Institutional Aspects & Human Resources Development …siteresources.worldbank.org/ENRLP/Resources/460956-1163449042857… · Human Resources Development Solid Waste Management. SWM

SWM Learning Program SWM Learning Program in Indiain India

In association In association withwith

Institutional Aspects & Institutional Aspects & Human Resources Development Human Resources Development

Solid Waste ManagementSolid Waste Management



Suggests fixation of work norms for the work force as well as for supervisory staff and the output expected from the vehicles and machinery utilized.

Module DescriptionModule Description

Describes ways of institutional strengthening by inducting professionals in SWM service, adequately decentralizing the administration, delegating necessary powers at the decentralized level and take measures for human resource development through adequate training to the existing staff.



Understand the level of professionals needed in any municipal authority to manage SWM

Ways of city decentralization and delegation of power to enable effective solid waste management

Ways of ensuring continuous human resource development .

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

Learning to fix norms for various SWM services.

Ways of information management & private sector involvement for various SWM services.



Legal basis for SWMLegal basis for SWM

Environment Protection Act 1986 Environment Protection Act 1986

The Municipal Solid Waste (Management & The Municipal Solid Waste (Management &

Handling) Rules, 2000 under the Environment Handling) Rules, 2000 under the Environment

Protection Act, 1986 (EPA)Protection Act, 1986 (EPA)



Institutions involved in waste managementInstitutions involved in waste management

Central Government LevelCentral Government Level

State government levelState government level

Urban local body levelUrban local body level

Municipal CorporationsMunicipal Corporations

Municipalities Municipalities

Transition areas such as Nagar Panchayats, Town Transition areas such as Nagar Panchayats, Town

PanchayatsPanchayats



Roles & ResponsibilitiesRoles & Responsibilities

State Government Making state level laws and rules, frame Policies, prepare guidelines, manuals, technical assistance, financial support & monitoring and implementation of laws & rules

Central GovernmentMaking laws and rules, frame policies, prepare guidelines, manuals, technical assistance, financial support and monitoring & implementation of laws and rules

Responsible InstitutionRoles and responsibilities in SWM



Roles & ResponsibilitiesRoles & Responsibilities

Municipal Authorities, State and Central Governments

Financing of Solid Waste Management systems

Municipal Authorities with the approval of State Governments

Levy of Fees and Fee collections

Municipal Authorities with the approval of State Governments

Framing of Bylaws

Municipal Authorities Waste collection, transportation, treatment and disposal

Municipal Authorities and State Govt.

SWM planning, and planning for treatment facilities

Responsible InstitutionRoles and responsibilities in SWM



Organizational Structure Organizational Structure –– Large Large MunicipalityMunicipality

Municipal Commissioner

Additional/Deputy commissioner

Director Solid Waste Management

Zonal Environmental Engineer/Deputy Health Officer/Sanitation Superintendent/Chief Sanitary Inspector (One per zone of 4 to 5 Lakh population)

Deputy Director Treatment & Disposal

Deputy Director, Field Operations

Ward level Sanitary Inspector (One per 50000 population)

Ward Level Sanitary Officer (One per one Lakh Population)

Sanitary Sub inspector (One per 25000 population)

Sanitary Workers (one part time worker per 1000 population for door to door collection and one worker per 500 running meter for street sweeping subject to density of the population)

Workshop for Vehicle Maintenance

Admin & Finance Support

Sanitary Supervisor (One per 12500 population)



Executive Officer

Chief Sanitary Inspector

Sanitary Inspector (one per 50000 population)

Sub Inspector (One per 25000 population)

Sanitary Supervisor (One per 12500 population)

Sanitary Workers (One part time worker per 1000 population for door to door collection and one worker per 500 running

meter for street sweeping subject to density of the population)

Organizational Structure Organizational Structure –– Small MunicipalitySmall Municipality



Existing Human Resources with Municipal Existing Human Resources with Municipal AuthoritiesAuthorities

Most of the cities health officers who are basically medical Most of the cities health officers who are basically medical

professionals are placed in charge of SWM department.professionals are placed in charge of SWM department.

They lack technical background or knowledge of They lack technical background or knowledge of

engineering and environmental aspects of SWM engineering and environmental aspects of SWM

Very few environmental engineers have been deputed in Very few environmental engineers have been deputed in

mega cities mega cities

Small cities have sanitary inspectors who have limited Small cities have sanitary inspectors who have limited

technical capabilities .technical capabilities .



Capabilities of Managerial and Technical StaffCapabilities of Managerial and Technical Staff

Very few Municipal Very few Municipal Commissioners or Executive Commissioners or Executive Officers take personal interest in Officers take personal interest in SWM servicesSWM services

Majority of large cities solid Majority of large cities solid waste is looked after by Health waste is looked after by Health Officers who lack technical Officers who lack technical knowledge.knowledge.

Large cities where the engineers Large cities where the engineers are placed in charge of SWM the are placed in charge of SWM the situation is improving.situation is improving.

There are several examples where the involvement of

Municipal Commissioners /Executive Officers has

made a difference e.g. Surat, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad,

Nammakal, Suryapet, Bangalore, North dumdum

Barrackupur etc.



Capabilities of supervisory Staff and the Sanitary WorkersCapabilities of supervisory Staff and the Sanitary Workers

Most of the sanitary workers perform their duties for 2 to 3 hours in the morning with some sincerity but thereafter the performance deteriorates. Most of the sweepers generally do not do any substantial work in the afternoons. The efficiency of this work force is well below 50%.

Have a very limited exposure to Have a very limited exposure to modern system of waste modern system of waste management.management.

Transportation of waste is done Transportation of waste is done through traditional methods. through traditional methods.

Sanitary workers are generally Sanitary workers are generally illiterate and poorilliterate and poor

Resist to any changes or Resist to any changes or improvements in the systems improvements in the systems under the fear of loosing their under the fear of loosing their employment employment



Need of Institutional StrengtheningNeed of Institutional Strengthening

Induction of ProfessionalsInduction of Professionals

Prescribe norms for deployment of Human Resources Prescribe norms for deployment of Human Resources

A.A. Door to Door collection Door to Door collection

Prescribed Norms of work for street sweepersHigh Density area = 250 to 350 running metres (RMT) of road length

Medium density area = 400 to 600 running metres (RMT) of road length

Low density area = 650 to 750 running metres (RMT) of road length



B.B.Street SweepingStreet Sweeping

Street sweeping Street sweeping Case study - Unit Area –Method used by HyderabadA yardstick of 500 metre road length per one sanitary worker a team of 15 female workers for street sweeping, 3 male workers handcarts for transport to secondary waste storage depot1 supervisor per unit area of 8 Kms road length was constituted.

Case Study Wage Structure in Hyderabad – contracting modelunit cost of Rs. 48853/- per month per 19 sanitation workers day cleaningRs. 69250/- per month per 19 sanitation workers for night cleaning 161 packages of contract were prepared to cover approximately 75% of the city roads



C.C. Transportation of wasteTransportation of waste

D.D. Work norms for vehicles Work norms for vehicles

E.E. Norms for supervision Norms for supervision

F.F. Exposure to supervisors Exposure to supervisors

Case Study

In Bangalore, all senior municipal officials responsible for solid waste management have been provided direct training on solid waste management. Besides Karnataka government has arranged the training through satellite programs targeting staff of local bodies in remote areas.

Need of Institutional Strengthening Need of Institutional Strengthening



Decentralization of Administration and Decentralization of Administration and Delegation of AuthoritiesDelegation of Authorities

The Constitution of India has, through The Constitution of India has, through its 74th Amendment, made its 74th Amendment, made decentralization obligatory of decentralization obligatory of administrations in cities above administrations in cities above 0.3million population0.3million population

It is essential for the municipal It is essential for the municipal administration to decentralize its administration to decentralize its administration by suitably dividing the administration by suitably dividing the city into zones and / or wards city into zones and / or wards depending up on the area and depending up on the area and population of the city. population of the city.

Ward level administration should form Ward level administration should form the basis of administration. the basis of administration.

In case of solid waste management, there is an urgent need of ward level administration to ensure effective supervision on the work force engaged in sweeping of streets and door to door collection of waste as well as in secondary storage of waste.



Case Study Case Study -- Decentralization of Administration and Decentralization of Administration and Delegation of Authorities in Ahmedabad Delegation of Authorities in Ahmedabad

The city administration has been decentralized 15 years ago in fThe city administration has been decentralized 15 years ago in five ive zones and 43 wards. zones and 43 wards.

Each ward is functioning as an administrative unit headed by an Each ward is functioning as an administrative unit headed by an Asst. Asst. City Engineer City Engineer

This unit takes care of engineering health and SWM services This unit takes care of engineering health and SWM services effectively reducing the burden of the zonal administration and effectively reducing the burden of the zonal administration and the the city administration by about 90%. city administration by about 90%.

The service of primary collection and sweeping of streets is proThe service of primary collection and sweeping of streets is provided vided at the ward level and supervised by the ward level supervisors. at the ward level and supervised by the ward level supervisors.

The deputy municipal commissioner are given full powers to spendThe deputy municipal commissioner are given full powers to spenduptoupto RsRs. 0.2 million per every item of work with out referring to . 0.2 million per every item of work with out referring to municipal commissioner and take all decisions on behalf of municmunicipal commissioner and take all decisions on behalf of municipal ipal commissioner commissioner



Human Resources DevelopmentHuman Resources Development

Training needs at various levels:Training needs at various levels:

oo Special Training to Unqualified StaffSpecial Training to Unqualified Staff

oo Unqualified supervisory staff should be given in Unqualified supervisory staff should be given in service training to qualify for supervising sanitation service training to qualify for supervising sanitation works.works.

Training to supervisors and senior officers:Training to supervisors and senior officers:

oo It is essential that all the officers and supervisory It is essential that all the officers and supervisory staff are exposed to training to learn the staff are exposed to training to learn the advancement in SWM sector and the best practices advancement in SWM sector and the best practices adopted by different cities within the state, country adopted by different cities within the state, country and abroad. and abroad.



Human Resources DevelopmentHuman Resources Development

Refresher Courses for Supervisory StaffRefresher Courses for Supervisory Staff

oo Refresher courses should be conducted for officers Refresher courses should be conducted for officers and supervisory staff at least every 5 years.and supervisory staff at least every 5 years.

Promotional OpportunitiesPromotional Opportunities

oo Adequate promotional opportunities should be Adequate promotional opportunities should be available in the decentralized SWM hierarchy to available in the decentralized SWM hierarchy to maintain the interest of the supervisory staff to maintain the interest of the supervisory staff to remain in the department.remain in the department.



MIS is a tool for effective planning, monitoring MIS is a tool for effective planning, monitoring and taking corrective measuresand taking corrective measures

MIS should show whetherMIS should show whether

Every one involved in SWM service is performing wellEvery one involved in SWM service is performing well

Adequate vehicles are made available to SWM department Adequate vehicles are made available to SWM department

The vehicles are optimally utilized, The vehicles are optimally utilized,

The repairing and maintenance of vehicles and equipment is The repairing and maintenance of vehicles and equipment is expeditiously done, expeditiously done,

The processing plants are functional to their optimum The processing plants are functional to their optimum expectations expectations

Landfill sites are well managed Landfill sites are well managed



Promote NGO/Private Sector ParticipationPromote NGO/Private Sector Participation

NGO/ private participation should be encouraged in the NGO/ private participation should be encouraged in the areas ofareas of

Door to door collection of domestic waste, commercial Door to door collection of domestic waste, commercial waste and hospital waste waste and hospital waste

Collection of hotel wasteCollection of hotel waste

Collection of construction wasteCollection of construction waste

Collection of yard wasteCollection of yard waste

Creating public awareness and increasing public Creating public awareness and increasing public participationparticipation



Levy of Administrative Charges/Spot finesLevy of Administrative Charges/Spot fines

To ensure compliance, provision should be made in the relevant To ensure compliance, provision should be made in the relevant byby--laws, rules etc to recover appropriate cleaning charges from laws, rules etc to recover appropriate cleaning charges from the citizens who dispose of waste on the street or in open publithe citizens who dispose of waste on the street or in open public c places.places.

The power to levy such charges should be delegated to the The power to levy such charges should be delegated to the supervisors of the level of Sanitary Inspectors and above. supervisors of the level of Sanitary Inspectors and above.

The amount of additional cleaning charges to be levied should beThe amount of additional cleaning charges to be levied should bespecified for different categories of offenders and should be kespecified for different categories of offenders and should be kept pt higher for repeat offences.higher for repeat offences.



Entire Administration of SWM Department to Entire Administration of SWM Department to be under be under ““One UmbrellaOne Umbrella””

To ensure coordination and accountability, it is To ensure coordination and accountability, it is necessary to have one person exclusively in charge of necessary to have one person exclusively in charge of SWM in the city. SWM in the city.

The overall control in relation to collection, The overall control in relation to collection, transportation, processing and disposal of all waste, transportation, processing and disposal of all waste, including vehicle workshop facilities, should lie with including vehicle workshop facilities, should lie with him. him.

He should also be responsible for the cleaning of open He should also be responsible for the cleaning of open drains under 24drains under 24”” depth, collection of silt, construction depth, collection of silt, construction waste and debris and vehicle deployment and waste and debris and vehicle deployment and maintenance. maintenance.

Institutional Aspects & Human Resources Development …siteresources.worldbank.org/ENRLP/Resources/460956-1163449042857… · Human Resources Development Solid Waste Management. SWM

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