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Section 3-2 (pages 55-60)

Cell FeaturesObjectives:1. List the three parts of the cell theory. (pg.

55)2. Determine why cells must be relatively

small. (pg 55)3. Compare the structure of prokaryotic

cells with that of eukaryotic cells. (pg. 57)

4. Describe the structure of cell membranes. (p. 59)

Key TermsCell Theory

Cell MembraneCytoplasmRibosomeProkaryoteCell WallFlagellumEukaryoteNucleus

OrganelleCillium

PhospholipidLipid Bilayer

What are the three parts of the Cell theory

1. All living things are made up of cells.

2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms.

3. All cells arise from existing cells.

Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

Why Must Cells be Small?

If the cell’s surface area-to-volume ratio is too low, substances cannot enter and leave the cell in numbers large enough to meet the cell’s needs.

substances do not need to travel as far to reach the center of a small cell

What Features are Common of cells?

Cell membrane

Cytoplasm

Cytoskeleton

Ribosomes

What is the Cell Membrane (plasma membrane)

Cell Membrane: is the outer boundary layer of the cell, made up of phospholipids. It regulates what enters and leaves a cell – including, gases, nutrients, and wastes.

What are phospholipids• A phospholipid is a lipid made up of a

phosphate group and two fatty acids.• It has a hydrophilic head (water

loving) and a hydrophobic tail (water hating)

What is the lipid bilayer• In a cell membrane, the

phospholipids are arranged in a double layer called a lipid bilayer.

• The nonpolar (water hating) tails make up the interior of the bilayer, and the polar (water loving) heads make up the outer layer.

Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm: The interior of the cell which houses many organelles and cellular structures.

Cytoskeleton

A system of microscopic fibers (tubules), inside the cytoplasm, that many organelles are suspended from.

Ribosome

Ribosome: Cellular structures on which proteins are made.

What is a Prokaryote (Bacteria)

• Prokaryotes are the smallest and simplest cells

• They are singled celled organisms that lack a nucleus, cytoskeleton, and other internal compartments.

What are the Characteristics of Prokaryotes (Bacteria)

• Bacterium’s enzymes and ribosomes are free to move around in the cytoplasm because they lack internal compartments.

• Bacteria have a cell wall providing structure and support

• Some bacteria have a flagella, long threadlike structures that enable movement.

What are Eukaryotes

• Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells have a nucleus, other internal compartments, and organelles.

What are Organelles

• An organelle is a structure that carries out a specific function in the cells.

What organelles are found only in Eukaryotes

NucleusMitochondriaChloroplastsCytoskeleton

VacuoleGolgi bodies

Lysosomes (vesicles) Smooth endoplasmic reticulumRough endoplasmic reticulum

The Eukaryotic Nucleus

The nucleus is a membrane bound internal compartment that houses the DNA

What is the Form and Functionof the

DNA moleculeForm: A double helix (looks like a

twisted extension ladder)

Function: Stores the hereditary information that controls all cell processes.

What is the Form and Functionof the

Mitochondria?

Form: A kidney shaped organelle floating around in the cytoplasm, with a set of internal folding membranes.

Function: It converts the energy stored in food compounds into a useful form, called ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Form and Function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Form: A network of lipid bilayer membranes.

Function: Moves proteins and other substances through the cell

What does the Rough ER do?

Contains ribosomes on its surface and makes proteins. It also makes new membranes

What does the Smooth Endoplamsic Reticulum do?

Makes lipids, Also processes carbohydrates and modifies toxic chemicals in the cell

What is the Form and Functionof the

Golgi Apparatus?Form: Flat pancake like sacs

Function: It’s the post office the cell. It makes vesicles, such as lysosomes; that store, sort, changes, packages, and distributes proteins throughout the cell.

What is the Form and Functionof Lysosomes?

Form: Made by the Golgi Apparatus. Small spheres floating around the cytoplasm that contain digestive enzymes

Function: Lysosomes break down bacteria viruses, and non functional organelles within the cell.

Often nicknamed “suicide bags”

VacuolesCell Walls

Chloroplasts

What is the Form and Function ofVacuoles?

Form: Sacs that are often found in plants cells

Function: They absorb water, store proteins, ions and waste products.

What is the form and function of Cell walls?

Form: A tough ridged outer covering that surrounds the cell membrane of plants and bacteria cells.

Function: It protects the plant cell and give it shape.

What is the Form and Functionof

Chloroplasts?Form: Green oval-shaped structures

Function: enable plants to make sugars through photosynthesis

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