Institute of Nutritional Sciences University of Vienna...adults survey), France, UK (adults), USA, China, Good quality data – score 9 Quality Score Countries. Data is presented for

Dietary fat intake – a global perspective

Prof. I. ElmadfaInstitute of Nutritional Sciences University of Vienna

Food Intake => Nutrient Intake

Nutrient Intake(Fat, Fatty Acids)

Food CompositionTable/Database

Food Records:retrospective /prospective- Food FrequencyQuestionnaires

-Food Balance Sheets

Food Intake => Nutrient IntakeExample:

total fat 35.3 g SFA 5.3 gMUFA 24.9 g PUFA 3.5 g

Food Composition Databaseof the IfEW, University of Viennabased on the German BLS 2.3

best corresponding food item:„Avocado frisch 150 g“

3-day dietary record

„half avocado“

Fat Intake in AustriaFood Balance Sheets vs. 24-h-recall

Calculated from Food Balance Sheets, 2001*

40 Energy%

Calculated from 24-h-recalls, Austrian Adultsaged 25-50,1998-2001**

37 Energy%

*European Nutrition and Health Report 2004** Österreichischer Ernährungsbericht 2003

Following quality assessment was carried out by UNILEVER

3132Max score per

criteria

repeated 24h recall or 48h recall, (weighed) food record min 3d

National Nutrition survey

-3

Single 24h recallStudy2000-2

FFQ>1000-1990-991

Not specified<1000Household survey1980-890

Dietary assessment methodSample size

Survey/study type

Year of data

collection

Score

Quality of data per survey from various countries (carried out by UNILEVER)

Philippines, Japan, Mexico, Cameroon, Nigeria, Tanzania, Australia (Meyer et al. 2003), Belgium (Sioen et al. 2003), Germany (Linseisen et al. 2003)Japan (Kuriki et al. 2003), Norway (Johansson et al. 1998), UK (Bakewell et al. 2006), France (Astorg et al. 2004), India (Goyal et al. 2005), US (NHANES 2001-2002), US (CSFII 1994–1996)

°No information available on quality or not assessed (additional data was used)

Germany (HBS), Greece (adults data), Poland, Portugal (adults), Brazil, India

*Poor quality- score 0-5

Norway (adults, 1997), Spain (adults), Medium-low quality- score 6

Austria (old data), Bulgaria, Germany (Eskimo study), Greece (children data), Hungary, Italy, Netherlands (1998 & 2003 survey), Sweden, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Argentina, Thailand, Singapore, South Africa, Transfair data

Medium quality data- score 8-7

Austria (new data) Belgium, Denmark, Finland (2007 adults survey), France, UK (adults), USA, China,

Good quality data – score 9

CountriesQuality Score

Data is presented for adults 18+ with following exceptions:

17-65ySweden

16-79yNorway

15>65yFrance

15-59yThailand

0+yBrazil

10-49yArgentina

Age (M+F)Countries

Total fat intake

Data on total fat intake in Africa, Latin America and Asia

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

CM°2000p

TZ° 1997p BR* 2002-2003

MX 2006 IN* 2006 SG 2004

% E

nerg

y

°

(*poor quality study, °no information on quality, p published year, ML minimum level, UL upper level)

ML

UL

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

CA 2004 US 2005-2006 AU 1995-1996 NZ 1996-1997

% E

nerg

y

Data on total fat intake in North America, Australia and New Zealand

ML

UL

(ML minimum level, UL upper level)

05

101520253035404550

DK 2000

-2002

FI 200

7NO 19

97

SE 1997

-1998

AT 2004

-2005

DE* 199

8

HU 1992

-1994

PL* 20

00

BE 2004

FR 2004

NL 199

7-199

8

UK 2000

-2001

BG 1997

GR* 199

4-199

9

IT 19

94-19

96PT* 2

001

ES 1990

-1998

% E

nerg

yData on total fat intake in Northern, Central, Western, Eastern and

Southern Europe

ML

UL

(*poor quality study, ML minimum level, UL upper level)

International data on total fat intake

0,0

5,0

10,0

15,0

20,0

25,0

30,0

35,0

40,0

45,0

50,0

CM° 200

0p

NG° 200

4pTZ

° 199

7pCA

2004

US 20

05-20

06AR 20

04-20

05

BR* 200

2-200

3MX 20

06CN 20

02IN

* 200

6JP

° 200

4PH°

SG 2004

TH 20

03

AU 1995

-1996

NZ 199

6-19

97AT 2

004-2

005

BE 20

04BG 19

97

DK 20

00-20

02FI

2007

FR 20

04DE*

1998

GR* 199

4-19

99

HU 1992

-1994

IT 19

94-19

96

NL 199

7-199

8NO 19

97PL*

2000

PT* 20

01

ES 19

90-1

998

SE 19

97-1

998

UK 20

00-20

01%

Ene

rgy

(*poor quality study, °no information on quality; p published year, ML minimum level, UL upper level)

ML

UL

SFA intake

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

CM°2000p

TZ° 1997p BR* 2002-2003

MX 2006 IN* 2006 SG 2004

% E

nerg

yData on saturated fatty acid (SFA) intake in Africa, Latin America and

Asia

(*poor quality study, °no information on quality; p published year, UL upper level)

UL

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

CA 2004 US 2005-2006 AU 1995-1996 NZ 1996-1997

% E

nerg

y

Data on saturated fatty acid (SFA) intake in North America, Australia and New Zealand

UL

UL upper level

0

5

10

15

20

DK 2000

-2002

FI 200

7NO 19

97

SE 1997

-1998

AT 2004

-2005

DE* 199

8

HU 1992

-1994

PL* 20

00

BE 2004

FR 2004

NL 199

7-199

8

UK 2000

-2001

BG 1997

GR* 199

4-199

9

IT 19

94-19

96PT* 2

001

ES 1990

-1998

% E

nerg

yData on saturated fatty acid (SFA) intake in Northern, Central,

Western, Eastern and Southern Europe

(*poor quality study, UL upper level)

UL

International data on intake of saturated fatty acids (SFA)

0,0

5,0

10,0

15,0

20,0

CM° 2000

pTZ° 1

997p

CA 2004

US 2005-2

006

BR* 2002

-2003

MX 2006

IN* 2

006

SG 2004

AU 1995-1

996

NZ 1996-1

997AT 200

4-2005

BE 2004

BG 1997

DK 2000-2

002FI 2

007FR 200

4DE* 1

998

GR* 1994

-1999

HU 1992-1

994

IT 1994

-1996

NL 1997-1

998NO 199

7PL* 2

000

PT* 200

1

ES 1990-1

998

SE 1997-1

998

UK 2000-2

001S

FA %

E

(*poor quality study, °no information on quality, p published year, E energy, UL upper level)

UL

TFA intake

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

US°1994-1996

BE2004

DK2000-2002

FI2007

FR2004

DE*1998

GR*1994-1999

NL1997-1998

NO1997

ES1990-1998

SE1997-1998

UK2000-2001

% E

nerg

y

International data on trans fatty acid (TFA) intake

(*poor quality study, °no information on quality, UL upper level)

UL

(Ruminant and industrial TFA should be < 1%E)

PUFA intakegeneral recommendations

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

CA 2004 US 2005-2006 BR* 2002-2003 MX 2006

% E

nerg

y

Data on polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake in America

°

(*poor quality study, °no information on quality, ML minimum level, UL upper level)

UL

ML

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

CM°2000p

TZ° 1997p BR* 2002-2003

MX 2006 IN* 2006 SG 2004

% E

nerg

yData on polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake in Africa, Latin America and

Asia

°

(*poor quality study, °no information on quality, ML minimum level, UL upper level)

ML

UL

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

CA 2004 US 2005-2006 AU 1995-1996 NZ 1996-1997

% E

nerg

yData on polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake in North America,

Australia and New Zealand

UL

ML

ML minimum level, UL upper level

0

3

5

8

10

13

DK 2000

-2002

FI 200

7NO 19

97

SE 1997

-1998

AT 2004

-2005

DE* 199

8

HU 1992

-1994

PL* 20

00

BE 2004

FR 2004

NL 199

7-199

8

UK 2000

-2001

BG 1997

GR* 199

4-199

9

IT 19

94-19

96PT* 2

001

ES 1990

-1998

% E

nerg

yData on polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake in Northern,

Central, Western, Eastern and Southern Europe

(*poor quality study, ML minimum level, UL upper level)

UL

ML

International data on polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake

0,0

2,5

5,0

7,5

10,0

12,5

CM° 2000

pTZ° 1

997p

CA 2004

US 2005-2

006

BR* 2002

-2003

MX 2006

IN* 2

006

SG 2004

AU 1995-1

996

NZ 1996-1

997AT 200

4-2005

BE 2004

BG 1997

DK 2000-2

002FI 2

007FR 200

4DE* 1

998

GR* 1994

-1999

HU 1992-1

994

IT 1994

-1996

NL 1997-1

998NO 199

7PL* 2

000

PT* 200

1

ES 1990-1

998

SE 1997-1

998

UK 2000-2

001PU

FA %

E

(*poor quality study, °no information on quality, p published year, E energy)

Intake of essentialfatty acids

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range: 2.5 – 9%E2.5%E = 5 - 8 g/d (1800 – 3000 kcal)

9.0%E = 18 – 30 g/d (1800 – 3000 kcal)

International data on linoleic acid (LA) intake

02468

1012141618202224262830

US IN JP AU AT BE DE DK ES FI FR GR IT NL NO SE UK

g/da

y

Additional data without quality assessment, ML minimum level

ML

e. g. 1800 kcal/d

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range: 0.5 – 2%E0.5%E = 1.0 – 1.7 g/d (1800 – 3000 kJ)2.0%E = 4.0 – 6.7 g/d (1800 – 3000 kJ)

International data on α-linolenic acid (ALA) intake

0,00,51,01,52,02,53,03,54,04,55,05,56,06,57,0

US IN JP AU AT BE DE DK ES FI FR GR IT NL NO SE UK

g/da

y

Additional data without quality assessment, ML minimum level

ML

e. g. 1800 kcal/d

International data on eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid (EPA + DHA) intake

0,000

0,200

0,400

0,600

0,800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

1,800

2,000

US JP* AU AT BE DE NO UK

g/da

y

*Dietitians, additional data without quality assessment, UL (upper level) forsupplements

UL

MUFA intake

International data on monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) intake

0,0

5,0

10,0

15,0

20,0

25,0

CM° 200

0pTZ° 1

997p

CA 2004

US 2005-2

006

BR* 2002

-2003

MX 2006

IN* 2

006

SG 2004

AU 1995-1

996

NZ 1996-1

997AT 200

4-2005

BE 2004

BG 1997

DK 2000-2

002FI 2

007FR 200

4DE* 1

998

GR* 199

4-1999

HU 1992-1

994

IT 1994

-1996

NL 1997-1

998

NO 1997

PL* 200

0PT* 2

001

ES 1990-1

998

SE 1997-1

998

UK 2000-2

001M

UFA

%E

(*poor quality study, °no information on quality, p published year, E energy)

UFA intake

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

CM° 2000

pTZ° 1

997p

CA 2004

US 2005-2

006

BR* 2002

-2003

MX 2006

IN* 2

006

SG 2004

AU 1995-1

996

NZ 1996-1

997AT 200

4-2005

BE 2004

BG 1997

DK 2000-2

002FI 2

007FR 200

4DE* 1

998

GR* 1994

-1999

HU 1992-1

994

IT 1994

-1996

NL 1997-1

998NO 199

7PL* 2

000

PT* 200

1

ES 1990-1

998

SE 1997-1

998

UK 2000-2

001UF

A %

E

(*poor quality study, °no information on quality; p published year; E energy)

International data on unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) intake

0

5

10

15

20

25

CM° 2000p TZ° 1997p BR* 2002-2003

MX 2006 IN* 2006 SG 2004

% E

nerg

y

Data on unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) intake in Africa, Latin America and Asia

(*poor quality study, °no information on quality)

°

Distribution of SFA, MUFA and PUFA

International data on the distribution of SFA, MUFA and PUFA

0%10%

20%30%40%50%

60%70%80%

90%100%

CM° 200

0pTZ

° 199

7pCA

2004

US 20

05-20

06

BR* 200

2-200

3MX 20

06IN

* 200

6SG 20

04AU 19

95-19

96

NZ 199

6-19

97AT 2

004-2

005

BE 20

04BG 19

97

DK 20

00-20

02FI

2007

FR 20

04DE*

1998

GR* 199

4-19

99

HU 1992

-1994

IT 19

94-19

96

NL 199

7-199

8NO 19

97PL*

2000

PT* 20

01

ES 19

90-1

998

SE 19

97-1

998

UK 20

00-20

01%

tota

l FA

SFA MUFA PUFA

(*poor quality study, °no information on quality; p published year)

°

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

CA 2004 US 2005-2006 BR* 2002-2003

MX 2006

% t

otal

FA

PUFAMUFASFA

Distribution of SFA, MUFA and PUFA in America

°


Distribution of SFA, MUFA and PUFA in Africa, Latin America and Asia

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

CM°2000p

TZ°1997p

BR* 2002-2003

MX 2006 IN* 2006 SG 2004

% t

otal

FA

PUFAMUFASFA

°


Distribution of SFA, MUFA and PUFA in adults in North America, Australia and New Zealand

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

CA 2004 US 2005-2006 AU 1995-1996 NZ 1996-1997

% t

otal

FA PUFA

MUFASFA

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

DK 2000

-2002

FI 200

7NO 19

97

SE 1997

-1998

AT 2004

-2005

DE* 199

8

HU 1992

-1994

PL* 20

00

BE 2004

FR 2004

NL 199

7-199

8

UK 2000

-2001

BG 1997

GR* 199

4-199

9

IT 19

94-19

96PT* 2

001

ES 1990

-1998

% t

otal

FA

SFA MUFA PUFA

Distribution of SFA, MUFA and PUFA in adults in Northern, Central, Western, Eastern and Southern Europe

(*poor quality study)

Countries

African data on fat intake in adults

0,0

5,0

10,0

15,0

20,0

25,0

30,0

35,0

40,0

45,0

50,0

Total Fat SFA MUFA PUFA

% E

nerg

y CM 2000pNG 2004pTZ 1997p

(Data quality not evaluated; p published year)

Data on fat intake of urban and rural dwellwers in Ningeria

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Total Fat SFA

% E

nerg

y NG urban maleNG urban femaleNG rural maleNG rural female

(Data quality not evaluated; p published year)

035

81013151820

2325283033

35


% E

nerg

y

CA 2004US 2005-2006

BR* 2002-2003MX 2006

Data on fat intake in adults in America

035

81013151820

2325283033

35


% E

nerg

y

AU 1995-1996NZ 1996-1997

Data on fat intake in adults in Australia and New Zealand

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45


% E

nerg

y

CM° 2000pTZ° 1997p

BR* 2002-2003MX 2006

IN* 2006SG 2004

Data on fat intake in adults in Africa, Latin America and Asia

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35


% E

nerg

y

BR* 2002-2003MX 2006

IN* 2006SG 2004

Data on fat intake in adults in Latin America and Asia

Sources of dietary fats

Percentage contribution of food group to total fat

Fats, 44

Meat and meat products, 29

Milk and milk products, 12

Confectionery, 5

Bread and cereal products, 5Eggs, 3

Other, 2 Percentage contribution of food group to SAFA

Fats (mainly animal), 37



Bread and cereal products, 4

Other, 8

Percentage contribution of food group to PUFA

Fats (mainly vegetable fats ‐ margarine and oils), 63

Meat and meat poducts, 15

Bread and ceral products, 11

Other, 11

Source: Dybkowska E et al. Pol J Food Nutr Sci. 2004

PolandHousehold budgets (n=96)Data of 1998

Fat sources in the dietInput for break‐out session IEMTotal fat, sources % SFA, sources %

PUFA, sources %

Percentage contribution of food group to ALA





Vegetable and vegetable products, 4

Other, 7

Percentage contribution of food group to LA




Other, 10

Source: Dybkowska E et al. Pol J Food Nutr Sci. 2004

Fat sources in the dietInput for break‐out session IEM

PolandHousehold budgets (n=96),Data of 1998

ALA, sources % LA, sources %


Meat & meat products, 23

Cereals & cereal products, 19

Milk & milk products, 14

Butter, 4

Margarines (>80% fat), 1

Margarines (60‐80% fat), 5

Margarines (<40% fat), 1

Potatoes & savoury snacks, 10

Other, 22

Percentage contribution of food group to SAFA

Milk & milk products, 24



Butter, 6





Other, 18

Source: UK National Diet & Nutrition Survey: adults 19‐64 years (2003)

UKN= 1724, 19‐64yrsSurvey done 2000‐2001


Total fat, sources %

SFA, sources %

Source: UK National Diet & Nutrition Survey: adults 19‐64 years (2003)

Percentage contribution of food group to Om3 PUFA




Fish & fish dishes, 14

Vegetables (excl potatoes), 11

Butter, 1




other, 17

Percentage contribution of food group to Om6 PUFA



Eggs & egg dishes, 14Potatoes & savoury

snacks, 13

Vegetables (excl potatoes), 9

Butter, 0




Other, 14


UKN= 1724, 19‐64yrsSurvey done 2000‐2001

n-3 PUFA, sources %

n-6 PUFA, sources %

Source: Food sources of nutrients in the diet of Spanish children: the Four Provinces Study. M.A. Royo‐Bordonada et al. Br J Nutr 2003

Spain N= 1112 children 6‐7 yrsSurvey done in 1998‐1999



Olive oil, 18.3

Chips (French fried potatoes), 10.2

Whole milk, 9.7

Sunflower oil, 5.9

Meat, 5.3Sausage or processed meats, 4.8

Nuts and dried fruits, 2.3

Plain (Marie‐type) biscuits, 4.4

Other, 35.6

Hard and semi‐soft matured cheese, 3.5


Whole milk, 14.9

Cooked and cured ham, 8.2

Olive oil, 6.7

Nuts and dried fruit, 6.4

Meat , 5.7

Hard and semi‐soft matured cheese, 5.2Chips (French fried

potatoes), 3.4 Plain (Marie‐type) biscuits, 5.2

Other, 49.4

Sausage or prcessed meats, 4.9


Chips (French fried potatoes), 30.4

Sunflower oil, 17.7

Olive oil, 12

Margarine, 5.5

Nuts and dried fruits, 2.5

White bread, 2.5

Bakery products, 2.4

Sausage or processed meats, 2.3

Meat, 1.8

Other, 22.9

Total fat, sources %SFA, sources %

Total PUFA, sources %

GreeceN= 248 (23‐64)Survey done 1995


Source: Kafatos AG et al (1998): Anxiety and adipose essential fatty acidprecursors for prostagladin E1 and E2, based on the Lawyer study.J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 55, 591 ± 598.


Butter, 0.1

Oils and fats, 31.2

Cheese, 8.7Milk and milk products (ice‐

cream incl.), 7

Biscuits, buns, cakes, pies, etc., 5.6

Meat and meat products, 11.4

Other, 32.5

Eggs, 0.7

Fish, 2.8


Butter, 0.3

Oils and fats, 17

Cheese, 16.7

Milk and milk products (ice‐cream incl.), 10.4



Other, 29

Eggs, 0.6

Fish, 2.2


Oils and fats, 33.1

Butter, 0.1

Milk and milk products (ice‐cream incl.), 2.9


Cheese, 1.9


Other, 34.3

Eggs, 0.7

Fish, 11.9

Total fat, sources % SFA, sources %

Total PUFA, sources %

Institute of Nutritional Sciences University of Vienna...adults survey), France, UK (adults), USA, China, Good quality data – score 9 Quality Score Countries. Data is presented for

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