NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. Biomass, Biofuels, and Sustainability International Symposium on Renewable Energy and Sustainability CIE-UNAM, Temixco, Morelos, Mexico Helena Chum NREL Research Fellow http://www.nrel.gov/ research_fellows/chum.html August 10, 2010 Innovation for Our Energy Future
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NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.
Biomass, Biofuels, and Sustainability
International Symposiumon Renewable Energy andSustainabilityCIE-UNAM,Temixco, Morelos, Mexico
Helena ChumNREL Research Fellowhttp://www.nrel.gov/research_fellows/chum.html
August 10, 2010
Innovation for Our Energy Future
Innovation for Our Energy Future
Overview
• Biomass – The System and Context
• Biomass Technologies and Systems – EconomicDevelopment, Energy Security, Climate Change Mitigation…
• Heat, Power, and Combined Heat and Power (CHP)
• Multiple Fuels
• Integrated Biorefineries
• Feedstocks
• Bioenergy systems sustainability• Life cycle Assessment (LCA) and other tools
• Need to analyze the integrated biomass system impact compared toone with less/no bioenergy/biofuels/bioproducts – use models:Agriculture, forestry, biomass for energy, fuels, and waste/residuemanagement systems and their combined impacts -- some analyzedthrough market-mediated tools. Evolving social analysis tools
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• Small and large scale examples•Tools highlighted
Earlydays
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Chum and Overend, 25 years reviewAdvances in Solar Energy, 2003
Bioenergy is a Part of Complex System
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After Dornburg et al., 2008, http://de.scientificcommons.org/repository/wageningen_university_and_researchcenter_publications
Innovation for Our Energy Future
Thermal
Combustion Gasification Pyrolysis
Heat Fuel Gases (producergas) (CO + H2+CH4 +
tars)
Char, gases,oil
No OxygenPartial OxygenExcess Oxygen
• Heat/power/CHP
• Boiler, steam turbine
• Co-fire with coal
• Burn gas for hot water/steam(comm.)• Use in IC engine for CHP (pre-comm.)• Catalytic or biocatalyticconversion to alcohols, chemicals,synthetic diesel, gasoline, and jetfuels (dev.)
Biomass Energy Technology Pathways
•Pyrolysis oil for boilers and power (earlycomm.); char for soil amendment/fertilizer(dev.)• Specialty chemicals (comm.)• Further upgrading to transportation fuels inpetroleum refineries (dev.)
Innovation for Our Energy FutureNational Renewable Energy LaboratoryInnovation for Our Energy Future
Innovation for Our Energy FutureNational Renewable Energy LaboratoryInnovation for Our Energy Future
Innovation for Our Energy FutureNational Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future
Biopower Assessment Tool
•BioPower is a web 2.0 mapping application that allows usersto explore the potential of biomass-to-power conversions atdifferent locations and scales
•Initial screening tool to identify and evaluate sites for potentialbioenergy development opportunities
Does not take the place of an on-the-ground detailedassessment and analysis
http://rpm.nrel.gov/biopower/biopower/launch
Sponsors EPA – power and DOE – fuels (ongoing)
Innovation for Our Energy FutureNational Renewable Energy LaboratoryInnovation for Our Energy Future
Technical Overview
•The Biopower tool has been developed on NREL's OpenSource Mapping platform
– This provides a flexible and dynamic environment thatallows for custom application development
– Each map layer is cached on an NREL server -resulting in a faster experience
– The more usage the tool sees, the faster it will become
– The shared mapping platform allows for multipleprojects to collaborate, share data, and contribute toeach mapping application
Innovation for Our Energy Future
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Innovation for Our Energy FutureNationalRenewable
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Biomass Data Layers (2007 Data)
Crop residues (county level)
Livestock manure (county, USDA)
Wastewater treatment plants (points, county, EPA)
Landfills (points, EPA)
Forest residues (county, USFS)
Primary and secondary mill residues (county, NAICS code)
Urban wood waste (county, based on population)
Full methodology documented in:
A Geographic Perspective on the Current Biomass Resource
Availability in the United States, A. Milbrandt, 2005.
NationalRenewable
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Other Layers
Power plants
Sawmill locations
Electric and natural gas rates (county level)
Biomass facility locations– Biomass power, ethanol, landfill gas to energy, manure to energy
Fossil fuel power plants
Wind, solar resource layers
Alternative fuels filling stations
EPA Brownfields sites
Transportation networks
Innovation for Our Energy Future
DOE/NREL – Assistance Greensburg, KS
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• Detailed analysis of the biomass resource base in the region,including quantity, physical and chemical propertiesavailability, cost and collection potential.
• Assessment of demand for thermal energy in the region, andopportunities for biomass to be utilized to meet some of thatdemand.
• Overview of the pellet manufacturing process, includingequipment needs, capital costs and manufacturing costs.
• Overview of briquette and bripell manufacturing technologiesand costs
• Discussion of end-use conversion technologies
• Conclusions and recommendations for next steps
Large tornado that destroyed over 90% of the buildings and infrastructure of the townMay 2007
Assessment of Biomass PelletizationOptions for Greensburg, KansasTechnical Report, 2010NREL Report No.TP-7A2-48073http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy10osti/48073.pdfReference has list ofmanufacturers in variousareas
EISA defines Advanced Biofuel as “renewable fuel, other than ethanol derived from corn starch,that has lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions…that are at least 50 percent less than baselinelifecycle greenhouse gas emissions.”
EISA defines Cellulosic Biofuel as “renewable fuel derived from any cellulose, hemicellulose, orlignin that is derived from renewable biomass and that has lifecycle greenhouse gasemissions…that are at least 60 percent less than baseline lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions.”
Innovation for Our Energy Future35… and thus generations
USDA Data: 5-fold increase since 1940Can industry reach these yields?
80 new hybrids in 2010William D. Provine, DuPont BioFuels, “Achieving Successin the Biofuels Industry,” presented atF.O. Lichts Conference on Developing & CommercialisingNext Generation Biofuels, London, England, February10th, 2010
See, for instance, Kucharik, Christopher J., NavinRamankutty, 2005: Trends and Variability in U.S. CornYields Over the Twentieth Century. Earth Interact., 9,1-29
Key Stakeholder RelationshipsRegional Biomass Energy Feedstock Partnership Bioenergy Crop Trials
In 2008, the Biomass Program, Sun Grant Initiative universities, and USDA selected, andin some cases established the first round of replicated field trials of corn stover removaland dedicated herbaceous energy crops.
This map showsthe selectedlocations andtypes of crops.
Innovation for Our Energy Future
Biomass Conversion(or Fractionation)
Approaches
– Mechanical
• e.g., milling, comminution, decompression
– Thermal• e.g., hot water, steam, heat
– Chemical
• e.g., acids, alkalis, solvents
– Biological
• e.g., cellulases, hemicellulases, ligninases
!Most processing schemes employ a
combination of methods
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Major DOE Biofuels Project Locations
BlueFire Ethanol(Mecca, CA)
Poet(Emmetsburg, IA)
Lignol(Grand Junction, CO)
Abengoa(Hugoton, KS)
Office of Science Bioenergy CentersDOE Great Lakes, Madison, WIDOE Joint Bioenergy Institute, Berkeley,CADOE Bioenergy Science Center, Oak
Ridge, TN
NewPage(Wisconsin Rapids, WI)
Range Fuels(Soperton, GA)
DSM Innovation Center(Parsippany, NJ)
Novozymes(Davis, CA)
Genencor(Palo Alto, CA)
Verenium Corp (2)(San Diego, CA)
Dupont(Wilmington, DE)
Mascoma(Lebanon, NH)
Purdue University (2)(West Lafayette, IN)
Cargill Inc(Minneapolis, MN)
Regional PartnershipsSouth Dakota State Univ., Brookings, SDCornell University, Ithaca, NYUniv. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TNOklahoma State Univ., Stillwater, OKOregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR
Eight Small-Scale Biorefinery Projects
Four Commercial-Scale Biorefinery Projects
Four Improved Enzyme Projects
Five Projects for Fermentation Organisms
Five Thermochemical Syngas Projects
DOE Joint Solicitation Biomass Projects
Five Thermochemical Bio-Oil Projects
Six University Conversion Projects
Ceres, Inc(Thousand Oaks, CA)
University of Minnesota(Minneapolis, MN)
Cornell University(Ithaca, NY)
GE Global Research(Niskayuna, NY)
RSE Pulp &Chemical, LLC(Old Town, ME)
AlltechEnvirofine(WashingtonCounty, KY)
Mascoma(Kinross, MI)
Emery Energy(Salt Lake City, UT)
Iowa State (3) University(Ames, IA)
Southern ResearchInstitute
(Birmingham, AL)
Research Triangle Institute (2)(Research Triangle Park, NC)
Gas Technology Institute(Des Plaines, IL)
Flambeau River(Park Falls, WI)
Pacific Ethanol(Boardman, OR)
Verenium Biofuels Corp.(Jennings, LA)
Montana State University(Bozeman, MT)
UOP, LLC(Des Plaines, IL)
University of Georgia(Athens, GA)
Georgia Tech(Atlanta, GA)
Stevens Institute ofTechnology(Hoboken NJ)
University of Maine(Orono, ME)
Univeristy ofToledo(Toldeo, OH)
Virginia Tech(Blacksburg, VA)
University of Mass(Amherst, MA)
Modified 10/1/2008
U.S. DOE, Biomass Program
Key Recent Accomplishments and DeliverablesEPACT Section 932 “Commercial-Scale” Biorefineries
PerformersFeedstock
Type
Conversion
TechnologyFuel Type Status
PoetEmmetsburg, IA
Corn Cob
Corn Fiber
Biochemical Ethanol Engineering and construction inprogress. Cobs feedstockinfrastructure set up
Range FuelsSoperton, GA
WoodyWaste
Gasification + MixedAlcohol synthesis
Mixedalcohols
Engineering and construction inprogress.
AbengoaHugoton, KS
AgriculturalResidue
Biochemical Ethanol NEPA EIS process initiated. Cornstover infrastructure set up
DOE investments in cellulosic biofuels will accelerate commercializationand help create a biofuels market based on non-food feedstocks.
U.S. DOE, Biomass Program
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U.S. DOE, Biomass Program
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William D. Provine, DuPont BioFuels, “Achieving Success in the Biofuels Industry,” presented at F.O. Lichts Conference onDeveloping & Commercialising Next Generation Biofuels, London, England, February 10th, 2010
Innovation for Our Energy Future
Goal: Drive towards aneconomic integrated multistep process
DuPont DaniscoCellulose Ethanol
William D. Provine, DuPont BioFuels,“Achieving Success in the Biofuels Industry,”presented atF.O. Lichts Conference on Developing &Commercialising Next Generation Biofuels,London, England, February 10th, 2010
William D. Provine, DuPont BioFuels, “Achieving Success in theBiofuels Industry,” presented atF.O. Lichts Conference on Developing & Commercialising NextGeneration Biofuels, London, England, February 10th, 2010
• Algae may produce more lipids (plantoils) per acre than other plants --potentially 2x - 20x
– Lipids are the preferred starting point to makediesel or jet fuel from biomass
• Algae cultivation may utilize:
– marginal, non-arable land
– saline/brackish water
– large waste CO2 vent resources
• Minimizing competition with food,feed, or fiber
Why Algae? Supply
Innovation for Our Energy Future
DOE Aquatic Species Program
Excerpt from ASP Close-Out Report (1998)
1978-1996 $25M
In 1995, DOE made the difficult
decision to eliminate funding for algae
research within the Biofuels Program
… [T]his report should be seen not asan ending, but as a beginning. Whenthe time is right, we fully expect to seerenewed interest in algae as a sourceof fuels and other chemicals. Thehighlights presented here should serveas a foundation for these future efforts.
Innovation for Our Energy Future
What’s Changed Since 1996?
• Volatile Petroleum Distillate Pricing
– Crude oil prices have seen record highs ($147/barrel)
• Technology has improved dramatically
– New photobioreactor designs and advances in materialscience
– Explosion in biotechnology -- advances in metabolicengineering and systems biology
• Greater emphasis on energy security and CO2 capture,
GHG reduction, etc
DOE’s Office of Science Joint Genome Instituterecently published the genome sequence ofChlamydomonas reinhardii (Science, 318:245-50,2007) and has 4 additional algal species currentlyin its pipeline resulting from user-initiatedsubmissions to JGI’s Community SequencingProgram.
Innovation for Our Energy Future
FuelProduction
Oil (Lipid)Recovery
• Processoptimization
• Fuelcharacteristics
• Engine testing(ASTM)
• De-watering methods
• Lipid extraction
• Purification
• Bioreactor design• Temperature control• Invasion and fouling
• Starting species• Growth rate• Oil content & FA profile
• Nutrient requirements•CO2 and H2O sources
• Fundamental Algal Biology
AlgalCultivation
Algal Systems Technical Barriers
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DOE Office of Biomass Program isestablishing an “Advanced BiofuelsInitiative”An element will be the “Algal BiofuelsPathway”Draft “National Algal Biofuels TechnologyRoadmap” released for comments in 2009
– Stakeholder workshop held Dec.2008
– Anticipate 4 major R&D and analysisareas:
• Basic algal biology• Cultivation and process research• Production/integrated scale up• Sustainability and economic
analysis
DOE Algal Biofuels Efforts
Research Planning: Algal Biofuels
Locations of Integrated Biorefinery Projects
For more information, visit: http://www.eere.energy.gov/biomass/integrated_biorefineries.html
Innovation for Our Energy Future
National Alliance for Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts
Project Objective – Investigate and integrate multiple approaches to meet the central challengesof feedstock production, handling logistics, and conversion in order to lower costs of algal biofuels.
National Alliance for Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts -http://www.naabb.org
Information Resources
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Feed Production&Supply Logistics
Infrastructure
Potential Impacts:
- Abiotic Depletion- Potential Acidification- Eutrophication - Global WarmingPotential- Ozone Layer Depletion- Human Toxicity- Marine Toxicity- Ionizing Radiation- Land competition -Photochemical Oxidation - Biodiversity
Human DimensionLocal, Regional,Global
Sustainability
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Example of Environmental LCAForestry example
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Attributional Life Cycle
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Example of harmonization of data
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Fuels• Ethanol: 50+ references
• Biodiesel: 30+ references
• FT-Diesel: 10+ references
• Green Gasoline and Diesel: 5+ references
• DME: 5+ references
• Methanol: 5+ references
• Other Misc. Fuels: 10+
Biopower: 40+ references• Includes biomass co-firing, combustion, pyrolysis, and
gasification; land fill gas, anaerobic digestion, and the use ofmunicipal solid waste
• Only some of these categories are included
Ethan Warner and Helena Chum
Innovation for Our Energy Future
Data Categorization Hierarchy
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Fuel Type
Feedstock category
Location (generally based on where thefeedstock is grown)
Co-product credit calculation method
Primary energy source
E.g. Ethanol, biodiesel,methanol, FT-diesel, electricity,
heat, etc.
System Expansion, Allocation byeconomics, energy, mass,
product process
Coal, natural gas, grid average,co-gen systems
North America, European Union,Asia, Oceania, Africa, South and
Central America
E.g. Starch crops, sugar crops,plant oils, herbaceous/SRWC,
etc.
Divisions Categories
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Diesel
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Consequential Life Cycle Assessment – Indirect Consequences
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Some recommendations
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• GHG reductions need to be expressed as a function of avariety of factors – amount of land used, weight of biomass, typeof energy (usually a net energy ratio), biofuel energy out perfossil energy in (subtract from bioelectricity generated)…toenable choices
• Land Use Productivity should be looked at considering multipleproducts including energy and social and economic factors
• Follow ongoing Sustainability Efforts
• Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels activities forenvironmental and social impact assessment guidance,standards’ documents and certification systems (evolving).http://cgse.epfl.ch/page65660.html
•Global Bioenergy Partnership – framework for GHG andsustainability, http://www.globalbioenergy.org/