t INNOVATIVETECHNOLOGIES FORTHE REMEDIATION OF TRANSURANIC-CONTAMINATED LANDFILLS Kevin Kostel n i k Idaho National Engineering Laboratory Lockheed Martin Idaho Technologies Abstract (208) 526-9642 The complexity and heterogeneity of buried waste associated with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Complex has required considerable effort to identify appropriate remediation schemes. Preliminary evaluations indicate that significant technological advancements are required to safely and cost- effectively complete the remediation of these buried waste sites within the defined time-frame. The TRU-contaminated Arid Landfill Stabilization (TALS) Program, formerly the Buried Waste Integrated Demonstration (BWID) program, was organized by the U. S. Department o f Energy (DOE), Office of Technology Development (OTD), to develop advanced technologies to solve problems associated with the environmental remediation of DOE buried transuranic waste located i n arid environments. The specific mission of the TALS Program is to manage the development of emerging technology systems and promote their use to improve the DOE environmental remediation and waste management operations for TRU-contaminated landfills i n arid environments. Implementation of the TALS Program involves five key strategies. (1.) A systems engineering approach is used to advance technological solutions which satisfy the needs of our customers. (2.1 The best science and technology i s used, this involves engineers and scientific expertise from throughout the U.S. government, universities, private industry, and international communities. (3.) Technology development i s managed t o performance-based requirements. (4.) Integrated product teams are formed which include technology end-users as well as industry partners. (5.) On- going work sponsored by the former BWID will be leveraged and supported to obtain early successes f o r the TALS Program. Hork supported by the Department of Energy Assistant Secretary for Environmental Restoration & Haste Management, under DOE Idaho bperations Office Contract DE-AC07-941013223.
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INNOVATIVETECHNOLOGIES FORTHE REMEDIATION OF TRANSURANIC-CONTAMINATED LANDFILLS
Kevin Kos te l n i k Idaho N a t i o n a l Eng ineer ing Labora to ry
Lockheed M a r t i n Idaho Technologies
A b s t r a c t
(208) 526-9642
The c o m p l e x i t y and h e t e r o g e n e i t y o f b u r i e d waste a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Complex has r e q u i r e d c o n s i d e r a b l e e f f o r t t o
i d e n t i f y a p p r o p r i a t e r e m e d i a t i o n schemes. P r e l i m i n a r y e v a l u a t i o n s i n d i c a t e
t h a t s i g n i f i c a n t t e c h n o l o g i c a l advancements a r e r e q u i r e d t o s a f e l y and c o s t -
e f f e c t i v e l y complete t h e remed ia t i on o f t h e s e b u r i e d waste s i t e s w i t h i n t h e
d e f i n e d t ime- f rame.
The TRU-contaminated A r i d L a n d f i l l S t a b i l i z a t i o n (TALS) Program,
f o r m e r l y t h e B u r i e d Waste I n t e g r a t e d Demonstrat ion ( B W I D ) program, was
o rgan ized by t h e U. S. Department o f Energy ( D O E ) , O f f i c e o f Technology
Development (OTD), t o develop advanced t e c h n o l o g i e s t o s o l v e problems
assoc ia ted w i t h t h e env i ronmenta l r e m e d i a t i o n o f DOE b u r i e d t r a n s u r a n i c waste
l o c a t e d i n a r i d environments. The s p e c i f i c m i s s i o n o f t h e TALS Program i s t o
manage t h e development o f emerging techno logy systems and promote t h e i r use t o
improve t h e DOE env i ronmenta l remed ia t i on and waste management o p e r a t i o n s f o r
TRU-contaminated l a n d f i l l s i n a r i d environments.
Imp lemen ta t i on o f t h e TALS Program i n v o l v e s f i v e key s t r a t e g i e s .
(1.) A systems e n g i n e e r i n g approach i s used t o advance t e c h n o l o g i c a l s o l u t i o n s
which s a t i s f y t h e needs o f ou r customers. ( 2 . 1 The b e s t sc ience and
techno logy i s used, t h i s i n v o l v e s engineers and s c i e n t i f i c e x p e r t i s e f r o m
th roughou t t h e U.S. government, u n i v e r s i t i e s , p r i v a t e i n d u s t r y , and
i n t e r n a t i o n a l communit ies. (3 . ) Technology development i s managed t o
performance-based requi rements. ( 4 . ) I n t e g r a t e d p r o d u c t teams a r e formed
which i n c l u d e techno logy end-users as w e l l a s i n d u s t r y p a r t n e r s . (5.) On-
g o i n g work sponsored by t h e former B W I D w i l l be l eve raged and suppor ted t o
o b t a i n e a r l y successes f o r t h e TALS Program.
Hork supported by t h e Department o f Energy Ass is tant Secretary for Environmental Restora t ion & Haste Management, under DOE Idaho bpera t ions Of f ice Cont rac t DE-AC07-941013223.
DISCLAIMER
Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document.
The TALS Program i s f o c u s i n g i t s resources on f o u r techno logy systems.
These systems a r e t h e S i t e C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n System, t h e C o n t a i n e r i z e d Waste
Assay System, t h e B u r i e d Waste Removal System, and t h e I n S i t u S t a b i l i z a t i o n
System.
The S i t e C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n System p r o v i d e s p h y s i c a l , chemical , and
r a d i o l o g i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n and i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f nea r -subsur face waste and o t h e r
o b j e c t s , and a s s o c i a t e d conta inment s t r u c t u r e s . N o n - i n t r u s i v e t e c h n o l o g i e s
t h a t c h a r a c t e r i z e t h e s i z e , shape, depth, p h y s i c a l o r i e n t a t i o n , and
c o n s t i t u e n t makeup o f nea r -subsur face (C10m) waste o b j e c t s a r e suppor ted
th rough t h i s system.
The C o n t a i n e r i z e d Waste Assay System p r o v i d e s improved accuracy and
s h o r t e r count t i m e s t o n o n i n t r u s i v e l y c h a r a c t e r i z e waste c o n t a i n e r s . T h i s
system i s capable o f d e t e r m i n i n g t h e c o n t a i n e r ' s waste m a t r i x , f i s s i l e
m a t e r i a l q u a n t i t y , s p e c i f i c n u c l i d e c o n c e n t r a t i o n , f r e e l i q u i d q u a n t i t y , and
a d d i t i o n a l s p a t i a l i n f o r m a t i o n .
The B u r i e d Waste Removal System p r o v i d e s advanced waste h a n d l i n g ,
r e t r i e v a l , and conveyance techniques. Us ing remote o p e r a t i o n s , o p e r a t o r s can
s a f e l y and e f f i c i e n t l y remove b u r i e d waste contaminated w i t h r a d i o a c t i v e and
hazardous c o n s t i t u e n t s . T h i s system i s designed t o reduce t h e r i s k s t o human
h e a l t h and t h e e n v i ronment.
The I n S i t u S t a b i l i z a t i o n System i s f o c u s i n g on p r o v i d i n g technology
systems t h a t suppor t i n s i t u d i s p o s a l o f wastes. These techn iques p reven t
m i g r a t i o n o f contaminants f rom t h e b u r i e d waste as w e l l as p r e v e n t subsidence
o f t h e waste. I n t e r i m as w e l l as l o n g - t e r m s t a b i l i z a t i o n m a t e r i a l s a r e b e i n g
devel oped.
The TALS Program suppor ts these b u r i e d waste r e m e d i a t i o n e f f o r t s by
seek ing o u t the b e s t t a l e n t t o s o l v e these techno logy c h a l l e n g e s as i d e n t i f i e d
i n b a s e l i n e r e m e d i a t i o n s t r a t e g i e s .
u n i v e r s i t i e s , p r i v a t e s e c t o r , and t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l community a r e b e i n g
i n c l uded i n t h i s program t o sol ve these c h a l l enges and ensure imp1 ementat i on
and c o m m e r c i a l i z a t i o n o f i n n o v a t i v e t e c h n o l o g i e s .
Exper t s f rom th roughou t t h e DOE complex,
Introduction
The U.S. Department of Energy ( D O E ) has in i t ia ted a comprehensive
research, development, demonstration, tes t ing a n d evaluation program t o
provide innovative technology systems t o achieve i t s environmental management
responsibi l i t ies . The Office of Technology Development (OTD) i s responsible
for t h i s research in support of t h e Offices of Environmental Restoration a n d
Waste Management e f for t s .
I n f i sca l year (FY I 1992 the OTD established the Buried Waste Integrated
Demonstration ( B W I D ) . The B W I D mission was t o support the development of
emerging technologies for t he i r application t o the remediation of DOE buried
waste s i t e .
During FY95, the B W I D program was transitioned into a larger program
which will focus i t s attention t o D O E Landfills a n d Contaminated Soils. The
research and ac t iv i t i e s formerly referred t o as the BWID will now be
associated with the Transuranic-contaminated Arid Landfill Stabil ization
Program (TALS).
Background
The a m o u n t of buried waste located throughout the DOE complex as of 1990
i s estimated a t approximately 3.1 million cubic meters ( D O E Complex Buried
Waste Assessment, PNL-8390). This waste i s predominantly located a t the
Hanford S i t e , S a v a n n a h River S i t e , I d a h o National Engineering Laboratory
( I N E L ) , Oak Ridge National Laboratory, a n d Rocky Flats Plant. The waste a t
these various DOE s i t e s has been buried or stored in trenches, p i t s , storage
pads, or other special structures. Much of t h i s buried waste i s believed t o be contaminated with hazardous and radioactive materials.
remediation challenges are presented for buried waste, particularly the pre-
1970 buried transuranic (TRU) contaminated waste.
Significant
Approach
A system e n g i n e e r i n g a n a l y s i s was per formed based on t h e s t r a t e g i c
p l a n n i n g , t e c h n i c a l requi rements and programmatic assumptions o f v a r i o u s DOE
Environmental Restorat ion/Waste Management (ER/WM) programs. Severa l h i g h -
l e v e l systems a r e p r e s e n t l y b e i n g suppor ted by t h e TALS. These systems a r e
i l l u s t r a t e d i n f i g u r e s 1, 2 , and 3. F i g u r e 1 i l l u s t r a t e s t h e R e t r i e v a l and Ex
S i t u Treatment System. F i g u r e 2 i l l u s t r a t e s t h e I n S i t u S t a b i l i z a t i o n ,
Treatment, and M o n i t o r i n g System. And F i g u r e 3 i l l u s t r a t e s t h e Containment
System. I n d i v i d u a l t e c h n o l o g i e s supported by t h e TALS Program a r e l i s t e d
w i t h i n each subelement o f each system.
Remediation Techno1 ogies
Technologies a r e b e i n g developed th rough t h e TALS Program t o s a t i s f y
s p e c i f i c performance o b j e c t i v e s . Key t e c h n o l o g i e s w i t h i n t h e TALS i n c l u d e :
t h e S e l e c t i v e R e t r i e v a l System, t h e C o n t a i n e r i z e d Waste Assay System, t h e S i t e
C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n System, and t h e I n S i t u S t a b i l i z a t i o n System.
The S e l e c t i v e R e t r i e v a l System i s b e i n g demonstrated a t t h e INEL i n
1995. T h i s System i s an advanced c o o p e r a t i v e t e l e r o b o t i c r e t r i e v a l u n i t . I t
i s based o f f o f an overhead g a n t r y p l a t f f o r m which can deploy m u l t i p l e
r e m e d i a t i o n t o o l s i n suppor t o f r e t r i e v a l o p e r a t i o n s . Two r o b o t i c
man ipu la to rs , a crane, a vacuuming t o o l , con tamina t ion c o n t r o l dev i ces , and
v a r i o u s c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n sensors a r e a l l b e i n g i n t e g r a t e d i n t o t h e system.
The System i s b e i n g designed and t e s t e d t o pe r fo rm c a r e f u l r e t r i e v a l of
s e l e c t e d contaminants l o c a t e d w i t h i n a l a r g e r b u r i a l s i t e .
The C o n t a i n e r i z e d Waste Assay System i s b e i n g designed t o n o n i n t r u s i v e l y
c h a r a c t e r i z e waste c o n t a i n e r s .
q u a n t i t a t i v e l y d e t e r m i n i n g t h e waste c o n s t i t u e n t s o f 55 g a l l o n drums.
System suppor t s t h e shipment o f waste t o e i t h e r t r e a t m e n t and/or d i s p o s a l
f a c i l i t i e s . P r e c i s i o n , accuracy and th roughpu t r a t e s a r e b e i n g improved
Emphasis has been on q u a l i t a t i v e l y and
T h i s
versus the comparable rates for conventional assay techniques.
Specific waste characterization technology goals are t o ( a ) determine
the waste matrix, ( b ) obtain spatial information, ( c ) determine f i s s i l e
material quantity, ( d ) determine the specific nuclide concentration, a n d ( e )
determine the quantity of a n y f ree l iquids .
The Si te Characterization System provides physical, chemical, and
radiological information a n d interpretation o f near-surface waste, other
objects, a n d containment features. Nonintrusive technology which
characterizes the s ize , shape, depth, physical or ientat ion, a n d constituent
makeup of near-surface waste objects are being developed.
The I n Situ Stabil ization System involves s tabi l iz ing hazardous a n d radioactive buried wastes in place. This concept could be used as a n interim solution t h a t i s followed by retrieval for l a t e r treatment a n d disposal or as a long-term f inal solution. For b o t h approaches j e t grouting equipment i s used t o inject grout material into the buried waste matrix. The grouting process s tab i l izes a n d immobilizes waste forms a n d contaminants in place. Various materials are being investigated for t he i r application t o t h i s remediation scheme. Results from a 1994 grouting a n d fracturing demonstration a t the I N E L showed t h i s technique has promise for s tabi l iz ing DOE buried waste s i t e s .
Industry/University Partners
The TALS Program has o b t a i n e d the support of univers i t ies , private industry, and national laboratories i n t h e development o f these innovative technologies. During FY-94 there were 23 industry/university partners a n d six national laboratories involved. In FY-95, there were 38 industry/university partners, 12 national laboratories, a n d 7 U.S. Government Agencies involved in our techno1 ogy devel opment process.
The TALS Program emphasizes the t ransfer of technology t o private industry so t h a t they can respond t o requests t o remediate D O E waste s i t e s i n the future. Several technologies have been commercialized since the l a s t Cooperative Research Program Meeting.
Analytical. The system i s supporting remediation operations a t the S a v a n n a h River S i te . t h i s system and i t s analytical capabi l i t ies .
company Sage Earth Sciences.
The Rapid Transuranic Monitoring Laboratory has been licensed t o Thermo
Significant cost savings are being obtained through the use of
The Rapid Geophysical Surveyor has been commercialized by the spin-up Sage Earth has provided surveys t o a variety of
customers i n c l u d i n g t h e U.S. N a t i o n a l Park Serv i ce , t h e U.S. Department of Defense, t h e U.S. Environmental P r o t e c t i o n Agency, and p r i v a t e i n d u s t r y .
Management o r g a n i z a t i o n . suppor t u n i t . t h e INEL and t h e DOE Hanford s i t e .
The Contaminat ion Con t ro l U n i t has been t r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e INEL Waste T h i s U n i t i s b e i n g used as an Emergency Response
It a l s o has supported contaminated s o i l r e m e d i a t i o n e f f o r t s a t
S umma r y
Cons ide rab le e f f o r t s a r e under way t o r e s o l v e t h i s n a t i o n s env i ronmenta l c h a l l enges. To ach ieve these goal s s i g n i f i c a n t techno1 o g i c a l advancements a r e r e q u i r e d t o s a f e l y and c o s t - e f f e c t i v e l y complete t h e r e m e d i a t i o n o f t hese contaminated waste s i t e s . The TALS Program has r e s u l t e d i n t h e development o f m u l t i p l e advanced techno logy systems. These systems n o t o n l y suppor t problems assoc ia ted w i t h t h e env i ronmenta l r e m e d i a t i o n o f DOE b u r i e d t r a n s u r a n i c waste l o c a t e d i n a r i d environments b u t L a n d f i l l r e m e d i a t i o n i n genera l .
Four techno logy systems have been t h e focus o f t h i s Program's research. These systems a r e t h e S i t e C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n System, t h e C o n t a i n e r i z e d Waste Assay System, t h e B u r i e d Waste Removal System, and t h e I n S i t u S t a b i l i z a t i o n System. S p e c i f i c t echno logy performance o b j e c t i v e s have been e s t a b l i s h e d and t e s t e d a g a i n s t . The r e s u l t s o f t h i s research has been documented.
people. T h e r e f o r e c o n s i d e r a b l e t e c h n i c a l c o l l a b o r a t i o n has been r e q u i r e d t o achieve t h i s research.
The f i n a l r e s u l t s of t h i s research i s t h e c o m m e r c i a l i z a t i o n and imp lemen ta t i on of advanced techno log ies . be ing implemented across t h e DOE Complex. reduced b o t h r e m e d i a t i o n c o s t s and w o r k e r ' s r i s k t o exposure w h i l e s a t i s f y i n g r e m e d i a t i o n schedules.
The approach t o techno logy development i s t o use t h e b e s t sc ience and
TALS-sponsored t e c h n o l o g i e s a r e These imp lemen ta t i on e f f o r t s have
DISCLAIMER
This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsi- bility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Refer- ence herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recom- mendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof.
1.0 3.0
CharacterIration Containment W a W h Ab0Vegr;rde b -
I FY-94 Thermal Inhared Imaglng Sysiem (22) Innovatlva Qmutlng MagnelWEIeUromagnelk and Retrbval (124) Gewhyskal Surveying (24) In SItu Encapsulatlon of Rapld Goophpksl Survey (28) BurledWalte (126) Remote Characterization Sysiem (28) Monollthk Conllnemnt (128)
Contamination Control Unn (78) Fbrafion 01 Sol Sudaco Contamlnatbn Uslng Natural Polysaochahs (78)
Fy-os Secondary lbatmenf of Offgas (I 12) GrephRe M: Arc Plasma (I 14) VtWKcallon Furnam In SRu Real Time
Aro MeRerVnr/t%alhn (I 18) Prompt Qammr Neulmn Acllvation
Salts and S o b (102)
Measvramenls (I 16)
AnaWrls (120)
1.0 Oveltxlrden FlemwaWasle ReblevelConvwanm
4.0 Overburden Characterizatbn I PrlorYaan
Thermal Infrared lmaglng System (22) Remote CharactoriraLn System (28)
FY-94 Nonlntrtnlve Chamctedratlon a n d Senslng 01 Burled Objects (38) RipldTRU Monlorlng Laboratory (52) MotaYIsotopa Analyrh by ElectrothermaYPlasma and Dlode Laser Spectrometry (54)
* Cryogank Retrloval(72) Retrieval Oemondralbn (74) Contamlnatlon Control Unll(76) Fkatbn of Contaminatkn (78) Ele*mrtalk Curtain (80)
FY-04 RapldTRU Monltorlng Llbo~itOry (52)
Fy-06 Digfam Charactemahlon (40) Real T h e TRU Dust Monnorhg (Sa) Ctyogenk cunhg system (66) Three.Dlmenslonal Dynamk Gmphlc Simulalbn d Rebhval OpUonr (88) Remote Excavatbn System (eo) Remote Wasm Conwyanm. Ramole Operated Emavatof d Inndveth End Elkclor (Q2) . Cooperative Tele&tk Retleval (W) MmhAO H e m Monnoring (ea)
1 I 8.0 1
FY-04 Rapld TRU Monlorlng Laboratory (52) Moldliolopr Anrlysb by ElecbothwmaVPhsmi and Olode L i t e r Spectrometry (64)
FY-95 Wasle &say Measuremen1 lnlegmlbn System @E) Real T i m TRU Dust MonRonng (56) O@aal Radiography and Conputed Tomogmphy (SO)