Inlges final

=INGLES PRIMER TETRAMESTRE

I. SIMPLE PASTHow to use the Past Simple Tense.We use the past simple tense to talk about an action or a situation - an event - in the past. The event can be short or long.Here are some short events with the past simple tense:

The car exploded at 9.30am yesterday.She went to the door.We did not hear the telephone.Did you see that car?

past present future

-------------------

The action is in the past.

I lived in Bangkok for 10 years.The Jurassic period lasted about 62 million years.We did not sing at the concert.Did you watch TV last night?

past present future

-------------------------

The action is in the past.

Here are some long events with the past simple tense:

Notice that it does not matter how long ago the event is: it can be a few minutes or seconds in the past, or millions of years in the past. Also it does not matter how long the event is. It can be a few milliseconds (car explosion) or millions of years (Jurassic period). We use the past simple tense when:the event is in the pastthe event is completely finishedwe say (or understand) the time and/or place of the eventIn general, if we say the time or place of the event, we must use the past simple tense; we cannot use the present perfect.

Here are some more examples:I lived in that house when I was young.He didn't like the movie.What did you eat for dinner?John drove to London on Monday.Mary did not go to work yesterday.Did you play tennis last week?

:

Note that when we tell a story, we usually use the past simple tense. We may use the past continuous tense to "set the scene", but we almost always use the past simple tense for the action. Look at this example of the beginning of a story:"The wind was howling around the hotel and the rain was pouring down. It was cold. The door opened and James Bond entered. He took off his coat, which was very wet, and ordered a drink at the bar. He sat down in the corner of the lounge and quietly drank his...“

  V1base

V2past

V3past participle

regular verb workexplodelike

workedexplodedliked

workedexplodedliked

The past form for all regular verbs ends in -ed.

irregular verb

goseesing

wentsawsang

goneseensung

The past form for irregular verbs is variable. You need to learn it by heart.

To make the past simple tense, we use:past form onlyorauxiliary did + base formHere you can see examples of the past form and base form for irregular verbs and regular verbs:

The structure for positive sentences in the past simple tense is:subject + main verb pastThe structure for negative sentences in the past simple tense is:subject + auxiliary verb + not + main verb did baseThe structure for question sentences in the past simple tense is:auxiliary verb + subject + main verbdid baseThe auxiliary verb did is not conjugated. It is the same for all persons (I did, you did, he did etc). And the base form and past form do not change. Look at these examples with the main verbs go and work:

  subject auxiliary verb   main verb  

+ I     went to school.

You     worked very hard.

- She did not go with me.

We did not work yesterday.

? Did you   go to London?

Did they   work at home?

Exception! The verb to be is different. We conjugate the verb to be (I was, you were, he/she/it was, we were, they were); and we do not use an auxiliary for negative and question sentences. To make a question, we exchange the subject and verb. Look at these examples:  subject main

verb   

+ I, he/she/it was   here.

You, we, they

were   in London.

- I, he/she/it was not there.

You, we, they

were not happy.

? Was I, he/she/it   right?

Were you, we, they

  late?

II. REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERB USAGEThis page shows the basic tenses with the regular verb work. It includes the affirmative or positive form (+), the negative form (-) and the interrogative or question form (?).The basic structure is:positive: + subject + auxiliary verb + main verbnegative: - subject + auxiliary verb + not + main verbquestion: ? auxiliary verb + subject + main verbThese are the forms of the main verb that we use to construct the tenses:base verb past past participle present participle -

ing

work worked worked working

past

SIMPLEdo + base verb(except future:will + base verb)

+ I did workI worked

- I did not work

? Did I work?

English regular verbs change their form very little. The past tense and past participle of regular verbs end in -ed, for example:work, worked, workedBut you should note the following points:1. Some verbs can be both regular and irregular, for example:learn, learned, learnedlearn, learnt, learnt2. Some verbs change their meaning depending on whether they are regular or irregular, for example "to hang":regular hang, hanged, hanged to kill or die, by dropping

with a rope around the neck

irregular hang, hung, hung to fix something (for example, a picture) at the top so that the lower part is freeIrregular Verbs

Irregular verbs are an important feature of English. We use irregular verbs a lot when speaking, less when writing. Of course, the most famous English verb of all, the verb "to be", is irregular.What is the difference between regular verbs and irregular verbs?Base

Form

Past Simple

Past Participle

With regular verbs, the rule is simple...

The past simple and past participle always end in -ed:

finish finished

finished

stop stopped

stopped

work worked

worked

But with irregular verbs, there is no rule...

Sometimes the verb changes completely:

sing sang sung

Sometimes there is "half" a change:

buy bought

bought

Sometimes there is no change:

cut cut cut

III.Used to doWe use used to do to talk about the past. It is not a tense but it is like a tense. It is a special expression. We use the expression used to do for the past only.Structure of Used to doThe structure is:

  subject

auxiliarydid

not main verbuse

infinitive

+ I     used to do.

- I did not use to do.

? Did you   use to do?

Use of Used to doWe use the used to do expression to talk about:an activity that we did regularly in the past (like a habit)a situation that was true in the pastI used to smoke.

//////

past present future

 IV. Adverbs of Frequency

Adverbs of Frequency are Adverbs of Time that answer the question "How frequently?" or "How often?". They tell us how often something happens. Here are some examples:daily, weekly, yearlyoften, sometimes, rarelyYou probably see a difference between a) and b) above. With words like daily we know exactly how often. The words in a) describe definite frequency. On the other hand, words like often give us an idea about frequency but they don't tell us exactly. The words in b) describe indefinite frequency.We separate them into two groups because they normally go in different positions in the sentence.

Adverbs of definite frequencyExamples:hourly, daily, weekly, monthly, yearlyevery second, once a minute, twice a yearonce, twice, once or twice, three timesAdverbs of definite frequency, like all adverbs of definite time, typically go in END position. Look at these examples:Most companies pay taxes yearly.The manager checks the toilets every hour.The directors meet weekly to review progress.Sometimes, usually for reasons of emphasis or style, some adverbs of definite frequency may go at the FRONT, for example:Every day, more than five thousand people die on our roads.

Adverbs of indefinite frequencyExamples:never, seldom, sometimes, often, always 100% always,

constantly

  usually, normally

  frequently, regularly

  often

50% sometimes

  occasionally

  rarely, infrequentl

y

  seldom

  hardly ever

0% never

Adverbs of indefinite frequency mainly go in MID position in the sentence. They go before the main verb (except the main verb "to be"):• We usually go shopping on Saturday.• I have often done that.• She is always late.Occasionally, sometimes, often, frequently and usually can also go at the beginning or end of a sentence:• Sometimes they come and stay with us.• I play tennis occasionally.Rarely and seldom can also go at the end of a sentence (often with "very"):• We see them rarely.• John eats meat very seldom.

 V. Countable and Uncountable Nouns

Countable NounsCountable nouns are easy to recognize. They are things that we can count. For example: "pen". We can count pens. We can have one, two, three or more pens. Here are some more countable nouns:dog, cat, animal, man, person, bottle, box, litre, coin, note, dollar, cup, plate, fork, table, chair, suitcase, bagCountable nouns can be singular or plural:My dog is playing.My dogs are hungry.We can use the indefinite article a/an with countable nouns:A dog is an animal.When a countable noun is singular, we must use a word like a/the/my/this with it:I want an orange. (not I want orange.)Where is my bottle? (not Where is bottle?)When a countable noun is plural, we can use it alone:I like oranges.Bottles can break.We can use some and any with countable nouns:I've got some dollars.Have you got any pens?We can use a few and many with countable nouns:I've got a few dollars.I haven't got many pens.

Uncountable NounsUncountable nouns are substances, concepts etc that we cannot divide into separate elements. We cannot "count" them. For example, we cannot count "milk". We can count "bottles of milk" or "litres of milk", but we cannot count "milk" itself. Here are some more uncountable nouns:music, art, love, happiness, advice, information, news, furniture, luggage, rice, sugar, butter, waterelectricity, gas, power, money, currencyWe usually treat uncountable nouns as singular. We use a singular verb. For example:This news is very important.Your luggage looks heavy.We do not usually use the indefinite article a/an with uncountable nouns. We cannot say "an information" or "a music". But we can say a something of:a piece of newsa bottle of watera grain of riceWe can use some and any with uncountable nouns:I've got some money.Have you got any rice?We can use a little and much with uncountable nouns:I've got a little money.I haven't got much rice.

Countable Uncountable

dollar money

song music

suitcase luggage

table furniture

battery electricity

bottle wine

report information

tip advice

journey travel

job work

VI.Too / Enough We use too to mean 'more than is needed or wanted; or more than is suitable or enough'

Too comes before the adjectiveWe use enough to mean 'as much as is necessary; in the amount or to the degree needed'

+ Enough comes after the adjectiveExamples:- It's too cold to swim.- It isn't hot enough to swimFormtoo + adjective or adverbtoo much/many + nountoo much/many + of + pronoun/determiner

adjective or adverb + enoughenough + nounenough + of + pronoun/determinerMeaningWe use too to mean more than sufficient or more/less than necessary.

It's too late to stop him.Jerry was too young to watch the movie.There are too many people on this train, there's nowhere to sit.You have too much money, give some to me.You've eaten too many of those cakes.

We use enough to mean sufficient.Your clothes are big enough to fit me.You've done enough work. You can stop now.Have you got enough money to buy me a drink?

We use enough in negative sentences to mean less than sufficient or less than necessary.

You're not working fast enough, you won't finish on time.Sorry, I haven't got enough food for everyone.Not enough of my friends are coming to the party VII. SEQUENCE ADVERBS.

FIRSTTHENNEXTAFTER THATFINALLY• Sequence adverbs often come at the start of a sentence or clause and act as a marker as to order.First, heat the pan.After that, you press the delete key.Then you can make your correction.• However, some sequence adverbs like 'first' and 'next' can come at the end of a sentence or clause.You have to boil the water first.Press the red button next.•

'Next', 'then' and 'after that' are interchangeable. They mark something between the start and finish.First, go down Cane Street. After that turn left onto Oak.First, get behind a rock.Then you can push the detonator.• We often use sequence markers when giving instructions on how to do something, make something or go somewhere.First, get a can opener,Then, open the can of chili.Next, put the chili in a bowl.After that, put it in the microwave.Once it is warm, you can eat it.

VIII.Present Perfect TenseThe structure of the present perfect tense is:

  subject auxiliary verb

  main verb  

+ I have   seen ET.

+ You have   eaten mine.

- She has not been to Rome.

- We have not played football.

? Have you   finished?  

? Have they   done it?

1. Present perfect tense for experienceWe often use the present perfect tense to talk about experience from the past. We are not interested in when you did something. We only want to know if you did it:I have seen ET. He has lived in Bangkok. Have you been there? We have never eaten caviar.

past present future

------------------------------------ !!!

The action or state was in the past.

In my head, I have a memory now.

Connection with past: the event was in the past.Connection with present: in my head, now, I have a memory of the event; I know something about the event; I have experience of it.

2. Present perfect tense for changeWe also use the present perfect tense to talk about a change or new information:I have bought a car.

past present future

- +  

Last week I didn't have a car.

Now I have a car.  

John has broken his leg.

past present future

+ -  

Yesterday John had a good leg.

Now he has a bad leg.  

3. Present perfect tense for continuing situationWe often use the present perfect tense to talk about a continuing situation. This is a state that started in the past and continues in the present (and will probably continue into the future). This is a state (not an action). We usually use for or since with this structure.I have worked here since June.

He has been ill for 2 days.How long have you known Tara?

past present future

 ------------------------------------------------

---------------------  ------ ------ ------

The situation started in the past.

It continues up to now.

(It will probably continue into the future.)Connection with past: the situation started in the past.

Connection with present: the situation continues in the present.