Innovative participatory community managed drinking water delivery approach in rural areas of Gujarat

Water and Sanitation Management Organisation

Innovative participatory community managed drinking water delivery approach in rural areas of

Gujarat

Overview of drinking water sector

Freshwater availability

Uneven water availability in the State ( Cum/ person/ annum) India 2,000 Gujarat 1,137 South & Central Gujarat 1,932 North Gujarat 342 Saurashtra 734 Kutch 875

Except South Gujarat, paucity of water in rest of the State

Drinking water scarcity felt in almost 2/3rd part of the State

Drought prone areas Supply through railways

Supply through tankersQuality Problems – Fluorosis,Salinity, Nitrate

Problem Areas

Water Quality Problems

25 out of 26 districts fluoride affected

Long coastline & Gulf – salinity ingress

Quality problem habitations - 7675

Fluoride - 4187

Salinity - 2508

Nitrate - 1335

Hills and Low recharge

Excessive exploitation of ground water

Recurrent Droughts

Seasonal ScarcitySalinity

Nitrate

Fluoride

Seasonal ScarcitySalinity

Nitrate

Fluoride

Shifts in Paradigm

Ground Water to Surface Water

State wide Drinking Water Grid for Drought

proofing and Sustainability

Role of Governance from Provider to

Facilitator

Empowerment of Panchayati Raj Institutions

by Capacity Building — Mission Mode

Sustainability of local sources

Statewide Water Supply Grid

WASMO as an Institution

Creation of Autonomous entity set by the GoG in 2002 as a

Special Purpose Vehicle

As a Knowledge Resource Centre

Divisions for community mobilisation, training,

engineering, hydrogeology, water quality,

communication, documentation, funding, monitoring and

evaluation

Young professionals on contracts and deputation

Guidance by senior sector players

Strong partnerships with 75 NGOs (GO-NGO partnership)

Continuous capacity building of team and NGO’s staff for

common goals

Capacity building for Community, which plans, implements, operates and maintains in-village water supply system.

Orientation to community-based action Construction planning and monitoring Financial management, including bank procedures Record keeping Water quality surveillance Operation and maintenance Personal and community sanitation and hygiene Detailed manuals & forms along with the resources are also

provided Technical support for development of Village Action Plan,

selection of appropriate options, work execution and quality assurance

Ensuring regular fund flow so that the work is not hampered

Concurrent evaluation and revisiting of project villages

Facilitation by WASMO

Developing a culture of transparency

Formal agreement between WASMO & Pani Samiti Capacity building for financial management Transparency measures

Community contribution (register & receipt book maintained)

Issuing of tender notice Vendors rate for each important supply All plans, sanctions and final expenditures put before the

Gram Sabha for review, discussion and changes A display board giving details of the scheme, item-wise

budget & expenditure is placed at a prominent place in the village

Audit (recovery of unspent fund without much dispute)

Developing Partnership Networks - NGOs as Implementation Support Agencies

Partnership with 75 NGOs as Implementation Support Agency

is purpose driven, focused on demand driven approach.

Networks are far more 'work' than 'net'.

Partnership networks are based on institutional commitment

wherein accountability, continuity and commitment of

resources are assured.

Networks built on expertise, not mere interest.

Partnerships have been built on credibility of ISAs

Aimed at developing and strengthening capacity in all the

member partners

WORKING as a SINGLE TEAM

Outreach and scaling up

No. of VWSCs -13980 (75% of total villages)

Total funds allocated to villages – Rs. 882.54 mn.

Projects completed -4109 Community contribution – Rs. 83.83 mn.

No of projects in progress – 3800 No. of women headed committees - 2800

Tariff structures institutionalised -3123

No. of women in the committees – 42,700

Water Quality Emphasis

Water Quality team formed: 14216 out of 18359 villages

Field test kits distributed : 13904 kits & 11,72,500 H2S vials

Water Quality team formed: 14216 out of 18359 villages

Field test kits distributed :

13904 kits & 11,72,500 H2S

vials

No. of Gram Mitras involved

and trained : 21,625

No. of water samples

collected & tested: 1,10,522

No. of Trainings

conducted:17456 (125167

participants trained)

Water security implies supply that is Adequate - year round drinking water needs are met

(human beings and livestock) Regular – availability of water is certain (even if it is at fixed

intervals and times) and as close as possible to the premise Safe – free from bacteriological and chemical contamination

and safe for human consumption

Holistic approach for water security Multiple sources of water Dual supply – conjunctive use of piped supply and local

sources Exploring various technological options and integration

with local wisdom User participation in water quality surveillance User friendly technologies for ease of O&M

Water security - A holistic Approach

Roof top rain water harvesting – individual and groups

Community managed Reverse Osmosis systems Community managed solar pumping systems

(remote areas not electrified, for regulating use of water)

Revival of traditional systems like Vavs 24/7 water service delivery systems Direct pumping eliminating ESR Gravity based schemes (spring based systems) Innovations for equitable distribution Cluster storage systems Waste water use- Excess water in trough and

then to soak pit Waste water use for kitchen garden and even

sold for agriculture Different cattle troughs for big & small cattle

RO plant at Kharaghoda

RRWHS among groups

Revival of step-wells

Innovations for sustainability

Diversion of rain water in tubewell benefitted water supply to five villages of Rapar taluka

Village pond area: 26550 Sq. M

Village pond capacity: 31860 M3

Recharging tube wells: 2 x 53 M depth, 250 mm dia

Diversion wall: 355 m length

Total cost of works: Rs. 6,97,000/-

Case Study: Village Ramvav, Taluka Rapar, Kutch

Recharging Tube well - Ramvav

Diversion Channel- Ramvav

Drinking water supply depends on RWSS, supply was irregular and inadequate

Multiple approaches adopted to ensure sustainability of drinking water source and economic use of source• Creation of local sources i.e. open well near rain fed nallah• Construction of one small check-dam to strengthen the local

source• Replacing diesel pump by solar pumping system

Impact: Use of solar pumps allows only limited quantity of water i.e.

20,000 lts. to be lifted and distributed in the village Limited withdrawal of ground water, static water level maintained Quality of drinking water has considerably improved Cost of operation of pumping system is negligible

Case Study: Kandhay village, Kutch

Small check dam for strengthening the local sources – Kandhay, Taluka Abdasa

Solar pumping for limited withdrawal of ground water Kandhay, Taluka Abdasa

Case Study: Godhra village, Taluka Mandvi, KutchWater sanctuary

Village population 3700 Situated in coastal belt - Inherent salinity in ground

water Construction of percolation tank 250 Ha. Catchment

area Tank protected with fencing to restrict entry of

cattle Water used only for drinking purposes Social forestry taken up in the village - 7 lakh

plantations Water filtered and pumped to village distribution

system Tank helped in dilution of salinity in water sources

in the vicinity Village is self-reliant for their drinking water source Assured and safe water availability even in 3

consecutive drought years

Percolation Tank Village : Godhara, Tal. Mandvi

Water use for irrigation by farmers

Stress on source and drinking water source got dry

Women’s group intervention

Decision taken to extract water at a 3 feet depth (mark indicated on tank)

Once water reaches marked level, should be protected for drinking purpose

This ensured availability of water in hand-pumps and bore-wells in summer also

Case Study: Water use regulation by the community

Dhamrasala village, Surendranagar

Three historical ponds, interlinked with one another for maintaining water table for drinking, domestic use and for cattle drinking purpose

Water use regulation since 300 years religiously followed by the community

Rules for protecting the ponds from any kind of contamination / pollution

Case Study: Traditional water use regulation by the community - Tera village, Kutch district

Interlinking of ponds

Check Dam - Raydhanjar

Check Dam - Jambudi

Under Ground Check Dam - Kanakpar

Percolation Tank – Kalyanpar (Khadir)

Increasing Storage Capacity of Pond- Veera

Check Dam Village : Varli Tal. Bhuj

Check Dam Village : Lakhagadh Tal. Rapar

Percolation Tank Village : Kalyanpar Tal. Bhachau

Community RO plants 2508 habitations suffer from high salinity in ground water Community RO plants a feasible technology option to

ensure safe drinking water Community RO plants to be owned, managed and

maintained by Pani Samiti Govt provides 90% assistance on capital cost including

civil works as well as 1st year O&M cost 10% capital cost is shared by the community and 100%

O&M cost from 2nd year onward 50 plants have been installed Arrangement also exists to install RO plants on “Build,

Own’ Operate and Transfer (BOOT)” basis under which the firms make capital investment, operate and maintain RO plants to supply safe drinking water to the community at fixed price.

Set up at Shirva village in Mandvi, Kutch

35

Other initiatives

Maintenance of registers at village level for

recording supply, quality, regularity etc.

Proactive feedback mechanism for tail end

villages in various schemes

E-tendering

Metering of Water Supply at Villages

Performance evaluation of various RWSS to

study their efficiency and user satisfaction

through independent professional

organisations

Household connections have been covered from 15% to 50%. The house connectivity from bare 3% has reached to 15%.

Women’s drudgery has been reduced. Water conflict has come to naught and

community harmony is promoted . Time of village community specially women and

children has been saved and now utilised for creative and income generating activities.

Water related diseases have been reduced. Human Development Index (HDI) has been

increased.

Impact

Evaluation of Sector Reform Pilot project(by Directorate of Evaluation, GoG)

Contribution paid by > 87% persons

Water Tax paid by > 98.26% persons regularly

Tariff per person average Rs.114.27 (Govt. Tariff

Rs.14 per person)

Work appreciated in 99% cases

Grievance redressal quick in 99.6% villages

Enough Funds in 41 out of 53 committees

Force of water supply good in 52 out of 53 villages

Saving of appreciable time due to scheme

Impact on women's life (Intern from Rural Management - 2006)

Problems in fetching water - Pre and Post ERR

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Pre- ERR Post - ERR

Community involvement

Changing landscapes

Changing lives

Thank you