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Institut für Höhere Studien (IHS), Wien Institute for Advanced Studies, Vienna Reihe Ökonomie / Economics Series No. 64 Inefficiency and Social Exclusion in a Coalition Formation Game Experimental Evidence Akira Okada, Arno Riedl
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Institut für Höhere Studien (IHS), Wien Institute for ... · Sakyo, Kyoto 606-(85)01, JAPAN Arno Riedl CREED Department of Economics and Econometrics University of Amsterdam Roetersstraat

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Page 1: Institut für Höhere Studien (IHS), Wien Institute for ... · Sakyo, Kyoto 606-(85)01, JAPAN Arno Riedl CREED Department of Economics and Econometrics University of Amsterdam Roetersstraat

Institut für Höhere Studien (IHS), Wien Institute for Advanced Studies, Vienna Reihe Ökonomie / Economics Series No. 64

Inefficiency and Social Exclusion in a Coalition Formation Game Experimental Evidence

Akira Okada, Arno Riedl

Page 2: Institut für Höhere Studien (IHS), Wien Institute for ... · Sakyo, Kyoto 606-(85)01, JAPAN Arno Riedl CREED Department of Economics and Econometrics University of Amsterdam Roetersstraat
Page 3: Institut für Höhere Studien (IHS), Wien Institute for ... · Sakyo, Kyoto 606-(85)01, JAPAN Arno Riedl CREED Department of Economics and Econometrics University of Amsterdam Roetersstraat

Inefficiency and Social Exclusion in a Coalition Formation Game Experimental Evidence

Akira Okada, Arno Riedl

Reihe Ökonomie / Economics Series No. 64

April 1999

Akira Okada Institute of Economic Research Kyoto University Sakyo, Kyoto 606-(85)01, JAPAN Arno Riedl CREED Department of Economics and Econometrics University of Amsterdam Roetersstraat 11, NL-1018 WB Amsterdam THE NETHERLANDS Phone: ++31/20/525-4250 Fax: ++31/20/525-5283 E-mail: [email protected]

Institut für Höhere Studien (IHS), Wien Institute for Advanced Studies, Vienna

Page 4: Institut für Höhere Studien (IHS), Wien Institute for ... · Sakyo, Kyoto 606-(85)01, JAPAN Arno Riedl CREED Department of Economics and Econometrics University of Amsterdam Roetersstraat

The Institute for Advanced Studies in Vienna is an independent center of postgraduate training and research in the social sciences. The Economics Series presents research done at the Economics Department of the Institute for Advanced Studies. Department members, guests, visitors, and other researchers are invited to contribute and to submit manuscripts to the editors. All papers are subjected to an internal refereeing process.

Editorial Main Editor: Robert M. Kunst (Econometrics) Associate Editors: Walter Fisher (Macroeconomics) Klaus Ritzberger (Microeconomics)

Page 5: Institut für Höhere Studien (IHS), Wien Institute for ... · Sakyo, Kyoto 606-(85)01, JAPAN Arno Riedl CREED Department of Economics and Econometrics University of Amsterdam Roetersstraat

Abstract

This paper reports the results of experiments involving a 3-person coalition formation game with

an ultimatum bargaining character. The grand coalition was always the efficient coalition

decision, whereas the values of the 2-person coalitions are varied such that they lead to an

efficiency loss in the range of 6.7 up to 30 percent. Furthermore, the 2-person coalition implies

social exclusion, since the not chosen member always receives a payoff of zero. Consistent

with results reported in the literature on 2-person ultimatum bargaining experiments, negative

reciprocity (i.e. punishment of unfair offers) plays a crucial role in decision making. The

hypothesis that selfishness and anticipated negative reciprocity by proposers together with

actual negative reciprocal behavior of responders lead to inefficient outcomes and social

exclusion is strongly supported by the data. It turns out that a huge majority of proposers

choose the inefficient and unfair 2-person coalition. Proposer-induced efficiency losses vary

between 5 and 20 percent, and one sixth to almost one third of the population is excluded from

participation.

Keywords Coalition formation, inefficiency, reciprocity, social exclusion

JEL Classifications A13, C91, D61, D63

Page 6: Institut für Höhere Studien (IHS), Wien Institute for ... · Sakyo, Kyoto 606-(85)01, JAPAN Arno Riedl CREED Department of Economics and Econometrics University of Amsterdam Roetersstraat

Comments This paper is part of a research project on strategic bargaining and coalition formation financed by the Oesterreichische Nationalbank (Project number: 6933). It was also partially financed by CREST (Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology) of Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Asahi Glass Foundation, and the Oesterreichische Postsparkasse. We also thank the participants of the ESA 1998 meeting in Mannheim for their comments. A major part of the research was undertaken while the second author was at the Institute for Advanced Studies, Vienna. The second author also thanks Jana Vyrastekova for invaluable research assistance. Instructions and data set are available upon request.

Page 7: Institut für Höhere Studien (IHS), Wien Institute for ... · Sakyo, Kyoto 606-(85)01, JAPAN Arno Riedl CREED Department of Economics and Econometrics University of Amsterdam Roetersstraat

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Page 10: Institut für Höhere Studien (IHS), Wien Institute for ... · Sakyo, Kyoto 606-(85)01, JAPAN Arno Riedl CREED Department of Economics and Econometrics University of Amsterdam Roetersstraat

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Page 14: Institut für Höhere Studien (IHS), Wien Institute for ... · Sakyo, Kyoto 606-(85)01, JAPAN Arno Riedl CREED Department of Economics and Econometrics University of Amsterdam Roetersstraat

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