Innovative Strategies for Removing Emerging Contaminants for Indirect Potable Water Reuse - Oak Bluffs, MA Case Study Marc Drainville, PE BCEE LEED AP | GHD Chandra Mysore, Ph.D., PE, BCEE | GHD Anastasia Rudenko, EIT | GHD Rhodes Copithorn, PE, BCEE | GHD
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Innovative Strategies for Removing Emerging Contaminants for Indirect Potable Water Reuse - Oak Bluffs, MA Case Study Marc Drainville, PE BCEE LEED AP.
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Innovative Strategies for Removing Emerging Contaminants for Indirect Potable Water Reuse - Oak Bluffs, MA Case StudyMarc Drainville, PE BCEE LEED AP | GHD
• Background • Emerging contaminants• Plant data and current performance• Technologies considered• Characterization & bench-scale testing• Current status
• New disposal area– Purchased new property adjacent to existing WWTF
• Requirements released March, 2009 include limitations for total organic carbon (TOC)– 3.0 mg/L for discharge within a Zone II drinking water protection area and
>2-year travel time to source– 1.0 mg/L for discharge within a Zone II area and <2-year travel time to
source– 1.0 mg/L for discharge within a Zone II area without soil aquifer treatment
• TOC limit is a daily limit (24 hour composite sample)
Phtalates • Plasticizers in PVC and special polymer applications• Gelling agents• Solvents and fixatives in cosmetics and other PCPs
• Testicular toxicity• Reduced anogenital distance, cleft phallus, hypospadias and
undescended testes in immature males• Reduced male and female fertility• Fetal toxicity (possibly leading to death or malformations)
Bromated flame retardants
• As flame retardants in industrial and electrical appliances, vehicles, lighting, wiring as well as textiles, furnishing and insulating materials such as polystyrene
• Estrogen mimicking• Birth defects in rodents documented• Impacts on nervous system and behavioral development
Organotin Compounds
• PVC UV stabilizers• Argochemicals and biocides• Antifoulants• Catalysts
• Inhibition of steroid hormone production• Adverse impact on in-utero development of fetus including
abnormalities in genital development in male fetuses
Bisphenol-A and its derivatives
• Production of polycarbonate plastic used in products like baby bottles, CDs, motorcycle windshields, etc.
• Production of epoxy resin used in things like food packaging
• Estrogenic activity• Altered male reproductive organs• Early puberty induction• Reduced breast feeding
Artificial Musks • Fragrance mixtures for detergents, fabric conditioners, cleaning agents, air fresheners, and other household products
• Cosmetic products such as soaps, shampoos, and perfumes
• Oxidation by hydroxyl radicals• Typically used as polishing step following membrane filtration • Good CEC destruction, but mineralization to CO2 cost-prohibitive
• Jar testing with MIEX alone• Jar testing with coagulation alone• MIEX + coagulation• Best coagulant was ferric sulfate• Coagulation alone provided 53%• Removal by MIEX alone was
• Conducted jar testing with ferric sulfate and cationic polymer• Best dose was 50 mg/L coagulant with 0.5 mg/L polymer• Resulted in TOC reduction of 45-50%
• Costs of highly complex treatment process were determined to be in excess of $5 million and these were found to be unaffordable for the town at the time
• Town requested research into “regulatory” alternatives– Worked with the state DEP for one year and met unofficial alternative
requirements for safe distance from drinking water well (for TOC limit only)
– Met with Town Water Department to make case about safe distance– Have received unofficial approval from both DEP and Town Water
Department to pursue a modified permit– Currently in permit application process and hope to have a modified
permit by spring of 2014– If the modified permit fails, the Town will pursue the TOC treatment