance services
such as reference inter library loan technical assistance etc
4
8 Library resources (indexes journals and reference materials for example) or
online reference services are available over the Internet Terms such as electronic
Library and Digital Library are often used synonymously
9 A hybrid library which is partly electronic and partly physical It has a physical space
with both the physical and electronic resources and services
10 A hybrid library is not just a traditional library (only containing paper-based
resources) or just a virtual library (only containing electronic resources) but somewhere
between the two It is a library which brings together a range of different information
sources printed and electronic local and remote in a seamless way
Different Types of Library
Library is a place where the collection of information resources in print or in other forms
that is organized and made accessible for reading or study is kept International
Organization for Standardization has defined library as irrespective of the title any
organized collection of printed books and periodicals or of any other graphic or audio-
visual materials and the services of a staff to provide and facilitate the use of such
materials as are required to meet the informational research educational or recreational
needs of its users
Advances in Information Communication Technology (ICT) particularly the World
Wide Web (WWW) have seen the evolution of the automated library electronic library
digital library virtual library Hybrid library etc
A Traditional Library Traditionally libraries were collections of books manuscripts
journals and other sources of recorded information The collection of the traditional
libraries are mostly print media manuscripts etc and are not well organized The
documents are deteriorating at a rapid rate the collected information is not easy to locate
and procure Such information does not reach the user of the libraries on time It is
difficult to get such publications in the absence of personal influence and contacts
There are certain restricted publications containing highly informative materials but
may not be easily available Sometimes the information is published after many years
By the time it is published the information becomes obsolete and then abandoned Since
it is not properly indexed or listed the researcher is forced to go through long and
tedious process to ascertain whether any material of hisher interest is available or not
Here the collections are not well organized and some reports are deteriorating at a rapid
rate Preserving them in their original form is difficult and it is not cost effective Again
the traditional libraries are confined itself within a physical boundary
B Automated Library A library wh i c h provides automatic services with machine-
readable catalog computerized acquisition circulation and Online Public Access
Catalogue (OPAC) are called as automated library The holdings or collection of
5
automated such types of libraries makes them better and offer more and effective services
are same as that of traditional libraries
C Electronic Library When automated libraries go for Local Area Networking (LAN)
and CD-ROM networking and started procuring e-journals and other similar kinds of
electronic materials of publications ( magnetic tapes microfilm roles CDs DVDs
Microform or other media) and accessible by any medium such as computer laptops I-
pads etc are stored and then it is known as electronic library The electronic information
or material may be stored in an offline server or online which may be accessed remotely
via computer networks The resources of the electronic libraries are in both print and
electronic form The electronic media are used for storage retrieval and delivery of
information
D Digital Library In digital libraries services are fully automated and all resources
in digital form These libraries are heterogeneous in nature and include work related
to information and how to digitize store find link visualize use publish manage and
share information Digital library is an assemblage of digital computing storage and
communication machinery together with content and software In a digital library there
are mainly two types of information
1) Born digital This information are digitally created and stored
2) Digitalized Information is in physical formats (print format) with the help of
appropriate hardware and software the information is converted into digital format or in
electronic format
It is a later stage of electronic library In digital library high speed optical fiber are used
for LAN and the access is over WAN and provide a wide range of Internet based
services ie audio and video conferencing and like other The majority of the holding
of a digital library is in the computer readable form and also acts as a point of access to
other online sources
E Virtual Library The concept of virtual library also emerged simultaneously with
electronic library and digital library This emergence is perhaps because all the
information uses are at present through networked libraries at the desktop which is quite
virtual (practical) without the physical existence of books on shelves A virtual library
can be simply defined as the internet-based digital library or a library without walls The
concept of virtual library is that any person who has a computer and connection to the
library networks can access not only the resources of that library but also a variety of
information available through national and international networks like internet and
intranet without being physically present in the library Access digital information from
the any part of the globe through an network (LAN or WAN) or any other gateway
such as internet The term virtual library is attracted the interest of users because of the
increasing medium called the WWW (World Wide Web) The virtual library is the single
most reachable and important source of information in the world and leads to
6
replacement for the traditional library A collection of links is also a virtual library these
links are not necessary owned by the virtual library However the links are maintained
updated and managed as a normal function of the virtual library
F Hybrid Library It was designed to bring a range of technologies from different
sources together in the context of a working library and to explore integrated systems
and services in electronic and printed environments It reflects the transitional state of
the library which today can neither be fully printed nor fully digital Hybrid libraries
consist of conventional print material such as books magazines journals as well as
nonconventional or electronic based material such as audio books electronic journals
e-books etc Hybrid libraries are the new and emerging term for the most public and
academic libraries because with the existing services and collection they can easily
provide electronic services or online services and easily build digital collections
There are many myths about digital library as 1) The internet is the digital library
2) Fully automated library is digital library
3) The myth of a single digital library or one-window view of digital library collections
4) Digital libraries will provide more equitable access anywhere any time
5) Digital libraries will be cheaper than print libraries
Advantages of e-libraries Todayrsquos libraries are not encircled to a particular location The user can get his her
information on his own computer screen by using the Internet It is a network of
compound access system which provides quick information to many users at the same
time There are many advantages of having hybrid digital and virtual libraries some of
the common advantages are as follows
1) No physical boundary The users did not require going to the library through internet
they could access the same information from all over the earth instantly He she have to
just type the URL of the library and heshe can get all the services and information what
heshe get in the libraries Which saves users time and every information is on single
click
2) Round the clock availability libraries can be accessed at any time 24 hours a day
and 365 days of the year All the digital content is on the internet so the information is
available at 24 hours because machines donrsquot know about day night weeks and months
Every information is available online without the respect of time
3) Multiple accesses The same resources can be used at the same time by a number of
users The users can access same the same material at numerous of times without any
difficulties and at the same time It saves users time and money which is economical
and leads to better services according to userrsquos needs and demands Multiple accesses
mean many users use the same resource at the same time or after some time However
in traditional libraries particular resource can accessed only once by a single user
7
4) Structured approach the contents of modern libraries are much richer than the
conventional libraries and the collections are in a very organized way ie users can easily
access the catalogue and from catalogue to the exacting book then from the book to a
particular chapter and so on In a library there are organized collections of human
knowledge so with the help of search we can easily approach to our particular topic
and collect the information related to the topic we search the topic in a structured way
which means that from a catalog to book then to index then from chapter so on according
to our needs we move from books to main directory or catalogue
5) Information retrieval The users are able to search or retrieve information with
the use any keyword which are related to the word or phrase of the entire collection
Digital library have user- friendly interfaces one click access to its contents The users
can easily search any word sentence symbol numbers with the help of interfaces called
search box with the help of search we can go through our topic With information
retrieval it saves the userrsquos time in searching of their information quick access to their
topics and easy to operate
6) Space The traditional library faces problems of storage and space as the collections
are in print form it occupies more space whereas electronic or digital libraries store
more information in a very less space Thousands of eBooks magazines journals etc
can be stored in single hard disks so it is important to know that the digital library needs
very less space without effecting their operations and services When the conventional
library had no physical space digitalization of its collection is the only solution
7) Networking nowadays libraries are interconnected with high-speed internet
connection which is called networking sharing of resources can be done through the
sharing of links Users need not required to go to library he can easily access the libraries
resources through internet and use their services Users can easily access many libraries
database at a single click because libraries shares the links of others libraries links which
saves users time and helps in the searching of their relevant information
8) Cost The expenditure on maintaining an electronic virtual library is much lower than
that of a traditional library A conventional library have to accept more expenditure on
the maintenance staff and professionals salaries etc this can be abridged by electronic
virtual libraries because in these modern libraries there are one time investment till the
technology changes and after that less professionals need for the maintenance of the
library
Challengesdisadvantages of e-libraries The computer viruses disasters lack of standardization for digitized information
quick degrading properties of digitized material different display standard of digital
product and its associated problem health hazard nature of the radiation from monitor
etc makes digital libraries at times handicap
1 Copyright Digitization opposes the copyright law as the content or resources of one
author can be simply transferable by others without his knowledge The main challenge
is that how the libraries broadcast information along with protecting the intellectual
8
properties of an author There are very strict rules regarding the violation of copyright
laws but in digital era it is very difficult to save the intellectual property rights of an
author or publisher
2 Speed of access as more and more computers are connected then the loads on the
server makes website slow If new technology will not evolve to solve the problem then
in near future Internet will be full of error messages As we all know that the technology
is going older day by day so itrsquos difficult to provide same speed of access because digital
content includes audio video documents which are of big in size and require more
bandwidth speed
3 Initial cost is high The initial cost of modern libraries such as the cost of software
hardware communication networks and other equipments are very high So it is very
expensive for libraries to purchase them because libraries are not the profit making
organizations they are depend on any institutions which provides funds for the
functioning and running of the libraries
4 Band width libraries will need high transfer rates for transfer of multimedia resources
but the band width is decreasing day by day due to its over utilization and overload on
the internet The slow bandwidth leads to slow download and uploading of digital
material which means users have to give more time in searching and downloading their
contents
5 Efficiency with the information explosion there is tons of information on particular
topics so it is very difficult to find the right information on the particular topic The
authentication of the information is not sure
6 Environment modern libraries cannot produce the environment of traditional
libraries Many users also find that reading printed information much easier than reading
information on a computer screen Due to lack of technological awareness many people
prefer to use print materials for reading Moreover the habits are the major problem
7 Preservation Due to rapid change in technology libraries become outdate and its
information may become inaccessible In future many new formats evolve so it is
difficult to preserve the library resources at a standard format so that in future we may
use it
Conclusion
The hybrid electronic digital and virtual libraries are the modern libraries and they are
synonyms to each other The modern libraries are not going to replace the physical
existence of print resources completely but no doubt to meet the present demand of the
users and change in technology to satisfy the users demand digitization must be
introduced so that at least libraries becomes of hybrid nature and become in the touch of
its users
The preliminary cost of digitization is high but research shows that once digitalization is
introduced then the cost to manage developing this collection will be cheaper than that of
any conventional library Day by day the cost of digitization is decreasing because the
technology going updated with every bit of time the online publication is increasing and
the needs of user are shifting towards the non-print sources The term digital library has
9
been around for at least 24 hours and possibly longer and some of the ideas behind the
term have been around for much longer While there is still disagreement about the
meaning of the term this piece argues that digital libraries are not fundamentally
different from
traditional libraries either in the purposes of existing or in the services provided The
main differences come down to how the services are provided and how collections are
stored and managed
Reference 1 Dr Manoj Kumar Verma Concept of Hybrid Digital and Virtual Library -
Mizoram University Assistant
ProfessorDepartment of Library and information science
2 Dr Manoj Kumar Verma Concept of Hybrid Digital and Virtual Library - UP
पषटभमि सङगीतको इततहास धर परानो मातननछ l ६४ कलाहर मधयको परमख कला सङगीत कला हो l महाकवव लकषमी परसाद दवकोटाल भनका छन कला भनको जीवनलाई रामरो तररकाबाट उठाउन पररपरण गनण र आननद ददन हो l कला भनको मानव हदयमा परभाववत पारी उचचवोधदवारा नततक शिकषा ददन हनपछण l िासतिोकत ढगल रचचत सतवर वरण र िबद आददल यकत जब कन सागीततक शसजणनालाई मचमा परसततत गररनछ र तयसको आननद परसततोता सतवय र शरोता लाई पतन परापत हनछ भन तयो सङगीतकला बनन जानछ l जमणन ववदवान पाकण रका अनसार मानवको इचछा या चाहनादवारा कालपतनक भावनालाई साकार रप ददन न कला हो l गायन वादन र नतय यी तीन कलाको शमशरर न सङगीत हो l वददककाल दखखन ववशभनन उपतनषद परार आदद गरनथमा उललख गररएको नाद शरतत सपत सतवर जातत गराम राग मछणना ताल मनधम दनदभी ववरा आदद बाट तयो समयमा सङगीतल ववकशसत रप शलएको दखखनछ l नपालमा ककराातकाल शलचछवीकाल र मललकालीन समयमा परापत शिलालखमा उललख भएका पदहर वाददिगोषठी परकषरमणडपी डवली नासादयो पयााख चयाण (चचा) आददको आधारमा तयततबला सङगीतको रामरो ववकास भएको मानन सककनछ l िाहकालीन समयमा राजाहर सङगीतमा तनक िौखखन चथए भनन करा पथवी नारायर िाहको ददवय वारी रर वहादरिाहको शसतार वादन सरनर िाहको गीत लखन र बाजा बजाउन राजा महनरल सतथापना गरको नपाल सङगीत महाववदयालय (२०१२) नपाल एकडमी (२०१४) राषटषिय नाचघर (२०१६) शसहदरबार पररसर शभिको रतन रकरड णङ िसतट (२०१८) जन पतछ २०४१ सालमा नपाल टशलशभजनको रपमा परररत भयो दजणनौ परसतकारहरको सतथापना कलाकारलाई परोतसाहन सतवरप ददएका अनकौ उपाधीहर जसततः वादय
शिरोमखर सङगीत शिरोमखर भजन शिरोमखर सङगीत परववर र नारायरदहटी दरबार पररसरको नारायर मषटनदरमा दरबनदीन तोकी िासतिीय सङगीतको तनयशमत कायणकरम सचालन गराइएको जसतता कायणल सतवदिी कला र ससतकती परतत उनको गदहरो मोह सतनह र ठलो योगदान रहको दखखनछ l भारतीय सगीताचायण वसनतदवारा शलखखत पसततक सङगीत वविारदमा रारा कालीन समयमा वीर िमिरल बीरगजमा आयोजना गरको वव स १९५६ को बगडीको सङगीत सममलन जहाा नपाल र भारत वषणका दजणनौ िासतिीय सगीतजञहरल भाग शलएका चथए र गरनथ न तयार परको करा उललख छ l पथवी नारायर िाहल नपालको एकीकरर पशचात ददएको ददवयवारी आफना िोख सयललाई ताल िासति बमोषटजमको तीन िहर नपालका नवारहरको नाच खिकाई हयाण पतन हनछ भनन वारील सङगीतको रामरो ववकास भएको जनाउछ र सतवदिी कला र ससतकतीलाई महतव ददन पछण भनन गदहरो सदि पतन छ तर आजको पररविमा राषि राषटषियता र ससतकार ससतकती माचथन सब भनदा धर ववकतत शभतरिएको अवसतथा चचनताजनक छ l यसमा हामी सबको धयान जानपन दखखनछ l राजतनिको अनतयका लाचग कलाकारहरको पतन ठलो योगदान रहको दखखनछ l परजातनि र गरतनिको सतथापना पतछ सरकारी गर सरकारीसततरबाट सतथावपत भएका ववशभननखाल ससतथाहरल कला र ससतकतीको कषिमा कायणरत नया तथा पराना सरसतटाहरलाई ववशभनन कायणकरम माफण त मान सममान परसतकार अवाडण सममलन आदद कायणल योगदान पयाणउद आएका छन l
ऐततहामसक रपरखा
वद उपतनषद योग दिणन वयाकरर र अधयातमववदया आदद आयण ससतकततका यी आदय गरनथहरमा नादलाई अपार महतव ददइएको छ l ऋगवद को शिकषा िासति अनसार नाद बाट सतवरको उतपवि हनछ सतवर तीन परकारका हनछन l उदाि अनदाि र सतवररत यी ततन सतवरको वरणन पारीनीय अषटधयायीमा छ l उचचरदािाः नीचरनदािाः समाहारः सतवररतः यी तीन वटा सिल तीनवटा भद दखाएको छ -
अथाणत उदािा वाट तनषाद र गानधारको उतपवि अनदाि वाट ऋषभ र धवत तयस गरर सतवररतवाट षडज मधयम र पञचमको उतपवि भएको छ पषटणडत िारगदवल पतन आफनो गरनथ सङगीतरतनाकरमा नादलाई साकषात बरहमन मानन भएको करा तनमन शलोकल परषट परको छ -
चतनय सवणभताना वववि जगदातमना
नादबरहम तदाननदमररतीयमपासतमह
(स र १३१)
अथाणत समपरण जीवातमाको जो चतना हो अथवा जसवाट जीवातमा चतन हनछ साथ जगतको उतपवि षटसतथतत र परलय पतन हनछ तयो नाद बरहम हो र तयस नाद बरहम जो अदववविय छ जसलाई अदवत दवतादवत ववशिषटादवत आदद दिणनल परततपादन गरका छन तयसलाई हामी उपासना गदणछौ
जसरी सब जञानको मल आधार वदलाई मातनएको छ तयसतत सङगीतको पतन आधार सामवद न मातनएको छ l सामवदका ऋचाहर गयातमक छन l गनधवणवदमा सङगीत क बारमा उललख गररएको छ l सङगीतल मातनसलाई षटजउन भावनाको जनम गराउाछ सङगीत मानवजीवनको दहसतसा िताषटबदयौदखख छ सङगीतलाई हरक ससतकततल पजा गछण ककनकक यो हरक ससतकततको पदहचान हो सङगीत सनदा िारीररक र मानशसक दव फाइदा हनछन यसल तनाव र चचनता भगाउाछ l धवतन र नाद नाद र िबद िबद र आकािमा अभद छ भतन ववदवानहरल भनका छन -
नादन वयजयत वरणः पद वराणत पदादवचः
वचसो वयवहारोऽय नादाधीनमतो जगत
(स र १२२)
अथाणत नाददवारा वरणहर उतपनन हनछन वरणहरवाट पद तनषपवि हनछ र पद वाट वाकय अथाणत भावाशभवयकत गन पद सघात उतपनन हनछ र यस वाकय (वारी) दवारा वयवहार चलदछ र वयवहारीक वारीन नादवाट अशभवयकत भएको हनछ
सङगीत बाट जीवनका चार परषाथण अथण धमण काम मोकष परापत हन ववचार यजञवलकय सतमतत गरनथ मा उललख गररएको छ l
वीरा वादनततवजञ शरततववदया वविारदः तालजञशचापरयासन मोकषमाग स ववनदतत
(यासतमयध३११५)
अथाणत वीरा वादनमा किल शरततववदयामा तनपर तथा तालजञ मनषय सहज मषटकतमागणमा परववषट हनछ बरहमाणडमा आकाि र नाद यी दई ततव न यसतता ततव हन जन ववशववयापी र सवणवयापी छन l आकािको गर नाद र िबद हो तयसल सङगीतरतनाकरमा नादको तनरषटकत यसरी गररएको छ
नकार परार नामान दकारमनल ववदः जातः पराराषटगनसयोगािन नादो Ntilde शभधीयत
(स र १३६)
अथाणत नकार भनको परार हो र दकार भनको आगो भतन जानन जव परार र अषटगनको सयोग हनछ तयतत वला तयसबाट उतपनन धवतन वविषलाई नाद भतननछ तयसल समपरण जगतन नादको अचधनमा छ भनन बखिनछ l पराचीन सङगीतकारहरल राग-राचगतनहरका धर सनदर रचनाहर गरका छन l िासतिीय सङगीतको ममण न राग हो l राग िबदको परयोगन सगीताचायण मतगको बहददिी गरनथमा उललखखत भएको पाइएको छ l सङगीतको साधना र अधययनल िासति सतवर ववजञान र सङगीत परदिणनमा किलता परापत हनछ l
राग क र कसरी उतपवि भयो
योNtildeय धवतनवविषसतत सतवरवरणववभवषत l रजको जनचचिानाम स राग कचथतो बध ll
- अशभनव राग मनजरी
अथाणत धवतन को तयो ववशिषट रचना जन सतवर र वरणयकत सनदर छ र जसल मनषय(परारी)को चचिलाई रजन अथवा मनोरनजन परधान गदणछ ववदवानहर तयसलाई राग भनदछन l
उतपविको ववषयमा ववशभनन मत छन जसतमा एक मत सङगीत वविारद गरनथमा वसत लखन हनछ पावणती माता को ियन मरा लाई दखर शिवजील अग परतयगको आधारमा रर वीना बनाई आफनो पााच मख बाट पााच रागहर भरव दहनडोल मघ दीपक र शरी रागको उतपवि गनण भयो र छटौ राग कौशिक सतवय माता पावणतील रचना गनण भयो l पराचचन गरनथमा सङगीतका मखय चार मत पाइनछ l शिव मत कषर मत भरत मत र हनमनमत l
पराचीनकालदखख वतणमान समम रागमा ववशभनन वगीकररहर भए जातत वगीकरर गराम राग वगीकरर दसववचध राग वगीकरर िदध छायालग र सकीरण राग वगीकरर मल राग वगीकरर राग राचगनी वगीकरर रागाग राग वगीकरर र वतणमानमा ठाट राग वगीकरर यदह ठाट राग वगीकररलाईन अदहल हामील िासतिीय सङगीत शसकन शसकाउन माधयमको रपमा मानद आएका छौ
शासतरीय सङगीतको आिशयकता
- जीवनको चार परषाथण अथण धमण काम र मोकष पराषटपतका लाचग l - सब सङगीतको जननी भएकाल यसमा दखल हाशसल गनणका लाचग l - िासतिीय सङगीतलाई मल आधार बनाएर सङगीत कषिमा परवि गरका
- उिम गरी र शिजञकषत कलाकारहरको उतपादन गन गरसततरीय सङगीत तरबदयालय र ववशववयापीरपमा परततसतपधाण गनण सकन वयवहाररक सङगीत शिकषाको ववकास गनण l
- दिभरर छररएर रहका सङगीत परशिकषर कनरहरलाई एउटा छाता मतन राखर गरसततरीय पाठयकरम बनाई परीकषा पररालीमा लयाउन पन l
- कलाकारहर रोजीरोटीमा माि शसशमत रहन पन बाधयता हन l - सङगीत तफण राजयको धयान कषटनरत गराउन नसकन l
शासतरीय सङगीतको सिसतयाहरका सिाधान
- दि सङघीयतामा गईसककाल अब हरक राजय वा परानतमा कलाकारहरको हकदहत र सरकषरको लाचग छटट तनकायको गठन गररनपन l
- िासतिीय सङगीतमा समवपणत साधक सजणकहरको पररचय बनाई जीवन सततर सहज बनाउन आजीवन भिा सवा सतरबधाको राजयल गयारनटी शलनपन तब माि शसजणनाल तनरनतरता पाउाछ र राजयल असल र सततररय सङगीतको ववकास गनण सकछ ककनकक भोको पटल शसजणना गनण सकदन l
- िासतिीय सङगीतको अधययन अधयापनलाई सहज बनाउनलाई हरक परानतमा तरबदयालय तथा महातरबदयालय तहमा िासतिीय सङगीतको पाठयकरम बनाई लाग गररनपन l
- राजधानीमा कषटनरत लशलतकला पदम कनया र रतन राजय कयामपस जसतत दिका अनय भागमा पतन ववसततार गररन पन l
- लशलतकलाको ववकासको लाचग छट Performing Art University को सतथापना गररन पन l
शासतरीय सङगीतको बततिान अिसतथा
- सतकल दखख + २ हाद ववशवववदयालयमा सतनातकोिर र ववदयावाररधी सममको अधययन हन गरको छ l
- समगर नपालको सङगीतको ववकास र सरकषरको लाचग राजयका तफण बाट ररडयो नपाल ( २००७) नपाल सङगीत तथा नाटय परजञा परततषठान (२०६४) सासतकततक ससतथान (२०१६) नपाल टशलशभजन (२०४१) लगाएतका ससतथाहरल योगदान ददइरहका छन l
- कलाकारलाई रोजगारीको अवसर शमलको छ l - राजधानी लगाएतका मठ मषटनदर गठीहर जसततः ककरातशवोर सङगीत
आशरम यलमाया कलाशसक पिपततनाथ सगीतकला परततषठान कपन सङगीत सरोवर कलातनचध सङगीत महातरबदयालय राम मषटनदर आदद कषिहरमा पाजञकषक माशसक रपमा िासतिीय सङगीतका कायणकरमहर हाद आएका छन l
- दजणनौ तनजी सङगीत परशिकषर कनरहरल पतन सङगीत शिकषा परदान गद आएका छन l
- राजयल लगाएत अनय तनषटज ससतथानहरल बषनी कलाकार तथा सरसतटाहरलाई परसतकार तथा मान सममान परदान गद आएका छन l
- कलाकारका हकदहतको लाचग ववशभनन ससतथाहर सककरय छन जसततः रोयलटी सकलन कनर परसततोता समाज सगीतकार सघ गीतकार सघ गायन समाज आदद l
- टशलशभजन लगायत ववशभनन खाल सचारका माधयमबाट आयोजना हन गरका गायनका ररयलदट िोहर जसबाट छोटो समयमान आफनो कला दखाएर चचाण पाउन समभावना बढर गएको छ
- आफनो कलालाई आफल परसततत गनण शमलन कसको पछी लागन नपन ववशभनन परववचधको ववकास भएको छ जसतको परयोगबाट सहज ववशव समदायमा आफनो कला परसततत गनण सककनछ
सङगीतिा गररएका नयाा परयोग (थरापी)
सङगीतदवारा गररन ववशभननखाल रोगहरको उपचार पदधतत लाई न music therapy भतननछ l सतनायववजञानमाचथ अनसनधान गरररहका मनोवजञातनक डयातनयल ज लशभदटनका अनसार मानशसक र िारीररक सतवासतथयका लाचग सङगीत चचककतसाका पररराम रोचक छन अनसनधानका अनसार यसल रोगपरततरोधातमक कषमतामा सकारातमक असर पछण यसल तनाव ददन हमोन कम गराउाछ सङगीतका अततररकत आमाको लोरीलाई पतन महततवपरण मातनएको छ लोरी सनन बानी परको बचचा िानत र सजग हनछ बचचालाई तनरा लागछ र ऊ घररघरर रा दन सङगीत थरापील गभणवती मदहलाको तनाव पतन कम हनछ सङगीत सनन बानील आतमा र िरीरका लाचग औषचधको काम गछण कततपय रोगमा औषचधल काम नगरपतन सङगीतल जादमयी असर दखाउाछ िरीरको कोदटणसोल सततर कम गरर यसल तनावगरसतत मासपिीहरलाई आराम ददनछ तनयशमत सङगीत सनदा ददमागल रामररी काम गनण पाउाछ असहनीय पीडाबाट गषटिरहका मातनसलाई सङगीत सनाउा दा आराम पगछ कयानाडाको अलबटाण ववशवववदयालयमा तीनदखख ११ वषणसममका ४२ बालबाशलकालाई इनजकसन लगाउन बलामा सङगीत सनाउा दा कम पीडा महसस भएको चथयो सङगीत शरवरल िरीरमा इमयनोगलोबशलन ए बढाउाछ यो एनटीबडील िरीरका कोशिकाहर सतवसतथ राखनका लाचग ठलो काम गछण सकरामक रोग लागकाहरलाई उपचारका बलामा सङगीत सनाउा दा परततरकषा पररालीमा सकारातमक असर पछण l घररघरर तरबरामी हनबाट बचनछ भन सङगीत सनन थालनस ढाडको समसतया हटाउन सतमरर िषटकत दहरो बनाउन र रामरो तनरा लयाउन पतन सङगीत परभावकारी हनछ तर िासति मा आधाररत समधर सङगीत सनदा माि यी असर दखखन हन l चको डागड़ोग र ककण ि सङगीत सनदा चादह तनाव थवपनछ l
उपसहार
िासतिीय सङगीतको उपासनाल तरनत मन सतथीर र एकतरित भई सतवरमा र आफनो उपासतयमा सतथीर हन हनाल यो धयानमागणमा पतन परवि गनणका लागी आहत नाद अथाणत सङगीतको अतत महतवपरण भशमका दखखनछ l
आजको नपाली सङगीतको गरसततरमा सदधाषटनतक र वयवहाररक दव पकषमा धर अनतर पाउनको पछाडी भौततक लाभको लाचग माि िासतिीय सङगीत को साधना गररन हो l भौततक पराषटपत का साथ साथ आधयाषटतमक उननततको लाचग पतन िासतिीय सङगीत उविक महतवपरण छ भनन बझन जररी छ l कला सादहतय र सङगीत नबझन वयषटकतलाई सङगीत सादहतयको सपरशसदध गरनथ ldquoितकियमrdquo का रचतयता भतणहरर नीततितकम खडमा भननहनछ -
सादहतयसङगीतकलाववहीनः साकषातपिः पचछववषारहीनः तर न खादननवप जीवमानसततदभागधय परम पिनाम १२
अथाणत जो मनषय सादहतय सगीत कलाबाट वचचत हनछ तयो पचछर तथा शसग तरबनाको साकषात पिको समान हनछ तयो तरबना घाास खाएर जीववत रहन पि भए तनःसदह सौभागयको करा हनछ
यषा न ववदया न तपो न दान जञान न िील न गरो न धमणः त मतयलोक भवव भारभता मनषयरपर मगाशचरषटनत 13
अथाणत ndash जन मनषयसग ववदया तप दानको भावना जञान िील (सतसतवभाव) मानवीय गर धमणमा सलगनताको अभाव हनछ तयो यस मररिील ससारमा धरतीको बोि बनर मनषय रपमा ववचरर गन पि हनछ नीततशलोकका रचतयता राजा भतणहरर यो सतपषट गनण चाहन हनछ कक मनषयको दतनक चयाण यदद पट पालन अथवा तयस भनदा कदह कदम अगारड सखभोगका साधन जटाउनलाई माि सीशमत रहको छ भन उसमा र जनावरमा कन खास फरक रहादन खान-वपउन र सखःभोग गन यही उसको जीवनको उदयशय रहको हनछ मनषयको बौदचधकताको कारर सखभोगको साथ साथ अनय कराहर पतन सलगन रहको हनछ कवव यस करालाई महतव ददन चाहन हनछ कक मनषय र पिमा शभननता कवल िारीररक सरचनामा माि सीशमत न रहर तयस भनदा माचथ उठर ववववध कलामा रचच राखन चचतन-मननको सामथयण हाशसल गनण ववदया आजणन गनण परोपकारादद कायणमा सलगन हन आधयाषटतमक जञानमा रचच राखन आददमा क दरत हन पछण जो यस परकारको उननत दजाणको कमणमा लागदन मनषय
रपमा उसको जीवनको साथणकता वसतततः सददगध हन जानछ तयो धरतीको लाचग एक परकारको बोिन हो भनन सककनछ जसरी सङगीतका सात सतवरहरको उतपवि उदाि अनदाि र सतवररत बाट भए सदहतयको वयाकररमा पतन यी तीन सतवरको वविष महतव रहको पाइनछ l सादहतयमा यमाताराजभानसलगा सि बाट ववशभनन छनदहरको तनमाणर भए जसतत सङगीतमा सारगमपधतनसा सि बाट न ववशभनन परकारका सतवरहर एव राग राचगनी हरको उतपवि भएको पाइनछ l कावयको लाचग ववषय िबद र अथण चादहनछ भन सङगीतको लाचग लय सतवर र धन आवशयक हनछ l सादहतय अथवा कावय सङगीत ववना परण हन सकतन तर सगीतमा सादहतय र िबद नभए पतन हनछ सादहतय िबद परधान हनछ भन सङगीत नाद परधान हनछ र िबद गौड रहनछ l चतन अचतन दबलाई परभाव पन कावय जसततो सङगीतलाई बझन मगज खखयाउन पदन l यसको अततररकत सब उमरका मातनस परारी एवम वोट ववरवा लाई समत लठठ पान कषमता सङगीतमा रहनछ l
अराात साहितय सगीत मधय कन एउटा पनन कला नभएको वयकतत पि समान िो | आफनो कला दवारा चतनाको सवोचच सरान परापत गना र गराउन सतन न मानव िो | पराकनतक रपमा िन िो भन पनछीिरल
घर िनाएको नाचको करायको िडा मनमोिक दखन र सनन सककनछ | तर पनन मानव ल मानव जीवन को अकनतम परयोजन मोकष को लागग आफनो कला परयोग गन गररएको िनाल अर पराकनतक जीव भनदा अलग
अकसततव िनाएको िो |
सगीत कला मधयको पररम कला को रपमा शलन गररनछ तमाम लशलत कला को ववधा भनदा सगीत कला ल अर कला भनदा िित परभाव पान गदाछ | चतन अवचतन र अचतन सिमा सगीत को परभाव पन गरका ववशभनन तथयिर फला परका छन | पराचीन काल िोस वा वतामान काल िोस | िाासरीको धन सन पनछ गाई
ल साववक भनदा अशल िढी दध हदन िरक हदन सगीत परवाि िन ठाउमा भएका बिरवा को बिकाि नछटो िन आहद वतामानमा परमाणणत भएका न छन |
सगीत मा साहितय को परयोग पनन उगचत रपमा जीवनत परयोग गन गररएको पाइनछ | जि कन गीतकार
को गीतमा सगीत को उगचत परयोग गन गररनछ ति तयो गीत कालजयी िनदछ |
राम चनरrdquo जि भजन को रपमा सनननछ सगीत को परभाव ल पाउज िजाउा द सामननमा हिडीरको पो िो कक
भनन भान िनछ |
गायन वादन र नतय को समकषट न सगीत िो | गायन लाइ अझ पषटता परदान गना वादन को परयोग गररनछ
तयस अनरप को नतय पनन गररनछ | िन त तीनवट ववधा छटटा छटट पनन परभाव पाना सफल छन तर पनन
ताल बिना गायन या नतय मा आननद को अनभनत िन पन जतती न िन ताल को सि काया वानछनीय
मानननछ |ताल कया ल आननद को अनभनत गराउादछ तयस ल राषर िोक को समय मा सर िाजा को मातर
परयोग गन गररनछ यसत ताल न जानाती गायको न स वादक कन पनन करा मा जि माननस आफनो सकपणा बिवक परयोग गदाा पनन सफल िन सतदन अनन कसलाई सोधर सफल िन भनन करा खोजद हिडछ
| आफ भनदा बििकी वयकतत फला पाछा अनन उसल सकपणा सफलता िात पादाछ | अनन तयो सफलता शसकाउन वयकतत गर को रपमा मानदछ उसल समाजमा तयो करा भन पनछ उसको जसत समसया भयका अर बयतती ल समाधान गराउन समरा बयतती लाई गर भनदछन र परशसदधी फलाउादछन | उततम गर लाई
उसको परशसदधी मा कन लोभ िादन बयततीमा भएको जञानको जयोनत मा लागको पदाा िटाउाछ र तयस मा फरर पदाा न लाछन उपाय िताउाछ र आफनो िाटो लाछदछ
आफभनदा अगाडी हिडको वयकतत लाइ गर या मागादिाक को रप मा शलन गररनछ | तसता मिान जन
िरक पदचाप लाइ आधार मानन चलन छ | ldquoमिाजनो यन गत स पनर ldquo अराात गणी मिान वयकततिर
ल अपनाएको िाटो कलयाणकारी िन गदाछ र विाालाइ गर मानर अर जनिर कलयाणको कामना मा तयहि
वािनसवामी िरर दास मीरा जीकबिर जीतकाराम आहद ल सगीत (गायन) को सार ल विााका इषट को साकषातकार गना भएको इनतिास छ |
गर िबद को अरा न अजञानको पदाा िटाउन वयकतत को रपमा शलईएको छ | सगीत लाइ गरमखी ववदया भननएको छ ककनकक कियातमक बिषयका अनक भराकनत गर दवारा मातर िल गना सकभव छ | पसतकमा
उललख गररएका ततविर आफल मातर सहि तररका िाट गायन वा वादन सकभव छन तयसल बिना गर
सगीतमा सफल िन सककदन | कन पनन परकारका ववधा मा गर को सरापना जररर छ जो तयस बिषय मा मिारर िाशसल गरको िनछ | तयसल गर को बिषय मा ldquo गररबाहमा गरबिाषण गरदवो मिशवरrdquo यानी गर
सकषट कसरनत र सिार कायामा समरा वयकतत को रप मा माननएको छ | उतकषट गर र शिषय एक अकाामा पररपरक िन गदाछन | चतनाको ववशभनन आयाम को मागादिान गरदवारा न सकभव छ |
पराचीन समय मा सि बिषय िर सनर न पठन पाठन गन चलन गरयो भनन करािर पढन पाइनछ |
वद को पठन पाठन सनर न गन गररनथयो तयस कारण शरनत नामाकरण भयो | जि माननस मा सनर गरिण
समयमा ६४ कला को अधययन अधयापन गररनथयो | राज कल ऋवषकल वपतकल गरकल आहद ससरा िाट शिकषा परदान गन चलन गरयो |६४ कला मधय लशलत कला को सरान पहिलो तयस मधयमा पनन सगीत
लाइ सवोपरी मानन गररएको छ | साम वद न सगीतको जननी को रप मा माननयको गायन आज को समयसकम आइपछदा ववशभनन अवसरा पार गद िाशम सकमख छ |
शिकषण को मखय तीन अग मानननछ
१ गरशिकषक २ शिषय बिदयारी ३ बिषय शिकषा
मागरका तीन करािर जि सकननहित िनछन ति शिकषण िनछ | तीन मधय एउटा कराको मातर अभाव
रिमा अशभषट शसदध निन िनछ | अनन तीन मधय एउटा पनन कमजोर रिमा उतकषट ननतजा आउन करामा सनदि रिन सतछ | तयसल तीनवट को सामनजसय रिन आवसयक छ | जसरर एउटा राषर समदध िन
पालना गना आवसयक मानननछ ति मातर उतकषट राजय िन जानछ | तयसत परकारल गरशिषय र शिकषा को सहि सयोजन िाट उतकषट परनतफल को कामना गना सककनछ | गर मातर गणी भएर िनन तसलाई गरिण गन वयकतत पनन पातरता भएको िन पदाछ आफलाई खाशल पार पछी मातर कन वसत भना सकजलो िनछ | गर का सकमख िादा म लाई आउाछ भनन भाव को सवारा अभाव िन पदाछ भनन चलन छ समगर मा भनन पदाा गर
एव शिषय दव एक अकाा मा पररपरक छन | कन एक को अभावल अशभषट शसदध िदन |
पराचीन समय दणख न उतकषटता को खोजीमा िाशम मनतर तनतर िद यनतर यग सकम आइपगका छौ | परसतत लखमा गर र शिषय मा क क ततव िन पछा भनन करा उललख गना खोकजएको छ | यस बिषय मा िाल
सकम आइ पछदा गर र शिषयमा ननकन करा िर िन पछा भनन अनभव गररएको छ |
गर मा िन पन गण
१ जञान २ ववजञान ३ वचन ४ परयोग शसदगध ५ शिषय ननसपादन ६ उजाा वदगध |
तयस गरर शिषय मा ननकन करा िरको परख गररनछ |
१ समपाण २ भकतत ३ मिनत ४ वफादारी ५ समय को पालन |
अि यस लाइ अशल बिसतार मा िझौ|
गर मा खोकजन करा िर |
१ जञान जन बिषय को अधयन गररनछ तयस बिषय परनत अमक वयकतत को जञान कनत छ यानी तयस बिषय
मा चाहिन बिषय वसतपरनत आवसयक करा िर कनत छ भनन करा पहिलो रोजाई िनछ | तयस वयकतत ल
वयकतत ल शिकषा गरिण गरको गर वा घर पररवार आहद सि करा िररकन उसको पररकषण गररनछ र उसको ववदवतता को चाल पाउन गररचछ | तयस बिषय मा कनत करा िर को पराचीन काल दणख अहिल सकममा भएका पररवतान को िार मा पनन रािा िन पदाछ |
२ ववजञान ववषय को वविष यानी गिन जञान न बिजञान िो | ववषय ल बयतत गना खोजको करा लाइ गिन
रपमा गचनतन गन र तयसलाइ बयतत गना न ववजञान को रपमा शलन गररनछ | जसत बििान को समय मा ककन मनर सपतक मा अभयास गना पछा भनन करा को समाधान गना सतन बिलककित लयमा अभयाि गदाा िन फायदा सवर को कन परकारल अभयास गदाा क कराको फायदा शलन सककनछ आहद करा बिजञान शभतर
राखन सककनछ | शिषय को कन पकष मा झकाि िढी छ तसमा अझ ननखारता र अर पकष को सिल बिकाि मा धयान हदन जञान न बिजञान िो |
३ वचन यानी िोलन तररकाभाषा को परयोग िबद को चयन आहद करा को पनन बिचार गन गररनछ | कन कन िला मा गर ल अशल कठोर खालको िचन को पनन परयोग गना पन िनछ | अशल ररसाएर परयोग गररएको वचन ल बिदयारी अशल सजगता हदएर शसतन पनन िनछ तयस कारण पनन कन समयमा अशल रखो सबद
को परयोग गदाा बिदयारी को िीतलाइ धयान राणखएको िन गदाछ | ससकत मा एउटा नीती वचन ल भनछ ldquo
लालानाद िििो दोषा ताडनाद िििो गणाrdquo यानी धर माया ल पनन बिगगरन सकभावना िनछ समय समय
मा धयान हदन पन िनछ र उगचत कदम चालन पदाछ | वचन को अको परयोजन कन रचना रचना गन समयमा पनन मितव राखदछ कन िकनदि को रचना मा कन खालका िबदावली को परयोग गन भनन करा पनन यसशभतर
राखन सककनछ
४ परयोग शसदगध यानी भाषागत शसकाएका करा यनतर िाट पनन िजाएर वा गायन गरर परसतत गना सतन
िन पदाछ | कन पनन बिषय को शभबतर करा परयोगका सार िताउन सतन यानी कन राग मा परयोग गररएको बिषि कराको शलणखत मातर िन परयोग पनन गना सतन र िताउन सतन िन पदाछ | तिला मा कन घराना मा कसतो ननकाि या गायन मा दरिारी को गानधार या भरवी को गानधार को परयोय गरर दखाउन सतन | भपाली र रामकली या दिकार आहद ककन फरक छ भनन करा को भाशलभाती परयोग गरर शसकाउन सतन |
५ शिषय ननषपादन अनत शसकर आएका नभई सरदणखन आफल शसकाएका शिषय कनत छन या खिर
जसत मौसममा मातर िन अर िला सखा िो कक अरवा शिषय लाइ अनघ िढन या कसरर अगाडी लर जान
सककनछ भनर िर सकभव परयास गन काम ल न शिषय ननषपादन िन सकभव छ विााल नाम शलन शिषय
ल गरका काम िाट पनन शिषय ननषपादन को िारमा जानकारी शलन सककनछ | शिषय को परगनत न भएको मा गचनता शलन खालका गर िन जररर छ | उसका परगती मा भएका िाधा िर सकभव िटाउन खोजन गरल मातर
असल शिषय ननषपादन गरको पाइनछ | आफमा भएको कला गरल योछय शिषयलाइ मातर परदान गरर योछय
शिषय ननषपादन गनािनछ | िरक ववदयारी को कषमताको पहिचान गरर तिी अनरप को तयारी गराउन
सकमा मातर शिषय ननषपादन अझ िढी परभावकारी िन जानछ | ५ जना शिषय लाइ ५ परकार िाट तयार
गराउन सतन आफमा चनौती िन जानछ शिषय आफलाई एउटा बिषयमा ककनरत गरर अभयाि गछा तर
गर ल ५ वटा न करा को अलग अलग गचनतन मनन गना परम आवसयक पछा | जसरर तिला मा िनारि
घराना अनतगात ५ ववदवानको तिला सनन िो भन सिको अलग अलग तिला छ कसरर तसको कारण यहि
िो कक जो शिषय को जन करामा जयादा रची छ तयस अनरप को शसकाई गर िाट भएको छ | ताल योगी पणडीत सरि तलवालकर जी का सि ववदयारी को तिला अलग -२ न छ | शिषय उतपादन गना आफ मा एक
चनौती िो
६ उजाा वदगध गरल िासतर र तयस को परयोग का सारसार तयस बिषयमा अझ रामरोसग लाछन उजााको वदगध िन करा िर ननरनतर परवाि गना अतयनत जररर छ | उजाावान गर ल मातर उजाा हदन सतछ | जि शिषय
गर को भट िनछ अभयास करा पहिलो परारशमकता मा राखदा अझ उततम लाछछ | तयस उजाा ल बिदयारी मा जीवन मा कहि गना सतन िल परापत गछा | भट िादा कन सगीतसाधकको सकारातमक करासगीत को रचना को करा नयाा रचना को करा ल ववदयारी मा उजाा भन काम गछा | बिशिषट गणवान कलाकार को शरबय
दशय समागरील पनन ववदयारी मा उजाा भन काम गदाछ | उचच कोटी का गरिरल आफना चला लाइ आफनो जसतो नभ आफ भनदा फरक काया गना सदव पररणा परदान गना भएको करा उजाा परापत कलाकारिरको करा िाट परापत गररएको पाइनछ | ववदयारी को कषमता अनरप को कायामा लाछन पररणा गना जसत कन ववदयारी रचना गना रची राखछ भन तिी काया मा उसलाई िौिला परदान गन | सगीत का ववशभनन आयाम मा काम
गना सतन खिी को समगचत ढग िाट पहिचान गरर तसलाई अनघ िढन उतपररणा परदान गन | कन कन ववदयारी लाइ सगीत को िार मा खोज गना मन लाछन िन सतछ तसतो ववदयारी लाइ बिषय को िारमा मागा दिान परदान गन काम पनन गर िाट िन पदाछ |
तयस गरर शिषय मा िन पन करा |
१ समपाण कन पनन करामा आफलाइ सकपणा रपमा तयसमा नलगाएमा सफल िन सककदन | तन मन र
५ िफादारी यानी भनको मानन गर ल भन पछी ज गरन पनन पनछ न िटन | शसकाएका करा लाइ जसताको तसत गरर गाउन या िजाउन | जि िफादार छ भनन करा कसरर िनछ ति गरल सि करा कन िाकक नराखी कन शसकाउन िनछ अनन मातर आफनो अशभषट शसदध िनछ | मिाभारत मा अजान र असवतरामा को परसङग
आउछ कक जनत ववदया अजान लाइ रोण ल हदन भयो तती असवतरामा लाइ हदन भएन ककन मिनती र
आफनो ववदया गलत परयोग निन अवसराको जञान ल गदाा न तसतो भएको िो | गर सग शसकको ववदया िो परयोग गन िलामा गरको समरण पनन िफादारी िो | कहि समय एक जना गरकोमा जान फरी अको गरकोमा जान यसरर ननरनतर गरिर पररवतान गन चलन उपयतत माननदन | कन जनावर पाशलयको छ भन उसको माशलक भनदा सि कराल उततम अर कन मानछ साग तयो पालत रवततदन तयसतो गरर िफादार रिन न सक
पनन सक जनत िफादार िन उततम माननएको छ
६ समय को पालन समय को पालन सिल सकयक परकारल गना आवसयक छ यहद समय को पालन गररएन
भन आवसयक काम ननषपादन िदन | कन पनन कामको लागग तोककएको समयमा तयो काम परा गना पदाछ
| भन को समय मा तोककएको काम गररएको खणडमा मातर समय को पालन गररएको मानननछ | शसकाउन समय अभयासगन समय सगीतमा समय अनसार को राग िनछ सहि समय मा सहि राग को परयोगल
ववशभनन काम गन रािा न छ | दख को समय मा सख को समय का लागग अलग -२ ताल र राग को परयोग
गन गररएको पाइनछ | समय को परवाि न ताल को रपमा परयोग गररएको िो | गरकल मा रिी शिकषा आजान
गन ववदयारी लाइ ननयम को पालन अतयनत आवशयक ततव मनननछ |
आफल शसकको बिदया मा न कहि गरर दखाउन उददशयका सार लागग परको बिदयारी ल आफनो किागरिदगध अपरतीम कौिल लगन ननयम नतरब समरण एव आसरा आहद गण भएको खणड मा मातर
समय ववदया मिनत आहद लगानी गना भनदा पहिला परनतफल रामरो िनछकक िदन भनन मागर को तररका परयोग गररकन िन परचलन छ | तयस कारण जान बिवततक या शिषय िनाउन भनन करा सननासार तरनत
सवीकार नगन चलन छ | मागर उललणखत करा िरको िारमा रामरोसग जानकारी शलन कहि समय लगगिालछ
|
कवव भबतरािरी भनन िनछ ldquo गण लबधा सवयमव सकपदrdquo गणको बिकाि न सकपवतत(सकपदा) आगमनको कारण िो | जसतो परकार को सकपवततको भणडार गना खोकजएको िो तसतो गण को बिकाि वानछनीय छ |
The two Essays ldquoWhatrsquos in a Namerdquo(by Henry Louis Gates Jr) and ldquoThe lsquoBlack Tablersquo is Still
Thererdquo(by Lawrence Otis Graham) included in ldquoPatterns of College Writingrdquo the English
Course book for BA 1st year reflect upon the racial discrimination prevalent in the USA
Though the essays are written by two different writers their response towards the prejudice is
based on their own experience Both the writers belong to Black community that went through
traumatic period of prolonged injustice offences deprivation and oppression in America They
give account of their childhood when they had the bitter experience of being insulted and
excluded by whites Gates remembers himself as an innocent child who was ignorant about the
demeaning attitude of whites towards his race in general and his own father in particular Even
when he grows up it makes no senses to him that bynames used for Black people signifies hatred
and prejudice white people have nurtured He implies that people should be judged from their
quality contribution and skill Likewise Graham who clung to integration and still faced the
exclusion during his schooldays was confused about the existing different treatment towards
himself He is disillusioned when he finds out the integration be just superficial as he grows up to
a professional lawyer Gates using the allusion from Shakespearersquos Romeo and Juliet ldquoWhatrsquos in
a namerdquo and Graham using a symbol ldquoBlack Tablerdquo of his junior high school strongly hold the
belief that segregation is wrong
2
Gatesrsquo Experience
African Americans are generally the descendants of enslaved black people within the boundaries
of present United States Formal political economic and social discrimination against these
minorities has been present throughout American history Gates despises the discrimination of
black people especially the spiteful attitude of whites using bynames to address them His
childhood experience gives an account of his irreversible negative recognition labeled to him by
white despite his high financial standings The racial identity has been denominated by whites as
inferior ugly and poor which is further crushed by giving bynames like Kaffir Tar Baby Jim
Crow Georgehellip Even a lower social status white like Mr Wilson would find privilege to insult
his well to do father just because he was a black Gates hated that his father being called by
different name which was not truly his name His fury was not for demeaning his father instead
his fatherrsquos silence hurts him more From then he had the revelation that two worlds exist for
black people like him The hierarchy created by whites has been choking them and shooing them
to the margin White people who regarded themselves supreme hurled the hatred in different
forms and one of them was negative names
Grahamrsquos Experience
In the US the separation was experienced in various areas such as public transportation
schools restaurants and residential places where individuals were restricted on the basis of
racial background Black table in the cafeteria got the name as black boys would separate
themselves from other race except Graham He strictly adhered to integration by avoiding black
table for two reasons first he held the principle of equality and integration strongly and second
he didnrsquot want to lose his white friends by being racial As a schoolboy he carried on the
principle seriously despite being shunned by white community Since he prospered as an
American entertaining all the integrating activities with the whites he condemns the separation
though volunteer it is What shocks him the most is the black table still laying on the cafeteria
even after 27 years He wondered that other separate tables in which athletes Jewish boys
Jewish girls Irish kids heavy metals grouphellipsegregate themselves had never drawn argument
and condemnation during his school life The trend he considered deplorable even though the
principles may have changed is still alive He wakes up to a new realization of truth that people
tend to gravitate towards other people they think they may relate better with and stay away from
what they think is different
Gatesrsquos Allusion
ldquoWhatrsquos in a namerdquo is an allusion derived from Shakespearersquos ldquoRomeo and Julietrdquo a romantic
tragedy Its Juliet who states this very expression to imply that name should not determine how
people are to be regarded by others Julietrsquos stance and condition is analogous to Gates as he
abhors the trend of discrimination and prejudice that lies behind names Gates expresses his
claim that name shaped peoplersquos perceptions and prejudice in the mid 1950s Name is a part of
3
onersquos identity how one is recognized and addressed by the world These names on the other
hand signify offenses and disrespect George was an infamous name to belittle black people and
Gates hated that his father was put to a lower standard than he truly was Gates illustrates how
racism can perpetuate prejudice that aims to snatch individual identity
Grahamrsquos symbol
Black table which is regarded with scorn by whites is a symbol that segregates black boy from
others Graham sees it as a taboo and by avoiding it he wants to prove that he is not an angry
black person who wants nothing to do with the white kids White kids who would never invite
him to occasions as they thought it would make people feel uncomfortable Poor Graham is torn
between the scorns of black boys and taunting of white boys Even after fourteen years of his
adolescence still existing black table refracts that integration has not eradicated the sense of
separation it has become more entrenched as time went by Such vicious circle can go on for
centuries and even millennia perpetuating an imagined hierarchy that sprang from transhistorical
occurrences (Harari 161)
The common ground
Both writers share common ground in yearning for equality dignity and respectable space in
society Black table exhibits stark view of human nature on the one hand and on the other hand it
displays the superficial encroachment of integration that manipulated him to refuse his own
ground Both of them represent the blacks who resent the violation of social dignity and the ones
who want to negotiate the legislation to be united Gates the innocent and naiumlve boy gauges the
wounded self- esteem of his parents after the exposure to unwanted offence he witnessed
Similarly the ideal black boy Graham finds his ground as he becomes a matured man He
blamed the black boysrsquo attitude to be the hurdle of integration He even swallowed white parentrsquos
insulting treatment who begrudged his presence in their gatherings and other occasions Graham
ultimately feels the need to realize that modern times self segregation is the custom that humans
adopted from their ancestors culture and their biology and intelligence It is the imagined orders
and devised scripts humans have constructed and internalized in order to organize the society
within a power structure
Pathos Logos and Ethos
The title ldquoWhatrsquos in a namerdquo is a rhetorical question and finally answers that name can be
manipulated used and even misused according to the userrsquos vested interest His fatherrsquos silence
and helplessness devastates the childrsquos psyche driving him to loathe Mr Wilson who resembled
his own Uncle Joe This infers that how come Mr Wilson so much alike his uncle can be a snob
Gatesrsquo emotional appeal (pathos) invokes readers particularly the blacks who grew up
swallowing the hatred He motivates the readers to empathize the humiliated parents that
dwarfed them to their marginal state Gates first presents the causes of his rage to intensify
readerrsquos emotions Mr Wilson despite his own wretched social status dominates his father using
4
bynames And in turn his fatherrsquos reasoning for suppressed silence infuriates the narrator and the
reader as well Gatesrsquo wrath pervades the end of the essay as Gates describes how they cowered
back to quietness and consoled themselves by glorifying black sports star Jackie Robinson This
situation better speaks the condition of black people before Civil Rights Movement
Likewise Grahams evidently implies the answer of why is the black table still there in his junior
high school His rhetorical questions ldquoWhy did the black kids separate themselves What did the
table say about the segregation that was supposedly going on in homerooms and gym classes
(189) are the logic (logos) providing His reasons in the form of questions ldquoWhat was I
thinkingrdquo and ldquoI realize that how wrong I wasrdquo (190) is the logos appeal consisting of reason for
accepting the narratorrsquos claim Readers can easily grasp Grahamrsquos perspective shaped by idealist
notion that has been changed to a kind of awakening at the fag end of the essay He doesnrsquot
directly tell the audience exactly what to conclude the readers nevertheless are encouraged to
infer the existing differences that lay deep down the surface of integration
The credential of the writerrsquos (ethos) lies on the fact that both of them are from black American
family background which accentuates the ground for trusting their opinion arguments and
feelings Their own experience can be recognized as real since their self-representation is equally
trust-inspiring Readers can simply believe their claims and frustration to be relevant Both
writers oppose the erasing of self the true being of an individual
Style
Beginning with anecdote both the writers excites the readers to go through the text Gates hints
that the issue of mistreating by the so called powerful and highly privileged whites is not new
The use of dialogues has made vivid impact on the writing instigating the readers to feel the
same negative aura Similarly Grahamrsquos narration takes gait from the anecdote itself Profound
rhetorical questions and quotations put additional impetus on his logos appeal provoking to
thoughts Both writers conclude their essay with the same mood and context as they have begun
More personal style makes familiar tone in Grahamrsquos writing using first person pronouns and
contracted forms(Irsquom Irsquod)
Conclusion
The phenomena of racial discrimination in USA are rooted on sociopolitical hierarchies which
cannot be justified through logical and biological basis Biology ie the blackness and other
physiology of black people cannot explain the intricacies of American racial dynamics Gatesrsquo
fury and Grahamrsquos confusion are the outcome of historical phenomena events circumstances
and power structure that transformed the social condition into cruel social structures Martin
Lutherrsquos dream of former slaves and the sons of slaveholders being able to sit down together at
the table of brotherhood (176) seem to be thwarted by self segregation The hierarchy of race
originated from accidental historical circumstances and was perpetuated and refined over many
5
generations with their own vested interest Gates and Graham are among many black writers who
seek justified answer for the age old question asking for the existence of black people as equal to
whites The value of contribution of these black people who were brought to America depriving
their homeland of strong human resource has been relegated The vicious cycle seems to repeat
when the lynching and brutalizing of black by whites trickles down now and then in America
References
Gates Henry Louis Jr ldquoWhatrsquos in a Namerdquo Patterns for College Writing A Rhetorical Readers and
Guide 12th edEd Laurie GKriszner and Stephen R Mandell Boston Bedford 20122-4 Print
Graham Lawrence Otis ldquo lsquoThe Black Tablersquo is Still Thererdquo Kriszner and Mandell 188-190
Harari Yuval Noah Sapiens A Brief History of Humankind London Vintage 2015 Print
King Martin Luther Jr ldquoI Have a Dreamrdquo The Heritage of Wordsrdquo Ed Abhi Subedi Rameshwar
Adhikaray and Shreedhar Lohani Kathmandu Ekta Books 2018 Print
Mahendra Prasad Adhikari
Library officer Lalitkala Campus
A Concept on E-LIBRARY vs Automation Abstract
Generally the working collection of books documents newspapers audio-visual
materials kept and organized people to read or borrow in a library Recent advances
in computers storage and processing communication technologies e-product
networking and internet uses have brought a revolutionary change in functioning of
the libraries and its services Information communication technology (ICT) makes
a lot of impact on library and it has changed the concept of library where print and
paper media are the main components of library system To meet tremendous
information explosion and high demand of information libraries are now changes
in digital library Due to digitizing the library resources and fast changing
technology a new type of library is coming in existence which is called- virtual
library Many of us are always very much confused about such terminology of library
It reflects three main components- service provider service receiver and the
channels of service delivery (ie technology) Internet is the main channel of e-
service delivery while other classic channels (eg telephone call center public kiosk
mobile phone television) are also considered In this paper we try to clear the
concept of these libraries terminology in a professional way
Key Words Automation Hybrid Library Digital Library Virtual Library
Automated Library Electronic Library Modern Library
Introduction
Its an electronic or online library where one can have access to books journals
novels articles or any other information over net E-service (electronic
service) represents application of utilizing the use of Information and
communication technologies (ICTs) in different areasit includes the service
element of e-tailing customer support and service delivery Database of
digitized audio video and written material on a physical site andor a website
giving 24hour online access to users E-Library is generally a library where
books can be accessed through internet Just sitting anywhereanytime a user
can read the material online
The library has purchased subscriptions to many electronic information
resources in order to provide you with access to them free of charge Our
e-resources include lots of things full-text journals newspapers company
information e-books dictionaries encyclopedias economic data digital
images industry profiles market research career information etc
What is Automation
The term automation is introduced used first DS Harder in 1936 He
defined it as ldquothe automation is handling of parts between progressive
production processes Since then the term has been applied to a wide variety
of automatic machinery and automatic systems In addition is action for
human efforts of intelligence
Need for Library Automation
There are several reasons for automation A considerable saving
in efforts Time and resources involved in manual processing can be
achieved The other reasons are 1) To improve control over collection 2) To have an entries control over the entire operation
3) To improve the existing services as well as introduce new
services
4) To avoid duplicate of work
5) To use services of the existing staff effectively
Basic Requirement of Library Automation
The following are the basic requirements for the automation of
libraries through the computer 1) Adequate collection 2) Financial assistance
3) Computer hardware
4) Library software
5) Tanning of the staff
6) Maintenance of development
Advantages of Library Automation
There are several advantages of Library Automation a machine
readable catalogue prepared at the time of acquisition may be required
respectively for number of purposes Automation has the following
advantages 1) Professional staff need not spend much time to do the routine library work 2) Eliminates human errors while performing routine library works
3) Improved control covers library collection
4) Increased computer awareness among users
5) Cataloguing is faster instant access to non-records
6) Excellent control over circulation
Some Library Software
3
1 KOHA
2 EMIS
3 PMB
4 LIBRA etc
The functions of e-libraries
1) Systematic and organized collection of print and non-print resources
2) Digital in formats so that easily process able by computers
3) The acquisition storage disseminates amp retrieval of information is done by the use
of technology
4) Access of entire holding of library is directly or indirectly accessible across the
network with the help of internet
5) Supports and provides more amp better online amp offline services
Natures of e-library
1 In digital library e-library a set of documents available through electronic means by
the use of digital technologies that allow for the retrieval archiving preservation and
dissemination of those documents which are provides access to in electronic format
2 A Physical site andor website that provide 24-hour online access to digitized audio
video and written material such as books journals and articles The content may come
from different providers
3 Digital library provide as an information service in which all the information
resources are available in computer-process able form and the functions of acquisition
storage retrieval access and display are carried out through the use of digital
technologies
4 e-Library collections of documents in organized electronic form available on the
Internet or on CD- ROM disks and Specific library a user may be able to access
magazine articles books papers images sound files and videos
5 A database is a collection of information stored in a computer or server which
incorporates software to provide efficient retrieval of the data Databases are great tools
to help you retrieve information by keyword title author subject year etc The most
common types of databases in the library are the online catalogue and the virtual
electronic databases Some are in visible some are in Download able such as full
Text abstract title with Content free of cost paid full
6 A Virtual Library is a collection of resources available on one or more computer
systems where a single interface or entry point to the collections is provided
7 More than just a means of collocating electronic resources (full-text materials
databases media and catalogues) a virtual library also provides user assistance services
such as reference inter library loan technical assistance etc
4
8 Library resources (indexes journals and reference materials for example) or
online reference services are available over the Internet Terms such as electronic
Library and Digital Library are often used synonymously
9 A hybrid library which is partly electronic and partly physical It has a physical space
with both the physical and electronic resources and services
10 A hybrid library is not just a traditional library (only containing paper-based
resources) or just a virtual library (only containing electronic resources) but somewhere
between the two It is a library which brings together a range of different information
sources printed and electronic local and remote in a seamless way
Different Types of Library
Library is a place where the collection of information resources in print or in other forms
that is organized and made accessible for reading or study is kept International
Organization for Standardization has defined library as irrespective of the title any
organized collection of printed books and periodicals or of any other graphic or audio-
visual materials and the services of a staff to provide and facilitate the use of such
materials as are required to meet the informational research educational or recreational
needs of its users
Advances in Information Communication Technology (ICT) particularly the World
Wide Web (WWW) have seen the evolution of the automated library electronic library
digital library virtual library Hybrid library etc
A Traditional Library Traditionally libraries were collections of books manuscripts
journals and other sources of recorded information The collection of the traditional
libraries are mostly print media manuscripts etc and are not well organized The
documents are deteriorating at a rapid rate the collected information is not easy to locate
and procure Such information does not reach the user of the libraries on time It is
difficult to get such publications in the absence of personal influence and contacts
There are certain restricted publications containing highly informative materials but
may not be easily available Sometimes the information is published after many years
By the time it is published the information becomes obsolete and then abandoned Since
it is not properly indexed or listed the researcher is forced to go through long and
tedious process to ascertain whether any material of hisher interest is available or not
Here the collections are not well organized and some reports are deteriorating at a rapid
rate Preserving them in their original form is difficult and it is not cost effective Again
the traditional libraries are confined itself within a physical boundary
B Automated Library A library wh i c h provides automatic services with machine-
readable catalog computerized acquisition circulation and Online Public Access
Catalogue (OPAC) are called as automated library The holdings or collection of
5
automated such types of libraries makes them better and offer more and effective services
are same as that of traditional libraries
C Electronic Library When automated libraries go for Local Area Networking (LAN)
and CD-ROM networking and started procuring e-journals and other similar kinds of
electronic materials of publications ( magnetic tapes microfilm roles CDs DVDs
Microform or other media) and accessible by any medium such as computer laptops I-
pads etc are stored and then it is known as electronic library The electronic information
or material may be stored in an offline server or online which may be accessed remotely
via computer networks The resources of the electronic libraries are in both print and
electronic form The electronic media are used for storage retrieval and delivery of
information
D Digital Library In digital libraries services are fully automated and all resources
in digital form These libraries are heterogeneous in nature and include work related
to information and how to digitize store find link visualize use publish manage and
share information Digital library is an assemblage of digital computing storage and
communication machinery together with content and software In a digital library there
are mainly two types of information
1) Born digital This information are digitally created and stored
2) Digitalized Information is in physical formats (print format) with the help of
appropriate hardware and software the information is converted into digital format or in
electronic format
It is a later stage of electronic library In digital library high speed optical fiber are used
for LAN and the access is over WAN and provide a wide range of Internet based
services ie audio and video conferencing and like other The majority of the holding
of a digital library is in the computer readable form and also acts as a point of access to
other online sources
E Virtual Library The concept of virtual library also emerged simultaneously with
electronic library and digital library This emergence is perhaps because all the
information uses are at present through networked libraries at the desktop which is quite
virtual (practical) without the physical existence of books on shelves A virtual library
can be simply defined as the internet-based digital library or a library without walls The
concept of virtual library is that any person who has a computer and connection to the
library networks can access not only the resources of that library but also a variety of
information available through national and international networks like internet and
intranet without being physically present in the library Access digital information from
the any part of the globe through an network (LAN or WAN) or any other gateway
such as internet The term virtual library is attracted the interest of users because of the
increasing medium called the WWW (World Wide Web) The virtual library is the single
most reachable and important source of information in the world and leads to
6
replacement for the traditional library A collection of links is also a virtual library these
links are not necessary owned by the virtual library However the links are maintained
updated and managed as a normal function of the virtual library
F Hybrid Library It was designed to bring a range of technologies from different
sources together in the context of a working library and to explore integrated systems
and services in electronic and printed environments It reflects the transitional state of
the library which today can neither be fully printed nor fully digital Hybrid libraries
consist of conventional print material such as books magazines journals as well as
nonconventional or electronic based material such as audio books electronic journals
e-books etc Hybrid libraries are the new and emerging term for the most public and
academic libraries because with the existing services and collection they can easily
provide electronic services or online services and easily build digital collections
There are many myths about digital library as 1) The internet is the digital library
2) Fully automated library is digital library
3) The myth of a single digital library or one-window view of digital library collections
4) Digital libraries will provide more equitable access anywhere any time
5) Digital libraries will be cheaper than print libraries
Advantages of e-libraries Todayrsquos libraries are not encircled to a particular location The user can get his her
information on his own computer screen by using the Internet It is a network of
compound access system which provides quick information to many users at the same
time There are many advantages of having hybrid digital and virtual libraries some of
the common advantages are as follows
1) No physical boundary The users did not require going to the library through internet
they could access the same information from all over the earth instantly He she have to
just type the URL of the library and heshe can get all the services and information what
heshe get in the libraries Which saves users time and every information is on single
click
2) Round the clock availability libraries can be accessed at any time 24 hours a day
and 365 days of the year All the digital content is on the internet so the information is
available at 24 hours because machines donrsquot know about day night weeks and months
Every information is available online without the respect of time
3) Multiple accesses The same resources can be used at the same time by a number of
users The users can access same the same material at numerous of times without any
difficulties and at the same time It saves users time and money which is economical
and leads to better services according to userrsquos needs and demands Multiple accesses
mean many users use the same resource at the same time or after some time However
in traditional libraries particular resource can accessed only once by a single user
7
4) Structured approach the contents of modern libraries are much richer than the
conventional libraries and the collections are in a very organized way ie users can easily
access the catalogue and from catalogue to the exacting book then from the book to a
particular chapter and so on In a library there are organized collections of human
knowledge so with the help of search we can easily approach to our particular topic
and collect the information related to the topic we search the topic in a structured way
which means that from a catalog to book then to index then from chapter so on according
to our needs we move from books to main directory or catalogue
5) Information retrieval The users are able to search or retrieve information with
the use any keyword which are related to the word or phrase of the entire collection
Digital library have user- friendly interfaces one click access to its contents The users
can easily search any word sentence symbol numbers with the help of interfaces called
search box with the help of search we can go through our topic With information
retrieval it saves the userrsquos time in searching of their information quick access to their
topics and easy to operate
6) Space The traditional library faces problems of storage and space as the collections
are in print form it occupies more space whereas electronic or digital libraries store
more information in a very less space Thousands of eBooks magazines journals etc
can be stored in single hard disks so it is important to know that the digital library needs
very less space without effecting their operations and services When the conventional
library had no physical space digitalization of its collection is the only solution
7) Networking nowadays libraries are interconnected with high-speed internet
connection which is called networking sharing of resources can be done through the
sharing of links Users need not required to go to library he can easily access the libraries
resources through internet and use their services Users can easily access many libraries
database at a single click because libraries shares the links of others libraries links which
saves users time and helps in the searching of their relevant information
8) Cost The expenditure on maintaining an electronic virtual library is much lower than
that of a traditional library A conventional library have to accept more expenditure on
the maintenance staff and professionals salaries etc this can be abridged by electronic
virtual libraries because in these modern libraries there are one time investment till the
technology changes and after that less professionals need for the maintenance of the
library
Challengesdisadvantages of e-libraries The computer viruses disasters lack of standardization for digitized information
quick degrading properties of digitized material different display standard of digital
product and its associated problem health hazard nature of the radiation from monitor
etc makes digital libraries at times handicap
1 Copyright Digitization opposes the copyright law as the content or resources of one
author can be simply transferable by others without his knowledge The main challenge
is that how the libraries broadcast information along with protecting the intellectual
8
properties of an author There are very strict rules regarding the violation of copyright
laws but in digital era it is very difficult to save the intellectual property rights of an
author or publisher
2 Speed of access as more and more computers are connected then the loads on the
server makes website slow If new technology will not evolve to solve the problem then
in near future Internet will be full of error messages As we all know that the technology
is going older day by day so itrsquos difficult to provide same speed of access because digital
content includes audio video documents which are of big in size and require more
bandwidth speed
3 Initial cost is high The initial cost of modern libraries such as the cost of software
hardware communication networks and other equipments are very high So it is very
expensive for libraries to purchase them because libraries are not the profit making
organizations they are depend on any institutions which provides funds for the
functioning and running of the libraries
4 Band width libraries will need high transfer rates for transfer of multimedia resources
but the band width is decreasing day by day due to its over utilization and overload on
the internet The slow bandwidth leads to slow download and uploading of digital
material which means users have to give more time in searching and downloading their
contents
5 Efficiency with the information explosion there is tons of information on particular
topics so it is very difficult to find the right information on the particular topic The
authentication of the information is not sure
6 Environment modern libraries cannot produce the environment of traditional
libraries Many users also find that reading printed information much easier than reading
information on a computer screen Due to lack of technological awareness many people
prefer to use print materials for reading Moreover the habits are the major problem
7 Preservation Due to rapid change in technology libraries become outdate and its
information may become inaccessible In future many new formats evolve so it is
difficult to preserve the library resources at a standard format so that in future we may
use it
Conclusion
The hybrid electronic digital and virtual libraries are the modern libraries and they are
synonyms to each other The modern libraries are not going to replace the physical
existence of print resources completely but no doubt to meet the present demand of the
users and change in technology to satisfy the users demand digitization must be
introduced so that at least libraries becomes of hybrid nature and become in the touch of
its users
The preliminary cost of digitization is high but research shows that once digitalization is
introduced then the cost to manage developing this collection will be cheaper than that of
any conventional library Day by day the cost of digitization is decreasing because the
technology going updated with every bit of time the online publication is increasing and
the needs of user are shifting towards the non-print sources The term digital library has
9
been around for at least 24 hours and possibly longer and some of the ideas behind the
term have been around for much longer While there is still disagreement about the
meaning of the term this piece argues that digital libraries are not fundamentally
different from
traditional libraries either in the purposes of existing or in the services provided The
main differences come down to how the services are provided and how collections are
stored and managed
Reference 1 Dr Manoj Kumar Verma Concept of Hybrid Digital and Virtual Library -
Mizoram University Assistant
ProfessorDepartment of Library and information science
2 Dr Manoj Kumar Verma Concept of Hybrid Digital and Virtual Library - UP
पषटभमि सङगीतको इततहास धर परानो मातननछ l ६४ कलाहर मधयको परमख कला सङगीत कला हो l महाकवव लकषमी परसाद दवकोटाल भनका छन कला भनको जीवनलाई रामरो तररकाबाट उठाउन पररपरण गनण र आननद ददन हो l कला भनको मानव हदयमा परभाववत पारी उचचवोधदवारा नततक शिकषा ददन हनपछण l िासतिोकत ढगल रचचत सतवर वरण र िबद आददल यकत जब कन सागीततक शसजणनालाई मचमा परसततत गररनछ र तयसको आननद परसततोता सतवय र शरोता लाई पतन परापत हनछ भन तयो सङगीतकला बनन जानछ l जमणन ववदवान पाकण रका अनसार मानवको इचछा या चाहनादवारा कालपतनक भावनालाई साकार रप ददन न कला हो l गायन वादन र नतय यी तीन कलाको शमशरर न सङगीत हो l वददककाल दखखन ववशभनन उपतनषद परार आदद गरनथमा उललख गररएको नाद शरतत सपत सतवर जातत गराम राग मछणना ताल मनधम दनदभी ववरा आदद बाट तयो समयमा सङगीतल ववकशसत रप शलएको दखखनछ l नपालमा ककराातकाल शलचछवीकाल र मललकालीन समयमा परापत शिलालखमा उललख भएका पदहर वाददिगोषठी परकषरमणडपी डवली नासादयो पयााख चयाण (चचा) आददको आधारमा तयततबला सङगीतको रामरो ववकास भएको मानन सककनछ l िाहकालीन समयमा राजाहर सङगीतमा तनक िौखखन चथए भनन करा पथवी नारायर िाहको ददवय वारी रर वहादरिाहको शसतार वादन सरनर िाहको गीत लखन र बाजा बजाउन राजा महनरल सतथापना गरको नपाल सङगीत महाववदयालय (२०१२) नपाल एकडमी (२०१४) राषटषिय नाचघर (२०१६) शसहदरबार पररसर शभिको रतन रकरड णङ िसतट (२०१८) जन पतछ २०४१ सालमा नपाल टशलशभजनको रपमा परररत भयो दजणनौ परसतकारहरको सतथापना कलाकारलाई परोतसाहन सतवरप ददएका अनकौ उपाधीहर जसततः वादय
शिरोमखर सङगीत शिरोमखर भजन शिरोमखर सङगीत परववर र नारायरदहटी दरबार पररसरको नारायर मषटनदरमा दरबनदीन तोकी िासतिीय सङगीतको तनयशमत कायणकरम सचालन गराइएको जसतता कायणल सतवदिी कला र ससतकती परतत उनको गदहरो मोह सतनह र ठलो योगदान रहको दखखनछ l भारतीय सगीताचायण वसनतदवारा शलखखत पसततक सङगीत वविारदमा रारा कालीन समयमा वीर िमिरल बीरगजमा आयोजना गरको वव स १९५६ को बगडीको सङगीत सममलन जहाा नपाल र भारत वषणका दजणनौ िासतिीय सगीतजञहरल भाग शलएका चथए र गरनथ न तयार परको करा उललख छ l पथवी नारायर िाहल नपालको एकीकरर पशचात ददएको ददवयवारी आफना िोख सयललाई ताल िासति बमोषटजमको तीन िहर नपालका नवारहरको नाच खिकाई हयाण पतन हनछ भनन वारील सङगीतको रामरो ववकास भएको जनाउछ र सतवदिी कला र ससतकतीलाई महतव ददन पछण भनन गदहरो सदि पतन छ तर आजको पररविमा राषि राषटषियता र ससतकार ससतकती माचथन सब भनदा धर ववकतत शभतरिएको अवसतथा चचनताजनक छ l यसमा हामी सबको धयान जानपन दखखनछ l राजतनिको अनतयका लाचग कलाकारहरको पतन ठलो योगदान रहको दखखनछ l परजातनि र गरतनिको सतथापना पतछ सरकारी गर सरकारीसततरबाट सतथावपत भएका ववशभननखाल ससतथाहरल कला र ससतकतीको कषिमा कायणरत नया तथा पराना सरसतटाहरलाई ववशभनन कायणकरम माफण त मान सममान परसतकार अवाडण सममलन आदद कायणल योगदान पयाणउद आएका छन l
ऐततहामसक रपरखा
वद उपतनषद योग दिणन वयाकरर र अधयातमववदया आदद आयण ससतकततका यी आदय गरनथहरमा नादलाई अपार महतव ददइएको छ l ऋगवद को शिकषा िासति अनसार नाद बाट सतवरको उतपवि हनछ सतवर तीन परकारका हनछन l उदाि अनदाि र सतवररत यी ततन सतवरको वरणन पारीनीय अषटधयायीमा छ l उचचरदािाः नीचरनदािाः समाहारः सतवररतः यी तीन वटा सिल तीनवटा भद दखाएको छ -
अथाणत उदािा वाट तनषाद र गानधारको उतपवि अनदाि वाट ऋषभ र धवत तयस गरर सतवररतवाट षडज मधयम र पञचमको उतपवि भएको छ पषटणडत िारगदवल पतन आफनो गरनथ सङगीतरतनाकरमा नादलाई साकषात बरहमन मानन भएको करा तनमन शलोकल परषट परको छ -
चतनय सवणभताना वववि जगदातमना
नादबरहम तदाननदमररतीयमपासतमह
(स र १३१)
अथाणत समपरण जीवातमाको जो चतना हो अथवा जसवाट जीवातमा चतन हनछ साथ जगतको उतपवि षटसतथतत र परलय पतन हनछ तयो नाद बरहम हो र तयस नाद बरहम जो अदववविय छ जसलाई अदवत दवतादवत ववशिषटादवत आदद दिणनल परततपादन गरका छन तयसलाई हामी उपासना गदणछौ
जसरी सब जञानको मल आधार वदलाई मातनएको छ तयसतत सङगीतको पतन आधार सामवद न मातनएको छ l सामवदका ऋचाहर गयातमक छन l गनधवणवदमा सङगीत क बारमा उललख गररएको छ l सङगीतल मातनसलाई षटजउन भावनाको जनम गराउाछ सङगीत मानवजीवनको दहसतसा िताषटबदयौदखख छ सङगीतलाई हरक ससतकततल पजा गछण ककनकक यो हरक ससतकततको पदहचान हो सङगीत सनदा िारीररक र मानशसक दव फाइदा हनछन यसल तनाव र चचनता भगाउाछ l धवतन र नाद नाद र िबद िबद र आकािमा अभद छ भतन ववदवानहरल भनका छन -
नादन वयजयत वरणः पद वराणत पदादवचः
वचसो वयवहारोऽय नादाधीनमतो जगत
(स र १२२)
अथाणत नाददवारा वरणहर उतपनन हनछन वरणहरवाट पद तनषपवि हनछ र पद वाट वाकय अथाणत भावाशभवयकत गन पद सघात उतपनन हनछ र यस वाकय (वारी) दवारा वयवहार चलदछ र वयवहारीक वारीन नादवाट अशभवयकत भएको हनछ
सङगीत बाट जीवनका चार परषाथण अथण धमण काम मोकष परापत हन ववचार यजञवलकय सतमतत गरनथ मा उललख गररएको छ l
वीरा वादनततवजञ शरततववदया वविारदः तालजञशचापरयासन मोकषमाग स ववनदतत
(यासतमयध३११५)
अथाणत वीरा वादनमा किल शरततववदयामा तनपर तथा तालजञ मनषय सहज मषटकतमागणमा परववषट हनछ बरहमाणडमा आकाि र नाद यी दई ततव न यसतता ततव हन जन ववशववयापी र सवणवयापी छन l आकािको गर नाद र िबद हो तयसल सङगीतरतनाकरमा नादको तनरषटकत यसरी गररएको छ
नकार परार नामान दकारमनल ववदः जातः पराराषटगनसयोगािन नादो Ntilde शभधीयत
(स र १३६)
अथाणत नकार भनको परार हो र दकार भनको आगो भतन जानन जव परार र अषटगनको सयोग हनछ तयतत वला तयसबाट उतपनन धवतन वविषलाई नाद भतननछ तयसल समपरण जगतन नादको अचधनमा छ भनन बखिनछ l पराचीन सङगीतकारहरल राग-राचगतनहरका धर सनदर रचनाहर गरका छन l िासतिीय सङगीतको ममण न राग हो l राग िबदको परयोगन सगीताचायण मतगको बहददिी गरनथमा उललखखत भएको पाइएको छ l सङगीतको साधना र अधययनल िासति सतवर ववजञान र सङगीत परदिणनमा किलता परापत हनछ l
राग क र कसरी उतपवि भयो
योNtildeय धवतनवविषसतत सतवरवरणववभवषत l रजको जनचचिानाम स राग कचथतो बध ll
- अशभनव राग मनजरी
अथाणत धवतन को तयो ववशिषट रचना जन सतवर र वरणयकत सनदर छ र जसल मनषय(परारी)को चचिलाई रजन अथवा मनोरनजन परधान गदणछ ववदवानहर तयसलाई राग भनदछन l
उतपविको ववषयमा ववशभनन मत छन जसतमा एक मत सङगीत वविारद गरनथमा वसत लखन हनछ पावणती माता को ियन मरा लाई दखर शिवजील अग परतयगको आधारमा रर वीना बनाई आफनो पााच मख बाट पााच रागहर भरव दहनडोल मघ दीपक र शरी रागको उतपवि गनण भयो र छटौ राग कौशिक सतवय माता पावणतील रचना गनण भयो l पराचचन गरनथमा सङगीतका मखय चार मत पाइनछ l शिव मत कषर मत भरत मत र हनमनमत l
पराचीनकालदखख वतणमान समम रागमा ववशभनन वगीकररहर भए जातत वगीकरर गराम राग वगीकरर दसववचध राग वगीकरर िदध छायालग र सकीरण राग वगीकरर मल राग वगीकरर राग राचगनी वगीकरर रागाग राग वगीकरर र वतणमानमा ठाट राग वगीकरर यदह ठाट राग वगीकररलाईन अदहल हामील िासतिीय सङगीत शसकन शसकाउन माधयमको रपमा मानद आएका छौ
शासतरीय सङगीतको आिशयकता
- जीवनको चार परषाथण अथण धमण काम र मोकष पराषटपतका लाचग l - सब सङगीतको जननी भएकाल यसमा दखल हाशसल गनणका लाचग l - िासतिीय सङगीतलाई मल आधार बनाएर सङगीत कषिमा परवि गरका
- उिम गरी र शिजञकषत कलाकारहरको उतपादन गन गरसततरीय सङगीत तरबदयालय र ववशववयापीरपमा परततसतपधाण गनण सकन वयवहाररक सङगीत शिकषाको ववकास गनण l
- दिभरर छररएर रहका सङगीत परशिकषर कनरहरलाई एउटा छाता मतन राखर गरसततरीय पाठयकरम बनाई परीकषा पररालीमा लयाउन पन l
- कलाकारहर रोजीरोटीमा माि शसशमत रहन पन बाधयता हन l - सङगीत तफण राजयको धयान कषटनरत गराउन नसकन l
शासतरीय सङगीतको सिसतयाहरका सिाधान
- दि सङघीयतामा गईसककाल अब हरक राजय वा परानतमा कलाकारहरको हकदहत र सरकषरको लाचग छटट तनकायको गठन गररनपन l
- िासतिीय सङगीतमा समवपणत साधक सजणकहरको पररचय बनाई जीवन सततर सहज बनाउन आजीवन भिा सवा सतरबधाको राजयल गयारनटी शलनपन तब माि शसजणनाल तनरनतरता पाउाछ र राजयल असल र सततररय सङगीतको ववकास गनण सकछ ककनकक भोको पटल शसजणना गनण सकदन l
- िासतिीय सङगीतको अधययन अधयापनलाई सहज बनाउनलाई हरक परानतमा तरबदयालय तथा महातरबदयालय तहमा िासतिीय सङगीतको पाठयकरम बनाई लाग गररनपन l
- राजधानीमा कषटनरत लशलतकला पदम कनया र रतन राजय कयामपस जसतत दिका अनय भागमा पतन ववसततार गररन पन l
- लशलतकलाको ववकासको लाचग छट Performing Art University को सतथापना गररन पन l
शासतरीय सङगीतको बततिान अिसतथा
- सतकल दखख + २ हाद ववशवववदयालयमा सतनातकोिर र ववदयावाररधी सममको अधययन हन गरको छ l
- समगर नपालको सङगीतको ववकास र सरकषरको लाचग राजयका तफण बाट ररडयो नपाल ( २००७) नपाल सङगीत तथा नाटय परजञा परततषठान (२०६४) सासतकततक ससतथान (२०१६) नपाल टशलशभजन (२०४१) लगाएतका ससतथाहरल योगदान ददइरहका छन l
- कलाकारलाई रोजगारीको अवसर शमलको छ l - राजधानी लगाएतका मठ मषटनदर गठीहर जसततः ककरातशवोर सङगीत
आशरम यलमाया कलाशसक पिपततनाथ सगीतकला परततषठान कपन सङगीत सरोवर कलातनचध सङगीत महातरबदयालय राम मषटनदर आदद कषिहरमा पाजञकषक माशसक रपमा िासतिीय सङगीतका कायणकरमहर हाद आएका छन l
- दजणनौ तनजी सङगीत परशिकषर कनरहरल पतन सङगीत शिकषा परदान गद आएका छन l
- राजयल लगाएत अनय तनषटज ससतथानहरल बषनी कलाकार तथा सरसतटाहरलाई परसतकार तथा मान सममान परदान गद आएका छन l
- कलाकारका हकदहतको लाचग ववशभनन ससतथाहर सककरय छन जसततः रोयलटी सकलन कनर परसततोता समाज सगीतकार सघ गीतकार सघ गायन समाज आदद l
- टशलशभजन लगायत ववशभनन खाल सचारका माधयमबाट आयोजना हन गरका गायनका ररयलदट िोहर जसबाट छोटो समयमान आफनो कला दखाएर चचाण पाउन समभावना बढर गएको छ
- आफनो कलालाई आफल परसततत गनण शमलन कसको पछी लागन नपन ववशभनन परववचधको ववकास भएको छ जसतको परयोगबाट सहज ववशव समदायमा आफनो कला परसततत गनण सककनछ
सङगीतिा गररएका नयाा परयोग (थरापी)
सङगीतदवारा गररन ववशभननखाल रोगहरको उपचार पदधतत लाई न music therapy भतननछ l सतनायववजञानमाचथ अनसनधान गरररहका मनोवजञातनक डयातनयल ज लशभदटनका अनसार मानशसक र िारीररक सतवासतथयका लाचग सङगीत चचककतसाका पररराम रोचक छन अनसनधानका अनसार यसल रोगपरततरोधातमक कषमतामा सकारातमक असर पछण यसल तनाव ददन हमोन कम गराउाछ सङगीतका अततररकत आमाको लोरीलाई पतन महततवपरण मातनएको छ लोरी सनन बानी परको बचचा िानत र सजग हनछ बचचालाई तनरा लागछ र ऊ घररघरर रा दन सङगीत थरापील गभणवती मदहलाको तनाव पतन कम हनछ सङगीत सनन बानील आतमा र िरीरका लाचग औषचधको काम गछण कततपय रोगमा औषचधल काम नगरपतन सङगीतल जादमयी असर दखाउाछ िरीरको कोदटणसोल सततर कम गरर यसल तनावगरसतत मासपिीहरलाई आराम ददनछ तनयशमत सङगीत सनदा ददमागल रामररी काम गनण पाउाछ असहनीय पीडाबाट गषटिरहका मातनसलाई सङगीत सनाउा दा आराम पगछ कयानाडाको अलबटाण ववशवववदयालयमा तीनदखख ११ वषणसममका ४२ बालबाशलकालाई इनजकसन लगाउन बलामा सङगीत सनाउा दा कम पीडा महसस भएको चथयो सङगीत शरवरल िरीरमा इमयनोगलोबशलन ए बढाउाछ यो एनटीबडील िरीरका कोशिकाहर सतवसतथ राखनका लाचग ठलो काम गछण सकरामक रोग लागकाहरलाई उपचारका बलामा सङगीत सनाउा दा परततरकषा पररालीमा सकारातमक असर पछण l घररघरर तरबरामी हनबाट बचनछ भन सङगीत सनन थालनस ढाडको समसतया हटाउन सतमरर िषटकत दहरो बनाउन र रामरो तनरा लयाउन पतन सङगीत परभावकारी हनछ तर िासति मा आधाररत समधर सङगीत सनदा माि यी असर दखखन हन l चको डागड़ोग र ककण ि सङगीत सनदा चादह तनाव थवपनछ l
उपसहार
िासतिीय सङगीतको उपासनाल तरनत मन सतथीर र एकतरित भई सतवरमा र आफनो उपासतयमा सतथीर हन हनाल यो धयानमागणमा पतन परवि गनणका लागी आहत नाद अथाणत सङगीतको अतत महतवपरण भशमका दखखनछ l
आजको नपाली सङगीतको गरसततरमा सदधाषटनतक र वयवहाररक दव पकषमा धर अनतर पाउनको पछाडी भौततक लाभको लाचग माि िासतिीय सङगीत को साधना गररन हो l भौततक पराषटपत का साथ साथ आधयाषटतमक उननततको लाचग पतन िासतिीय सङगीत उविक महतवपरण छ भनन बझन जररी छ l कला सादहतय र सङगीत नबझन वयषटकतलाई सङगीत सादहतयको सपरशसदध गरनथ ldquoितकियमrdquo का रचतयता भतणहरर नीततितकम खडमा भननहनछ -
सादहतयसङगीतकलाववहीनः साकषातपिः पचछववषारहीनः तर न खादननवप जीवमानसततदभागधय परम पिनाम १२
अथाणत जो मनषय सादहतय सगीत कलाबाट वचचत हनछ तयो पचछर तथा शसग तरबनाको साकषात पिको समान हनछ तयो तरबना घाास खाएर जीववत रहन पि भए तनःसदह सौभागयको करा हनछ
यषा न ववदया न तपो न दान जञान न िील न गरो न धमणः त मतयलोक भवव भारभता मनषयरपर मगाशचरषटनत 13
अथाणत ndash जन मनषयसग ववदया तप दानको भावना जञान िील (सतसतवभाव) मानवीय गर धमणमा सलगनताको अभाव हनछ तयो यस मररिील ससारमा धरतीको बोि बनर मनषय रपमा ववचरर गन पि हनछ नीततशलोकका रचतयता राजा भतणहरर यो सतपषट गनण चाहन हनछ कक मनषयको दतनक चयाण यदद पट पालन अथवा तयस भनदा कदह कदम अगारड सखभोगका साधन जटाउनलाई माि सीशमत रहको छ भन उसमा र जनावरमा कन खास फरक रहादन खान-वपउन र सखःभोग गन यही उसको जीवनको उदयशय रहको हनछ मनषयको बौदचधकताको कारर सखभोगको साथ साथ अनय कराहर पतन सलगन रहको हनछ कवव यस करालाई महतव ददन चाहन हनछ कक मनषय र पिमा शभननता कवल िारीररक सरचनामा माि सीशमत न रहर तयस भनदा माचथ उठर ववववध कलामा रचच राखन चचतन-मननको सामथयण हाशसल गनण ववदया आजणन गनण परोपकारादद कायणमा सलगन हन आधयाषटतमक जञानमा रचच राखन आददमा क दरत हन पछण जो यस परकारको उननत दजाणको कमणमा लागदन मनषय
रपमा उसको जीवनको साथणकता वसतततः सददगध हन जानछ तयो धरतीको लाचग एक परकारको बोिन हो भनन सककनछ जसरी सङगीतका सात सतवरहरको उतपवि उदाि अनदाि र सतवररत बाट भए सदहतयको वयाकररमा पतन यी तीन सतवरको वविष महतव रहको पाइनछ l सादहतयमा यमाताराजभानसलगा सि बाट ववशभनन छनदहरको तनमाणर भए जसतत सङगीतमा सारगमपधतनसा सि बाट न ववशभनन परकारका सतवरहर एव राग राचगनी हरको उतपवि भएको पाइनछ l कावयको लाचग ववषय िबद र अथण चादहनछ भन सङगीतको लाचग लय सतवर र धन आवशयक हनछ l सादहतय अथवा कावय सङगीत ववना परण हन सकतन तर सगीतमा सादहतय र िबद नभए पतन हनछ सादहतय िबद परधान हनछ भन सङगीत नाद परधान हनछ र िबद गौड रहनछ l चतन अचतन दबलाई परभाव पन कावय जसततो सङगीतलाई बझन मगज खखयाउन पदन l यसको अततररकत सब उमरका मातनस परारी एवम वोट ववरवा लाई समत लठठ पान कषमता सङगीतमा रहनछ l
अराात साहितय सगीत मधय कन एउटा पनन कला नभएको वयकतत पि समान िो | आफनो कला दवारा चतनाको सवोचच सरान परापत गना र गराउन सतन न मानव िो | पराकनतक रपमा िन िो भन पनछीिरल
घर िनाएको नाचको करायको िडा मनमोिक दखन र सनन सककनछ | तर पनन मानव ल मानव जीवन को अकनतम परयोजन मोकष को लागग आफनो कला परयोग गन गररएको िनाल अर पराकनतक जीव भनदा अलग
अकसततव िनाएको िो |
सगीत कला मधयको पररम कला को रपमा शलन गररनछ तमाम लशलत कला को ववधा भनदा सगीत कला ल अर कला भनदा िित परभाव पान गदाछ | चतन अवचतन र अचतन सिमा सगीत को परभाव पन गरका ववशभनन तथयिर फला परका छन | पराचीन काल िोस वा वतामान काल िोस | िाासरीको धन सन पनछ गाई
ल साववक भनदा अशल िढी दध हदन िरक हदन सगीत परवाि िन ठाउमा भएका बिरवा को बिकाि नछटो िन आहद वतामानमा परमाणणत भएका न छन |
सगीत मा साहितय को परयोग पनन उगचत रपमा जीवनत परयोग गन गररएको पाइनछ | जि कन गीतकार
को गीतमा सगीत को उगचत परयोग गन गररनछ ति तयो गीत कालजयी िनदछ |
राम चनरrdquo जि भजन को रपमा सनननछ सगीत को परभाव ल पाउज िजाउा द सामननमा हिडीरको पो िो कक
भनन भान िनछ |
गायन वादन र नतय को समकषट न सगीत िो | गायन लाइ अझ पषटता परदान गना वादन को परयोग गररनछ
तयस अनरप को नतय पनन गररनछ | िन त तीनवट ववधा छटटा छटट पनन परभाव पाना सफल छन तर पनन
ताल बिना गायन या नतय मा आननद को अनभनत िन पन जतती न िन ताल को सि काया वानछनीय
मानननछ |ताल कया ल आननद को अनभनत गराउादछ तयस ल राषर िोक को समय मा सर िाजा को मातर
परयोग गन गररनछ यसत ताल न जानाती गायको न स वादक कन पनन करा मा जि माननस आफनो सकपणा बिवक परयोग गदाा पनन सफल िन सतदन अनन कसलाई सोधर सफल िन भनन करा खोजद हिडछ
| आफ भनदा बििकी वयकतत फला पाछा अनन उसल सकपणा सफलता िात पादाछ | अनन तयो सफलता शसकाउन वयकतत गर को रपमा मानदछ उसल समाजमा तयो करा भन पनछ उसको जसत समसया भयका अर बयतती ल समाधान गराउन समरा बयतती लाई गर भनदछन र परशसदधी फलाउादछन | उततम गर लाई
उसको परशसदधी मा कन लोभ िादन बयततीमा भएको जञानको जयोनत मा लागको पदाा िटाउाछ र तयस मा फरर पदाा न लाछन उपाय िताउाछ र आफनो िाटो लाछदछ
आफभनदा अगाडी हिडको वयकतत लाइ गर या मागादिाक को रप मा शलन गररनछ | तसता मिान जन
िरक पदचाप लाइ आधार मानन चलन छ | ldquoमिाजनो यन गत स पनर ldquo अराात गणी मिान वयकततिर
ल अपनाएको िाटो कलयाणकारी िन गदाछ र विाालाइ गर मानर अर जनिर कलयाणको कामना मा तयहि
वािनसवामी िरर दास मीरा जीकबिर जीतकाराम आहद ल सगीत (गायन) को सार ल विााका इषट को साकषातकार गना भएको इनतिास छ |
गर िबद को अरा न अजञानको पदाा िटाउन वयकतत को रपमा शलईएको छ | सगीत लाइ गरमखी ववदया भननएको छ ककनकक कियातमक बिषयका अनक भराकनत गर दवारा मातर िल गना सकभव छ | पसतकमा
उललख गररएका ततविर आफल मातर सहि तररका िाट गायन वा वादन सकभव छन तयसल बिना गर
सगीतमा सफल िन सककदन | कन पनन परकारका ववधा मा गर को सरापना जररर छ जो तयस बिषय मा मिारर िाशसल गरको िनछ | तयसल गर को बिषय मा ldquo गररबाहमा गरबिाषण गरदवो मिशवरrdquo यानी गर
सकषट कसरनत र सिार कायामा समरा वयकतत को रप मा माननएको छ | उतकषट गर र शिषय एक अकाामा पररपरक िन गदाछन | चतनाको ववशभनन आयाम को मागादिान गरदवारा न सकभव छ |
पराचीन समय मा सि बिषय िर सनर न पठन पाठन गन चलन गरयो भनन करािर पढन पाइनछ |
वद को पठन पाठन सनर न गन गररनथयो तयस कारण शरनत नामाकरण भयो | जि माननस मा सनर गरिण
समयमा ६४ कला को अधययन अधयापन गररनथयो | राज कल ऋवषकल वपतकल गरकल आहद ससरा िाट शिकषा परदान गन चलन गरयो |६४ कला मधय लशलत कला को सरान पहिलो तयस मधयमा पनन सगीत
लाइ सवोपरी मानन गररएको छ | साम वद न सगीतको जननी को रप मा माननयको गायन आज को समयसकम आइपछदा ववशभनन अवसरा पार गद िाशम सकमख छ |
शिकषण को मखय तीन अग मानननछ
१ गरशिकषक २ शिषय बिदयारी ३ बिषय शिकषा
मागरका तीन करािर जि सकननहित िनछन ति शिकषण िनछ | तीन मधय एउटा कराको मातर अभाव
रिमा अशभषट शसदध निन िनछ | अनन तीन मधय एउटा पनन कमजोर रिमा उतकषट ननतजा आउन करामा सनदि रिन सतछ | तयसल तीनवट को सामनजसय रिन आवसयक छ | जसरर एउटा राषर समदध िन
पालना गना आवसयक मानननछ ति मातर उतकषट राजय िन जानछ | तयसत परकारल गरशिषय र शिकषा को सहि सयोजन िाट उतकषट परनतफल को कामना गना सककनछ | गर मातर गणी भएर िनन तसलाई गरिण गन वयकतत पनन पातरता भएको िन पदाछ आफलाई खाशल पार पछी मातर कन वसत भना सकजलो िनछ | गर का सकमख िादा म लाई आउाछ भनन भाव को सवारा अभाव िन पदाछ भनन चलन छ समगर मा भनन पदाा गर
एव शिषय दव एक अकाा मा पररपरक छन | कन एक को अभावल अशभषट शसदध िदन |
पराचीन समय दणख न उतकषटता को खोजीमा िाशम मनतर तनतर िद यनतर यग सकम आइपगका छौ | परसतत लखमा गर र शिषय मा क क ततव िन पछा भनन करा उललख गना खोकजएको छ | यस बिषय मा िाल
सकम आइ पछदा गर र शिषयमा ननकन करा िर िन पछा भनन अनभव गररएको छ |
गर मा िन पन गण
१ जञान २ ववजञान ३ वचन ४ परयोग शसदगध ५ शिषय ननसपादन ६ उजाा वदगध |
तयस गरर शिषय मा ननकन करा िरको परख गररनछ |
१ समपाण २ भकतत ३ मिनत ४ वफादारी ५ समय को पालन |
अि यस लाइ अशल बिसतार मा िझौ|
गर मा खोकजन करा िर |
१ जञान जन बिषय को अधयन गररनछ तयस बिषय परनत अमक वयकतत को जञान कनत छ यानी तयस बिषय
मा चाहिन बिषय वसतपरनत आवसयक करा िर कनत छ भनन करा पहिलो रोजाई िनछ | तयस वयकतत ल
वयकतत ल शिकषा गरिण गरको गर वा घर पररवार आहद सि करा िररकन उसको पररकषण गररनछ र उसको ववदवतता को चाल पाउन गररचछ | तयस बिषय मा कनत करा िर को पराचीन काल दणख अहिल सकममा भएका पररवतान को िार मा पनन रािा िन पदाछ |
२ ववजञान ववषय को वविष यानी गिन जञान न बिजञान िो | ववषय ल बयतत गना खोजको करा लाइ गिन
रपमा गचनतन गन र तयसलाइ बयतत गना न ववजञान को रपमा शलन गररनछ | जसत बििान को समय मा ककन मनर सपतक मा अभयास गना पछा भनन करा को समाधान गना सतन बिलककित लयमा अभयाि गदाा िन फायदा सवर को कन परकारल अभयास गदाा क कराको फायदा शलन सककनछ आहद करा बिजञान शभतर
राखन सककनछ | शिषय को कन पकष मा झकाि िढी छ तसमा अझ ननखारता र अर पकष को सिल बिकाि मा धयान हदन जञान न बिजञान िो |
३ वचन यानी िोलन तररकाभाषा को परयोग िबद को चयन आहद करा को पनन बिचार गन गररनछ | कन कन िला मा गर ल अशल कठोर खालको िचन को पनन परयोग गना पन िनछ | अशल ररसाएर परयोग गररएको वचन ल बिदयारी अशल सजगता हदएर शसतन पनन िनछ तयस कारण पनन कन समयमा अशल रखो सबद
को परयोग गदाा बिदयारी को िीतलाइ धयान राणखएको िन गदाछ | ससकत मा एउटा नीती वचन ल भनछ ldquo
लालानाद िििो दोषा ताडनाद िििो गणाrdquo यानी धर माया ल पनन बिगगरन सकभावना िनछ समय समय
मा धयान हदन पन िनछ र उगचत कदम चालन पदाछ | वचन को अको परयोजन कन रचना रचना गन समयमा पनन मितव राखदछ कन िकनदि को रचना मा कन खालका िबदावली को परयोग गन भनन करा पनन यसशभतर
राखन सककनछ
४ परयोग शसदगध यानी भाषागत शसकाएका करा यनतर िाट पनन िजाएर वा गायन गरर परसतत गना सतन
िन पदाछ | कन पनन बिषय को शभबतर करा परयोगका सार िताउन सतन यानी कन राग मा परयोग गररएको बिषि कराको शलणखत मातर िन परयोग पनन गना सतन र िताउन सतन िन पदाछ | तिला मा कन घराना मा कसतो ननकाि या गायन मा दरिारी को गानधार या भरवी को गानधार को परयोय गरर दखाउन सतन | भपाली र रामकली या दिकार आहद ककन फरक छ भनन करा को भाशलभाती परयोग गरर शसकाउन सतन |
५ शिषय ननषपादन अनत शसकर आएका नभई सरदणखन आफल शसकाएका शिषय कनत छन या खिर
जसत मौसममा मातर िन अर िला सखा िो कक अरवा शिषय लाइ अनघ िढन या कसरर अगाडी लर जान
सककनछ भनर िर सकभव परयास गन काम ल न शिषय ननषपादन िन सकभव छ विााल नाम शलन शिषय
ल गरका काम िाट पनन शिषय ननषपादन को िारमा जानकारी शलन सककनछ | शिषय को परगनत न भएको मा गचनता शलन खालका गर िन जररर छ | उसका परगती मा भएका िाधा िर सकभव िटाउन खोजन गरल मातर
असल शिषय ननषपादन गरको पाइनछ | आफमा भएको कला गरल योछय शिषयलाइ मातर परदान गरर योछय
शिषय ननषपादन गनािनछ | िरक ववदयारी को कषमताको पहिचान गरर तिी अनरप को तयारी गराउन
सकमा मातर शिषय ननषपादन अझ िढी परभावकारी िन जानछ | ५ जना शिषय लाइ ५ परकार िाट तयार
गराउन सतन आफमा चनौती िन जानछ शिषय आफलाई एउटा बिषयमा ककनरत गरर अभयाि गछा तर
गर ल ५ वटा न करा को अलग अलग गचनतन मनन गना परम आवसयक पछा | जसरर तिला मा िनारि
घराना अनतगात ५ ववदवानको तिला सनन िो भन सिको अलग अलग तिला छ कसरर तसको कारण यहि
िो कक जो शिषय को जन करामा जयादा रची छ तयस अनरप को शसकाई गर िाट भएको छ | ताल योगी पणडीत सरि तलवालकर जी का सि ववदयारी को तिला अलग -२ न छ | शिषय उतपादन गना आफ मा एक
चनौती िो
६ उजाा वदगध गरल िासतर र तयस को परयोग का सारसार तयस बिषयमा अझ रामरोसग लाछन उजााको वदगध िन करा िर ननरनतर परवाि गना अतयनत जररर छ | उजाावान गर ल मातर उजाा हदन सतछ | जि शिषय
गर को भट िनछ अभयास करा पहिलो परारशमकता मा राखदा अझ उततम लाछछ | तयस उजाा ल बिदयारी मा जीवन मा कहि गना सतन िल परापत गछा | भट िादा कन सगीतसाधकको सकारातमक करासगीत को रचना को करा नयाा रचना को करा ल ववदयारी मा उजाा भन काम गछा | बिशिषट गणवान कलाकार को शरबय
दशय समागरील पनन ववदयारी मा उजाा भन काम गदाछ | उचच कोटी का गरिरल आफना चला लाइ आफनो जसतो नभ आफ भनदा फरक काया गना सदव पररणा परदान गना भएको करा उजाा परापत कलाकारिरको करा िाट परापत गररएको पाइनछ | ववदयारी को कषमता अनरप को कायामा लाछन पररणा गना जसत कन ववदयारी रचना गना रची राखछ भन तिी काया मा उसलाई िौिला परदान गन | सगीत का ववशभनन आयाम मा काम
गना सतन खिी को समगचत ढग िाट पहिचान गरर तसलाई अनघ िढन उतपररणा परदान गन | कन कन ववदयारी लाइ सगीत को िार मा खोज गना मन लाछन िन सतछ तसतो ववदयारी लाइ बिषय को िारमा मागा दिान परदान गन काम पनन गर िाट िन पदाछ |
तयस गरर शिषय मा िन पन करा |
१ समपाण कन पनन करामा आफलाइ सकपणा रपमा तयसमा नलगाएमा सफल िन सककदन | तन मन र
५ िफादारी यानी भनको मानन गर ल भन पछी ज गरन पनन पनछ न िटन | शसकाएका करा लाइ जसताको तसत गरर गाउन या िजाउन | जि िफादार छ भनन करा कसरर िनछ ति गरल सि करा कन िाकक नराखी कन शसकाउन िनछ अनन मातर आफनो अशभषट शसदध िनछ | मिाभारत मा अजान र असवतरामा को परसङग
आउछ कक जनत ववदया अजान लाइ रोण ल हदन भयो तती असवतरामा लाइ हदन भएन ककन मिनती र
आफनो ववदया गलत परयोग निन अवसराको जञान ल गदाा न तसतो भएको िो | गर सग शसकको ववदया िो परयोग गन िलामा गरको समरण पनन िफादारी िो | कहि समय एक जना गरकोमा जान फरी अको गरकोमा जान यसरर ननरनतर गरिर पररवतान गन चलन उपयतत माननदन | कन जनावर पाशलयको छ भन उसको माशलक भनदा सि कराल उततम अर कन मानछ साग तयो पालत रवततदन तयसतो गरर िफादार रिन न सक
पनन सक जनत िफादार िन उततम माननएको छ
६ समय को पालन समय को पालन सिल सकयक परकारल गना आवसयक छ यहद समय को पालन गररएन
भन आवसयक काम ननषपादन िदन | कन पनन कामको लागग तोककएको समयमा तयो काम परा गना पदाछ
| भन को समय मा तोककएको काम गररएको खणडमा मातर समय को पालन गररएको मानननछ | शसकाउन समय अभयासगन समय सगीतमा समय अनसार को राग िनछ सहि समय मा सहि राग को परयोगल
ववशभनन काम गन रािा न छ | दख को समय मा सख को समय का लागग अलग -२ ताल र राग को परयोग
गन गररएको पाइनछ | समय को परवाि न ताल को रपमा परयोग गररएको िो | गरकल मा रिी शिकषा आजान
गन ववदयारी लाइ ननयम को पालन अतयनत आवशयक ततव मनननछ |
आफल शसकको बिदया मा न कहि गरर दखाउन उददशयका सार लागग परको बिदयारी ल आफनो किागरिदगध अपरतीम कौिल लगन ननयम नतरब समरण एव आसरा आहद गण भएको खणड मा मातर
समय ववदया मिनत आहद लगानी गना भनदा पहिला परनतफल रामरो िनछकक िदन भनन मागर को तररका परयोग गररकन िन परचलन छ | तयस कारण जान बिवततक या शिषय िनाउन भनन करा सननासार तरनत
सवीकार नगन चलन छ | मागर उललणखत करा िरको िारमा रामरोसग जानकारी शलन कहि समय लगगिालछ
|
कवव भबतरािरी भनन िनछ ldquo गण लबधा सवयमव सकपदrdquo गणको बिकाि न सकपवतत(सकपदा) आगमनको कारण िो | जसतो परकार को सकपवततको भणडार गना खोकजएको िो तसतो गण को बिकाि वानछनीय छ |
The two Essays ldquoWhatrsquos in a Namerdquo(by Henry Louis Gates Jr) and ldquoThe lsquoBlack Tablersquo is Still
Thererdquo(by Lawrence Otis Graham) included in ldquoPatterns of College Writingrdquo the English
Course book for BA 1st year reflect upon the racial discrimination prevalent in the USA
Though the essays are written by two different writers their response towards the prejudice is
based on their own experience Both the writers belong to Black community that went through
traumatic period of prolonged injustice offences deprivation and oppression in America They
give account of their childhood when they had the bitter experience of being insulted and
excluded by whites Gates remembers himself as an innocent child who was ignorant about the
demeaning attitude of whites towards his race in general and his own father in particular Even
when he grows up it makes no senses to him that bynames used for Black people signifies hatred
and prejudice white people have nurtured He implies that people should be judged from their
quality contribution and skill Likewise Graham who clung to integration and still faced the
exclusion during his schooldays was confused about the existing different treatment towards
himself He is disillusioned when he finds out the integration be just superficial as he grows up to
a professional lawyer Gates using the allusion from Shakespearersquos Romeo and Juliet ldquoWhatrsquos in
a namerdquo and Graham using a symbol ldquoBlack Tablerdquo of his junior high school strongly hold the
belief that segregation is wrong
2
Gatesrsquo Experience
African Americans are generally the descendants of enslaved black people within the boundaries
of present United States Formal political economic and social discrimination against these
minorities has been present throughout American history Gates despises the discrimination of
black people especially the spiteful attitude of whites using bynames to address them His
childhood experience gives an account of his irreversible negative recognition labeled to him by
white despite his high financial standings The racial identity has been denominated by whites as
inferior ugly and poor which is further crushed by giving bynames like Kaffir Tar Baby Jim
Crow Georgehellip Even a lower social status white like Mr Wilson would find privilege to insult
his well to do father just because he was a black Gates hated that his father being called by
different name which was not truly his name His fury was not for demeaning his father instead
his fatherrsquos silence hurts him more From then he had the revelation that two worlds exist for
black people like him The hierarchy created by whites has been choking them and shooing them
to the margin White people who regarded themselves supreme hurled the hatred in different
forms and one of them was negative names
Grahamrsquos Experience
In the US the separation was experienced in various areas such as public transportation
schools restaurants and residential places where individuals were restricted on the basis of
racial background Black table in the cafeteria got the name as black boys would separate
themselves from other race except Graham He strictly adhered to integration by avoiding black
table for two reasons first he held the principle of equality and integration strongly and second
he didnrsquot want to lose his white friends by being racial As a schoolboy he carried on the
principle seriously despite being shunned by white community Since he prospered as an
American entertaining all the integrating activities with the whites he condemns the separation
though volunteer it is What shocks him the most is the black table still laying on the cafeteria
even after 27 years He wondered that other separate tables in which athletes Jewish boys
Jewish girls Irish kids heavy metals grouphellipsegregate themselves had never drawn argument
and condemnation during his school life The trend he considered deplorable even though the
principles may have changed is still alive He wakes up to a new realization of truth that people
tend to gravitate towards other people they think they may relate better with and stay away from
what they think is different
Gatesrsquos Allusion
ldquoWhatrsquos in a namerdquo is an allusion derived from Shakespearersquos ldquoRomeo and Julietrdquo a romantic
tragedy Its Juliet who states this very expression to imply that name should not determine how
people are to be regarded by others Julietrsquos stance and condition is analogous to Gates as he
abhors the trend of discrimination and prejudice that lies behind names Gates expresses his
claim that name shaped peoplersquos perceptions and prejudice in the mid 1950s Name is a part of
3
onersquos identity how one is recognized and addressed by the world These names on the other
hand signify offenses and disrespect George was an infamous name to belittle black people and
Gates hated that his father was put to a lower standard than he truly was Gates illustrates how
racism can perpetuate prejudice that aims to snatch individual identity
Grahamrsquos symbol
Black table which is regarded with scorn by whites is a symbol that segregates black boy from
others Graham sees it as a taboo and by avoiding it he wants to prove that he is not an angry
black person who wants nothing to do with the white kids White kids who would never invite
him to occasions as they thought it would make people feel uncomfortable Poor Graham is torn
between the scorns of black boys and taunting of white boys Even after fourteen years of his
adolescence still existing black table refracts that integration has not eradicated the sense of
separation it has become more entrenched as time went by Such vicious circle can go on for
centuries and even millennia perpetuating an imagined hierarchy that sprang from transhistorical
occurrences (Harari 161)
The common ground
Both writers share common ground in yearning for equality dignity and respectable space in
society Black table exhibits stark view of human nature on the one hand and on the other hand it
displays the superficial encroachment of integration that manipulated him to refuse his own
ground Both of them represent the blacks who resent the violation of social dignity and the ones
who want to negotiate the legislation to be united Gates the innocent and naiumlve boy gauges the
wounded self- esteem of his parents after the exposure to unwanted offence he witnessed
Similarly the ideal black boy Graham finds his ground as he becomes a matured man He
blamed the black boysrsquo attitude to be the hurdle of integration He even swallowed white parentrsquos
insulting treatment who begrudged his presence in their gatherings and other occasions Graham
ultimately feels the need to realize that modern times self segregation is the custom that humans
adopted from their ancestors culture and their biology and intelligence It is the imagined orders
and devised scripts humans have constructed and internalized in order to organize the society
within a power structure
Pathos Logos and Ethos
The title ldquoWhatrsquos in a namerdquo is a rhetorical question and finally answers that name can be
manipulated used and even misused according to the userrsquos vested interest His fatherrsquos silence
and helplessness devastates the childrsquos psyche driving him to loathe Mr Wilson who resembled
his own Uncle Joe This infers that how come Mr Wilson so much alike his uncle can be a snob
Gatesrsquo emotional appeal (pathos) invokes readers particularly the blacks who grew up
swallowing the hatred He motivates the readers to empathize the humiliated parents that
dwarfed them to their marginal state Gates first presents the causes of his rage to intensify
readerrsquos emotions Mr Wilson despite his own wretched social status dominates his father using
4
bynames And in turn his fatherrsquos reasoning for suppressed silence infuriates the narrator and the
reader as well Gatesrsquo wrath pervades the end of the essay as Gates describes how they cowered
back to quietness and consoled themselves by glorifying black sports star Jackie Robinson This
situation better speaks the condition of black people before Civil Rights Movement
Likewise Grahams evidently implies the answer of why is the black table still there in his junior
high school His rhetorical questions ldquoWhy did the black kids separate themselves What did the
table say about the segregation that was supposedly going on in homerooms and gym classes
(189) are the logic (logos) providing His reasons in the form of questions ldquoWhat was I
thinkingrdquo and ldquoI realize that how wrong I wasrdquo (190) is the logos appeal consisting of reason for
accepting the narratorrsquos claim Readers can easily grasp Grahamrsquos perspective shaped by idealist
notion that has been changed to a kind of awakening at the fag end of the essay He doesnrsquot
directly tell the audience exactly what to conclude the readers nevertheless are encouraged to
infer the existing differences that lay deep down the surface of integration
The credential of the writerrsquos (ethos) lies on the fact that both of them are from black American
family background which accentuates the ground for trusting their opinion arguments and
feelings Their own experience can be recognized as real since their self-representation is equally
trust-inspiring Readers can simply believe their claims and frustration to be relevant Both
writers oppose the erasing of self the true being of an individual
Style
Beginning with anecdote both the writers excites the readers to go through the text Gates hints
that the issue of mistreating by the so called powerful and highly privileged whites is not new
The use of dialogues has made vivid impact on the writing instigating the readers to feel the
same negative aura Similarly Grahamrsquos narration takes gait from the anecdote itself Profound
rhetorical questions and quotations put additional impetus on his logos appeal provoking to
thoughts Both writers conclude their essay with the same mood and context as they have begun
More personal style makes familiar tone in Grahamrsquos writing using first person pronouns and
contracted forms(Irsquom Irsquod)
Conclusion
The phenomena of racial discrimination in USA are rooted on sociopolitical hierarchies which
cannot be justified through logical and biological basis Biology ie the blackness and other
physiology of black people cannot explain the intricacies of American racial dynamics Gatesrsquo
fury and Grahamrsquos confusion are the outcome of historical phenomena events circumstances
and power structure that transformed the social condition into cruel social structures Martin
Lutherrsquos dream of former slaves and the sons of slaveholders being able to sit down together at
the table of brotherhood (176) seem to be thwarted by self segregation The hierarchy of race
originated from accidental historical circumstances and was perpetuated and refined over many
5
generations with their own vested interest Gates and Graham are among many black writers who
seek justified answer for the age old question asking for the existence of black people as equal to
whites The value of contribution of these black people who were brought to America depriving
their homeland of strong human resource has been relegated The vicious cycle seems to repeat
when the lynching and brutalizing of black by whites trickles down now and then in America
References
Gates Henry Louis Jr ldquoWhatrsquos in a Namerdquo Patterns for College Writing A Rhetorical Readers and
Guide 12th edEd Laurie GKriszner and Stephen R Mandell Boston Bedford 20122-4 Print
Graham Lawrence Otis ldquo lsquoThe Black Tablersquo is Still Thererdquo Kriszner and Mandell 188-190
Harari Yuval Noah Sapiens A Brief History of Humankind London Vintage 2015 Print
King Martin Luther Jr ldquoI Have a Dreamrdquo The Heritage of Wordsrdquo Ed Abhi Subedi Rameshwar
Adhikaray and Shreedhar Lohani Kathmandu Ekta Books 2018 Print
Mahendra Prasad Adhikari
Library officer Lalitkala Campus
A Concept on E-LIBRARY vs Automation Abstract
Generally the working collection of books documents newspapers audio-visual
materials kept and organized people to read or borrow in a library Recent advances
in computers storage and processing communication technologies e-product
networking and internet uses have brought a revolutionary change in functioning of
the libraries and its services Information communication technology (ICT) makes
a lot of impact on library and it has changed the concept of library where print and
paper media are the main components of library system To meet tremendous
information explosion and high demand of information libraries are now changes
in digital library Due to digitizing the library resources and fast changing
technology a new type of library is coming in existence which is called- virtual
library Many of us are always very much confused about such terminology of library
It reflects three main components- service provider service receiver and the
channels of service delivery (ie technology) Internet is the main channel of e-
service delivery while other classic channels (eg telephone call center public kiosk
mobile phone television) are also considered In this paper we try to clear the
concept of these libraries terminology in a professional way
Key Words Automation Hybrid Library Digital Library Virtual Library
Automated Library Electronic Library Modern Library
Introduction
Its an electronic or online library where one can have access to books journals
novels articles or any other information over net E-service (electronic
service) represents application of utilizing the use of Information and
communication technologies (ICTs) in different areasit includes the service
element of e-tailing customer support and service delivery Database of
digitized audio video and written material on a physical site andor a website
giving 24hour online access to users E-Library is generally a library where
books can be accessed through internet Just sitting anywhereanytime a user
can read the material online
The library has purchased subscriptions to many electronic information
resources in order to provide you with access to them free of charge Our
e-resources include lots of things full-text journals newspapers company
information e-books dictionaries encyclopedias economic data digital
images industry profiles market research career information etc
What is Automation
The term automation is introduced used first DS Harder in 1936 He
defined it as ldquothe automation is handling of parts between progressive
production processes Since then the term has been applied to a wide variety
of automatic machinery and automatic systems In addition is action for
human efforts of intelligence
Need for Library Automation
There are several reasons for automation A considerable saving
in efforts Time and resources involved in manual processing can be
achieved The other reasons are 1) To improve control over collection 2) To have an entries control over the entire operation
3) To improve the existing services as well as introduce new
services
4) To avoid duplicate of work
5) To use services of the existing staff effectively
Basic Requirement of Library Automation
The following are the basic requirements for the automation of
libraries through the computer 1) Adequate collection 2) Financial assistance
3) Computer hardware
4) Library software
5) Tanning of the staff
6) Maintenance of development
Advantages of Library Automation
There are several advantages of Library Automation a machine
readable catalogue prepared at the time of acquisition may be required
respectively for number of purposes Automation has the following
advantages 1) Professional staff need not spend much time to do the routine library work 2) Eliminates human errors while performing routine library works
3) Improved control covers library collection
4) Increased computer awareness among users
5) Cataloguing is faster instant access to non-records
6) Excellent control over circulation
Some Library Software
3
1 KOHA
2 EMIS
3 PMB
4 LIBRA etc
The functions of e-libraries
1) Systematic and organized collection of print and non-print resources
2) Digital in formats so that easily process able by computers
3) The acquisition storage disseminates amp retrieval of information is done by the use
of technology
4) Access of entire holding of library is directly or indirectly accessible across the
network with the help of internet
5) Supports and provides more amp better online amp offline services
Natures of e-library
1 In digital library e-library a set of documents available through electronic means by
the use of digital technologies that allow for the retrieval archiving preservation and
dissemination of those documents which are provides access to in electronic format
2 A Physical site andor website that provide 24-hour online access to digitized audio
video and written material such as books journals and articles The content may come
from different providers
3 Digital library provide as an information service in which all the information
resources are available in computer-process able form and the functions of acquisition
storage retrieval access and display are carried out through the use of digital
technologies
4 e-Library collections of documents in organized electronic form available on the
Internet or on CD- ROM disks and Specific library a user may be able to access
magazine articles books papers images sound files and videos
5 A database is a collection of information stored in a computer or server which
incorporates software to provide efficient retrieval of the data Databases are great tools
to help you retrieve information by keyword title author subject year etc The most
common types of databases in the library are the online catalogue and the virtual
electronic databases Some are in visible some are in Download able such as full
Text abstract title with Content free of cost paid full
6 A Virtual Library is a collection of resources available on one or more computer
systems where a single interface or entry point to the collections is provided
7 More than just a means of collocating electronic resources (full-text materials
databases media and catalogues) a virtual library also provides user assistance services
such as reference inter library loan technical assistance etc
4
8 Library resources (indexes journals and reference materials for example) or
online reference services are available over the Internet Terms such as electronic
Library and Digital Library are often used synonymously
9 A hybrid library which is partly electronic and partly physical It has a physical space
with both the physical and electronic resources and services
10 A hybrid library is not just a traditional library (only containing paper-based
resources) or just a virtual library (only containing electronic resources) but somewhere
between the two It is a library which brings together a range of different information
sources printed and electronic local and remote in a seamless way
Different Types of Library
Library is a place where the collection of information resources in print or in other forms
that is organized and made accessible for reading or study is kept International
Organization for Standardization has defined library as irrespective of the title any
organized collection of printed books and periodicals or of any other graphic or audio-
visual materials and the services of a staff to provide and facilitate the use of such
materials as are required to meet the informational research educational or recreational
needs of its users
Advances in Information Communication Technology (ICT) particularly the World
Wide Web (WWW) have seen the evolution of the automated library electronic library
digital library virtual library Hybrid library etc
A Traditional Library Traditionally libraries were collections of books manuscripts
journals and other sources of recorded information The collection of the traditional
libraries are mostly print media manuscripts etc and are not well organized The
documents are deteriorating at a rapid rate the collected information is not easy to locate
and procure Such information does not reach the user of the libraries on time It is
difficult to get such publications in the absence of personal influence and contacts
There are certain restricted publications containing highly informative materials but
may not be easily available Sometimes the information is published after many years
By the time it is published the information becomes obsolete and then abandoned Since
it is not properly indexed or listed the researcher is forced to go through long and
tedious process to ascertain whether any material of hisher interest is available or not
Here the collections are not well organized and some reports are deteriorating at a rapid
rate Preserving them in their original form is difficult and it is not cost effective Again
the traditional libraries are confined itself within a physical boundary
B Automated Library A library wh i c h provides automatic services with machine-
readable catalog computerized acquisition circulation and Online Public Access
Catalogue (OPAC) are called as automated library The holdings or collection of
5
automated such types of libraries makes them better and offer more and effective services
are same as that of traditional libraries
C Electronic Library When automated libraries go for Local Area Networking (LAN)
and CD-ROM networking and started procuring e-journals and other similar kinds of
electronic materials of publications ( magnetic tapes microfilm roles CDs DVDs
Microform or other media) and accessible by any medium such as computer laptops I-
pads etc are stored and then it is known as electronic library The electronic information
or material may be stored in an offline server or online which may be accessed remotely
via computer networks The resources of the electronic libraries are in both print and
electronic form The electronic media are used for storage retrieval and delivery of
information
D Digital Library In digital libraries services are fully automated and all resources
in digital form These libraries are heterogeneous in nature and include work related
to information and how to digitize store find link visualize use publish manage and
share information Digital library is an assemblage of digital computing storage and
communication machinery together with content and software In a digital library there
are mainly two types of information
1) Born digital This information are digitally created and stored
2) Digitalized Information is in physical formats (print format) with the help of
appropriate hardware and software the information is converted into digital format or in
electronic format
It is a later stage of electronic library In digital library high speed optical fiber are used
for LAN and the access is over WAN and provide a wide range of Internet based
services ie audio and video conferencing and like other The majority of the holding
of a digital library is in the computer readable form and also acts as a point of access to
other online sources
E Virtual Library The concept of virtual library also emerged simultaneously with
electronic library and digital library This emergence is perhaps because all the
information uses are at present through networked libraries at the desktop which is quite
virtual (practical) without the physical existence of books on shelves A virtual library
can be simply defined as the internet-based digital library or a library without walls The
concept of virtual library is that any person who has a computer and connection to the
library networks can access not only the resources of that library but also a variety of
information available through national and international networks like internet and
intranet without being physically present in the library Access digital information from
the any part of the globe through an network (LAN or WAN) or any other gateway
such as internet The term virtual library is attracted the interest of users because of the
increasing medium called the WWW (World Wide Web) The virtual library is the single
most reachable and important source of information in the world and leads to
6
replacement for the traditional library A collection of links is also a virtual library these
links are not necessary owned by the virtual library However the links are maintained
updated and managed as a normal function of the virtual library
F Hybrid Library It was designed to bring a range of technologies from different
sources together in the context of a working library and to explore integrated systems
and services in electronic and printed environments It reflects the transitional state of
the library which today can neither be fully printed nor fully digital Hybrid libraries
consist of conventional print material such as books magazines journals as well as
nonconventional or electronic based material such as audio books electronic journals
e-books etc Hybrid libraries are the new and emerging term for the most public and
academic libraries because with the existing services and collection they can easily
provide electronic services or online services and easily build digital collections
There are many myths about digital library as 1) The internet is the digital library
2) Fully automated library is digital library
3) The myth of a single digital library or one-window view of digital library collections
4) Digital libraries will provide more equitable access anywhere any time
5) Digital libraries will be cheaper than print libraries
Advantages of e-libraries Todayrsquos libraries are not encircled to a particular location The user can get his her
information on his own computer screen by using the Internet It is a network of
compound access system which provides quick information to many users at the same
time There are many advantages of having hybrid digital and virtual libraries some of
the common advantages are as follows
1) No physical boundary The users did not require going to the library through internet
they could access the same information from all over the earth instantly He she have to
just type the URL of the library and heshe can get all the services and information what
heshe get in the libraries Which saves users time and every information is on single
click
2) Round the clock availability libraries can be accessed at any time 24 hours a day
and 365 days of the year All the digital content is on the internet so the information is
available at 24 hours because machines donrsquot know about day night weeks and months
Every information is available online without the respect of time
3) Multiple accesses The same resources can be used at the same time by a number of
users The users can access same the same material at numerous of times without any
difficulties and at the same time It saves users time and money which is economical
and leads to better services according to userrsquos needs and demands Multiple accesses
mean many users use the same resource at the same time or after some time However
in traditional libraries particular resource can accessed only once by a single user
7
4) Structured approach the contents of modern libraries are much richer than the
conventional libraries and the collections are in a very organized way ie users can easily
access the catalogue and from catalogue to the exacting book then from the book to a
particular chapter and so on In a library there are organized collections of human
knowledge so with the help of search we can easily approach to our particular topic
and collect the information related to the topic we search the topic in a structured way
which means that from a catalog to book then to index then from chapter so on according
to our needs we move from books to main directory or catalogue
5) Information retrieval The users are able to search or retrieve information with
the use any keyword which are related to the word or phrase of the entire collection
Digital library have user- friendly interfaces one click access to its contents The users
can easily search any word sentence symbol numbers with the help of interfaces called
search box with the help of search we can go through our topic With information
retrieval it saves the userrsquos time in searching of their information quick access to their
topics and easy to operate
6) Space The traditional library faces problems of storage and space as the collections
are in print form it occupies more space whereas electronic or digital libraries store
more information in a very less space Thousands of eBooks magazines journals etc
can be stored in single hard disks so it is important to know that the digital library needs
very less space without effecting their operations and services When the conventional
library had no physical space digitalization of its collection is the only solution
7) Networking nowadays libraries are interconnected with high-speed internet
connection which is called networking sharing of resources can be done through the
sharing of links Users need not required to go to library he can easily access the libraries
resources through internet and use their services Users can easily access many libraries
database at a single click because libraries shares the links of others libraries links which
saves users time and helps in the searching of their relevant information
8) Cost The expenditure on maintaining an electronic virtual library is much lower than
that of a traditional library A conventional library have to accept more expenditure on
the maintenance staff and professionals salaries etc this can be abridged by electronic
virtual libraries because in these modern libraries there are one time investment till the
technology changes and after that less professionals need for the maintenance of the
library
Challengesdisadvantages of e-libraries The computer viruses disasters lack of standardization for digitized information
quick degrading properties of digitized material different display standard of digital
product and its associated problem health hazard nature of the radiation from monitor
etc makes digital libraries at times handicap
1 Copyright Digitization opposes the copyright law as the content or resources of one
author can be simply transferable by others without his knowledge The main challenge
is that how the libraries broadcast information along with protecting the intellectual
8
properties of an author There are very strict rules regarding the violation of copyright
laws but in digital era it is very difficult to save the intellectual property rights of an
author or publisher
2 Speed of access as more and more computers are connected then the loads on the
server makes website slow If new technology will not evolve to solve the problem then
in near future Internet will be full of error messages As we all know that the technology
is going older day by day so itrsquos difficult to provide same speed of access because digital
content includes audio video documents which are of big in size and require more
bandwidth speed
3 Initial cost is high The initial cost of modern libraries such as the cost of software
hardware communication networks and other equipments are very high So it is very
expensive for libraries to purchase them because libraries are not the profit making
organizations they are depend on any institutions which provides funds for the
functioning and running of the libraries
4 Band width libraries will need high transfer rates for transfer of multimedia resources
but the band width is decreasing day by day due to its over utilization and overload on
the internet The slow bandwidth leads to slow download and uploading of digital
material which means users have to give more time in searching and downloading their
contents
5 Efficiency with the information explosion there is tons of information on particular
topics so it is very difficult to find the right information on the particular topic The
authentication of the information is not sure
6 Environment modern libraries cannot produce the environment of traditional
libraries Many users also find that reading printed information much easier than reading
information on a computer screen Due to lack of technological awareness many people
prefer to use print materials for reading Moreover the habits are the major problem
7 Preservation Due to rapid change in technology libraries become outdate and its
information may become inaccessible In future many new formats evolve so it is
difficult to preserve the library resources at a standard format so that in future we may
use it
Conclusion
The hybrid electronic digital and virtual libraries are the modern libraries and they are
synonyms to each other The modern libraries are not going to replace the physical
existence of print resources completely but no doubt to meet the present demand of the
users and change in technology to satisfy the users demand digitization must be
introduced so that at least libraries becomes of hybrid nature and become in the touch of
its users
The preliminary cost of digitization is high but research shows that once digitalization is
introduced then the cost to manage developing this collection will be cheaper than that of
any conventional library Day by day the cost of digitization is decreasing because the
technology going updated with every bit of time the online publication is increasing and
the needs of user are shifting towards the non-print sources The term digital library has
9
been around for at least 24 hours and possibly longer and some of the ideas behind the
term have been around for much longer While there is still disagreement about the
meaning of the term this piece argues that digital libraries are not fundamentally
different from
traditional libraries either in the purposes of existing or in the services provided The
main differences come down to how the services are provided and how collections are
stored and managed
Reference 1 Dr Manoj Kumar Verma Concept of Hybrid Digital and Virtual Library -
Mizoram University Assistant
ProfessorDepartment of Library and information science
2 Dr Manoj Kumar Verma Concept of Hybrid Digital and Virtual Library - UP
पषटभमि सङगीतको इततहास धर परानो मातननछ l ६४ कलाहर मधयको परमख कला सङगीत कला हो l महाकवव लकषमी परसाद दवकोटाल भनका छन कला भनको जीवनलाई रामरो तररकाबाट उठाउन पररपरण गनण र आननद ददन हो l कला भनको मानव हदयमा परभाववत पारी उचचवोधदवारा नततक शिकषा ददन हनपछण l िासतिोकत ढगल रचचत सतवर वरण र िबद आददल यकत जब कन सागीततक शसजणनालाई मचमा परसततत गररनछ र तयसको आननद परसततोता सतवय र शरोता लाई पतन परापत हनछ भन तयो सङगीतकला बनन जानछ l जमणन ववदवान पाकण रका अनसार मानवको इचछा या चाहनादवारा कालपतनक भावनालाई साकार रप ददन न कला हो l गायन वादन र नतय यी तीन कलाको शमशरर न सङगीत हो l वददककाल दखखन ववशभनन उपतनषद परार आदद गरनथमा उललख गररएको नाद शरतत सपत सतवर जातत गराम राग मछणना ताल मनधम दनदभी ववरा आदद बाट तयो समयमा सङगीतल ववकशसत रप शलएको दखखनछ l नपालमा ककराातकाल शलचछवीकाल र मललकालीन समयमा परापत शिलालखमा उललख भएका पदहर वाददिगोषठी परकषरमणडपी डवली नासादयो पयााख चयाण (चचा) आददको आधारमा तयततबला सङगीतको रामरो ववकास भएको मानन सककनछ l िाहकालीन समयमा राजाहर सङगीतमा तनक िौखखन चथए भनन करा पथवी नारायर िाहको ददवय वारी रर वहादरिाहको शसतार वादन सरनर िाहको गीत लखन र बाजा बजाउन राजा महनरल सतथापना गरको नपाल सङगीत महाववदयालय (२०१२) नपाल एकडमी (२०१४) राषटषिय नाचघर (२०१६) शसहदरबार पररसर शभिको रतन रकरड णङ िसतट (२०१८) जन पतछ २०४१ सालमा नपाल टशलशभजनको रपमा परररत भयो दजणनौ परसतकारहरको सतथापना कलाकारलाई परोतसाहन सतवरप ददएका अनकौ उपाधीहर जसततः वादय
शिरोमखर सङगीत शिरोमखर भजन शिरोमखर सङगीत परववर र नारायरदहटी दरबार पररसरको नारायर मषटनदरमा दरबनदीन तोकी िासतिीय सङगीतको तनयशमत कायणकरम सचालन गराइएको जसतता कायणल सतवदिी कला र ससतकती परतत उनको गदहरो मोह सतनह र ठलो योगदान रहको दखखनछ l भारतीय सगीताचायण वसनतदवारा शलखखत पसततक सङगीत वविारदमा रारा कालीन समयमा वीर िमिरल बीरगजमा आयोजना गरको वव स १९५६ को बगडीको सङगीत सममलन जहाा नपाल र भारत वषणका दजणनौ िासतिीय सगीतजञहरल भाग शलएका चथए र गरनथ न तयार परको करा उललख छ l पथवी नारायर िाहल नपालको एकीकरर पशचात ददएको ददवयवारी आफना िोख सयललाई ताल िासति बमोषटजमको तीन िहर नपालका नवारहरको नाच खिकाई हयाण पतन हनछ भनन वारील सङगीतको रामरो ववकास भएको जनाउछ र सतवदिी कला र ससतकतीलाई महतव ददन पछण भनन गदहरो सदि पतन छ तर आजको पररविमा राषि राषटषियता र ससतकार ससतकती माचथन सब भनदा धर ववकतत शभतरिएको अवसतथा चचनताजनक छ l यसमा हामी सबको धयान जानपन दखखनछ l राजतनिको अनतयका लाचग कलाकारहरको पतन ठलो योगदान रहको दखखनछ l परजातनि र गरतनिको सतथापना पतछ सरकारी गर सरकारीसततरबाट सतथावपत भएका ववशभननखाल ससतथाहरल कला र ससतकतीको कषिमा कायणरत नया तथा पराना सरसतटाहरलाई ववशभनन कायणकरम माफण त मान सममान परसतकार अवाडण सममलन आदद कायणल योगदान पयाणउद आएका छन l
ऐततहामसक रपरखा
वद उपतनषद योग दिणन वयाकरर र अधयातमववदया आदद आयण ससतकततका यी आदय गरनथहरमा नादलाई अपार महतव ददइएको छ l ऋगवद को शिकषा िासति अनसार नाद बाट सतवरको उतपवि हनछ सतवर तीन परकारका हनछन l उदाि अनदाि र सतवररत यी ततन सतवरको वरणन पारीनीय अषटधयायीमा छ l उचचरदािाः नीचरनदािाः समाहारः सतवररतः यी तीन वटा सिल तीनवटा भद दखाएको छ -
अथाणत उदािा वाट तनषाद र गानधारको उतपवि अनदाि वाट ऋषभ र धवत तयस गरर सतवररतवाट षडज मधयम र पञचमको उतपवि भएको छ पषटणडत िारगदवल पतन आफनो गरनथ सङगीतरतनाकरमा नादलाई साकषात बरहमन मानन भएको करा तनमन शलोकल परषट परको छ -
चतनय सवणभताना वववि जगदातमना
नादबरहम तदाननदमररतीयमपासतमह
(स र १३१)
अथाणत समपरण जीवातमाको जो चतना हो अथवा जसवाट जीवातमा चतन हनछ साथ जगतको उतपवि षटसतथतत र परलय पतन हनछ तयो नाद बरहम हो र तयस नाद बरहम जो अदववविय छ जसलाई अदवत दवतादवत ववशिषटादवत आदद दिणनल परततपादन गरका छन तयसलाई हामी उपासना गदणछौ
जसरी सब जञानको मल आधार वदलाई मातनएको छ तयसतत सङगीतको पतन आधार सामवद न मातनएको छ l सामवदका ऋचाहर गयातमक छन l गनधवणवदमा सङगीत क बारमा उललख गररएको छ l सङगीतल मातनसलाई षटजउन भावनाको जनम गराउाछ सङगीत मानवजीवनको दहसतसा िताषटबदयौदखख छ सङगीतलाई हरक ससतकततल पजा गछण ककनकक यो हरक ससतकततको पदहचान हो सङगीत सनदा िारीररक र मानशसक दव फाइदा हनछन यसल तनाव र चचनता भगाउाछ l धवतन र नाद नाद र िबद िबद र आकािमा अभद छ भतन ववदवानहरल भनका छन -
नादन वयजयत वरणः पद वराणत पदादवचः
वचसो वयवहारोऽय नादाधीनमतो जगत
(स र १२२)
अथाणत नाददवारा वरणहर उतपनन हनछन वरणहरवाट पद तनषपवि हनछ र पद वाट वाकय अथाणत भावाशभवयकत गन पद सघात उतपनन हनछ र यस वाकय (वारी) दवारा वयवहार चलदछ र वयवहारीक वारीन नादवाट अशभवयकत भएको हनछ
सङगीत बाट जीवनका चार परषाथण अथण धमण काम मोकष परापत हन ववचार यजञवलकय सतमतत गरनथ मा उललख गररएको छ l
वीरा वादनततवजञ शरततववदया वविारदः तालजञशचापरयासन मोकषमाग स ववनदतत
(यासतमयध३११५)
अथाणत वीरा वादनमा किल शरततववदयामा तनपर तथा तालजञ मनषय सहज मषटकतमागणमा परववषट हनछ बरहमाणडमा आकाि र नाद यी दई ततव न यसतता ततव हन जन ववशववयापी र सवणवयापी छन l आकािको गर नाद र िबद हो तयसल सङगीतरतनाकरमा नादको तनरषटकत यसरी गररएको छ
नकार परार नामान दकारमनल ववदः जातः पराराषटगनसयोगािन नादो Ntilde शभधीयत
(स र १३६)
अथाणत नकार भनको परार हो र दकार भनको आगो भतन जानन जव परार र अषटगनको सयोग हनछ तयतत वला तयसबाट उतपनन धवतन वविषलाई नाद भतननछ तयसल समपरण जगतन नादको अचधनमा छ भनन बखिनछ l पराचीन सङगीतकारहरल राग-राचगतनहरका धर सनदर रचनाहर गरका छन l िासतिीय सङगीतको ममण न राग हो l राग िबदको परयोगन सगीताचायण मतगको बहददिी गरनथमा उललखखत भएको पाइएको छ l सङगीतको साधना र अधययनल िासति सतवर ववजञान र सङगीत परदिणनमा किलता परापत हनछ l
राग क र कसरी उतपवि भयो
योNtildeय धवतनवविषसतत सतवरवरणववभवषत l रजको जनचचिानाम स राग कचथतो बध ll
- अशभनव राग मनजरी
अथाणत धवतन को तयो ववशिषट रचना जन सतवर र वरणयकत सनदर छ र जसल मनषय(परारी)को चचिलाई रजन अथवा मनोरनजन परधान गदणछ ववदवानहर तयसलाई राग भनदछन l
उतपविको ववषयमा ववशभनन मत छन जसतमा एक मत सङगीत वविारद गरनथमा वसत लखन हनछ पावणती माता को ियन मरा लाई दखर शिवजील अग परतयगको आधारमा रर वीना बनाई आफनो पााच मख बाट पााच रागहर भरव दहनडोल मघ दीपक र शरी रागको उतपवि गनण भयो र छटौ राग कौशिक सतवय माता पावणतील रचना गनण भयो l पराचचन गरनथमा सङगीतका मखय चार मत पाइनछ l शिव मत कषर मत भरत मत र हनमनमत l
पराचीनकालदखख वतणमान समम रागमा ववशभनन वगीकररहर भए जातत वगीकरर गराम राग वगीकरर दसववचध राग वगीकरर िदध छायालग र सकीरण राग वगीकरर मल राग वगीकरर राग राचगनी वगीकरर रागाग राग वगीकरर र वतणमानमा ठाट राग वगीकरर यदह ठाट राग वगीकररलाईन अदहल हामील िासतिीय सङगीत शसकन शसकाउन माधयमको रपमा मानद आएका छौ
शासतरीय सङगीतको आिशयकता
- जीवनको चार परषाथण अथण धमण काम र मोकष पराषटपतका लाचग l - सब सङगीतको जननी भएकाल यसमा दखल हाशसल गनणका लाचग l - िासतिीय सङगीतलाई मल आधार बनाएर सङगीत कषिमा परवि गरका
- उिम गरी र शिजञकषत कलाकारहरको उतपादन गन गरसततरीय सङगीत तरबदयालय र ववशववयापीरपमा परततसतपधाण गनण सकन वयवहाररक सङगीत शिकषाको ववकास गनण l
- दिभरर छररएर रहका सङगीत परशिकषर कनरहरलाई एउटा छाता मतन राखर गरसततरीय पाठयकरम बनाई परीकषा पररालीमा लयाउन पन l
- कलाकारहर रोजीरोटीमा माि शसशमत रहन पन बाधयता हन l - सङगीत तफण राजयको धयान कषटनरत गराउन नसकन l
शासतरीय सङगीतको सिसतयाहरका सिाधान
- दि सङघीयतामा गईसककाल अब हरक राजय वा परानतमा कलाकारहरको हकदहत र सरकषरको लाचग छटट तनकायको गठन गररनपन l
- िासतिीय सङगीतमा समवपणत साधक सजणकहरको पररचय बनाई जीवन सततर सहज बनाउन आजीवन भिा सवा सतरबधाको राजयल गयारनटी शलनपन तब माि शसजणनाल तनरनतरता पाउाछ र राजयल असल र सततररय सङगीतको ववकास गनण सकछ ककनकक भोको पटल शसजणना गनण सकदन l
- िासतिीय सङगीतको अधययन अधयापनलाई सहज बनाउनलाई हरक परानतमा तरबदयालय तथा महातरबदयालय तहमा िासतिीय सङगीतको पाठयकरम बनाई लाग गररनपन l
- राजधानीमा कषटनरत लशलतकला पदम कनया र रतन राजय कयामपस जसतत दिका अनय भागमा पतन ववसततार गररन पन l
- लशलतकलाको ववकासको लाचग छट Performing Art University को सतथापना गररन पन l
शासतरीय सङगीतको बततिान अिसतथा
- सतकल दखख + २ हाद ववशवववदयालयमा सतनातकोिर र ववदयावाररधी सममको अधययन हन गरको छ l
- समगर नपालको सङगीतको ववकास र सरकषरको लाचग राजयका तफण बाट ररडयो नपाल ( २००७) नपाल सङगीत तथा नाटय परजञा परततषठान (२०६४) सासतकततक ससतथान (२०१६) नपाल टशलशभजन (२०४१) लगाएतका ससतथाहरल योगदान ददइरहका छन l
- कलाकारलाई रोजगारीको अवसर शमलको छ l - राजधानी लगाएतका मठ मषटनदर गठीहर जसततः ककरातशवोर सङगीत
आशरम यलमाया कलाशसक पिपततनाथ सगीतकला परततषठान कपन सङगीत सरोवर कलातनचध सङगीत महातरबदयालय राम मषटनदर आदद कषिहरमा पाजञकषक माशसक रपमा िासतिीय सङगीतका कायणकरमहर हाद आएका छन l
- दजणनौ तनजी सङगीत परशिकषर कनरहरल पतन सङगीत शिकषा परदान गद आएका छन l
- राजयल लगाएत अनय तनषटज ससतथानहरल बषनी कलाकार तथा सरसतटाहरलाई परसतकार तथा मान सममान परदान गद आएका छन l
- कलाकारका हकदहतको लाचग ववशभनन ससतथाहर सककरय छन जसततः रोयलटी सकलन कनर परसततोता समाज सगीतकार सघ गीतकार सघ गायन समाज आदद l
- टशलशभजन लगायत ववशभनन खाल सचारका माधयमबाट आयोजना हन गरका गायनका ररयलदट िोहर जसबाट छोटो समयमान आफनो कला दखाएर चचाण पाउन समभावना बढर गएको छ
- आफनो कलालाई आफल परसततत गनण शमलन कसको पछी लागन नपन ववशभनन परववचधको ववकास भएको छ जसतको परयोगबाट सहज ववशव समदायमा आफनो कला परसततत गनण सककनछ
सङगीतिा गररएका नयाा परयोग (थरापी)
सङगीतदवारा गररन ववशभननखाल रोगहरको उपचार पदधतत लाई न music therapy भतननछ l सतनायववजञानमाचथ अनसनधान गरररहका मनोवजञातनक डयातनयल ज लशभदटनका अनसार मानशसक र िारीररक सतवासतथयका लाचग सङगीत चचककतसाका पररराम रोचक छन अनसनधानका अनसार यसल रोगपरततरोधातमक कषमतामा सकारातमक असर पछण यसल तनाव ददन हमोन कम गराउाछ सङगीतका अततररकत आमाको लोरीलाई पतन महततवपरण मातनएको छ लोरी सनन बानी परको बचचा िानत र सजग हनछ बचचालाई तनरा लागछ र ऊ घररघरर रा दन सङगीत थरापील गभणवती मदहलाको तनाव पतन कम हनछ सङगीत सनन बानील आतमा र िरीरका लाचग औषचधको काम गछण कततपय रोगमा औषचधल काम नगरपतन सङगीतल जादमयी असर दखाउाछ िरीरको कोदटणसोल सततर कम गरर यसल तनावगरसतत मासपिीहरलाई आराम ददनछ तनयशमत सङगीत सनदा ददमागल रामररी काम गनण पाउाछ असहनीय पीडाबाट गषटिरहका मातनसलाई सङगीत सनाउा दा आराम पगछ कयानाडाको अलबटाण ववशवववदयालयमा तीनदखख ११ वषणसममका ४२ बालबाशलकालाई इनजकसन लगाउन बलामा सङगीत सनाउा दा कम पीडा महसस भएको चथयो सङगीत शरवरल िरीरमा इमयनोगलोबशलन ए बढाउाछ यो एनटीबडील िरीरका कोशिकाहर सतवसतथ राखनका लाचग ठलो काम गछण सकरामक रोग लागकाहरलाई उपचारका बलामा सङगीत सनाउा दा परततरकषा पररालीमा सकारातमक असर पछण l घररघरर तरबरामी हनबाट बचनछ भन सङगीत सनन थालनस ढाडको समसतया हटाउन सतमरर िषटकत दहरो बनाउन र रामरो तनरा लयाउन पतन सङगीत परभावकारी हनछ तर िासति मा आधाररत समधर सङगीत सनदा माि यी असर दखखन हन l चको डागड़ोग र ककण ि सङगीत सनदा चादह तनाव थवपनछ l
उपसहार
िासतिीय सङगीतको उपासनाल तरनत मन सतथीर र एकतरित भई सतवरमा र आफनो उपासतयमा सतथीर हन हनाल यो धयानमागणमा पतन परवि गनणका लागी आहत नाद अथाणत सङगीतको अतत महतवपरण भशमका दखखनछ l
आजको नपाली सङगीतको गरसततरमा सदधाषटनतक र वयवहाररक दव पकषमा धर अनतर पाउनको पछाडी भौततक लाभको लाचग माि िासतिीय सङगीत को साधना गररन हो l भौततक पराषटपत का साथ साथ आधयाषटतमक उननततको लाचग पतन िासतिीय सङगीत उविक महतवपरण छ भनन बझन जररी छ l कला सादहतय र सङगीत नबझन वयषटकतलाई सङगीत सादहतयको सपरशसदध गरनथ ldquoितकियमrdquo का रचतयता भतणहरर नीततितकम खडमा भननहनछ -
सादहतयसङगीतकलाववहीनः साकषातपिः पचछववषारहीनः तर न खादननवप जीवमानसततदभागधय परम पिनाम १२
अथाणत जो मनषय सादहतय सगीत कलाबाट वचचत हनछ तयो पचछर तथा शसग तरबनाको साकषात पिको समान हनछ तयो तरबना घाास खाएर जीववत रहन पि भए तनःसदह सौभागयको करा हनछ
यषा न ववदया न तपो न दान जञान न िील न गरो न धमणः त मतयलोक भवव भारभता मनषयरपर मगाशचरषटनत 13
अथाणत ndash जन मनषयसग ववदया तप दानको भावना जञान िील (सतसतवभाव) मानवीय गर धमणमा सलगनताको अभाव हनछ तयो यस मररिील ससारमा धरतीको बोि बनर मनषय रपमा ववचरर गन पि हनछ नीततशलोकका रचतयता राजा भतणहरर यो सतपषट गनण चाहन हनछ कक मनषयको दतनक चयाण यदद पट पालन अथवा तयस भनदा कदह कदम अगारड सखभोगका साधन जटाउनलाई माि सीशमत रहको छ भन उसमा र जनावरमा कन खास फरक रहादन खान-वपउन र सखःभोग गन यही उसको जीवनको उदयशय रहको हनछ मनषयको बौदचधकताको कारर सखभोगको साथ साथ अनय कराहर पतन सलगन रहको हनछ कवव यस करालाई महतव ददन चाहन हनछ कक मनषय र पिमा शभननता कवल िारीररक सरचनामा माि सीशमत न रहर तयस भनदा माचथ उठर ववववध कलामा रचच राखन चचतन-मननको सामथयण हाशसल गनण ववदया आजणन गनण परोपकारादद कायणमा सलगन हन आधयाषटतमक जञानमा रचच राखन आददमा क दरत हन पछण जो यस परकारको उननत दजाणको कमणमा लागदन मनषय
रपमा उसको जीवनको साथणकता वसतततः सददगध हन जानछ तयो धरतीको लाचग एक परकारको बोिन हो भनन सककनछ जसरी सङगीतका सात सतवरहरको उतपवि उदाि अनदाि र सतवररत बाट भए सदहतयको वयाकररमा पतन यी तीन सतवरको वविष महतव रहको पाइनछ l सादहतयमा यमाताराजभानसलगा सि बाट ववशभनन छनदहरको तनमाणर भए जसतत सङगीतमा सारगमपधतनसा सि बाट न ववशभनन परकारका सतवरहर एव राग राचगनी हरको उतपवि भएको पाइनछ l कावयको लाचग ववषय िबद र अथण चादहनछ भन सङगीतको लाचग लय सतवर र धन आवशयक हनछ l सादहतय अथवा कावय सङगीत ववना परण हन सकतन तर सगीतमा सादहतय र िबद नभए पतन हनछ सादहतय िबद परधान हनछ भन सङगीत नाद परधान हनछ र िबद गौड रहनछ l चतन अचतन दबलाई परभाव पन कावय जसततो सङगीतलाई बझन मगज खखयाउन पदन l यसको अततररकत सब उमरका मातनस परारी एवम वोट ववरवा लाई समत लठठ पान कषमता सङगीतमा रहनछ l
अराात साहितय सगीत मधय कन एउटा पनन कला नभएको वयकतत पि समान िो | आफनो कला दवारा चतनाको सवोचच सरान परापत गना र गराउन सतन न मानव िो | पराकनतक रपमा िन िो भन पनछीिरल
घर िनाएको नाचको करायको िडा मनमोिक दखन र सनन सककनछ | तर पनन मानव ल मानव जीवन को अकनतम परयोजन मोकष को लागग आफनो कला परयोग गन गररएको िनाल अर पराकनतक जीव भनदा अलग
अकसततव िनाएको िो |
सगीत कला मधयको पररम कला को रपमा शलन गररनछ तमाम लशलत कला को ववधा भनदा सगीत कला ल अर कला भनदा िित परभाव पान गदाछ | चतन अवचतन र अचतन सिमा सगीत को परभाव पन गरका ववशभनन तथयिर फला परका छन | पराचीन काल िोस वा वतामान काल िोस | िाासरीको धन सन पनछ गाई
ल साववक भनदा अशल िढी दध हदन िरक हदन सगीत परवाि िन ठाउमा भएका बिरवा को बिकाि नछटो िन आहद वतामानमा परमाणणत भएका न छन |
सगीत मा साहितय को परयोग पनन उगचत रपमा जीवनत परयोग गन गररएको पाइनछ | जि कन गीतकार
को गीतमा सगीत को उगचत परयोग गन गररनछ ति तयो गीत कालजयी िनदछ |
राम चनरrdquo जि भजन को रपमा सनननछ सगीत को परभाव ल पाउज िजाउा द सामननमा हिडीरको पो िो कक
भनन भान िनछ |
गायन वादन र नतय को समकषट न सगीत िो | गायन लाइ अझ पषटता परदान गना वादन को परयोग गररनछ
तयस अनरप को नतय पनन गररनछ | िन त तीनवट ववधा छटटा छटट पनन परभाव पाना सफल छन तर पनन
ताल बिना गायन या नतय मा आननद को अनभनत िन पन जतती न िन ताल को सि काया वानछनीय
मानननछ |ताल कया ल आननद को अनभनत गराउादछ तयस ल राषर िोक को समय मा सर िाजा को मातर
परयोग गन गररनछ यसत ताल न जानाती गायको न स वादक कन पनन करा मा जि माननस आफनो सकपणा बिवक परयोग गदाा पनन सफल िन सतदन अनन कसलाई सोधर सफल िन भनन करा खोजद हिडछ
| आफ भनदा बििकी वयकतत फला पाछा अनन उसल सकपणा सफलता िात पादाछ | अनन तयो सफलता शसकाउन वयकतत गर को रपमा मानदछ उसल समाजमा तयो करा भन पनछ उसको जसत समसया भयका अर बयतती ल समाधान गराउन समरा बयतती लाई गर भनदछन र परशसदधी फलाउादछन | उततम गर लाई
उसको परशसदधी मा कन लोभ िादन बयततीमा भएको जञानको जयोनत मा लागको पदाा िटाउाछ र तयस मा फरर पदाा न लाछन उपाय िताउाछ र आफनो िाटो लाछदछ
आफभनदा अगाडी हिडको वयकतत लाइ गर या मागादिाक को रप मा शलन गररनछ | तसता मिान जन
िरक पदचाप लाइ आधार मानन चलन छ | ldquoमिाजनो यन गत स पनर ldquo अराात गणी मिान वयकततिर
ल अपनाएको िाटो कलयाणकारी िन गदाछ र विाालाइ गर मानर अर जनिर कलयाणको कामना मा तयहि
वािनसवामी िरर दास मीरा जीकबिर जीतकाराम आहद ल सगीत (गायन) को सार ल विााका इषट को साकषातकार गना भएको इनतिास छ |
गर िबद को अरा न अजञानको पदाा िटाउन वयकतत को रपमा शलईएको छ | सगीत लाइ गरमखी ववदया भननएको छ ककनकक कियातमक बिषयका अनक भराकनत गर दवारा मातर िल गना सकभव छ | पसतकमा
उललख गररएका ततविर आफल मातर सहि तररका िाट गायन वा वादन सकभव छन तयसल बिना गर
सगीतमा सफल िन सककदन | कन पनन परकारका ववधा मा गर को सरापना जररर छ जो तयस बिषय मा मिारर िाशसल गरको िनछ | तयसल गर को बिषय मा ldquo गररबाहमा गरबिाषण गरदवो मिशवरrdquo यानी गर
सकषट कसरनत र सिार कायामा समरा वयकतत को रप मा माननएको छ | उतकषट गर र शिषय एक अकाामा पररपरक िन गदाछन | चतनाको ववशभनन आयाम को मागादिान गरदवारा न सकभव छ |
पराचीन समय मा सि बिषय िर सनर न पठन पाठन गन चलन गरयो भनन करािर पढन पाइनछ |
वद को पठन पाठन सनर न गन गररनथयो तयस कारण शरनत नामाकरण भयो | जि माननस मा सनर गरिण
समयमा ६४ कला को अधययन अधयापन गररनथयो | राज कल ऋवषकल वपतकल गरकल आहद ससरा िाट शिकषा परदान गन चलन गरयो |६४ कला मधय लशलत कला को सरान पहिलो तयस मधयमा पनन सगीत
लाइ सवोपरी मानन गररएको छ | साम वद न सगीतको जननी को रप मा माननयको गायन आज को समयसकम आइपछदा ववशभनन अवसरा पार गद िाशम सकमख छ |
शिकषण को मखय तीन अग मानननछ
१ गरशिकषक २ शिषय बिदयारी ३ बिषय शिकषा
मागरका तीन करािर जि सकननहित िनछन ति शिकषण िनछ | तीन मधय एउटा कराको मातर अभाव
रिमा अशभषट शसदध निन िनछ | अनन तीन मधय एउटा पनन कमजोर रिमा उतकषट ननतजा आउन करामा सनदि रिन सतछ | तयसल तीनवट को सामनजसय रिन आवसयक छ | जसरर एउटा राषर समदध िन
पालना गना आवसयक मानननछ ति मातर उतकषट राजय िन जानछ | तयसत परकारल गरशिषय र शिकषा को सहि सयोजन िाट उतकषट परनतफल को कामना गना सककनछ | गर मातर गणी भएर िनन तसलाई गरिण गन वयकतत पनन पातरता भएको िन पदाछ आफलाई खाशल पार पछी मातर कन वसत भना सकजलो िनछ | गर का सकमख िादा म लाई आउाछ भनन भाव को सवारा अभाव िन पदाछ भनन चलन छ समगर मा भनन पदाा गर
एव शिषय दव एक अकाा मा पररपरक छन | कन एक को अभावल अशभषट शसदध िदन |
पराचीन समय दणख न उतकषटता को खोजीमा िाशम मनतर तनतर िद यनतर यग सकम आइपगका छौ | परसतत लखमा गर र शिषय मा क क ततव िन पछा भनन करा उललख गना खोकजएको छ | यस बिषय मा िाल
सकम आइ पछदा गर र शिषयमा ननकन करा िर िन पछा भनन अनभव गररएको छ |
गर मा िन पन गण
१ जञान २ ववजञान ३ वचन ४ परयोग शसदगध ५ शिषय ननसपादन ६ उजाा वदगध |
तयस गरर शिषय मा ननकन करा िरको परख गररनछ |
१ समपाण २ भकतत ३ मिनत ४ वफादारी ५ समय को पालन |
अि यस लाइ अशल बिसतार मा िझौ|
गर मा खोकजन करा िर |
१ जञान जन बिषय को अधयन गररनछ तयस बिषय परनत अमक वयकतत को जञान कनत छ यानी तयस बिषय
मा चाहिन बिषय वसतपरनत आवसयक करा िर कनत छ भनन करा पहिलो रोजाई िनछ | तयस वयकतत ल
वयकतत ल शिकषा गरिण गरको गर वा घर पररवार आहद सि करा िररकन उसको पररकषण गररनछ र उसको ववदवतता को चाल पाउन गररचछ | तयस बिषय मा कनत करा िर को पराचीन काल दणख अहिल सकममा भएका पररवतान को िार मा पनन रािा िन पदाछ |
२ ववजञान ववषय को वविष यानी गिन जञान न बिजञान िो | ववषय ल बयतत गना खोजको करा लाइ गिन
रपमा गचनतन गन र तयसलाइ बयतत गना न ववजञान को रपमा शलन गररनछ | जसत बििान को समय मा ककन मनर सपतक मा अभयास गना पछा भनन करा को समाधान गना सतन बिलककित लयमा अभयाि गदाा िन फायदा सवर को कन परकारल अभयास गदाा क कराको फायदा शलन सककनछ आहद करा बिजञान शभतर
राखन सककनछ | शिषय को कन पकष मा झकाि िढी छ तसमा अझ ननखारता र अर पकष को सिल बिकाि मा धयान हदन जञान न बिजञान िो |
३ वचन यानी िोलन तररकाभाषा को परयोग िबद को चयन आहद करा को पनन बिचार गन गररनछ | कन कन िला मा गर ल अशल कठोर खालको िचन को पनन परयोग गना पन िनछ | अशल ररसाएर परयोग गररएको वचन ल बिदयारी अशल सजगता हदएर शसतन पनन िनछ तयस कारण पनन कन समयमा अशल रखो सबद
को परयोग गदाा बिदयारी को िीतलाइ धयान राणखएको िन गदाछ | ससकत मा एउटा नीती वचन ल भनछ ldquo
लालानाद िििो दोषा ताडनाद िििो गणाrdquo यानी धर माया ल पनन बिगगरन सकभावना िनछ समय समय
मा धयान हदन पन िनछ र उगचत कदम चालन पदाछ | वचन को अको परयोजन कन रचना रचना गन समयमा पनन मितव राखदछ कन िकनदि को रचना मा कन खालका िबदावली को परयोग गन भनन करा पनन यसशभतर
राखन सककनछ
४ परयोग शसदगध यानी भाषागत शसकाएका करा यनतर िाट पनन िजाएर वा गायन गरर परसतत गना सतन
िन पदाछ | कन पनन बिषय को शभबतर करा परयोगका सार िताउन सतन यानी कन राग मा परयोग गररएको बिषि कराको शलणखत मातर िन परयोग पनन गना सतन र िताउन सतन िन पदाछ | तिला मा कन घराना मा कसतो ननकाि या गायन मा दरिारी को गानधार या भरवी को गानधार को परयोय गरर दखाउन सतन | भपाली र रामकली या दिकार आहद ककन फरक छ भनन करा को भाशलभाती परयोग गरर शसकाउन सतन |
५ शिषय ननषपादन अनत शसकर आएका नभई सरदणखन आफल शसकाएका शिषय कनत छन या खिर
जसत मौसममा मातर िन अर िला सखा िो कक अरवा शिषय लाइ अनघ िढन या कसरर अगाडी लर जान
सककनछ भनर िर सकभव परयास गन काम ल न शिषय ननषपादन िन सकभव छ विााल नाम शलन शिषय
ल गरका काम िाट पनन शिषय ननषपादन को िारमा जानकारी शलन सककनछ | शिषय को परगनत न भएको मा गचनता शलन खालका गर िन जररर छ | उसका परगती मा भएका िाधा िर सकभव िटाउन खोजन गरल मातर
असल शिषय ननषपादन गरको पाइनछ | आफमा भएको कला गरल योछय शिषयलाइ मातर परदान गरर योछय
शिषय ननषपादन गनािनछ | िरक ववदयारी को कषमताको पहिचान गरर तिी अनरप को तयारी गराउन
सकमा मातर शिषय ननषपादन अझ िढी परभावकारी िन जानछ | ५ जना शिषय लाइ ५ परकार िाट तयार
गराउन सतन आफमा चनौती िन जानछ शिषय आफलाई एउटा बिषयमा ककनरत गरर अभयाि गछा तर
गर ल ५ वटा न करा को अलग अलग गचनतन मनन गना परम आवसयक पछा | जसरर तिला मा िनारि
घराना अनतगात ५ ववदवानको तिला सनन िो भन सिको अलग अलग तिला छ कसरर तसको कारण यहि
िो कक जो शिषय को जन करामा जयादा रची छ तयस अनरप को शसकाई गर िाट भएको छ | ताल योगी पणडीत सरि तलवालकर जी का सि ववदयारी को तिला अलग -२ न छ | शिषय उतपादन गना आफ मा एक
चनौती िो
६ उजाा वदगध गरल िासतर र तयस को परयोग का सारसार तयस बिषयमा अझ रामरोसग लाछन उजााको वदगध िन करा िर ननरनतर परवाि गना अतयनत जररर छ | उजाावान गर ल मातर उजाा हदन सतछ | जि शिषय
गर को भट िनछ अभयास करा पहिलो परारशमकता मा राखदा अझ उततम लाछछ | तयस उजाा ल बिदयारी मा जीवन मा कहि गना सतन िल परापत गछा | भट िादा कन सगीतसाधकको सकारातमक करासगीत को रचना को करा नयाा रचना को करा ल ववदयारी मा उजाा भन काम गछा | बिशिषट गणवान कलाकार को शरबय
दशय समागरील पनन ववदयारी मा उजाा भन काम गदाछ | उचच कोटी का गरिरल आफना चला लाइ आफनो जसतो नभ आफ भनदा फरक काया गना सदव पररणा परदान गना भएको करा उजाा परापत कलाकारिरको करा िाट परापत गररएको पाइनछ | ववदयारी को कषमता अनरप को कायामा लाछन पररणा गना जसत कन ववदयारी रचना गना रची राखछ भन तिी काया मा उसलाई िौिला परदान गन | सगीत का ववशभनन आयाम मा काम
गना सतन खिी को समगचत ढग िाट पहिचान गरर तसलाई अनघ िढन उतपररणा परदान गन | कन कन ववदयारी लाइ सगीत को िार मा खोज गना मन लाछन िन सतछ तसतो ववदयारी लाइ बिषय को िारमा मागा दिान परदान गन काम पनन गर िाट िन पदाछ |
तयस गरर शिषय मा िन पन करा |
१ समपाण कन पनन करामा आफलाइ सकपणा रपमा तयसमा नलगाएमा सफल िन सककदन | तन मन र
५ िफादारी यानी भनको मानन गर ल भन पछी ज गरन पनन पनछ न िटन | शसकाएका करा लाइ जसताको तसत गरर गाउन या िजाउन | जि िफादार छ भनन करा कसरर िनछ ति गरल सि करा कन िाकक नराखी कन शसकाउन िनछ अनन मातर आफनो अशभषट शसदध िनछ | मिाभारत मा अजान र असवतरामा को परसङग
आउछ कक जनत ववदया अजान लाइ रोण ल हदन भयो तती असवतरामा लाइ हदन भएन ककन मिनती र
आफनो ववदया गलत परयोग निन अवसराको जञान ल गदाा न तसतो भएको िो | गर सग शसकको ववदया िो परयोग गन िलामा गरको समरण पनन िफादारी िो | कहि समय एक जना गरकोमा जान फरी अको गरकोमा जान यसरर ननरनतर गरिर पररवतान गन चलन उपयतत माननदन | कन जनावर पाशलयको छ भन उसको माशलक भनदा सि कराल उततम अर कन मानछ साग तयो पालत रवततदन तयसतो गरर िफादार रिन न सक
पनन सक जनत िफादार िन उततम माननएको छ
६ समय को पालन समय को पालन सिल सकयक परकारल गना आवसयक छ यहद समय को पालन गररएन
भन आवसयक काम ननषपादन िदन | कन पनन कामको लागग तोककएको समयमा तयो काम परा गना पदाछ
| भन को समय मा तोककएको काम गररएको खणडमा मातर समय को पालन गररएको मानननछ | शसकाउन समय अभयासगन समय सगीतमा समय अनसार को राग िनछ सहि समय मा सहि राग को परयोगल
ववशभनन काम गन रािा न छ | दख को समय मा सख को समय का लागग अलग -२ ताल र राग को परयोग
गन गररएको पाइनछ | समय को परवाि न ताल को रपमा परयोग गररएको िो | गरकल मा रिी शिकषा आजान
गन ववदयारी लाइ ननयम को पालन अतयनत आवशयक ततव मनननछ |
आफल शसकको बिदया मा न कहि गरर दखाउन उददशयका सार लागग परको बिदयारी ल आफनो किागरिदगध अपरतीम कौिल लगन ननयम नतरब समरण एव आसरा आहद गण भएको खणड मा मातर
समय ववदया मिनत आहद लगानी गना भनदा पहिला परनतफल रामरो िनछकक िदन भनन मागर को तररका परयोग गररकन िन परचलन छ | तयस कारण जान बिवततक या शिषय िनाउन भनन करा सननासार तरनत
सवीकार नगन चलन छ | मागर उललणखत करा िरको िारमा रामरोसग जानकारी शलन कहि समय लगगिालछ
|
कवव भबतरािरी भनन िनछ ldquo गण लबधा सवयमव सकपदrdquo गणको बिकाि न सकपवतत(सकपदा) आगमनको कारण िो | जसतो परकार को सकपवततको भणडार गना खोकजएको िो तसतो गण को बिकाि वानछनीय छ |
The two Essays ldquoWhatrsquos in a Namerdquo(by Henry Louis Gates Jr) and ldquoThe lsquoBlack Tablersquo is Still
Thererdquo(by Lawrence Otis Graham) included in ldquoPatterns of College Writingrdquo the English
Course book for BA 1st year reflect upon the racial discrimination prevalent in the USA
Though the essays are written by two different writers their response towards the prejudice is
based on their own experience Both the writers belong to Black community that went through
traumatic period of prolonged injustice offences deprivation and oppression in America They
give account of their childhood when they had the bitter experience of being insulted and
excluded by whites Gates remembers himself as an innocent child who was ignorant about the
demeaning attitude of whites towards his race in general and his own father in particular Even
when he grows up it makes no senses to him that bynames used for Black people signifies hatred
and prejudice white people have nurtured He implies that people should be judged from their
quality contribution and skill Likewise Graham who clung to integration and still faced the
exclusion during his schooldays was confused about the existing different treatment towards
himself He is disillusioned when he finds out the integration be just superficial as he grows up to
a professional lawyer Gates using the allusion from Shakespearersquos Romeo and Juliet ldquoWhatrsquos in
a namerdquo and Graham using a symbol ldquoBlack Tablerdquo of his junior high school strongly hold the
belief that segregation is wrong
2
Gatesrsquo Experience
African Americans are generally the descendants of enslaved black people within the boundaries
of present United States Formal political economic and social discrimination against these
minorities has been present throughout American history Gates despises the discrimination of
black people especially the spiteful attitude of whites using bynames to address them His
childhood experience gives an account of his irreversible negative recognition labeled to him by
white despite his high financial standings The racial identity has been denominated by whites as
inferior ugly and poor which is further crushed by giving bynames like Kaffir Tar Baby Jim
Crow Georgehellip Even a lower social status white like Mr Wilson would find privilege to insult
his well to do father just because he was a black Gates hated that his father being called by
different name which was not truly his name His fury was not for demeaning his father instead
his fatherrsquos silence hurts him more From then he had the revelation that two worlds exist for
black people like him The hierarchy created by whites has been choking them and shooing them
to the margin White people who regarded themselves supreme hurled the hatred in different
forms and one of them was negative names
Grahamrsquos Experience
In the US the separation was experienced in various areas such as public transportation
schools restaurants and residential places where individuals were restricted on the basis of
racial background Black table in the cafeteria got the name as black boys would separate
themselves from other race except Graham He strictly adhered to integration by avoiding black
table for two reasons first he held the principle of equality and integration strongly and second
he didnrsquot want to lose his white friends by being racial As a schoolboy he carried on the
principle seriously despite being shunned by white community Since he prospered as an
American entertaining all the integrating activities with the whites he condemns the separation
though volunteer it is What shocks him the most is the black table still laying on the cafeteria
even after 27 years He wondered that other separate tables in which athletes Jewish boys
Jewish girls Irish kids heavy metals grouphellipsegregate themselves had never drawn argument
and condemnation during his school life The trend he considered deplorable even though the
principles may have changed is still alive He wakes up to a new realization of truth that people
tend to gravitate towards other people they think they may relate better with and stay away from
what they think is different
Gatesrsquos Allusion
ldquoWhatrsquos in a namerdquo is an allusion derived from Shakespearersquos ldquoRomeo and Julietrdquo a romantic
tragedy Its Juliet who states this very expression to imply that name should not determine how
people are to be regarded by others Julietrsquos stance and condition is analogous to Gates as he
abhors the trend of discrimination and prejudice that lies behind names Gates expresses his
claim that name shaped peoplersquos perceptions and prejudice in the mid 1950s Name is a part of
3
onersquos identity how one is recognized and addressed by the world These names on the other
hand signify offenses and disrespect George was an infamous name to belittle black people and
Gates hated that his father was put to a lower standard than he truly was Gates illustrates how
racism can perpetuate prejudice that aims to snatch individual identity
Grahamrsquos symbol
Black table which is regarded with scorn by whites is a symbol that segregates black boy from
others Graham sees it as a taboo and by avoiding it he wants to prove that he is not an angry
black person who wants nothing to do with the white kids White kids who would never invite
him to occasions as they thought it would make people feel uncomfortable Poor Graham is torn
between the scorns of black boys and taunting of white boys Even after fourteen years of his
adolescence still existing black table refracts that integration has not eradicated the sense of
separation it has become more entrenched as time went by Such vicious circle can go on for
centuries and even millennia perpetuating an imagined hierarchy that sprang from transhistorical
occurrences (Harari 161)
The common ground
Both writers share common ground in yearning for equality dignity and respectable space in
society Black table exhibits stark view of human nature on the one hand and on the other hand it
displays the superficial encroachment of integration that manipulated him to refuse his own
ground Both of them represent the blacks who resent the violation of social dignity and the ones
who want to negotiate the legislation to be united Gates the innocent and naiumlve boy gauges the
wounded self- esteem of his parents after the exposure to unwanted offence he witnessed
Similarly the ideal black boy Graham finds his ground as he becomes a matured man He
blamed the black boysrsquo attitude to be the hurdle of integration He even swallowed white parentrsquos
insulting treatment who begrudged his presence in their gatherings and other occasions Graham
ultimately feels the need to realize that modern times self segregation is the custom that humans
adopted from their ancestors culture and their biology and intelligence It is the imagined orders
and devised scripts humans have constructed and internalized in order to organize the society
within a power structure
Pathos Logos and Ethos
The title ldquoWhatrsquos in a namerdquo is a rhetorical question and finally answers that name can be
manipulated used and even misused according to the userrsquos vested interest His fatherrsquos silence
and helplessness devastates the childrsquos psyche driving him to loathe Mr Wilson who resembled
his own Uncle Joe This infers that how come Mr Wilson so much alike his uncle can be a snob
Gatesrsquo emotional appeal (pathos) invokes readers particularly the blacks who grew up
swallowing the hatred He motivates the readers to empathize the humiliated parents that
dwarfed them to their marginal state Gates first presents the causes of his rage to intensify
readerrsquos emotions Mr Wilson despite his own wretched social status dominates his father using
4
bynames And in turn his fatherrsquos reasoning for suppressed silence infuriates the narrator and the
reader as well Gatesrsquo wrath pervades the end of the essay as Gates describes how they cowered
back to quietness and consoled themselves by glorifying black sports star Jackie Robinson This
situation better speaks the condition of black people before Civil Rights Movement
Likewise Grahams evidently implies the answer of why is the black table still there in his junior
high school His rhetorical questions ldquoWhy did the black kids separate themselves What did the
table say about the segregation that was supposedly going on in homerooms and gym classes
(189) are the logic (logos) providing His reasons in the form of questions ldquoWhat was I
thinkingrdquo and ldquoI realize that how wrong I wasrdquo (190) is the logos appeal consisting of reason for
accepting the narratorrsquos claim Readers can easily grasp Grahamrsquos perspective shaped by idealist
notion that has been changed to a kind of awakening at the fag end of the essay He doesnrsquot
directly tell the audience exactly what to conclude the readers nevertheless are encouraged to
infer the existing differences that lay deep down the surface of integration
The credential of the writerrsquos (ethos) lies on the fact that both of them are from black American
family background which accentuates the ground for trusting their opinion arguments and
feelings Their own experience can be recognized as real since their self-representation is equally
trust-inspiring Readers can simply believe their claims and frustration to be relevant Both
writers oppose the erasing of self the true being of an individual
Style
Beginning with anecdote both the writers excites the readers to go through the text Gates hints
that the issue of mistreating by the so called powerful and highly privileged whites is not new
The use of dialogues has made vivid impact on the writing instigating the readers to feel the
same negative aura Similarly Grahamrsquos narration takes gait from the anecdote itself Profound
rhetorical questions and quotations put additional impetus on his logos appeal provoking to
thoughts Both writers conclude their essay with the same mood and context as they have begun
More personal style makes familiar tone in Grahamrsquos writing using first person pronouns and
contracted forms(Irsquom Irsquod)
Conclusion
The phenomena of racial discrimination in USA are rooted on sociopolitical hierarchies which
cannot be justified through logical and biological basis Biology ie the blackness and other
physiology of black people cannot explain the intricacies of American racial dynamics Gatesrsquo
fury and Grahamrsquos confusion are the outcome of historical phenomena events circumstances
and power structure that transformed the social condition into cruel social structures Martin
Lutherrsquos dream of former slaves and the sons of slaveholders being able to sit down together at
the table of brotherhood (176) seem to be thwarted by self segregation The hierarchy of race
originated from accidental historical circumstances and was perpetuated and refined over many
5
generations with their own vested interest Gates and Graham are among many black writers who
seek justified answer for the age old question asking for the existence of black people as equal to
whites The value of contribution of these black people who were brought to America depriving
their homeland of strong human resource has been relegated The vicious cycle seems to repeat
when the lynching and brutalizing of black by whites trickles down now and then in America
References
Gates Henry Louis Jr ldquoWhatrsquos in a Namerdquo Patterns for College Writing A Rhetorical Readers and
Guide 12th edEd Laurie GKriszner and Stephen R Mandell Boston Bedford 20122-4 Print
Graham Lawrence Otis ldquo lsquoThe Black Tablersquo is Still Thererdquo Kriszner and Mandell 188-190
Harari Yuval Noah Sapiens A Brief History of Humankind London Vintage 2015 Print
King Martin Luther Jr ldquoI Have a Dreamrdquo The Heritage of Wordsrdquo Ed Abhi Subedi Rameshwar
Adhikaray and Shreedhar Lohani Kathmandu Ekta Books 2018 Print
Mahendra Prasad Adhikari
Library officer Lalitkala Campus
A Concept on E-LIBRARY vs Automation Abstract
Generally the working collection of books documents newspapers audio-visual
materials kept and organized people to read or borrow in a library Recent advances
in computers storage and processing communication technologies e-product
networking and internet uses have brought a revolutionary change in functioning of
the libraries and its services Information communication technology (ICT) makes
a lot of impact on library and it has changed the concept of library where print and
paper media are the main components of library system To meet tremendous
information explosion and high demand of information libraries are now changes
in digital library Due to digitizing the library resources and fast changing
technology a new type of library is coming in existence which is called- virtual
library Many of us are always very much confused about such terminology of library
It reflects three main components- service provider service receiver and the
channels of service delivery (ie technology) Internet is the main channel of e-
service delivery while other classic channels (eg telephone call center public kiosk
mobile phone television) are also considered In this paper we try to clear the
concept of these libraries terminology in a professional way
Key Words Automation Hybrid Library Digital Library Virtual Library
Automated Library Electronic Library Modern Library
Introduction
Its an electronic or online library where one can have access to books journals
novels articles or any other information over net E-service (electronic
service) represents application of utilizing the use of Information and
communication technologies (ICTs) in different areasit includes the service
element of e-tailing customer support and service delivery Database of
digitized audio video and written material on a physical site andor a website
giving 24hour online access to users E-Library is generally a library where
books can be accessed through internet Just sitting anywhereanytime a user
can read the material online
The library has purchased subscriptions to many electronic information
resources in order to provide you with access to them free of charge Our
e-resources include lots of things full-text journals newspapers company
information e-books dictionaries encyclopedias economic data digital
images industry profiles market research career information etc
What is Automation
The term automation is introduced used first DS Harder in 1936 He
defined it as ldquothe automation is handling of parts between progressive
production processes Since then the term has been applied to a wide variety
of automatic machinery and automatic systems In addition is action for
human efforts of intelligence
Need for Library Automation
There are several reasons for automation A considerable saving
in efforts Time and resources involved in manual processing can be
achieved The other reasons are 1) To improve control over collection 2) To have an entries control over the entire operation
3) To improve the existing services as well as introduce new
services
4) To avoid duplicate of work
5) To use services of the existing staff effectively
Basic Requirement of Library Automation
The following are the basic requirements for the automation of
libraries through the computer 1) Adequate collection 2) Financial assistance
3) Computer hardware
4) Library software
5) Tanning of the staff
6) Maintenance of development
Advantages of Library Automation
There are several advantages of Library Automation a machine
readable catalogue prepared at the time of acquisition may be required
respectively for number of purposes Automation has the following
advantages 1) Professional staff need not spend much time to do the routine library work 2) Eliminates human errors while performing routine library works
3) Improved control covers library collection
4) Increased computer awareness among users
5) Cataloguing is faster instant access to non-records
6) Excellent control over circulation
Some Library Software
3
1 KOHA
2 EMIS
3 PMB
4 LIBRA etc
The functions of e-libraries
1) Systematic and organized collection of print and non-print resources
2) Digital in formats so that easily process able by computers
3) The acquisition storage disseminates amp retrieval of information is done by the use
of technology
4) Access of entire holding of library is directly or indirectly accessible across the
network with the help of internet
5) Supports and provides more amp better online amp offline services
Natures of e-library
1 In digital library e-library a set of documents available through electronic means by
the use of digital technologies that allow for the retrieval archiving preservation and
dissemination of those documents which are provides access to in electronic format
2 A Physical site andor website that provide 24-hour online access to digitized audio
video and written material such as books journals and articles The content may come
from different providers
3 Digital library provide as an information service in which all the information
resources are available in computer-process able form and the functions of acquisition
storage retrieval access and display are carried out through the use of digital
technologies
4 e-Library collections of documents in organized electronic form available on the
Internet or on CD- ROM disks and Specific library a user may be able to access
magazine articles books papers images sound files and videos
5 A database is a collection of information stored in a computer or server which
incorporates software to provide efficient retrieval of the data Databases are great tools
to help you retrieve information by keyword title author subject year etc The most
common types of databases in the library are the online catalogue and the virtual
electronic databases Some are in visible some are in Download able such as full
Text abstract title with Content free of cost paid full
6 A Virtual Library is a collection of resources available on one or more computer
systems where a single interface or entry point to the collections is provided
7 More than just a means of collocating electronic resources (full-text materials
databases media and catalogues) a virtual library also provides user assistance services
such as reference inter library loan technical assistance etc
4
8 Library resources (indexes journals and reference materials for example) or
online reference services are available over the Internet Terms such as electronic
Library and Digital Library are often used synonymously
9 A hybrid library which is partly electronic and partly physical It has a physical space
with both the physical and electronic resources and services
10 A hybrid library is not just a traditional library (only containing paper-based
resources) or just a virtual library (only containing electronic resources) but somewhere
between the two It is a library which brings together a range of different information
sources printed and electronic local and remote in a seamless way
Different Types of Library
Library is a place where the collection of information resources in print or in other forms
that is organized and made accessible for reading or study is kept International
Organization for Standardization has defined library as irrespective of the title any
organized collection of printed books and periodicals or of any other graphic or audio-
visual materials and the services of a staff to provide and facilitate the use of such
materials as are required to meet the informational research educational or recreational
needs of its users
Advances in Information Communication Technology (ICT) particularly the World
Wide Web (WWW) have seen the evolution of the automated library electronic library
digital library virtual library Hybrid library etc
A Traditional Library Traditionally libraries were collections of books manuscripts
journals and other sources of recorded information The collection of the traditional
libraries are mostly print media manuscripts etc and are not well organized The
documents are deteriorating at a rapid rate the collected information is not easy to locate
and procure Such information does not reach the user of the libraries on time It is
difficult to get such publications in the absence of personal influence and contacts
There are certain restricted publications containing highly informative materials but
may not be easily available Sometimes the information is published after many years
By the time it is published the information becomes obsolete and then abandoned Since
it is not properly indexed or listed the researcher is forced to go through long and
tedious process to ascertain whether any material of hisher interest is available or not
Here the collections are not well organized and some reports are deteriorating at a rapid
rate Preserving them in their original form is difficult and it is not cost effective Again
the traditional libraries are confined itself within a physical boundary
B Automated Library A library wh i c h provides automatic services with machine-
readable catalog computerized acquisition circulation and Online Public Access
Catalogue (OPAC) are called as automated library The holdings or collection of
5
automated such types of libraries makes them better and offer more and effective services
are same as that of traditional libraries
C Electronic Library When automated libraries go for Local Area Networking (LAN)
and CD-ROM networking and started procuring e-journals and other similar kinds of
electronic materials of publications ( magnetic tapes microfilm roles CDs DVDs
Microform or other media) and accessible by any medium such as computer laptops I-
pads etc are stored and then it is known as electronic library The electronic information
or material may be stored in an offline server or online which may be accessed remotely
via computer networks The resources of the electronic libraries are in both print and
electronic form The electronic media are used for storage retrieval and delivery of
information
D Digital Library In digital libraries services are fully automated and all resources
in digital form These libraries are heterogeneous in nature and include work related
to information and how to digitize store find link visualize use publish manage and
share information Digital library is an assemblage of digital computing storage and
communication machinery together with content and software In a digital library there
are mainly two types of information
1) Born digital This information are digitally created and stored
2) Digitalized Information is in physical formats (print format) with the help of
appropriate hardware and software the information is converted into digital format or in
electronic format
It is a later stage of electronic library In digital library high speed optical fiber are used
for LAN and the access is over WAN and provide a wide range of Internet based
services ie audio and video conferencing and like other The majority of the holding
of a digital library is in the computer readable form and also acts as a point of access to
other online sources
E Virtual Library The concept of virtual library also emerged simultaneously with
electronic library and digital library This emergence is perhaps because all the
information uses are at present through networked libraries at the desktop which is quite
virtual (practical) without the physical existence of books on shelves A virtual library
can be simply defined as the internet-based digital library or a library without walls The
concept of virtual library is that any person who has a computer and connection to the
library networks can access not only the resources of that library but also a variety of
information available through national and international networks like internet and
intranet without being physically present in the library Access digital information from
the any part of the globe through an network (LAN or WAN) or any other gateway
such as internet The term virtual library is attracted the interest of users because of the
increasing medium called the WWW (World Wide Web) The virtual library is the single
most reachable and important source of information in the world and leads to
6
replacement for the traditional library A collection of links is also a virtual library these
links are not necessary owned by the virtual library However the links are maintained
updated and managed as a normal function of the virtual library
F Hybrid Library It was designed to bring a range of technologies from different
sources together in the context of a working library and to explore integrated systems
and services in electronic and printed environments It reflects the transitional state of
the library which today can neither be fully printed nor fully digital Hybrid libraries
consist of conventional print material such as books magazines journals as well as
nonconventional or electronic based material such as audio books electronic journals
e-books etc Hybrid libraries are the new and emerging term for the most public and
academic libraries because with the existing services and collection they can easily
provide electronic services or online services and easily build digital collections
There are many myths about digital library as 1) The internet is the digital library
2) Fully automated library is digital library
3) The myth of a single digital library or one-window view of digital library collections
4) Digital libraries will provide more equitable access anywhere any time
5) Digital libraries will be cheaper than print libraries
Advantages of e-libraries Todayrsquos libraries are not encircled to a particular location The user can get his her
information on his own computer screen by using the Internet It is a network of
compound access system which provides quick information to many users at the same
time There are many advantages of having hybrid digital and virtual libraries some of
the common advantages are as follows
1) No physical boundary The users did not require going to the library through internet
they could access the same information from all over the earth instantly He she have to
just type the URL of the library and heshe can get all the services and information what
heshe get in the libraries Which saves users time and every information is on single
click
2) Round the clock availability libraries can be accessed at any time 24 hours a day
and 365 days of the year All the digital content is on the internet so the information is
available at 24 hours because machines donrsquot know about day night weeks and months
Every information is available online without the respect of time
3) Multiple accesses The same resources can be used at the same time by a number of
users The users can access same the same material at numerous of times without any
difficulties and at the same time It saves users time and money which is economical
and leads to better services according to userrsquos needs and demands Multiple accesses
mean many users use the same resource at the same time or after some time However
in traditional libraries particular resource can accessed only once by a single user
7
4) Structured approach the contents of modern libraries are much richer than the
conventional libraries and the collections are in a very organized way ie users can easily
access the catalogue and from catalogue to the exacting book then from the book to a
particular chapter and so on In a library there are organized collections of human
knowledge so with the help of search we can easily approach to our particular topic
and collect the information related to the topic we search the topic in a structured way
which means that from a catalog to book then to index then from chapter so on according
to our needs we move from books to main directory or catalogue
5) Information retrieval The users are able to search or retrieve information with
the use any keyword which are related to the word or phrase of the entire collection
Digital library have user- friendly interfaces one click access to its contents The users
can easily search any word sentence symbol numbers with the help of interfaces called
search box with the help of search we can go through our topic With information
retrieval it saves the userrsquos time in searching of their information quick access to their
topics and easy to operate
6) Space The traditional library faces problems of storage and space as the collections
are in print form it occupies more space whereas electronic or digital libraries store
more information in a very less space Thousands of eBooks magazines journals etc
can be stored in single hard disks so it is important to know that the digital library needs
very less space without effecting their operations and services When the conventional
library had no physical space digitalization of its collection is the only solution
7) Networking nowadays libraries are interconnected with high-speed internet
connection which is called networking sharing of resources can be done through the
sharing of links Users need not required to go to library he can easily access the libraries
resources through internet and use their services Users can easily access many libraries
database at a single click because libraries shares the links of others libraries links which
saves users time and helps in the searching of their relevant information
8) Cost The expenditure on maintaining an electronic virtual library is much lower than
that of a traditional library A conventional library have to accept more expenditure on
the maintenance staff and professionals salaries etc this can be abridged by electronic
virtual libraries because in these modern libraries there are one time investment till the
technology changes and after that less professionals need for the maintenance of the
library
Challengesdisadvantages of e-libraries The computer viruses disasters lack of standardization for digitized information
quick degrading properties of digitized material different display standard of digital
product and its associated problem health hazard nature of the radiation from monitor
etc makes digital libraries at times handicap
1 Copyright Digitization opposes the copyright law as the content or resources of one
author can be simply transferable by others without his knowledge The main challenge
is that how the libraries broadcast information along with protecting the intellectual
8
properties of an author There are very strict rules regarding the violation of copyright
laws but in digital era it is very difficult to save the intellectual property rights of an
author or publisher
2 Speed of access as more and more computers are connected then the loads on the
server makes website slow If new technology will not evolve to solve the problem then
in near future Internet will be full of error messages As we all know that the technology
is going older day by day so itrsquos difficult to provide same speed of access because digital
content includes audio video documents which are of big in size and require more
bandwidth speed
3 Initial cost is high The initial cost of modern libraries such as the cost of software
hardware communication networks and other equipments are very high So it is very
expensive for libraries to purchase them because libraries are not the profit making
organizations they are depend on any institutions which provides funds for the
functioning and running of the libraries
4 Band width libraries will need high transfer rates for transfer of multimedia resources
but the band width is decreasing day by day due to its over utilization and overload on
the internet The slow bandwidth leads to slow download and uploading of digital
material which means users have to give more time in searching and downloading their
contents
5 Efficiency with the information explosion there is tons of information on particular
topics so it is very difficult to find the right information on the particular topic The
authentication of the information is not sure
6 Environment modern libraries cannot produce the environment of traditional
libraries Many users also find that reading printed information much easier than reading
information on a computer screen Due to lack of technological awareness many people
prefer to use print materials for reading Moreover the habits are the major problem
7 Preservation Due to rapid change in technology libraries become outdate and its
information may become inaccessible In future many new formats evolve so it is
difficult to preserve the library resources at a standard format so that in future we may
use it
Conclusion
The hybrid electronic digital and virtual libraries are the modern libraries and they are
synonyms to each other The modern libraries are not going to replace the physical
existence of print resources completely but no doubt to meet the present demand of the
users and change in technology to satisfy the users demand digitization must be
introduced so that at least libraries becomes of hybrid nature and become in the touch of
its users
The preliminary cost of digitization is high but research shows that once digitalization is
introduced then the cost to manage developing this collection will be cheaper than that of
any conventional library Day by day the cost of digitization is decreasing because the
technology going updated with every bit of time the online publication is increasing and
the needs of user are shifting towards the non-print sources The term digital library has
9
been around for at least 24 hours and possibly longer and some of the ideas behind the
term have been around for much longer While there is still disagreement about the
meaning of the term this piece argues that digital libraries are not fundamentally
different from
traditional libraries either in the purposes of existing or in the services provided The
main differences come down to how the services are provided and how collections are
stored and managed
Reference 1 Dr Manoj Kumar Verma Concept of Hybrid Digital and Virtual Library -
Mizoram University Assistant
ProfessorDepartment of Library and information science
2 Dr Manoj Kumar Verma Concept of Hybrid Digital and Virtual Library - UP
पषटभमि सङगीतको इततहास धर परानो मातननछ l ६४ कलाहर मधयको परमख कला सङगीत कला हो l महाकवव लकषमी परसाद दवकोटाल भनका छन कला भनको जीवनलाई रामरो तररकाबाट उठाउन पररपरण गनण र आननद ददन हो l कला भनको मानव हदयमा परभाववत पारी उचचवोधदवारा नततक शिकषा ददन हनपछण l िासतिोकत ढगल रचचत सतवर वरण र िबद आददल यकत जब कन सागीततक शसजणनालाई मचमा परसततत गररनछ र तयसको आननद परसततोता सतवय र शरोता लाई पतन परापत हनछ भन तयो सङगीतकला बनन जानछ l जमणन ववदवान पाकण रका अनसार मानवको इचछा या चाहनादवारा कालपतनक भावनालाई साकार रप ददन न कला हो l गायन वादन र नतय यी तीन कलाको शमशरर न सङगीत हो l वददककाल दखखन ववशभनन उपतनषद परार आदद गरनथमा उललख गररएको नाद शरतत सपत सतवर जातत गराम राग मछणना ताल मनधम दनदभी ववरा आदद बाट तयो समयमा सङगीतल ववकशसत रप शलएको दखखनछ l नपालमा ककराातकाल शलचछवीकाल र मललकालीन समयमा परापत शिलालखमा उललख भएका पदहर वाददिगोषठी परकषरमणडपी डवली नासादयो पयााख चयाण (चचा) आददको आधारमा तयततबला सङगीतको रामरो ववकास भएको मानन सककनछ l िाहकालीन समयमा राजाहर सङगीतमा तनक िौखखन चथए भनन करा पथवी नारायर िाहको ददवय वारी रर वहादरिाहको शसतार वादन सरनर िाहको गीत लखन र बाजा बजाउन राजा महनरल सतथापना गरको नपाल सङगीत महाववदयालय (२०१२) नपाल एकडमी (२०१४) राषटषिय नाचघर (२०१६) शसहदरबार पररसर शभिको रतन रकरड णङ िसतट (२०१८) जन पतछ २०४१ सालमा नपाल टशलशभजनको रपमा परररत भयो दजणनौ परसतकारहरको सतथापना कलाकारलाई परोतसाहन सतवरप ददएका अनकौ उपाधीहर जसततः वादय
शिरोमखर सङगीत शिरोमखर भजन शिरोमखर सङगीत परववर र नारायरदहटी दरबार पररसरको नारायर मषटनदरमा दरबनदीन तोकी िासतिीय सङगीतको तनयशमत कायणकरम सचालन गराइएको जसतता कायणल सतवदिी कला र ससतकती परतत उनको गदहरो मोह सतनह र ठलो योगदान रहको दखखनछ l भारतीय सगीताचायण वसनतदवारा शलखखत पसततक सङगीत वविारदमा रारा कालीन समयमा वीर िमिरल बीरगजमा आयोजना गरको वव स १९५६ को बगडीको सङगीत सममलन जहाा नपाल र भारत वषणका दजणनौ िासतिीय सगीतजञहरल भाग शलएका चथए र गरनथ न तयार परको करा उललख छ l पथवी नारायर िाहल नपालको एकीकरर पशचात ददएको ददवयवारी आफना िोख सयललाई ताल िासति बमोषटजमको तीन िहर नपालका नवारहरको नाच खिकाई हयाण पतन हनछ भनन वारील सङगीतको रामरो ववकास भएको जनाउछ र सतवदिी कला र ससतकतीलाई महतव ददन पछण भनन गदहरो सदि पतन छ तर आजको पररविमा राषि राषटषियता र ससतकार ससतकती माचथन सब भनदा धर ववकतत शभतरिएको अवसतथा चचनताजनक छ l यसमा हामी सबको धयान जानपन दखखनछ l राजतनिको अनतयका लाचग कलाकारहरको पतन ठलो योगदान रहको दखखनछ l परजातनि र गरतनिको सतथापना पतछ सरकारी गर सरकारीसततरबाट सतथावपत भएका ववशभननखाल ससतथाहरल कला र ससतकतीको कषिमा कायणरत नया तथा पराना सरसतटाहरलाई ववशभनन कायणकरम माफण त मान सममान परसतकार अवाडण सममलन आदद कायणल योगदान पयाणउद आएका छन l
ऐततहामसक रपरखा
वद उपतनषद योग दिणन वयाकरर र अधयातमववदया आदद आयण ससतकततका यी आदय गरनथहरमा नादलाई अपार महतव ददइएको छ l ऋगवद को शिकषा िासति अनसार नाद बाट सतवरको उतपवि हनछ सतवर तीन परकारका हनछन l उदाि अनदाि र सतवररत यी ततन सतवरको वरणन पारीनीय अषटधयायीमा छ l उचचरदािाः नीचरनदािाः समाहारः सतवररतः यी तीन वटा सिल तीनवटा भद दखाएको छ -
अथाणत उदािा वाट तनषाद र गानधारको उतपवि अनदाि वाट ऋषभ र धवत तयस गरर सतवररतवाट षडज मधयम र पञचमको उतपवि भएको छ पषटणडत िारगदवल पतन आफनो गरनथ सङगीतरतनाकरमा नादलाई साकषात बरहमन मानन भएको करा तनमन शलोकल परषट परको छ -
चतनय सवणभताना वववि जगदातमना
नादबरहम तदाननदमररतीयमपासतमह
(स र १३१)
अथाणत समपरण जीवातमाको जो चतना हो अथवा जसवाट जीवातमा चतन हनछ साथ जगतको उतपवि षटसतथतत र परलय पतन हनछ तयो नाद बरहम हो र तयस नाद बरहम जो अदववविय छ जसलाई अदवत दवतादवत ववशिषटादवत आदद दिणनल परततपादन गरका छन तयसलाई हामी उपासना गदणछौ
जसरी सब जञानको मल आधार वदलाई मातनएको छ तयसतत सङगीतको पतन आधार सामवद न मातनएको छ l सामवदका ऋचाहर गयातमक छन l गनधवणवदमा सङगीत क बारमा उललख गररएको छ l सङगीतल मातनसलाई षटजउन भावनाको जनम गराउाछ सङगीत मानवजीवनको दहसतसा िताषटबदयौदखख छ सङगीतलाई हरक ससतकततल पजा गछण ककनकक यो हरक ससतकततको पदहचान हो सङगीत सनदा िारीररक र मानशसक दव फाइदा हनछन यसल तनाव र चचनता भगाउाछ l धवतन र नाद नाद र िबद िबद र आकािमा अभद छ भतन ववदवानहरल भनका छन -
नादन वयजयत वरणः पद वराणत पदादवचः
वचसो वयवहारोऽय नादाधीनमतो जगत
(स र १२२)
अथाणत नाददवारा वरणहर उतपनन हनछन वरणहरवाट पद तनषपवि हनछ र पद वाट वाकय अथाणत भावाशभवयकत गन पद सघात उतपनन हनछ र यस वाकय (वारी) दवारा वयवहार चलदछ र वयवहारीक वारीन नादवाट अशभवयकत भएको हनछ
सङगीत बाट जीवनका चार परषाथण अथण धमण काम मोकष परापत हन ववचार यजञवलकय सतमतत गरनथ मा उललख गररएको छ l
वीरा वादनततवजञ शरततववदया वविारदः तालजञशचापरयासन मोकषमाग स ववनदतत
(यासतमयध३११५)
अथाणत वीरा वादनमा किल शरततववदयामा तनपर तथा तालजञ मनषय सहज मषटकतमागणमा परववषट हनछ बरहमाणडमा आकाि र नाद यी दई ततव न यसतता ततव हन जन ववशववयापी र सवणवयापी छन l आकािको गर नाद र िबद हो तयसल सङगीतरतनाकरमा नादको तनरषटकत यसरी गररएको छ
नकार परार नामान दकारमनल ववदः जातः पराराषटगनसयोगािन नादो Ntilde शभधीयत
(स र १३६)
अथाणत नकार भनको परार हो र दकार भनको आगो भतन जानन जव परार र अषटगनको सयोग हनछ तयतत वला तयसबाट उतपनन धवतन वविषलाई नाद भतननछ तयसल समपरण जगतन नादको अचधनमा छ भनन बखिनछ l पराचीन सङगीतकारहरल राग-राचगतनहरका धर सनदर रचनाहर गरका छन l िासतिीय सङगीतको ममण न राग हो l राग िबदको परयोगन सगीताचायण मतगको बहददिी गरनथमा उललखखत भएको पाइएको छ l सङगीतको साधना र अधययनल िासति सतवर ववजञान र सङगीत परदिणनमा किलता परापत हनछ l
राग क र कसरी उतपवि भयो
योNtildeय धवतनवविषसतत सतवरवरणववभवषत l रजको जनचचिानाम स राग कचथतो बध ll
- अशभनव राग मनजरी
अथाणत धवतन को तयो ववशिषट रचना जन सतवर र वरणयकत सनदर छ र जसल मनषय(परारी)को चचिलाई रजन अथवा मनोरनजन परधान गदणछ ववदवानहर तयसलाई राग भनदछन l
उतपविको ववषयमा ववशभनन मत छन जसतमा एक मत सङगीत वविारद गरनथमा वसत लखन हनछ पावणती माता को ियन मरा लाई दखर शिवजील अग परतयगको आधारमा रर वीना बनाई आफनो पााच मख बाट पााच रागहर भरव दहनडोल मघ दीपक र शरी रागको उतपवि गनण भयो र छटौ राग कौशिक सतवय माता पावणतील रचना गनण भयो l पराचचन गरनथमा सङगीतका मखय चार मत पाइनछ l शिव मत कषर मत भरत मत र हनमनमत l
पराचीनकालदखख वतणमान समम रागमा ववशभनन वगीकररहर भए जातत वगीकरर गराम राग वगीकरर दसववचध राग वगीकरर िदध छायालग र सकीरण राग वगीकरर मल राग वगीकरर राग राचगनी वगीकरर रागाग राग वगीकरर र वतणमानमा ठाट राग वगीकरर यदह ठाट राग वगीकररलाईन अदहल हामील िासतिीय सङगीत शसकन शसकाउन माधयमको रपमा मानद आएका छौ
शासतरीय सङगीतको आिशयकता
- जीवनको चार परषाथण अथण धमण काम र मोकष पराषटपतका लाचग l - सब सङगीतको जननी भएकाल यसमा दखल हाशसल गनणका लाचग l - िासतिीय सङगीतलाई मल आधार बनाएर सङगीत कषिमा परवि गरका
- उिम गरी र शिजञकषत कलाकारहरको उतपादन गन गरसततरीय सङगीत तरबदयालय र ववशववयापीरपमा परततसतपधाण गनण सकन वयवहाररक सङगीत शिकषाको ववकास गनण l
- दिभरर छररएर रहका सङगीत परशिकषर कनरहरलाई एउटा छाता मतन राखर गरसततरीय पाठयकरम बनाई परीकषा पररालीमा लयाउन पन l
- कलाकारहर रोजीरोटीमा माि शसशमत रहन पन बाधयता हन l - सङगीत तफण राजयको धयान कषटनरत गराउन नसकन l
शासतरीय सङगीतको सिसतयाहरका सिाधान
- दि सङघीयतामा गईसककाल अब हरक राजय वा परानतमा कलाकारहरको हकदहत र सरकषरको लाचग छटट तनकायको गठन गररनपन l
- िासतिीय सङगीतमा समवपणत साधक सजणकहरको पररचय बनाई जीवन सततर सहज बनाउन आजीवन भिा सवा सतरबधाको राजयल गयारनटी शलनपन तब माि शसजणनाल तनरनतरता पाउाछ र राजयल असल र सततररय सङगीतको ववकास गनण सकछ ककनकक भोको पटल शसजणना गनण सकदन l
- िासतिीय सङगीतको अधययन अधयापनलाई सहज बनाउनलाई हरक परानतमा तरबदयालय तथा महातरबदयालय तहमा िासतिीय सङगीतको पाठयकरम बनाई लाग गररनपन l
- राजधानीमा कषटनरत लशलतकला पदम कनया र रतन राजय कयामपस जसतत दिका अनय भागमा पतन ववसततार गररन पन l
- लशलतकलाको ववकासको लाचग छट Performing Art University को सतथापना गररन पन l
शासतरीय सङगीतको बततिान अिसतथा
- सतकल दखख + २ हाद ववशवववदयालयमा सतनातकोिर र ववदयावाररधी सममको अधययन हन गरको छ l
- समगर नपालको सङगीतको ववकास र सरकषरको लाचग राजयका तफण बाट ररडयो नपाल ( २००७) नपाल सङगीत तथा नाटय परजञा परततषठान (२०६४) सासतकततक ससतथान (२०१६) नपाल टशलशभजन (२०४१) लगाएतका ससतथाहरल योगदान ददइरहका छन l
- कलाकारलाई रोजगारीको अवसर शमलको छ l - राजधानी लगाएतका मठ मषटनदर गठीहर जसततः ककरातशवोर सङगीत
आशरम यलमाया कलाशसक पिपततनाथ सगीतकला परततषठान कपन सङगीत सरोवर कलातनचध सङगीत महातरबदयालय राम मषटनदर आदद कषिहरमा पाजञकषक माशसक रपमा िासतिीय सङगीतका कायणकरमहर हाद आएका छन l
- दजणनौ तनजी सङगीत परशिकषर कनरहरल पतन सङगीत शिकषा परदान गद आएका छन l
- राजयल लगाएत अनय तनषटज ससतथानहरल बषनी कलाकार तथा सरसतटाहरलाई परसतकार तथा मान सममान परदान गद आएका छन l
- कलाकारका हकदहतको लाचग ववशभनन ससतथाहर सककरय छन जसततः रोयलटी सकलन कनर परसततोता समाज सगीतकार सघ गीतकार सघ गायन समाज आदद l
- टशलशभजन लगायत ववशभनन खाल सचारका माधयमबाट आयोजना हन गरका गायनका ररयलदट िोहर जसबाट छोटो समयमान आफनो कला दखाएर चचाण पाउन समभावना बढर गएको छ
- आफनो कलालाई आफल परसततत गनण शमलन कसको पछी लागन नपन ववशभनन परववचधको ववकास भएको छ जसतको परयोगबाट सहज ववशव समदायमा आफनो कला परसततत गनण सककनछ
सङगीतिा गररएका नयाा परयोग (थरापी)
सङगीतदवारा गररन ववशभननखाल रोगहरको उपचार पदधतत लाई न music therapy भतननछ l सतनायववजञानमाचथ अनसनधान गरररहका मनोवजञातनक डयातनयल ज लशभदटनका अनसार मानशसक र िारीररक सतवासतथयका लाचग सङगीत चचककतसाका पररराम रोचक छन अनसनधानका अनसार यसल रोगपरततरोधातमक कषमतामा सकारातमक असर पछण यसल तनाव ददन हमोन कम गराउाछ सङगीतका अततररकत आमाको लोरीलाई पतन महततवपरण मातनएको छ लोरी सनन बानी परको बचचा िानत र सजग हनछ बचचालाई तनरा लागछ र ऊ घररघरर रा दन सङगीत थरापील गभणवती मदहलाको तनाव पतन कम हनछ सङगीत सनन बानील आतमा र िरीरका लाचग औषचधको काम गछण कततपय रोगमा औषचधल काम नगरपतन सङगीतल जादमयी असर दखाउाछ िरीरको कोदटणसोल सततर कम गरर यसल तनावगरसतत मासपिीहरलाई आराम ददनछ तनयशमत सङगीत सनदा ददमागल रामररी काम गनण पाउाछ असहनीय पीडाबाट गषटिरहका मातनसलाई सङगीत सनाउा दा आराम पगछ कयानाडाको अलबटाण ववशवववदयालयमा तीनदखख ११ वषणसममका ४२ बालबाशलकालाई इनजकसन लगाउन बलामा सङगीत सनाउा दा कम पीडा महसस भएको चथयो सङगीत शरवरल िरीरमा इमयनोगलोबशलन ए बढाउाछ यो एनटीबडील िरीरका कोशिकाहर सतवसतथ राखनका लाचग ठलो काम गछण सकरामक रोग लागकाहरलाई उपचारका बलामा सङगीत सनाउा दा परततरकषा पररालीमा सकारातमक असर पछण l घररघरर तरबरामी हनबाट बचनछ भन सङगीत सनन थालनस ढाडको समसतया हटाउन सतमरर िषटकत दहरो बनाउन र रामरो तनरा लयाउन पतन सङगीत परभावकारी हनछ तर िासति मा आधाररत समधर सङगीत सनदा माि यी असर दखखन हन l चको डागड़ोग र ककण ि सङगीत सनदा चादह तनाव थवपनछ l
उपसहार
िासतिीय सङगीतको उपासनाल तरनत मन सतथीर र एकतरित भई सतवरमा र आफनो उपासतयमा सतथीर हन हनाल यो धयानमागणमा पतन परवि गनणका लागी आहत नाद अथाणत सङगीतको अतत महतवपरण भशमका दखखनछ l
आजको नपाली सङगीतको गरसततरमा सदधाषटनतक र वयवहाररक दव पकषमा धर अनतर पाउनको पछाडी भौततक लाभको लाचग माि िासतिीय सङगीत को साधना गररन हो l भौततक पराषटपत का साथ साथ आधयाषटतमक उननततको लाचग पतन िासतिीय सङगीत उविक महतवपरण छ भनन बझन जररी छ l कला सादहतय र सङगीत नबझन वयषटकतलाई सङगीत सादहतयको सपरशसदध गरनथ ldquoितकियमrdquo का रचतयता भतणहरर नीततितकम खडमा भननहनछ -
सादहतयसङगीतकलाववहीनः साकषातपिः पचछववषारहीनः तर न खादननवप जीवमानसततदभागधय परम पिनाम १२
अथाणत जो मनषय सादहतय सगीत कलाबाट वचचत हनछ तयो पचछर तथा शसग तरबनाको साकषात पिको समान हनछ तयो तरबना घाास खाएर जीववत रहन पि भए तनःसदह सौभागयको करा हनछ
यषा न ववदया न तपो न दान जञान न िील न गरो न धमणः त मतयलोक भवव भारभता मनषयरपर मगाशचरषटनत 13
अथाणत ndash जन मनषयसग ववदया तप दानको भावना जञान िील (सतसतवभाव) मानवीय गर धमणमा सलगनताको अभाव हनछ तयो यस मररिील ससारमा धरतीको बोि बनर मनषय रपमा ववचरर गन पि हनछ नीततशलोकका रचतयता राजा भतणहरर यो सतपषट गनण चाहन हनछ कक मनषयको दतनक चयाण यदद पट पालन अथवा तयस भनदा कदह कदम अगारड सखभोगका साधन जटाउनलाई माि सीशमत रहको छ भन उसमा र जनावरमा कन खास फरक रहादन खान-वपउन र सखःभोग गन यही उसको जीवनको उदयशय रहको हनछ मनषयको बौदचधकताको कारर सखभोगको साथ साथ अनय कराहर पतन सलगन रहको हनछ कवव यस करालाई महतव ददन चाहन हनछ कक मनषय र पिमा शभननता कवल िारीररक सरचनामा माि सीशमत न रहर तयस भनदा माचथ उठर ववववध कलामा रचच राखन चचतन-मननको सामथयण हाशसल गनण ववदया आजणन गनण परोपकारादद कायणमा सलगन हन आधयाषटतमक जञानमा रचच राखन आददमा क दरत हन पछण जो यस परकारको उननत दजाणको कमणमा लागदन मनषय
रपमा उसको जीवनको साथणकता वसतततः सददगध हन जानछ तयो धरतीको लाचग एक परकारको बोिन हो भनन सककनछ जसरी सङगीतका सात सतवरहरको उतपवि उदाि अनदाि र सतवररत बाट भए सदहतयको वयाकररमा पतन यी तीन सतवरको वविष महतव रहको पाइनछ l सादहतयमा यमाताराजभानसलगा सि बाट ववशभनन छनदहरको तनमाणर भए जसतत सङगीतमा सारगमपधतनसा सि बाट न ववशभनन परकारका सतवरहर एव राग राचगनी हरको उतपवि भएको पाइनछ l कावयको लाचग ववषय िबद र अथण चादहनछ भन सङगीतको लाचग लय सतवर र धन आवशयक हनछ l सादहतय अथवा कावय सङगीत ववना परण हन सकतन तर सगीतमा सादहतय र िबद नभए पतन हनछ सादहतय िबद परधान हनछ भन सङगीत नाद परधान हनछ र िबद गौड रहनछ l चतन अचतन दबलाई परभाव पन कावय जसततो सङगीतलाई बझन मगज खखयाउन पदन l यसको अततररकत सब उमरका मातनस परारी एवम वोट ववरवा लाई समत लठठ पान कषमता सङगीतमा रहनछ l
अराात साहितय सगीत मधय कन एउटा पनन कला नभएको वयकतत पि समान िो | आफनो कला दवारा चतनाको सवोचच सरान परापत गना र गराउन सतन न मानव िो | पराकनतक रपमा िन िो भन पनछीिरल
घर िनाएको नाचको करायको िडा मनमोिक दखन र सनन सककनछ | तर पनन मानव ल मानव जीवन को अकनतम परयोजन मोकष को लागग आफनो कला परयोग गन गररएको िनाल अर पराकनतक जीव भनदा अलग
अकसततव िनाएको िो |
सगीत कला मधयको पररम कला को रपमा शलन गररनछ तमाम लशलत कला को ववधा भनदा सगीत कला ल अर कला भनदा िित परभाव पान गदाछ | चतन अवचतन र अचतन सिमा सगीत को परभाव पन गरका ववशभनन तथयिर फला परका छन | पराचीन काल िोस वा वतामान काल िोस | िाासरीको धन सन पनछ गाई
ल साववक भनदा अशल िढी दध हदन िरक हदन सगीत परवाि िन ठाउमा भएका बिरवा को बिकाि नछटो िन आहद वतामानमा परमाणणत भएका न छन |
सगीत मा साहितय को परयोग पनन उगचत रपमा जीवनत परयोग गन गररएको पाइनछ | जि कन गीतकार
को गीतमा सगीत को उगचत परयोग गन गररनछ ति तयो गीत कालजयी िनदछ |
राम चनरrdquo जि भजन को रपमा सनननछ सगीत को परभाव ल पाउज िजाउा द सामननमा हिडीरको पो िो कक
भनन भान िनछ |
गायन वादन र नतय को समकषट न सगीत िो | गायन लाइ अझ पषटता परदान गना वादन को परयोग गररनछ
तयस अनरप को नतय पनन गररनछ | िन त तीनवट ववधा छटटा छटट पनन परभाव पाना सफल छन तर पनन
ताल बिना गायन या नतय मा आननद को अनभनत िन पन जतती न िन ताल को सि काया वानछनीय
मानननछ |ताल कया ल आननद को अनभनत गराउादछ तयस ल राषर िोक को समय मा सर िाजा को मातर
परयोग गन गररनछ यसत ताल न जानाती गायको न स वादक कन पनन करा मा जि माननस आफनो सकपणा बिवक परयोग गदाा पनन सफल िन सतदन अनन कसलाई सोधर सफल िन भनन करा खोजद हिडछ
| आफ भनदा बििकी वयकतत फला पाछा अनन उसल सकपणा सफलता िात पादाछ | अनन तयो सफलता शसकाउन वयकतत गर को रपमा मानदछ उसल समाजमा तयो करा भन पनछ उसको जसत समसया भयका अर बयतती ल समाधान गराउन समरा बयतती लाई गर भनदछन र परशसदधी फलाउादछन | उततम गर लाई
उसको परशसदधी मा कन लोभ िादन बयततीमा भएको जञानको जयोनत मा लागको पदाा िटाउाछ र तयस मा फरर पदाा न लाछन उपाय िताउाछ र आफनो िाटो लाछदछ
आफभनदा अगाडी हिडको वयकतत लाइ गर या मागादिाक को रप मा शलन गररनछ | तसता मिान जन
िरक पदचाप लाइ आधार मानन चलन छ | ldquoमिाजनो यन गत स पनर ldquo अराात गणी मिान वयकततिर
ल अपनाएको िाटो कलयाणकारी िन गदाछ र विाालाइ गर मानर अर जनिर कलयाणको कामना मा तयहि
वािनसवामी िरर दास मीरा जीकबिर जीतकाराम आहद ल सगीत (गायन) को सार ल विााका इषट को साकषातकार गना भएको इनतिास छ |
गर िबद को अरा न अजञानको पदाा िटाउन वयकतत को रपमा शलईएको छ | सगीत लाइ गरमखी ववदया भननएको छ ककनकक कियातमक बिषयका अनक भराकनत गर दवारा मातर िल गना सकभव छ | पसतकमा
उललख गररएका ततविर आफल मातर सहि तररका िाट गायन वा वादन सकभव छन तयसल बिना गर
सगीतमा सफल िन सककदन | कन पनन परकारका ववधा मा गर को सरापना जररर छ जो तयस बिषय मा मिारर िाशसल गरको िनछ | तयसल गर को बिषय मा ldquo गररबाहमा गरबिाषण गरदवो मिशवरrdquo यानी गर
सकषट कसरनत र सिार कायामा समरा वयकतत को रप मा माननएको छ | उतकषट गर र शिषय एक अकाामा पररपरक िन गदाछन | चतनाको ववशभनन आयाम को मागादिान गरदवारा न सकभव छ |
पराचीन समय मा सि बिषय िर सनर न पठन पाठन गन चलन गरयो भनन करािर पढन पाइनछ |
वद को पठन पाठन सनर न गन गररनथयो तयस कारण शरनत नामाकरण भयो | जि माननस मा सनर गरिण
समयमा ६४ कला को अधययन अधयापन गररनथयो | राज कल ऋवषकल वपतकल गरकल आहद ससरा िाट शिकषा परदान गन चलन गरयो |६४ कला मधय लशलत कला को सरान पहिलो तयस मधयमा पनन सगीत
लाइ सवोपरी मानन गररएको छ | साम वद न सगीतको जननी को रप मा माननयको गायन आज को समयसकम आइपछदा ववशभनन अवसरा पार गद िाशम सकमख छ |
शिकषण को मखय तीन अग मानननछ
१ गरशिकषक २ शिषय बिदयारी ३ बिषय शिकषा
मागरका तीन करािर जि सकननहित िनछन ति शिकषण िनछ | तीन मधय एउटा कराको मातर अभाव
रिमा अशभषट शसदध निन िनछ | अनन तीन मधय एउटा पनन कमजोर रिमा उतकषट ननतजा आउन करामा सनदि रिन सतछ | तयसल तीनवट को सामनजसय रिन आवसयक छ | जसरर एउटा राषर समदध िन
पालना गना आवसयक मानननछ ति मातर उतकषट राजय िन जानछ | तयसत परकारल गरशिषय र शिकषा को सहि सयोजन िाट उतकषट परनतफल को कामना गना सककनछ | गर मातर गणी भएर िनन तसलाई गरिण गन वयकतत पनन पातरता भएको िन पदाछ आफलाई खाशल पार पछी मातर कन वसत भना सकजलो िनछ | गर का सकमख िादा म लाई आउाछ भनन भाव को सवारा अभाव िन पदाछ भनन चलन छ समगर मा भनन पदाा गर
एव शिषय दव एक अकाा मा पररपरक छन | कन एक को अभावल अशभषट शसदध िदन |
पराचीन समय दणख न उतकषटता को खोजीमा िाशम मनतर तनतर िद यनतर यग सकम आइपगका छौ | परसतत लखमा गर र शिषय मा क क ततव िन पछा भनन करा उललख गना खोकजएको छ | यस बिषय मा िाल
सकम आइ पछदा गर र शिषयमा ननकन करा िर िन पछा भनन अनभव गररएको छ |
गर मा िन पन गण
१ जञान २ ववजञान ३ वचन ४ परयोग शसदगध ५ शिषय ननसपादन ६ उजाा वदगध |
तयस गरर शिषय मा ननकन करा िरको परख गररनछ |
१ समपाण २ भकतत ३ मिनत ४ वफादारी ५ समय को पालन |
अि यस लाइ अशल बिसतार मा िझौ|
गर मा खोकजन करा िर |
१ जञान जन बिषय को अधयन गररनछ तयस बिषय परनत अमक वयकतत को जञान कनत छ यानी तयस बिषय
मा चाहिन बिषय वसतपरनत आवसयक करा िर कनत छ भनन करा पहिलो रोजाई िनछ | तयस वयकतत ल
वयकतत ल शिकषा गरिण गरको गर वा घर पररवार आहद सि करा िररकन उसको पररकषण गररनछ र उसको ववदवतता को चाल पाउन गररचछ | तयस बिषय मा कनत करा िर को पराचीन काल दणख अहिल सकममा भएका पररवतान को िार मा पनन रािा िन पदाछ |
२ ववजञान ववषय को वविष यानी गिन जञान न बिजञान िो | ववषय ल बयतत गना खोजको करा लाइ गिन
रपमा गचनतन गन र तयसलाइ बयतत गना न ववजञान को रपमा शलन गररनछ | जसत बििान को समय मा ककन मनर सपतक मा अभयास गना पछा भनन करा को समाधान गना सतन बिलककित लयमा अभयाि गदाा िन फायदा सवर को कन परकारल अभयास गदाा क कराको फायदा शलन सककनछ आहद करा बिजञान शभतर
राखन सककनछ | शिषय को कन पकष मा झकाि िढी छ तसमा अझ ननखारता र अर पकष को सिल बिकाि मा धयान हदन जञान न बिजञान िो |
३ वचन यानी िोलन तररकाभाषा को परयोग िबद को चयन आहद करा को पनन बिचार गन गररनछ | कन कन िला मा गर ल अशल कठोर खालको िचन को पनन परयोग गना पन िनछ | अशल ररसाएर परयोग गररएको वचन ल बिदयारी अशल सजगता हदएर शसतन पनन िनछ तयस कारण पनन कन समयमा अशल रखो सबद
को परयोग गदाा बिदयारी को िीतलाइ धयान राणखएको िन गदाछ | ससकत मा एउटा नीती वचन ल भनछ ldquo
लालानाद िििो दोषा ताडनाद िििो गणाrdquo यानी धर माया ल पनन बिगगरन सकभावना िनछ समय समय
मा धयान हदन पन िनछ र उगचत कदम चालन पदाछ | वचन को अको परयोजन कन रचना रचना गन समयमा पनन मितव राखदछ कन िकनदि को रचना मा कन खालका िबदावली को परयोग गन भनन करा पनन यसशभतर
राखन सककनछ
४ परयोग शसदगध यानी भाषागत शसकाएका करा यनतर िाट पनन िजाएर वा गायन गरर परसतत गना सतन
िन पदाछ | कन पनन बिषय को शभबतर करा परयोगका सार िताउन सतन यानी कन राग मा परयोग गररएको बिषि कराको शलणखत मातर िन परयोग पनन गना सतन र िताउन सतन िन पदाछ | तिला मा कन घराना मा कसतो ननकाि या गायन मा दरिारी को गानधार या भरवी को गानधार को परयोय गरर दखाउन सतन | भपाली र रामकली या दिकार आहद ककन फरक छ भनन करा को भाशलभाती परयोग गरर शसकाउन सतन |
५ शिषय ननषपादन अनत शसकर आएका नभई सरदणखन आफल शसकाएका शिषय कनत छन या खिर
जसत मौसममा मातर िन अर िला सखा िो कक अरवा शिषय लाइ अनघ िढन या कसरर अगाडी लर जान
सककनछ भनर िर सकभव परयास गन काम ल न शिषय ननषपादन िन सकभव छ विााल नाम शलन शिषय
ल गरका काम िाट पनन शिषय ननषपादन को िारमा जानकारी शलन सककनछ | शिषय को परगनत न भएको मा गचनता शलन खालका गर िन जररर छ | उसका परगती मा भएका िाधा िर सकभव िटाउन खोजन गरल मातर
असल शिषय ननषपादन गरको पाइनछ | आफमा भएको कला गरल योछय शिषयलाइ मातर परदान गरर योछय
शिषय ननषपादन गनािनछ | िरक ववदयारी को कषमताको पहिचान गरर तिी अनरप को तयारी गराउन
सकमा मातर शिषय ननषपादन अझ िढी परभावकारी िन जानछ | ५ जना शिषय लाइ ५ परकार िाट तयार
गराउन सतन आफमा चनौती िन जानछ शिषय आफलाई एउटा बिषयमा ककनरत गरर अभयाि गछा तर
गर ल ५ वटा न करा को अलग अलग गचनतन मनन गना परम आवसयक पछा | जसरर तिला मा िनारि
घराना अनतगात ५ ववदवानको तिला सनन िो भन सिको अलग अलग तिला छ कसरर तसको कारण यहि
िो कक जो शिषय को जन करामा जयादा रची छ तयस अनरप को शसकाई गर िाट भएको छ | ताल योगी पणडीत सरि तलवालकर जी का सि ववदयारी को तिला अलग -२ न छ | शिषय उतपादन गना आफ मा एक
चनौती िो
६ उजाा वदगध गरल िासतर र तयस को परयोग का सारसार तयस बिषयमा अझ रामरोसग लाछन उजााको वदगध िन करा िर ननरनतर परवाि गना अतयनत जररर छ | उजाावान गर ल मातर उजाा हदन सतछ | जि शिषय
गर को भट िनछ अभयास करा पहिलो परारशमकता मा राखदा अझ उततम लाछछ | तयस उजाा ल बिदयारी मा जीवन मा कहि गना सतन िल परापत गछा | भट िादा कन सगीतसाधकको सकारातमक करासगीत को रचना को करा नयाा रचना को करा ल ववदयारी मा उजाा भन काम गछा | बिशिषट गणवान कलाकार को शरबय
दशय समागरील पनन ववदयारी मा उजाा भन काम गदाछ | उचच कोटी का गरिरल आफना चला लाइ आफनो जसतो नभ आफ भनदा फरक काया गना सदव पररणा परदान गना भएको करा उजाा परापत कलाकारिरको करा िाट परापत गररएको पाइनछ | ववदयारी को कषमता अनरप को कायामा लाछन पररणा गना जसत कन ववदयारी रचना गना रची राखछ भन तिी काया मा उसलाई िौिला परदान गन | सगीत का ववशभनन आयाम मा काम
गना सतन खिी को समगचत ढग िाट पहिचान गरर तसलाई अनघ िढन उतपररणा परदान गन | कन कन ववदयारी लाइ सगीत को िार मा खोज गना मन लाछन िन सतछ तसतो ववदयारी लाइ बिषय को िारमा मागा दिान परदान गन काम पनन गर िाट िन पदाछ |
तयस गरर शिषय मा िन पन करा |
१ समपाण कन पनन करामा आफलाइ सकपणा रपमा तयसमा नलगाएमा सफल िन सककदन | तन मन र
५ िफादारी यानी भनको मानन गर ल भन पछी ज गरन पनन पनछ न िटन | शसकाएका करा लाइ जसताको तसत गरर गाउन या िजाउन | जि िफादार छ भनन करा कसरर िनछ ति गरल सि करा कन िाकक नराखी कन शसकाउन िनछ अनन मातर आफनो अशभषट शसदध िनछ | मिाभारत मा अजान र असवतरामा को परसङग
आउछ कक जनत ववदया अजान लाइ रोण ल हदन भयो तती असवतरामा लाइ हदन भएन ककन मिनती र
आफनो ववदया गलत परयोग निन अवसराको जञान ल गदाा न तसतो भएको िो | गर सग शसकको ववदया िो परयोग गन िलामा गरको समरण पनन िफादारी िो | कहि समय एक जना गरकोमा जान फरी अको गरकोमा जान यसरर ननरनतर गरिर पररवतान गन चलन उपयतत माननदन | कन जनावर पाशलयको छ भन उसको माशलक भनदा सि कराल उततम अर कन मानछ साग तयो पालत रवततदन तयसतो गरर िफादार रिन न सक
पनन सक जनत िफादार िन उततम माननएको छ
६ समय को पालन समय को पालन सिल सकयक परकारल गना आवसयक छ यहद समय को पालन गररएन
भन आवसयक काम ननषपादन िदन | कन पनन कामको लागग तोककएको समयमा तयो काम परा गना पदाछ
| भन को समय मा तोककएको काम गररएको खणडमा मातर समय को पालन गररएको मानननछ | शसकाउन समय अभयासगन समय सगीतमा समय अनसार को राग िनछ सहि समय मा सहि राग को परयोगल
ववशभनन काम गन रािा न छ | दख को समय मा सख को समय का लागग अलग -२ ताल र राग को परयोग
गन गररएको पाइनछ | समय को परवाि न ताल को रपमा परयोग गररएको िो | गरकल मा रिी शिकषा आजान
गन ववदयारी लाइ ननयम को पालन अतयनत आवशयक ततव मनननछ |
आफल शसकको बिदया मा न कहि गरर दखाउन उददशयका सार लागग परको बिदयारी ल आफनो किागरिदगध अपरतीम कौिल लगन ननयम नतरब समरण एव आसरा आहद गण भएको खणड मा मातर
समय ववदया मिनत आहद लगानी गना भनदा पहिला परनतफल रामरो िनछकक िदन भनन मागर को तररका परयोग गररकन िन परचलन छ | तयस कारण जान बिवततक या शिषय िनाउन भनन करा सननासार तरनत
सवीकार नगन चलन छ | मागर उललणखत करा िरको िारमा रामरोसग जानकारी शलन कहि समय लगगिालछ
|
कवव भबतरािरी भनन िनछ ldquo गण लबधा सवयमव सकपदrdquo गणको बिकाि न सकपवतत(सकपदा) आगमनको कारण िो | जसतो परकार को सकपवततको भणडार गना खोकजएको िो तसतो गण को बिकाि वानछनीय छ |
The two Essays ldquoWhatrsquos in a Namerdquo(by Henry Louis Gates Jr) and ldquoThe lsquoBlack Tablersquo is Still
Thererdquo(by Lawrence Otis Graham) included in ldquoPatterns of College Writingrdquo the English
Course book for BA 1st year reflect upon the racial discrimination prevalent in the USA
Though the essays are written by two different writers their response towards the prejudice is
based on their own experience Both the writers belong to Black community that went through
traumatic period of prolonged injustice offences deprivation and oppression in America They
give account of their childhood when they had the bitter experience of being insulted and
excluded by whites Gates remembers himself as an innocent child who was ignorant about the
demeaning attitude of whites towards his race in general and his own father in particular Even
when he grows up it makes no senses to him that bynames used for Black people signifies hatred
and prejudice white people have nurtured He implies that people should be judged from their
quality contribution and skill Likewise Graham who clung to integration and still faced the
exclusion during his schooldays was confused about the existing different treatment towards
himself He is disillusioned when he finds out the integration be just superficial as he grows up to
a professional lawyer Gates using the allusion from Shakespearersquos Romeo and Juliet ldquoWhatrsquos in
a namerdquo and Graham using a symbol ldquoBlack Tablerdquo of his junior high school strongly hold the
belief that segregation is wrong
2
Gatesrsquo Experience
African Americans are generally the descendants of enslaved black people within the boundaries
of present United States Formal political economic and social discrimination against these
minorities has been present throughout American history Gates despises the discrimination of
black people especially the spiteful attitude of whites using bynames to address them His
childhood experience gives an account of his irreversible negative recognition labeled to him by
white despite his high financial standings The racial identity has been denominated by whites as
inferior ugly and poor which is further crushed by giving bynames like Kaffir Tar Baby Jim
Crow Georgehellip Even a lower social status white like Mr Wilson would find privilege to insult
his well to do father just because he was a black Gates hated that his father being called by
different name which was not truly his name His fury was not for demeaning his father instead
his fatherrsquos silence hurts him more From then he had the revelation that two worlds exist for
black people like him The hierarchy created by whites has been choking them and shooing them
to the margin White people who regarded themselves supreme hurled the hatred in different
forms and one of them was negative names
Grahamrsquos Experience
In the US the separation was experienced in various areas such as public transportation
schools restaurants and residential places where individuals were restricted on the basis of
racial background Black table in the cafeteria got the name as black boys would separate
themselves from other race except Graham He strictly adhered to integration by avoiding black
table for two reasons first he held the principle of equality and integration strongly and second
he didnrsquot want to lose his white friends by being racial As a schoolboy he carried on the
principle seriously despite being shunned by white community Since he prospered as an
American entertaining all the integrating activities with the whites he condemns the separation
though volunteer it is What shocks him the most is the black table still laying on the cafeteria
even after 27 years He wondered that other separate tables in which athletes Jewish boys
Jewish girls Irish kids heavy metals grouphellipsegregate themselves had never drawn argument
and condemnation during his school life The trend he considered deplorable even though the
principles may have changed is still alive He wakes up to a new realization of truth that people
tend to gravitate towards other people they think they may relate better with and stay away from
what they think is different
Gatesrsquos Allusion
ldquoWhatrsquos in a namerdquo is an allusion derived from Shakespearersquos ldquoRomeo and Julietrdquo a romantic
tragedy Its Juliet who states this very expression to imply that name should not determine how
people are to be regarded by others Julietrsquos stance and condition is analogous to Gates as he
abhors the trend of discrimination and prejudice that lies behind names Gates expresses his
claim that name shaped peoplersquos perceptions and prejudice in the mid 1950s Name is a part of
3
onersquos identity how one is recognized and addressed by the world These names on the other
hand signify offenses and disrespect George was an infamous name to belittle black people and
Gates hated that his father was put to a lower standard than he truly was Gates illustrates how
racism can perpetuate prejudice that aims to snatch individual identity
Grahamrsquos symbol
Black table which is regarded with scorn by whites is a symbol that segregates black boy from
others Graham sees it as a taboo and by avoiding it he wants to prove that he is not an angry
black person who wants nothing to do with the white kids White kids who would never invite
him to occasions as they thought it would make people feel uncomfortable Poor Graham is torn
between the scorns of black boys and taunting of white boys Even after fourteen years of his
adolescence still existing black table refracts that integration has not eradicated the sense of
separation it has become more entrenched as time went by Such vicious circle can go on for
centuries and even millennia perpetuating an imagined hierarchy that sprang from transhistorical
occurrences (Harari 161)
The common ground
Both writers share common ground in yearning for equality dignity and respectable space in
society Black table exhibits stark view of human nature on the one hand and on the other hand it
displays the superficial encroachment of integration that manipulated him to refuse his own
ground Both of them represent the blacks who resent the violation of social dignity and the ones
who want to negotiate the legislation to be united Gates the innocent and naiumlve boy gauges the
wounded self- esteem of his parents after the exposure to unwanted offence he witnessed
Similarly the ideal black boy Graham finds his ground as he becomes a matured man He
blamed the black boysrsquo attitude to be the hurdle of integration He even swallowed white parentrsquos
insulting treatment who begrudged his presence in their gatherings and other occasions Graham
ultimately feels the need to realize that modern times self segregation is the custom that humans
adopted from their ancestors culture and their biology and intelligence It is the imagined orders
and devised scripts humans have constructed and internalized in order to organize the society
within a power structure
Pathos Logos and Ethos
The title ldquoWhatrsquos in a namerdquo is a rhetorical question and finally answers that name can be
manipulated used and even misused according to the userrsquos vested interest His fatherrsquos silence
and helplessness devastates the childrsquos psyche driving him to loathe Mr Wilson who resembled
his own Uncle Joe This infers that how come Mr Wilson so much alike his uncle can be a snob
Gatesrsquo emotional appeal (pathos) invokes readers particularly the blacks who grew up
swallowing the hatred He motivates the readers to empathize the humiliated parents that
dwarfed them to their marginal state Gates first presents the causes of his rage to intensify
readerrsquos emotions Mr Wilson despite his own wretched social status dominates his father using
4
bynames And in turn his fatherrsquos reasoning for suppressed silence infuriates the narrator and the
reader as well Gatesrsquo wrath pervades the end of the essay as Gates describes how they cowered
back to quietness and consoled themselves by glorifying black sports star Jackie Robinson This
situation better speaks the condition of black people before Civil Rights Movement
Likewise Grahams evidently implies the answer of why is the black table still there in his junior
high school His rhetorical questions ldquoWhy did the black kids separate themselves What did the
table say about the segregation that was supposedly going on in homerooms and gym classes
(189) are the logic (logos) providing His reasons in the form of questions ldquoWhat was I
thinkingrdquo and ldquoI realize that how wrong I wasrdquo (190) is the logos appeal consisting of reason for
accepting the narratorrsquos claim Readers can easily grasp Grahamrsquos perspective shaped by idealist
notion that has been changed to a kind of awakening at the fag end of the essay He doesnrsquot
directly tell the audience exactly what to conclude the readers nevertheless are encouraged to
infer the existing differences that lay deep down the surface of integration
The credential of the writerrsquos (ethos) lies on the fact that both of them are from black American
family background which accentuates the ground for trusting their opinion arguments and
feelings Their own experience can be recognized as real since their self-representation is equally
trust-inspiring Readers can simply believe their claims and frustration to be relevant Both
writers oppose the erasing of self the true being of an individual
Style
Beginning with anecdote both the writers excites the readers to go through the text Gates hints
that the issue of mistreating by the so called powerful and highly privileged whites is not new
The use of dialogues has made vivid impact on the writing instigating the readers to feel the
same negative aura Similarly Grahamrsquos narration takes gait from the anecdote itself Profound
rhetorical questions and quotations put additional impetus on his logos appeal provoking to
thoughts Both writers conclude their essay with the same mood and context as they have begun
More personal style makes familiar tone in Grahamrsquos writing using first person pronouns and
contracted forms(Irsquom Irsquod)
Conclusion
The phenomena of racial discrimination in USA are rooted on sociopolitical hierarchies which
cannot be justified through logical and biological basis Biology ie the blackness and other
physiology of black people cannot explain the intricacies of American racial dynamics Gatesrsquo
fury and Grahamrsquos confusion are the outcome of historical phenomena events circumstances
and power structure that transformed the social condition into cruel social structures Martin
Lutherrsquos dream of former slaves and the sons of slaveholders being able to sit down together at
the table of brotherhood (176) seem to be thwarted by self segregation The hierarchy of race
originated from accidental historical circumstances and was perpetuated and refined over many
5
generations with their own vested interest Gates and Graham are among many black writers who
seek justified answer for the age old question asking for the existence of black people as equal to
whites The value of contribution of these black people who were brought to America depriving
their homeland of strong human resource has been relegated The vicious cycle seems to repeat
when the lynching and brutalizing of black by whites trickles down now and then in America
References
Gates Henry Louis Jr ldquoWhatrsquos in a Namerdquo Patterns for College Writing A Rhetorical Readers and
Guide 12th edEd Laurie GKriszner and Stephen R Mandell Boston Bedford 20122-4 Print
Graham Lawrence Otis ldquo lsquoThe Black Tablersquo is Still Thererdquo Kriszner and Mandell 188-190
Harari Yuval Noah Sapiens A Brief History of Humankind London Vintage 2015 Print
King Martin Luther Jr ldquoI Have a Dreamrdquo The Heritage of Wordsrdquo Ed Abhi Subedi Rameshwar
Adhikaray and Shreedhar Lohani Kathmandu Ekta Books 2018 Print
Mahendra Prasad Adhikari
Library officer Lalitkala Campus
A Concept on E-LIBRARY vs Automation Abstract
Generally the working collection of books documents newspapers audio-visual
materials kept and organized people to read or borrow in a library Recent advances
in computers storage and processing communication technologies e-product
networking and internet uses have brought a revolutionary change in functioning of
the libraries and its services Information communication technology (ICT) makes
a lot of impact on library and it has changed the concept of library where print and
paper media are the main components of library system To meet tremendous
information explosion and high demand of information libraries are now changes
in digital library Due to digitizing the library resources and fast changing
technology a new type of library is coming in existence which is called- virtual
library Many of us are always very much confused about such terminology of library
It reflects three main components- service provider service receiver and the
channels of service delivery (ie technology) Internet is the main channel of e-
service delivery while other classic channels (eg telephone call center public kiosk
mobile phone television) are also considered In this paper we try to clear the
concept of these libraries terminology in a professional way
Key Words Automation Hybrid Library Digital Library Virtual Library
Automated Library Electronic Library Modern Library
Introduction
Its an electronic or online library where one can have access to books journals
novels articles or any other information over net E-service (electronic
service) represents application of utilizing the use of Information and
communication technologies (ICTs) in different areasit includes the service
element of e-tailing customer support and service delivery Database of
digitized audio video and written material on a physical site andor a website
giving 24hour online access to users E-Library is generally a library where
books can be accessed through internet Just sitting anywhereanytime a user
can read the material online
The library has purchased subscriptions to many electronic information
resources in order to provide you with access to them free of charge Our
e-resources include lots of things full-text journals newspapers company
information e-books dictionaries encyclopedias economic data digital
images industry profiles market research career information etc
What is Automation
The term automation is introduced used first DS Harder in 1936 He
defined it as ldquothe automation is handling of parts between progressive
production processes Since then the term has been applied to a wide variety
of automatic machinery and automatic systems In addition is action for
human efforts of intelligence
Need for Library Automation
There are several reasons for automation A considerable saving
in efforts Time and resources involved in manual processing can be
achieved The other reasons are 1) To improve control over collection 2) To have an entries control over the entire operation
3) To improve the existing services as well as introduce new
services
4) To avoid duplicate of work
5) To use services of the existing staff effectively
Basic Requirement of Library Automation
The following are the basic requirements for the automation of
libraries through the computer 1) Adequate collection 2) Financial assistance
3) Computer hardware
4) Library software
5) Tanning of the staff
6) Maintenance of development
Advantages of Library Automation
There are several advantages of Library Automation a machine
readable catalogue prepared at the time of acquisition may be required
respectively for number of purposes Automation has the following
advantages 1) Professional staff need not spend much time to do the routine library work 2) Eliminates human errors while performing routine library works
3) Improved control covers library collection
4) Increased computer awareness among users
5) Cataloguing is faster instant access to non-records
6) Excellent control over circulation
Some Library Software
3
1 KOHA
2 EMIS
3 PMB
4 LIBRA etc
The functions of e-libraries
1) Systematic and organized collection of print and non-print resources
2) Digital in formats so that easily process able by computers
3) The acquisition storage disseminates amp retrieval of information is done by the use
of technology
4) Access of entire holding of library is directly or indirectly accessible across the
network with the help of internet
5) Supports and provides more amp better online amp offline services
Natures of e-library
1 In digital library e-library a set of documents available through electronic means by
the use of digital technologies that allow for the retrieval archiving preservation and
dissemination of those documents which are provides access to in electronic format
2 A Physical site andor website that provide 24-hour online access to digitized audio
video and written material such as books journals and articles The content may come
from different providers
3 Digital library provide as an information service in which all the information
resources are available in computer-process able form and the functions of acquisition
storage retrieval access and display are carried out through the use of digital
technologies
4 e-Library collections of documents in organized electronic form available on the
Internet or on CD- ROM disks and Specific library a user may be able to access
magazine articles books papers images sound files and videos
5 A database is a collection of information stored in a computer or server which
incorporates software to provide efficient retrieval of the data Databases are great tools
to help you retrieve information by keyword title author subject year etc The most
common types of databases in the library are the online catalogue and the virtual
electronic databases Some are in visible some are in Download able such as full
Text abstract title with Content free of cost paid full
6 A Virtual Library is a collection of resources available on one or more computer
systems where a single interface or entry point to the collections is provided
7 More than just a means of collocating electronic resources (full-text materials
databases media and catalogues) a virtual library also provides user assistance services
such as reference inter library loan technical assistance etc
4
8 Library resources (indexes journals and reference materials for example) or
online reference services are available over the Internet Terms such as electronic
Library and Digital Library are often used synonymously
9 A hybrid library which is partly electronic and partly physical It has a physical space
with both the physical and electronic resources and services
10 A hybrid library is not just a traditional library (only containing paper-based
resources) or just a virtual library (only containing electronic resources) but somewhere
between the two It is a library which brings together a range of different information
sources printed and electronic local and remote in a seamless way
Different Types of Library
Library is a place where the collection of information resources in print or in other forms
that is organized and made accessible for reading or study is kept International
Organization for Standardization has defined library as irrespective of the title any
organized collection of printed books and periodicals or of any other graphic or audio-
visual materials and the services of a staff to provide and facilitate the use of such
materials as are required to meet the informational research educational or recreational
needs of its users
Advances in Information Communication Technology (ICT) particularly the World
Wide Web (WWW) have seen the evolution of the automated library electronic library
digital library virtual library Hybrid library etc
A Traditional Library Traditionally libraries were collections of books manuscripts
journals and other sources of recorded information The collection of the traditional
libraries are mostly print media manuscripts etc and are not well organized The
documents are deteriorating at a rapid rate the collected information is not easy to locate
and procure Such information does not reach the user of the libraries on time It is
difficult to get such publications in the absence of personal influence and contacts
There are certain restricted publications containing highly informative materials but
may not be easily available Sometimes the information is published after many years
By the time it is published the information becomes obsolete and then abandoned Since
it is not properly indexed or listed the researcher is forced to go through long and
tedious process to ascertain whether any material of hisher interest is available or not
Here the collections are not well organized and some reports are deteriorating at a rapid
rate Preserving them in their original form is difficult and it is not cost effective Again
the traditional libraries are confined itself within a physical boundary
B Automated Library A library wh i c h provides automatic services with machine-
readable catalog computerized acquisition circulation and Online Public Access
Catalogue (OPAC) are called as automated library The holdings or collection of
5
automated such types of libraries makes them better and offer more and effective services
are same as that of traditional libraries
C Electronic Library When automated libraries go for Local Area Networking (LAN)
and CD-ROM networking and started procuring e-journals and other similar kinds of
electronic materials of publications ( magnetic tapes microfilm roles CDs DVDs
Microform or other media) and accessible by any medium such as computer laptops I-
pads etc are stored and then it is known as electronic library The electronic information
or material may be stored in an offline server or online which may be accessed remotely
via computer networks The resources of the electronic libraries are in both print and
electronic form The electronic media are used for storage retrieval and delivery of
information
D Digital Library In digital libraries services are fully automated and all resources
in digital form These libraries are heterogeneous in nature and include work related
to information and how to digitize store find link visualize use publish manage and
share information Digital library is an assemblage of digital computing storage and
communication machinery together with content and software In a digital library there
are mainly two types of information
1) Born digital This information are digitally created and stored
2) Digitalized Information is in physical formats (print format) with the help of
appropriate hardware and software the information is converted into digital format or in
electronic format
It is a later stage of electronic library In digital library high speed optical fiber are used
for LAN and the access is over WAN and provide a wide range of Internet based
services ie audio and video conferencing and like other The majority of the holding
of a digital library is in the computer readable form and also acts as a point of access to
other online sources
E Virtual Library The concept of virtual library also emerged simultaneously with
electronic library and digital library This emergence is perhaps because all the
information uses are at present through networked libraries at the desktop which is quite
virtual (practical) without the physical existence of books on shelves A virtual library
can be simply defined as the internet-based digital library or a library without walls The
concept of virtual library is that any person who has a computer and connection to the
library networks can access not only the resources of that library but also a variety of
information available through national and international networks like internet and
intranet without being physically present in the library Access digital information from
the any part of the globe through an network (LAN or WAN) or any other gateway
such as internet The term virtual library is attracted the interest of users because of the
increasing medium called the WWW (World Wide Web) The virtual library is the single
most reachable and important source of information in the world and leads to
6
replacement for the traditional library A collection of links is also a virtual library these
links are not necessary owned by the virtual library However the links are maintained
updated and managed as a normal function of the virtual library
F Hybrid Library It was designed to bring a range of technologies from different
sources together in the context of a working library and to explore integrated systems
and services in electronic and printed environments It reflects the transitional state of
the library which today can neither be fully printed nor fully digital Hybrid libraries
consist of conventional print material such as books magazines journals as well as
nonconventional or electronic based material such as audio books electronic journals
e-books etc Hybrid libraries are the new and emerging term for the most public and
academic libraries because with the existing services and collection they can easily
provide electronic services or online services and easily build digital collections
There are many myths about digital library as 1) The internet is the digital library
2) Fully automated library is digital library
3) The myth of a single digital library or one-window view of digital library collections
4) Digital libraries will provide more equitable access anywhere any time
5) Digital libraries will be cheaper than print libraries
Advantages of e-libraries Todayrsquos libraries are not encircled to a particular location The user can get his her
information on his own computer screen by using the Internet It is a network of
compound access system which provides quick information to many users at the same
time There are many advantages of having hybrid digital and virtual libraries some of
the common advantages are as follows
1) No physical boundary The users did not require going to the library through internet
they could access the same information from all over the earth instantly He she have to
just type the URL of the library and heshe can get all the services and information what
heshe get in the libraries Which saves users time and every information is on single
click
2) Round the clock availability libraries can be accessed at any time 24 hours a day
and 365 days of the year All the digital content is on the internet so the information is
available at 24 hours because machines donrsquot know about day night weeks and months
Every information is available online without the respect of time
3) Multiple accesses The same resources can be used at the same time by a number of
users The users can access same the same material at numerous of times without any
difficulties and at the same time It saves users time and money which is economical
and leads to better services according to userrsquos needs and demands Multiple accesses
mean many users use the same resource at the same time or after some time However
in traditional libraries particular resource can accessed only once by a single user
7
4) Structured approach the contents of modern libraries are much richer than the
conventional libraries and the collections are in a very organized way ie users can easily
access the catalogue and from catalogue to the exacting book then from the book to a
particular chapter and so on In a library there are organized collections of human
knowledge so with the help of search we can easily approach to our particular topic
and collect the information related to the topic we search the topic in a structured way
which means that from a catalog to book then to index then from chapter so on according
to our needs we move from books to main directory or catalogue
5) Information retrieval The users are able to search or retrieve information with
the use any keyword which are related to the word or phrase of the entire collection
Digital library have user- friendly interfaces one click access to its contents The users
can easily search any word sentence symbol numbers with the help of interfaces called
search box with the help of search we can go through our topic With information
retrieval it saves the userrsquos time in searching of their information quick access to their
topics and easy to operate
6) Space The traditional library faces problems of storage and space as the collections
are in print form it occupies more space whereas electronic or digital libraries store
more information in a very less space Thousands of eBooks magazines journals etc
can be stored in single hard disks so it is important to know that the digital library needs
very less space without effecting their operations and services When the conventional
library had no physical space digitalization of its collection is the only solution
7) Networking nowadays libraries are interconnected with high-speed internet
connection which is called networking sharing of resources can be done through the
sharing of links Users need not required to go to library he can easily access the libraries
resources through internet and use their services Users can easily access many libraries
database at a single click because libraries shares the links of others libraries links which
saves users time and helps in the searching of their relevant information
8) Cost The expenditure on maintaining an electronic virtual library is much lower than
that of a traditional library A conventional library have to accept more expenditure on
the maintenance staff and professionals salaries etc this can be abridged by electronic
virtual libraries because in these modern libraries there are one time investment till the
technology changes and after that less professionals need for the maintenance of the
library
Challengesdisadvantages of e-libraries The computer viruses disasters lack of standardization for digitized information
quick degrading properties of digitized material different display standard of digital
product and its associated problem health hazard nature of the radiation from monitor
etc makes digital libraries at times handicap
1 Copyright Digitization opposes the copyright law as the content or resources of one
author can be simply transferable by others without his knowledge The main challenge
is that how the libraries broadcast information along with protecting the intellectual
8
properties of an author There are very strict rules regarding the violation of copyright
laws but in digital era it is very difficult to save the intellectual property rights of an
author or publisher
2 Speed of access as more and more computers are connected then the loads on the
server makes website slow If new technology will not evolve to solve the problem then
in near future Internet will be full of error messages As we all know that the technology
is going older day by day so itrsquos difficult to provide same speed of access because digital
content includes audio video documents which are of big in size and require more
bandwidth speed
3 Initial cost is high The initial cost of modern libraries such as the cost of software
hardware communication networks and other equipments are very high So it is very
expensive for libraries to purchase them because libraries are not the profit making
organizations they are depend on any institutions which provides funds for the
functioning and running of the libraries
4 Band width libraries will need high transfer rates for transfer of multimedia resources
but the band width is decreasing day by day due to its over utilization and overload on
the internet The slow bandwidth leads to slow download and uploading of digital
material which means users have to give more time in searching and downloading their
contents
5 Efficiency with the information explosion there is tons of information on particular
topics so it is very difficult to find the right information on the particular topic The
authentication of the information is not sure
6 Environment modern libraries cannot produce the environment of traditional
libraries Many users also find that reading printed information much easier than reading
information on a computer screen Due to lack of technological awareness many people
prefer to use print materials for reading Moreover the habits are the major problem
7 Preservation Due to rapid change in technology libraries become outdate and its
information may become inaccessible In future many new formats evolve so it is
difficult to preserve the library resources at a standard format so that in future we may
use it
Conclusion
The hybrid electronic digital and virtual libraries are the modern libraries and they are
synonyms to each other The modern libraries are not going to replace the physical
existence of print resources completely but no doubt to meet the present demand of the
users and change in technology to satisfy the users demand digitization must be
introduced so that at least libraries becomes of hybrid nature and become in the touch of
its users
The preliminary cost of digitization is high but research shows that once digitalization is
introduced then the cost to manage developing this collection will be cheaper than that of
any conventional library Day by day the cost of digitization is decreasing because the
technology going updated with every bit of time the online publication is increasing and
the needs of user are shifting towards the non-print sources The term digital library has
9
been around for at least 24 hours and possibly longer and some of the ideas behind the
term have been around for much longer While there is still disagreement about the
meaning of the term this piece argues that digital libraries are not fundamentally
different from
traditional libraries either in the purposes of existing or in the services provided The
main differences come down to how the services are provided and how collections are
stored and managed
Reference 1 Dr Manoj Kumar Verma Concept of Hybrid Digital and Virtual Library -
Mizoram University Assistant
ProfessorDepartment of Library and information science
2 Dr Manoj Kumar Verma Concept of Hybrid Digital and Virtual Library - UP
पषटभमि सङगीतको इततहास धर परानो मातननछ l ६४ कलाहर मधयको परमख कला सङगीत कला हो l महाकवव लकषमी परसाद दवकोटाल भनका छन कला भनको जीवनलाई रामरो तररकाबाट उठाउन पररपरण गनण र आननद ददन हो l कला भनको मानव हदयमा परभाववत पारी उचचवोधदवारा नततक शिकषा ददन हनपछण l िासतिोकत ढगल रचचत सतवर वरण र िबद आददल यकत जब कन सागीततक शसजणनालाई मचमा परसततत गररनछ र तयसको आननद परसततोता सतवय र शरोता लाई पतन परापत हनछ भन तयो सङगीतकला बनन जानछ l जमणन ववदवान पाकण रका अनसार मानवको इचछा या चाहनादवारा कालपतनक भावनालाई साकार रप ददन न कला हो l गायन वादन र नतय यी तीन कलाको शमशरर न सङगीत हो l वददककाल दखखन ववशभनन उपतनषद परार आदद गरनथमा उललख गररएको नाद शरतत सपत सतवर जातत गराम राग मछणना ताल मनधम दनदभी ववरा आदद बाट तयो समयमा सङगीतल ववकशसत रप शलएको दखखनछ l नपालमा ककराातकाल शलचछवीकाल र मललकालीन समयमा परापत शिलालखमा उललख भएका पदहर वाददिगोषठी परकषरमणडपी डवली नासादयो पयााख चयाण (चचा) आददको आधारमा तयततबला सङगीतको रामरो ववकास भएको मानन सककनछ l िाहकालीन समयमा राजाहर सङगीतमा तनक िौखखन चथए भनन करा पथवी नारायर िाहको ददवय वारी रर वहादरिाहको शसतार वादन सरनर िाहको गीत लखन र बाजा बजाउन राजा महनरल सतथापना गरको नपाल सङगीत महाववदयालय (२०१२) नपाल एकडमी (२०१४) राषटषिय नाचघर (२०१६) शसहदरबार पररसर शभिको रतन रकरड णङ िसतट (२०१८) जन पतछ २०४१ सालमा नपाल टशलशभजनको रपमा परररत भयो दजणनौ परसतकारहरको सतथापना कलाकारलाई परोतसाहन सतवरप ददएका अनकौ उपाधीहर जसततः वादय
शिरोमखर सङगीत शिरोमखर भजन शिरोमखर सङगीत परववर र नारायरदहटी दरबार पररसरको नारायर मषटनदरमा दरबनदीन तोकी िासतिीय सङगीतको तनयशमत कायणकरम सचालन गराइएको जसतता कायणल सतवदिी कला र ससतकती परतत उनको गदहरो मोह सतनह र ठलो योगदान रहको दखखनछ l भारतीय सगीताचायण वसनतदवारा शलखखत पसततक सङगीत वविारदमा रारा कालीन समयमा वीर िमिरल बीरगजमा आयोजना गरको वव स १९५६ को बगडीको सङगीत सममलन जहाा नपाल र भारत वषणका दजणनौ िासतिीय सगीतजञहरल भाग शलएका चथए र गरनथ न तयार परको करा उललख छ l पथवी नारायर िाहल नपालको एकीकरर पशचात ददएको ददवयवारी आफना िोख सयललाई ताल िासति बमोषटजमको तीन िहर नपालका नवारहरको नाच खिकाई हयाण पतन हनछ भनन वारील सङगीतको रामरो ववकास भएको जनाउछ र सतवदिी कला र ससतकतीलाई महतव ददन पछण भनन गदहरो सदि पतन छ तर आजको पररविमा राषि राषटषियता र ससतकार ससतकती माचथन सब भनदा धर ववकतत शभतरिएको अवसतथा चचनताजनक छ l यसमा हामी सबको धयान जानपन दखखनछ l राजतनिको अनतयका लाचग कलाकारहरको पतन ठलो योगदान रहको दखखनछ l परजातनि र गरतनिको सतथापना पतछ सरकारी गर सरकारीसततरबाट सतथावपत भएका ववशभननखाल ससतथाहरल कला र ससतकतीको कषिमा कायणरत नया तथा पराना सरसतटाहरलाई ववशभनन कायणकरम माफण त मान सममान परसतकार अवाडण सममलन आदद कायणल योगदान पयाणउद आएका छन l
ऐततहामसक रपरखा
वद उपतनषद योग दिणन वयाकरर र अधयातमववदया आदद आयण ससतकततका यी आदय गरनथहरमा नादलाई अपार महतव ददइएको छ l ऋगवद को शिकषा िासति अनसार नाद बाट सतवरको उतपवि हनछ सतवर तीन परकारका हनछन l उदाि अनदाि र सतवररत यी ततन सतवरको वरणन पारीनीय अषटधयायीमा छ l उचचरदािाः नीचरनदािाः समाहारः सतवररतः यी तीन वटा सिल तीनवटा भद दखाएको छ -
अथाणत उदािा वाट तनषाद र गानधारको उतपवि अनदाि वाट ऋषभ र धवत तयस गरर सतवररतवाट षडज मधयम र पञचमको उतपवि भएको छ पषटणडत िारगदवल पतन आफनो गरनथ सङगीतरतनाकरमा नादलाई साकषात बरहमन मानन भएको करा तनमन शलोकल परषट परको छ -
चतनय सवणभताना वववि जगदातमना
नादबरहम तदाननदमररतीयमपासतमह
(स र १३१)
अथाणत समपरण जीवातमाको जो चतना हो अथवा जसवाट जीवातमा चतन हनछ साथ जगतको उतपवि षटसतथतत र परलय पतन हनछ तयो नाद बरहम हो र तयस नाद बरहम जो अदववविय छ जसलाई अदवत दवतादवत ववशिषटादवत आदद दिणनल परततपादन गरका छन तयसलाई हामी उपासना गदणछौ
जसरी सब जञानको मल आधार वदलाई मातनएको छ तयसतत सङगीतको पतन आधार सामवद न मातनएको छ l सामवदका ऋचाहर गयातमक छन l गनधवणवदमा सङगीत क बारमा उललख गररएको छ l सङगीतल मातनसलाई षटजउन भावनाको जनम गराउाछ सङगीत मानवजीवनको दहसतसा िताषटबदयौदखख छ सङगीतलाई हरक ससतकततल पजा गछण ककनकक यो हरक ससतकततको पदहचान हो सङगीत सनदा िारीररक र मानशसक दव फाइदा हनछन यसल तनाव र चचनता भगाउाछ l धवतन र नाद नाद र िबद िबद र आकािमा अभद छ भतन ववदवानहरल भनका छन -
नादन वयजयत वरणः पद वराणत पदादवचः
वचसो वयवहारोऽय नादाधीनमतो जगत
(स र १२२)
अथाणत नाददवारा वरणहर उतपनन हनछन वरणहरवाट पद तनषपवि हनछ र पद वाट वाकय अथाणत भावाशभवयकत गन पद सघात उतपनन हनछ र यस वाकय (वारी) दवारा वयवहार चलदछ र वयवहारीक वारीन नादवाट अशभवयकत भएको हनछ
सङगीत बाट जीवनका चार परषाथण अथण धमण काम मोकष परापत हन ववचार यजञवलकय सतमतत गरनथ मा उललख गररएको छ l
वीरा वादनततवजञ शरततववदया वविारदः तालजञशचापरयासन मोकषमाग स ववनदतत
(यासतमयध३११५)
अथाणत वीरा वादनमा किल शरततववदयामा तनपर तथा तालजञ मनषय सहज मषटकतमागणमा परववषट हनछ बरहमाणडमा आकाि र नाद यी दई ततव न यसतता ततव हन जन ववशववयापी र सवणवयापी छन l आकािको गर नाद र िबद हो तयसल सङगीतरतनाकरमा नादको तनरषटकत यसरी गररएको छ
नकार परार नामान दकारमनल ववदः जातः पराराषटगनसयोगािन नादो Ntilde शभधीयत
(स र १३६)
अथाणत नकार भनको परार हो र दकार भनको आगो भतन जानन जव परार र अषटगनको सयोग हनछ तयतत वला तयसबाट उतपनन धवतन वविषलाई नाद भतननछ तयसल समपरण जगतन नादको अचधनमा छ भनन बखिनछ l पराचीन सङगीतकारहरल राग-राचगतनहरका धर सनदर रचनाहर गरका छन l िासतिीय सङगीतको ममण न राग हो l राग िबदको परयोगन सगीताचायण मतगको बहददिी गरनथमा उललखखत भएको पाइएको छ l सङगीतको साधना र अधययनल िासति सतवर ववजञान र सङगीत परदिणनमा किलता परापत हनछ l
राग क र कसरी उतपवि भयो
योNtildeय धवतनवविषसतत सतवरवरणववभवषत l रजको जनचचिानाम स राग कचथतो बध ll
- अशभनव राग मनजरी
अथाणत धवतन को तयो ववशिषट रचना जन सतवर र वरणयकत सनदर छ र जसल मनषय(परारी)को चचिलाई रजन अथवा मनोरनजन परधान गदणछ ववदवानहर तयसलाई राग भनदछन l
उतपविको ववषयमा ववशभनन मत छन जसतमा एक मत सङगीत वविारद गरनथमा वसत लखन हनछ पावणती माता को ियन मरा लाई दखर शिवजील अग परतयगको आधारमा रर वीना बनाई आफनो पााच मख बाट पााच रागहर भरव दहनडोल मघ दीपक र शरी रागको उतपवि गनण भयो र छटौ राग कौशिक सतवय माता पावणतील रचना गनण भयो l पराचचन गरनथमा सङगीतका मखय चार मत पाइनछ l शिव मत कषर मत भरत मत र हनमनमत l
पराचीनकालदखख वतणमान समम रागमा ववशभनन वगीकररहर भए जातत वगीकरर गराम राग वगीकरर दसववचध राग वगीकरर िदध छायालग र सकीरण राग वगीकरर मल राग वगीकरर राग राचगनी वगीकरर रागाग राग वगीकरर र वतणमानमा ठाट राग वगीकरर यदह ठाट राग वगीकररलाईन अदहल हामील िासतिीय सङगीत शसकन शसकाउन माधयमको रपमा मानद आएका छौ
शासतरीय सङगीतको आिशयकता
- जीवनको चार परषाथण अथण धमण काम र मोकष पराषटपतका लाचग l - सब सङगीतको जननी भएकाल यसमा दखल हाशसल गनणका लाचग l - िासतिीय सङगीतलाई मल आधार बनाएर सङगीत कषिमा परवि गरका
- उिम गरी र शिजञकषत कलाकारहरको उतपादन गन गरसततरीय सङगीत तरबदयालय र ववशववयापीरपमा परततसतपधाण गनण सकन वयवहाररक सङगीत शिकषाको ववकास गनण l
- दिभरर छररएर रहका सङगीत परशिकषर कनरहरलाई एउटा छाता मतन राखर गरसततरीय पाठयकरम बनाई परीकषा पररालीमा लयाउन पन l
- कलाकारहर रोजीरोटीमा माि शसशमत रहन पन बाधयता हन l - सङगीत तफण राजयको धयान कषटनरत गराउन नसकन l
शासतरीय सङगीतको सिसतयाहरका सिाधान
- दि सङघीयतामा गईसककाल अब हरक राजय वा परानतमा कलाकारहरको हकदहत र सरकषरको लाचग छटट तनकायको गठन गररनपन l
- िासतिीय सङगीतमा समवपणत साधक सजणकहरको पररचय बनाई जीवन सततर सहज बनाउन आजीवन भिा सवा सतरबधाको राजयल गयारनटी शलनपन तब माि शसजणनाल तनरनतरता पाउाछ र राजयल असल र सततररय सङगीतको ववकास गनण सकछ ककनकक भोको पटल शसजणना गनण सकदन l
- िासतिीय सङगीतको अधययन अधयापनलाई सहज बनाउनलाई हरक परानतमा तरबदयालय तथा महातरबदयालय तहमा िासतिीय सङगीतको पाठयकरम बनाई लाग गररनपन l
- राजधानीमा कषटनरत लशलतकला पदम कनया र रतन राजय कयामपस जसतत दिका अनय भागमा पतन ववसततार गररन पन l
- लशलतकलाको ववकासको लाचग छट Performing Art University को सतथापना गररन पन l
शासतरीय सङगीतको बततिान अिसतथा
- सतकल दखख + २ हाद ववशवववदयालयमा सतनातकोिर र ववदयावाररधी सममको अधययन हन गरको छ l
- समगर नपालको सङगीतको ववकास र सरकषरको लाचग राजयका तफण बाट ररडयो नपाल ( २००७) नपाल सङगीत तथा नाटय परजञा परततषठान (२०६४) सासतकततक ससतथान (२०१६) नपाल टशलशभजन (२०४१) लगाएतका ससतथाहरल योगदान ददइरहका छन l
- कलाकारलाई रोजगारीको अवसर शमलको छ l - राजधानी लगाएतका मठ मषटनदर गठीहर जसततः ककरातशवोर सङगीत
आशरम यलमाया कलाशसक पिपततनाथ सगीतकला परततषठान कपन सङगीत सरोवर कलातनचध सङगीत महातरबदयालय राम मषटनदर आदद कषिहरमा पाजञकषक माशसक रपमा िासतिीय सङगीतका कायणकरमहर हाद आएका छन l
- दजणनौ तनजी सङगीत परशिकषर कनरहरल पतन सङगीत शिकषा परदान गद आएका छन l
- राजयल लगाएत अनय तनषटज ससतथानहरल बषनी कलाकार तथा सरसतटाहरलाई परसतकार तथा मान सममान परदान गद आएका छन l
- कलाकारका हकदहतको लाचग ववशभनन ससतथाहर सककरय छन जसततः रोयलटी सकलन कनर परसततोता समाज सगीतकार सघ गीतकार सघ गायन समाज आदद l
- टशलशभजन लगायत ववशभनन खाल सचारका माधयमबाट आयोजना हन गरका गायनका ररयलदट िोहर जसबाट छोटो समयमान आफनो कला दखाएर चचाण पाउन समभावना बढर गएको छ
- आफनो कलालाई आफल परसततत गनण शमलन कसको पछी लागन नपन ववशभनन परववचधको ववकास भएको छ जसतको परयोगबाट सहज ववशव समदायमा आफनो कला परसततत गनण सककनछ
सङगीतिा गररएका नयाा परयोग (थरापी)
सङगीतदवारा गररन ववशभननखाल रोगहरको उपचार पदधतत लाई न music therapy भतननछ l सतनायववजञानमाचथ अनसनधान गरररहका मनोवजञातनक डयातनयल ज लशभदटनका अनसार मानशसक र िारीररक सतवासतथयका लाचग सङगीत चचककतसाका पररराम रोचक छन अनसनधानका अनसार यसल रोगपरततरोधातमक कषमतामा सकारातमक असर पछण यसल तनाव ददन हमोन कम गराउाछ सङगीतका अततररकत आमाको लोरीलाई पतन महततवपरण मातनएको छ लोरी सनन बानी परको बचचा िानत र सजग हनछ बचचालाई तनरा लागछ र ऊ घररघरर रा दन सङगीत थरापील गभणवती मदहलाको तनाव पतन कम हनछ सङगीत सनन बानील आतमा र िरीरका लाचग औषचधको काम गछण कततपय रोगमा औषचधल काम नगरपतन सङगीतल जादमयी असर दखाउाछ िरीरको कोदटणसोल सततर कम गरर यसल तनावगरसतत मासपिीहरलाई आराम ददनछ तनयशमत सङगीत सनदा ददमागल रामररी काम गनण पाउाछ असहनीय पीडाबाट गषटिरहका मातनसलाई सङगीत सनाउा दा आराम पगछ कयानाडाको अलबटाण ववशवववदयालयमा तीनदखख ११ वषणसममका ४२ बालबाशलकालाई इनजकसन लगाउन बलामा सङगीत सनाउा दा कम पीडा महसस भएको चथयो सङगीत शरवरल िरीरमा इमयनोगलोबशलन ए बढाउाछ यो एनटीबडील िरीरका कोशिकाहर सतवसतथ राखनका लाचग ठलो काम गछण सकरामक रोग लागकाहरलाई उपचारका बलामा सङगीत सनाउा दा परततरकषा पररालीमा सकारातमक असर पछण l घररघरर तरबरामी हनबाट बचनछ भन सङगीत सनन थालनस ढाडको समसतया हटाउन सतमरर िषटकत दहरो बनाउन र रामरो तनरा लयाउन पतन सङगीत परभावकारी हनछ तर िासति मा आधाररत समधर सङगीत सनदा माि यी असर दखखन हन l चको डागड़ोग र ककण ि सङगीत सनदा चादह तनाव थवपनछ l
उपसहार
िासतिीय सङगीतको उपासनाल तरनत मन सतथीर र एकतरित भई सतवरमा र आफनो उपासतयमा सतथीर हन हनाल यो धयानमागणमा पतन परवि गनणका लागी आहत नाद अथाणत सङगीतको अतत महतवपरण भशमका दखखनछ l
आजको नपाली सङगीतको गरसततरमा सदधाषटनतक र वयवहाररक दव पकषमा धर अनतर पाउनको पछाडी भौततक लाभको लाचग माि िासतिीय सङगीत को साधना गररन हो l भौततक पराषटपत का साथ साथ आधयाषटतमक उननततको लाचग पतन िासतिीय सङगीत उविक महतवपरण छ भनन बझन जररी छ l कला सादहतय र सङगीत नबझन वयषटकतलाई सङगीत सादहतयको सपरशसदध गरनथ ldquoितकियमrdquo का रचतयता भतणहरर नीततितकम खडमा भननहनछ -
सादहतयसङगीतकलाववहीनः साकषातपिः पचछववषारहीनः तर न खादननवप जीवमानसततदभागधय परम पिनाम १२
अथाणत जो मनषय सादहतय सगीत कलाबाट वचचत हनछ तयो पचछर तथा शसग तरबनाको साकषात पिको समान हनछ तयो तरबना घाास खाएर जीववत रहन पि भए तनःसदह सौभागयको करा हनछ
यषा न ववदया न तपो न दान जञान न िील न गरो न धमणः त मतयलोक भवव भारभता मनषयरपर मगाशचरषटनत 13
अथाणत ndash जन मनषयसग ववदया तप दानको भावना जञान िील (सतसतवभाव) मानवीय गर धमणमा सलगनताको अभाव हनछ तयो यस मररिील ससारमा धरतीको बोि बनर मनषय रपमा ववचरर गन पि हनछ नीततशलोकका रचतयता राजा भतणहरर यो सतपषट गनण चाहन हनछ कक मनषयको दतनक चयाण यदद पट पालन अथवा तयस भनदा कदह कदम अगारड सखभोगका साधन जटाउनलाई माि सीशमत रहको छ भन उसमा र जनावरमा कन खास फरक रहादन खान-वपउन र सखःभोग गन यही उसको जीवनको उदयशय रहको हनछ मनषयको बौदचधकताको कारर सखभोगको साथ साथ अनय कराहर पतन सलगन रहको हनछ कवव यस करालाई महतव ददन चाहन हनछ कक मनषय र पिमा शभननता कवल िारीररक सरचनामा माि सीशमत न रहर तयस भनदा माचथ उठर ववववध कलामा रचच राखन चचतन-मननको सामथयण हाशसल गनण ववदया आजणन गनण परोपकारादद कायणमा सलगन हन आधयाषटतमक जञानमा रचच राखन आददमा क दरत हन पछण जो यस परकारको उननत दजाणको कमणमा लागदन मनषय
रपमा उसको जीवनको साथणकता वसतततः सददगध हन जानछ तयो धरतीको लाचग एक परकारको बोिन हो भनन सककनछ जसरी सङगीतका सात सतवरहरको उतपवि उदाि अनदाि र सतवररत बाट भए सदहतयको वयाकररमा पतन यी तीन सतवरको वविष महतव रहको पाइनछ l सादहतयमा यमाताराजभानसलगा सि बाट ववशभनन छनदहरको तनमाणर भए जसतत सङगीतमा सारगमपधतनसा सि बाट न ववशभनन परकारका सतवरहर एव राग राचगनी हरको उतपवि भएको पाइनछ l कावयको लाचग ववषय िबद र अथण चादहनछ भन सङगीतको लाचग लय सतवर र धन आवशयक हनछ l सादहतय अथवा कावय सङगीत ववना परण हन सकतन तर सगीतमा सादहतय र िबद नभए पतन हनछ सादहतय िबद परधान हनछ भन सङगीत नाद परधान हनछ र िबद गौड रहनछ l चतन अचतन दबलाई परभाव पन कावय जसततो सङगीतलाई बझन मगज खखयाउन पदन l यसको अततररकत सब उमरका मातनस परारी एवम वोट ववरवा लाई समत लठठ पान कषमता सङगीतमा रहनछ l
अराात साहितय सगीत मधय कन एउटा पनन कला नभएको वयकतत पि समान िो | आफनो कला दवारा चतनाको सवोचच सरान परापत गना र गराउन सतन न मानव िो | पराकनतक रपमा िन िो भन पनछीिरल
घर िनाएको नाचको करायको िडा मनमोिक दखन र सनन सककनछ | तर पनन मानव ल मानव जीवन को अकनतम परयोजन मोकष को लागग आफनो कला परयोग गन गररएको िनाल अर पराकनतक जीव भनदा अलग
अकसततव िनाएको िो |
सगीत कला मधयको पररम कला को रपमा शलन गररनछ तमाम लशलत कला को ववधा भनदा सगीत कला ल अर कला भनदा िित परभाव पान गदाछ | चतन अवचतन र अचतन सिमा सगीत को परभाव पन गरका ववशभनन तथयिर फला परका छन | पराचीन काल िोस वा वतामान काल िोस | िाासरीको धन सन पनछ गाई
ल साववक भनदा अशल िढी दध हदन िरक हदन सगीत परवाि िन ठाउमा भएका बिरवा को बिकाि नछटो िन आहद वतामानमा परमाणणत भएका न छन |
सगीत मा साहितय को परयोग पनन उगचत रपमा जीवनत परयोग गन गररएको पाइनछ | जि कन गीतकार
को गीतमा सगीत को उगचत परयोग गन गररनछ ति तयो गीत कालजयी िनदछ |
राम चनरrdquo जि भजन को रपमा सनननछ सगीत को परभाव ल पाउज िजाउा द सामननमा हिडीरको पो िो कक
भनन भान िनछ |
गायन वादन र नतय को समकषट न सगीत िो | गायन लाइ अझ पषटता परदान गना वादन को परयोग गररनछ
तयस अनरप को नतय पनन गररनछ | िन त तीनवट ववधा छटटा छटट पनन परभाव पाना सफल छन तर पनन
ताल बिना गायन या नतय मा आननद को अनभनत िन पन जतती न िन ताल को सि काया वानछनीय
मानननछ |ताल कया ल आननद को अनभनत गराउादछ तयस ल राषर िोक को समय मा सर िाजा को मातर
परयोग गन गररनछ यसत ताल न जानाती गायको न स वादक कन पनन करा मा जि माननस आफनो सकपणा बिवक परयोग गदाा पनन सफल िन सतदन अनन कसलाई सोधर सफल िन भनन करा खोजद हिडछ
| आफ भनदा बििकी वयकतत फला पाछा अनन उसल सकपणा सफलता िात पादाछ | अनन तयो सफलता शसकाउन वयकतत गर को रपमा मानदछ उसल समाजमा तयो करा भन पनछ उसको जसत समसया भयका अर बयतती ल समाधान गराउन समरा बयतती लाई गर भनदछन र परशसदधी फलाउादछन | उततम गर लाई
उसको परशसदधी मा कन लोभ िादन बयततीमा भएको जञानको जयोनत मा लागको पदाा िटाउाछ र तयस मा फरर पदाा न लाछन उपाय िताउाछ र आफनो िाटो लाछदछ
आफभनदा अगाडी हिडको वयकतत लाइ गर या मागादिाक को रप मा शलन गररनछ | तसता मिान जन
िरक पदचाप लाइ आधार मानन चलन छ | ldquoमिाजनो यन गत स पनर ldquo अराात गणी मिान वयकततिर
ल अपनाएको िाटो कलयाणकारी िन गदाछ र विाालाइ गर मानर अर जनिर कलयाणको कामना मा तयहि
वािनसवामी िरर दास मीरा जीकबिर जीतकाराम आहद ल सगीत (गायन) को सार ल विााका इषट को साकषातकार गना भएको इनतिास छ |
गर िबद को अरा न अजञानको पदाा िटाउन वयकतत को रपमा शलईएको छ | सगीत लाइ गरमखी ववदया भननएको छ ककनकक कियातमक बिषयका अनक भराकनत गर दवारा मातर िल गना सकभव छ | पसतकमा
उललख गररएका ततविर आफल मातर सहि तररका िाट गायन वा वादन सकभव छन तयसल बिना गर
सगीतमा सफल िन सककदन | कन पनन परकारका ववधा मा गर को सरापना जररर छ जो तयस बिषय मा मिारर िाशसल गरको िनछ | तयसल गर को बिषय मा ldquo गररबाहमा गरबिाषण गरदवो मिशवरrdquo यानी गर
सकषट कसरनत र सिार कायामा समरा वयकतत को रप मा माननएको छ | उतकषट गर र शिषय एक अकाामा पररपरक िन गदाछन | चतनाको ववशभनन आयाम को मागादिान गरदवारा न सकभव छ |
पराचीन समय मा सि बिषय िर सनर न पठन पाठन गन चलन गरयो भनन करािर पढन पाइनछ |
वद को पठन पाठन सनर न गन गररनथयो तयस कारण शरनत नामाकरण भयो | जि माननस मा सनर गरिण
समयमा ६४ कला को अधययन अधयापन गररनथयो | राज कल ऋवषकल वपतकल गरकल आहद ससरा िाट शिकषा परदान गन चलन गरयो |६४ कला मधय लशलत कला को सरान पहिलो तयस मधयमा पनन सगीत
लाइ सवोपरी मानन गररएको छ | साम वद न सगीतको जननी को रप मा माननयको गायन आज को समयसकम आइपछदा ववशभनन अवसरा पार गद िाशम सकमख छ |
शिकषण को मखय तीन अग मानननछ
१ गरशिकषक २ शिषय बिदयारी ३ बिषय शिकषा
मागरका तीन करािर जि सकननहित िनछन ति शिकषण िनछ | तीन मधय एउटा कराको मातर अभाव
रिमा अशभषट शसदध निन िनछ | अनन तीन मधय एउटा पनन कमजोर रिमा उतकषट ननतजा आउन करामा सनदि रिन सतछ | तयसल तीनवट को सामनजसय रिन आवसयक छ | जसरर एउटा राषर समदध िन
पालना गना आवसयक मानननछ ति मातर उतकषट राजय िन जानछ | तयसत परकारल गरशिषय र शिकषा को सहि सयोजन िाट उतकषट परनतफल को कामना गना सककनछ | गर मातर गणी भएर िनन तसलाई गरिण गन वयकतत पनन पातरता भएको िन पदाछ आफलाई खाशल पार पछी मातर कन वसत भना सकजलो िनछ | गर का सकमख िादा म लाई आउाछ भनन भाव को सवारा अभाव िन पदाछ भनन चलन छ समगर मा भनन पदाा गर
एव शिषय दव एक अकाा मा पररपरक छन | कन एक को अभावल अशभषट शसदध िदन |
पराचीन समय दणख न उतकषटता को खोजीमा िाशम मनतर तनतर िद यनतर यग सकम आइपगका छौ | परसतत लखमा गर र शिषय मा क क ततव िन पछा भनन करा उललख गना खोकजएको छ | यस बिषय मा िाल
सकम आइ पछदा गर र शिषयमा ननकन करा िर िन पछा भनन अनभव गररएको छ |
गर मा िन पन गण
१ जञान २ ववजञान ३ वचन ४ परयोग शसदगध ५ शिषय ननसपादन ६ उजाा वदगध |
तयस गरर शिषय मा ननकन करा िरको परख गररनछ |
१ समपाण २ भकतत ३ मिनत ४ वफादारी ५ समय को पालन |
अि यस लाइ अशल बिसतार मा िझौ|
गर मा खोकजन करा िर |
१ जञान जन बिषय को अधयन गररनछ तयस बिषय परनत अमक वयकतत को जञान कनत छ यानी तयस बिषय
मा चाहिन बिषय वसतपरनत आवसयक करा िर कनत छ भनन करा पहिलो रोजाई िनछ | तयस वयकतत ल
वयकतत ल शिकषा गरिण गरको गर वा घर पररवार आहद सि करा िररकन उसको पररकषण गररनछ र उसको ववदवतता को चाल पाउन गररचछ | तयस बिषय मा कनत करा िर को पराचीन काल दणख अहिल सकममा भएका पररवतान को िार मा पनन रािा िन पदाछ |
२ ववजञान ववषय को वविष यानी गिन जञान न बिजञान िो | ववषय ल बयतत गना खोजको करा लाइ गिन
रपमा गचनतन गन र तयसलाइ बयतत गना न ववजञान को रपमा शलन गररनछ | जसत बििान को समय मा ककन मनर सपतक मा अभयास गना पछा भनन करा को समाधान गना सतन बिलककित लयमा अभयाि गदाा िन फायदा सवर को कन परकारल अभयास गदाा क कराको फायदा शलन सककनछ आहद करा बिजञान शभतर
राखन सककनछ | शिषय को कन पकष मा झकाि िढी छ तसमा अझ ननखारता र अर पकष को सिल बिकाि मा धयान हदन जञान न बिजञान िो |
३ वचन यानी िोलन तररकाभाषा को परयोग िबद को चयन आहद करा को पनन बिचार गन गररनछ | कन कन िला मा गर ल अशल कठोर खालको िचन को पनन परयोग गना पन िनछ | अशल ररसाएर परयोग गररएको वचन ल बिदयारी अशल सजगता हदएर शसतन पनन िनछ तयस कारण पनन कन समयमा अशल रखो सबद
को परयोग गदाा बिदयारी को िीतलाइ धयान राणखएको िन गदाछ | ससकत मा एउटा नीती वचन ल भनछ ldquo
लालानाद िििो दोषा ताडनाद िििो गणाrdquo यानी धर माया ल पनन बिगगरन सकभावना िनछ समय समय
मा धयान हदन पन िनछ र उगचत कदम चालन पदाछ | वचन को अको परयोजन कन रचना रचना गन समयमा पनन मितव राखदछ कन िकनदि को रचना मा कन खालका िबदावली को परयोग गन भनन करा पनन यसशभतर
राखन सककनछ
४ परयोग शसदगध यानी भाषागत शसकाएका करा यनतर िाट पनन िजाएर वा गायन गरर परसतत गना सतन
िन पदाछ | कन पनन बिषय को शभबतर करा परयोगका सार िताउन सतन यानी कन राग मा परयोग गररएको बिषि कराको शलणखत मातर िन परयोग पनन गना सतन र िताउन सतन िन पदाछ | तिला मा कन घराना मा कसतो ननकाि या गायन मा दरिारी को गानधार या भरवी को गानधार को परयोय गरर दखाउन सतन | भपाली र रामकली या दिकार आहद ककन फरक छ भनन करा को भाशलभाती परयोग गरर शसकाउन सतन |
५ शिषय ननषपादन अनत शसकर आएका नभई सरदणखन आफल शसकाएका शिषय कनत छन या खिर
जसत मौसममा मातर िन अर िला सखा िो कक अरवा शिषय लाइ अनघ िढन या कसरर अगाडी लर जान
सककनछ भनर िर सकभव परयास गन काम ल न शिषय ननषपादन िन सकभव छ विााल नाम शलन शिषय
ल गरका काम िाट पनन शिषय ननषपादन को िारमा जानकारी शलन सककनछ | शिषय को परगनत न भएको मा गचनता शलन खालका गर िन जररर छ | उसका परगती मा भएका िाधा िर सकभव िटाउन खोजन गरल मातर
असल शिषय ननषपादन गरको पाइनछ | आफमा भएको कला गरल योछय शिषयलाइ मातर परदान गरर योछय
शिषय ननषपादन गनािनछ | िरक ववदयारी को कषमताको पहिचान गरर तिी अनरप को तयारी गराउन
सकमा मातर शिषय ननषपादन अझ िढी परभावकारी िन जानछ | ५ जना शिषय लाइ ५ परकार िाट तयार
गराउन सतन आफमा चनौती िन जानछ शिषय आफलाई एउटा बिषयमा ककनरत गरर अभयाि गछा तर
गर ल ५ वटा न करा को अलग अलग गचनतन मनन गना परम आवसयक पछा | जसरर तिला मा िनारि
घराना अनतगात ५ ववदवानको तिला सनन िो भन सिको अलग अलग तिला छ कसरर तसको कारण यहि
िो कक जो शिषय को जन करामा जयादा रची छ तयस अनरप को शसकाई गर िाट भएको छ | ताल योगी पणडीत सरि तलवालकर जी का सि ववदयारी को तिला अलग -२ न छ | शिषय उतपादन गना आफ मा एक
चनौती िो
६ उजाा वदगध गरल िासतर र तयस को परयोग का सारसार तयस बिषयमा अझ रामरोसग लाछन उजााको वदगध िन करा िर ननरनतर परवाि गना अतयनत जररर छ | उजाावान गर ल मातर उजाा हदन सतछ | जि शिषय
गर को भट िनछ अभयास करा पहिलो परारशमकता मा राखदा अझ उततम लाछछ | तयस उजाा ल बिदयारी मा जीवन मा कहि गना सतन िल परापत गछा | भट िादा कन सगीतसाधकको सकारातमक करासगीत को रचना को करा नयाा रचना को करा ल ववदयारी मा उजाा भन काम गछा | बिशिषट गणवान कलाकार को शरबय
दशय समागरील पनन ववदयारी मा उजाा भन काम गदाछ | उचच कोटी का गरिरल आफना चला लाइ आफनो जसतो नभ आफ भनदा फरक काया गना सदव पररणा परदान गना भएको करा उजाा परापत कलाकारिरको करा िाट परापत गररएको पाइनछ | ववदयारी को कषमता अनरप को कायामा लाछन पररणा गना जसत कन ववदयारी रचना गना रची राखछ भन तिी काया मा उसलाई िौिला परदान गन | सगीत का ववशभनन आयाम मा काम
गना सतन खिी को समगचत ढग िाट पहिचान गरर तसलाई अनघ िढन उतपररणा परदान गन | कन कन ववदयारी लाइ सगीत को िार मा खोज गना मन लाछन िन सतछ तसतो ववदयारी लाइ बिषय को िारमा मागा दिान परदान गन काम पनन गर िाट िन पदाछ |
तयस गरर शिषय मा िन पन करा |
१ समपाण कन पनन करामा आफलाइ सकपणा रपमा तयसमा नलगाएमा सफल िन सककदन | तन मन र
५ िफादारी यानी भनको मानन गर ल भन पछी ज गरन पनन पनछ न िटन | शसकाएका करा लाइ जसताको तसत गरर गाउन या िजाउन | जि िफादार छ भनन करा कसरर िनछ ति गरल सि करा कन िाकक नराखी कन शसकाउन िनछ अनन मातर आफनो अशभषट शसदध िनछ | मिाभारत मा अजान र असवतरामा को परसङग
आउछ कक जनत ववदया अजान लाइ रोण ल हदन भयो तती असवतरामा लाइ हदन भएन ककन मिनती र
आफनो ववदया गलत परयोग निन अवसराको जञान ल गदाा न तसतो भएको िो | गर सग शसकको ववदया िो परयोग गन िलामा गरको समरण पनन िफादारी िो | कहि समय एक जना गरकोमा जान फरी अको गरकोमा जान यसरर ननरनतर गरिर पररवतान गन चलन उपयतत माननदन | कन जनावर पाशलयको छ भन उसको माशलक भनदा सि कराल उततम अर कन मानछ साग तयो पालत रवततदन तयसतो गरर िफादार रिन न सक
पनन सक जनत िफादार िन उततम माननएको छ
६ समय को पालन समय को पालन सिल सकयक परकारल गना आवसयक छ यहद समय को पालन गररएन
भन आवसयक काम ननषपादन िदन | कन पनन कामको लागग तोककएको समयमा तयो काम परा गना पदाछ
| भन को समय मा तोककएको काम गररएको खणडमा मातर समय को पालन गररएको मानननछ | शसकाउन समय अभयासगन समय सगीतमा समय अनसार को राग िनछ सहि समय मा सहि राग को परयोगल
ववशभनन काम गन रािा न छ | दख को समय मा सख को समय का लागग अलग -२ ताल र राग को परयोग
गन गररएको पाइनछ | समय को परवाि न ताल को रपमा परयोग गररएको िो | गरकल मा रिी शिकषा आजान
गन ववदयारी लाइ ननयम को पालन अतयनत आवशयक ततव मनननछ |
आफल शसकको बिदया मा न कहि गरर दखाउन उददशयका सार लागग परको बिदयारी ल आफनो किागरिदगध अपरतीम कौिल लगन ननयम नतरब समरण एव आसरा आहद गण भएको खणड मा मातर
समय ववदया मिनत आहद लगानी गना भनदा पहिला परनतफल रामरो िनछकक िदन भनन मागर को तररका परयोग गररकन िन परचलन छ | तयस कारण जान बिवततक या शिषय िनाउन भनन करा सननासार तरनत
सवीकार नगन चलन छ | मागर उललणखत करा िरको िारमा रामरोसग जानकारी शलन कहि समय लगगिालछ
|
कवव भबतरािरी भनन िनछ ldquo गण लबधा सवयमव सकपदrdquo गणको बिकाि न सकपवतत(सकपदा) आगमनको कारण िो | जसतो परकार को सकपवततको भणडार गना खोकजएको िो तसतो गण को बिकाि वानछनीय छ |