INK Issue 5 · 2014-01-07 · Catenary Igloo Sky Zhang Jump! Bo Kyeang Kim River Da Hee Kang Cincy, OH ... Appendix: Description of “The Chinese Room Argument” by Edward Zalta

TheWriters’INK

A celebration of IST student

writing

2014 Issue 5

The Writers’ Ink Issue 5

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A celebration of IST student writing

A publication of The Writing Center at The International

School of Tianjin

email [email protected]

Issue 5 (January 2014)

Editorial Staff:

Joe Schaaf & Ryno Sauerman

Layout and Design:

Michael Conway

Editorial support:

Naomi Shanks

Copyright 2014

International School of Tianjin

Standard text font: Baskerville

Dear Reader,

We are happy to share with you the fifth issue of The Writers’ INK: A celebration of IST student writing. In this issue we have a broad offering of work from poetry to prose, science, mathematics and research essays. We are very proud of our fifth issue and are pleased to present this anthology of student writing to the entire IST community to share and join in this celebration of outstanding student achievement.

The Writers’ INK is a biannual publication open to all secondary students at IST. The writing con ta ined in th i s i s sue was recommended by teachers and selected by the editors. While the writing is entirely that of the students, some pieces underwent minor edits in order to conform to the requirements of this magazine.

Read and enjoy.

The Editors

The

Writers’INK

Cover image by Ji Sung Chun

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mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]


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2 Intuition and KnowledgeJabelle Lu

Peking ManYe Jin Jeong

The SeaIsabella Bredwell

CowardsClaudia Quek

Catenary IglooSky Zhang

Jump!Bo Kyeang Kim

RiverDa Hee Kang

Cincy, OHJourney Martin

《孔乙己》情节分析

Yolanda Xie

Takeaway TroubleMarie Armstrong

The Impact of ESSPIN on Education in Northern NigeriaJeff Chang

최윤의 《저기 소리없이 한 점 꽃잎이 지고》의 주인공 소녀에게 보내는 편지

So Hyang Kweon

Contents

Journey to Mars?Makeila Cox

Ice CreamHa Young Park

Parasitic Late Night StudiesAnnie Long

The New AgeAnnie Long

Technology in World War ITony Yoon

Curley’s Wife’s journalHui Ryeon Yeo

Crook’s JournalJi Sung Chun

CamaraderieSky Zhang

Grandpa’s ApplesNicole Tan

The Traits of OdysseusTanay Sangani

Diary of a Nomad GirlJi Hyun Lee

Fine KingAnnie Long

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Intuition and KnowledgeAn essay on the theory of knowledge

Jabelle Lu–Class of 2012

Intuition can be described as the instance of ‘knowing’ or understanding something that one cannot immediately justify. It is commonly known as a ‘gut feeling’ or a ‘sixth-sense’. Similar to emotion, intuitive thoughts often lack reason, leading to irrational judgements that may render them unreliable. Before exploring the value of intuition as a way of knowing, it is important to note that intuition should not be confused with emotion, as they can exist independently from each other. This essay explores the complex, yet vital, role that intuition plays in our thinking. While intuition can distort other ways of knowing, such as reason and sense perception, it can act as the foundation in which these ways of knowing are created. This essay also discusses the function of intuition in ethics and art, and explores the various knowledge issues it may raise.

While the evidential weight given to intuition is fairly contentious, it plays a critical role in our understanding and questioning of many philosophical analyses. In 1963, Edmund Gettier proposed two scenarios of justified true belief, where the three criteria were met but did not appear to be knowledge. Almost all epistemologists at the time shared his intuition that his examples were not instances of knowledge, and they began to find new c o n c e p t i o n s a n d d e fi n i t i o n s f o r i t (Hetherington). The occurrence of widespread intuitions such as that of Gettier’s problem influences the prediction of both philosophical and presumptive discoveries.

However, when something appears intuitively obvious to one person but does not for another, a conflict results. One could also realize, perhaps in hindsight, that what he thought was intuitively obvious is just a deeply rooted

prejudice. These are just a few rational objections to the claim that intuition is a major source of knowledge. However it can be argued that in an abstract sense, intuition is the foundation of all ways of knowing. In other words, sense perception, language, emotion and even reason, all depend on intuition. This may seem boldly assertive at first, but an examination of the function of intuition in each of these four ways would illuminate the significance of intuition in our thinking.

Our senses alone can never make us certain that we are not living an illusion. There also remains the possibility that even the evidence we appeal to could be apart of the illusion. However, we still have an overwhelmingly strong intuition that the world around us is real. Furthermore, although emotions are certainly not infallible guides to the truth, our intuition to trust them propels our search for knowledge and adds meaning to our lives. Pascal made the observation that, ‘the heart has its reasons that reasons know nothing of ’ (Lagemaat).


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However, due to the fact that different people may have conflicting intuitions, it is always wise to not get too carried away by the emotional appeal of intuition.

It has been argued that the ability to use language – an essential way of knowing – is driven by an instinct, an evolutionary adaptation that is partially hard-wired into the brain and partially learned. Steven Pinker’s book, The Language Instinct, enumerates on this idea, and explores the evidence for the universality of language, such as the fact that all cultures and tribes possess it. Similarly, the theory of universal grammar, credited to Noam Chomsky, proposes that humans have an innate ability to develop grammar even in the absence formal instruction (Johansson).

Reason may seem to contradict the nature of intuition, yet the origin of all our reasoning cannot be proven by any more fundamental laws. Most people would admit that the laws of logic are intuitively obvious, and that it is very difficult, if not impossible, to justify them. Indeed, intuitions play a huge evidential role in thought experiments, which are hypothetical scenarios with the intention of prompting an intuitive or reasoned response (Lagemaat). Because theoretical reasoning could be designed to support the intuitive response that one favors, the line between intuition and reason is often blurred, leading to responses that may both be reasoned and incorrect at the same time. Daniel Dennett, an American philosopher, coins this notion as ‘intuition pumps’. He applies this idea particularly to Searle’s Chinese Room thought experiment, describing it as formulating a description in such a way that important implications of the experiment would be difficult to imagine and therefore ignored.

In ethics, intuition plays a significant role. We tend to believe that humans are moral beings and our moral intuitions bring us closer to our conception of the meaning of life. Three Character Classic (三字经), a Chinese text written

in the 13th century, which has widely taught morals to Chinese children, opens with the following:

人之初 (rén zhī chū) People at birth,性本善 (xìng běn shàn) Are naturally good.性相近 (xìng xiāng jìn) Their natures are similar,習相遠 (xí xiāng yuǎn) Their habits make them different. (San Zi Jing 三字經)

It is a core credo of Confucianism that humans are born as moral beings (Shinn). This idea also coincides with the fact that dominant moral principles, such as prohibitions of rape and murder, does not seem to be local customs but to be universally and objectively confirmed. Societies build on the intuition that those who commit immoral acts deserve punishment and that it is wrong to ‘let them get away with it’. However, despite the shared moral instinct a m o n g h u m a n s , t h e i n t u i t i o n t h a t conceptualizes morality changes according to the person, the time, and the society. People are happy to invite divine retribution or political authority to harm other people they deem immoral, but the fact that some customs such as female genital mutilation and stoning often unsettle us indicates that those actions are immoral for us, but not for the people in the society that carries them out. Issues like this draw on the idea of moral relativism, which holds that our values are determined by the society we grow up in, and that there are no universal values. Therefore, we should be careful when justifying our moral beliefs with intuition. Complex questions of right and wrong, such as debates on euthanasia, cannot simply be resolved by appeals to intuition because there is no consensus about what is intuitively obvious.

The unreliability and subjective features of intuition have negative affects on our pursuit of knowledge in all areas but one, and that is art. Intuition drives the creation of art and the appreciation of art, which has precepts that vary widely among individuals and cultures. Works of art such as Venus of Willendorf, a


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statue that features grotesquely exaggerated body parts; the stylized, order-obsessed human figures in Egypt; and the perfect, but anatomically impossible, male physiques like the Riace Bronze sculptures all highlight the instinct of exaggerating the features that are deemed appealing by a particular society (More Human Than Human, episode 1). Therefore, in the area of art, intuition is embraced rather than discriminated against.

Although the purpose of art seems to lie within its intuitive qualities and their subsequent appeal, art is not wholly subjective and still needs to follow certain precepts. Denis Dutton in his book The Art Instinct, highlights the

importance of less intuitive elements of art such as skill and style. If an artist does not impose some kind of rational control on his or her intuitions, then the artwork would hardly have any lasting value. This explains the idea that not anything can be considered an art or anyone an artist, otherwise the meaning of art would be undermined. Sometimes, an artist’s intuitions are acquired, meaning that they arise not only from raw talent but also from a hefty database of skill and experience imprinted on the mind, thus making some intuitions more reliable than others. However, it should be noted that the notion of reliability in the area of art is often intuitive and personalised. On the other hand, the reliability of educated


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Reason may seem to contradict the nature of intuition, yet the origin of all our reasoning cannot be proven by any more fundamental laws.

intuitions in other areas of knowledge such as natural and human sciences is much more scrutinized.

Intuition plays a vital role in our pursuit of knowledge and closely intertwines with the existing four ways of knowing. It acts as a mainspring for our linguistic and artistic feats, connecting us with other people and cultures. The subjective qualities of intuition raise various issues of unreliability that cloud our reasoning and hinder our pursuit of truth.

Nevertheless, as ironic as it may sound, it is the uncertainty of intuition that also gives us emotion, shapes our conception of life, and

makes us feel that the world we live in isn’t an illusion. If we refuse to give any place to intuition on the grounds that they are unreliable, our pursuit of knowledge may follow a cold and stringent framework. ‘The hand of compassion was faster than the calculus of reason’, is a quote spoken by an inhabitant of Chambon who helped the Jews during World War II (Lagemaat), suggesting that our natural intuitions, such as our urge to alleviate suffering, would sometimes be sabotaged by reasoning. Ways of knowing which we regard as reliable still have their limits, and in some cases, we would accomplish more if we follow our hearts. n

Appendix: Description of “The Chinese Room Argument” by Edward Zalta in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

“The Chinese Room argument, devised by John Searle, is an argument against the possibility of true artificial intelligence. The argument centers on a thought experiment in which someone who knows only English sits alone in a room following English instructions for manipulating strings of Chinese characters, such that to those outside the room it appears as if someone in the room understands Chinese. The argument is intended to show that while suitably programmed computers may appear to converse in natural language, they are not capable of understanding language, even in principle. Searle argues that the thought experiment underscores the fact that computers merely use syntactic rules to manipulate symbol strings, but have no understanding of meaning or semantics. Searle’s argument is a direct challenge to proponents of Artificial Intelligence, and the argument also has broad implications for functionalist and computational theories of meaning and of mind. As a result, there have been many critical replies to the argument.”

Zalta, Edward. “The Chinese Room Argument”, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 22 September 2009. Web. 9 Dec. 2012.

Works CitedDutton, Denis. The Art Instinct. Bloomsbury Press, 2010. Print. Gettier, Edmund. “Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?” Analysis, Vol. 23, No. 6, June 1963, pp. 121-123. Oxford University

Press on behalf of the Analysis Committee. Web. 9 Dec. 2012. Hetherington, Stephen. “Gettier problems”. Internet Encyclopedia or Philosophy. n.p, August 19, 2005. Web. 9 Dec. 2012. “Intuition pump”. Rationalwiki, n.p., 24 June 2012. Web. 9 Dec. 2012.Johansson, Sverker. “Universal grammar and the innateness hypothesis”. University of Lund, Sweden. 17 January 1991.

Novell. Web. 9 Dec. 2012. Lagemaat, Richard. Theory of Knowledge: for the IB Diploma. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Print. “More Human and Human…” How Art Made the World. Pres. Nigel Spivey. Prod. Kim Thomas. BBC, 2005. DVD. “San Zi Jing – Elementary Chinese; translated by Herbert A. Giles (Shanghai, 1910)”. Cambridge University Library. University

of Cambridge, n.d. Web. 9 Dec. 2012.Shinn, Kathy. “Confucianism – A Brief Summary of Confucious and His Teaching”. Chico, California State University, n.d.

Web. 9 Dec. 2012. Trett, Gerald. “Against the Relativist Grain”. Amazon. 28 May 2000. Web. 9 Dec. 2012. Zalta, Edward. “The Chinese Room Argument”, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 22 September 2009. Web. 9 Dec. 2012


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Peking ManYe Jin Jeong–Grade 6

Dear Diary, I was at the Zhoukoudian archaeological site this morning when I found a tiny

machine in a bush. It had several weird buttons on it. I pushed a red button and the world began to spin around me. I was so dizzy that I fell asleep at once. Something, or someone was prodding my leg. “Stop it,” I shouted, but “it” grunted and started hitting me. I was so annoyed. I opened my eyes to find a stranger’s

face. I screamed and jumped up. There was something weird about this man. He looked much older than me, but he was as short as a 10-year-old boy. His eyebrows stuck forward unlike mine and I also noticed that his thumbs were short. They looked

extremely uncomfortable. Just then something flashed into my mind–Peking man. I looked around myself. Rock ceiling, rock walls, rock floor… a cave! OK, so this is 770,000 years ago. I sighed. That tiny machine must be a time machine. That man

started to grunt and point to himself. I could not understand a single word he was saying, but I think he was introducing himself. (I’ll call him Mr. Grunt from now on.) Mr. Grunt pointed somewhere and walked there. Worried about being lost, I quickly followed him. He led me outside. The beautiful sight outside made me gasp

with astonishment. The sky was stunningly blue, massive trees were growing nearby and you could see your reflection in the pond. It was a sight that could be only seen in history books. In the forest, there were rodents, birds, deer, and I also think I got a

glimpse of a tiger. Mr. Grunt handed me a curved bone. I was wondering what to do with this when Mr. Grunt answered my question by throwing his “thing” into the

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woods. There was a soft moan and a thud. Mr. Grunt and I rushed forward to find a collapsed deer. He cheered and danced. Apparently the bone was a spear. Mr. Grunt showed some

more demonstrations of how to hunt prey more easily. In an hour or so, I had caught two rabbits.

Suddenly, the sky turned grey and the cloud was slowly changing black. As it started drizzling, Mr.

Grunt and I had to quit hunting and go back to the cave. On the way home the drizzle became a thunderstorm. Lightning hit one of the massive trees

directly and the tree caught fire immediately. Mr. Grunt shouted out in excitement. I picked up a thick

branch from the ground and took it near the tree so that the branch caught fire too. I gave it to Mr. Grunt as a gift.

Mr. Grunt and I were awfully starving as we entered the cave. He brought out fruits, shoots and tubers of wild plants as well as bird eggs. I got

ready to cook my rabbits, but Mr. Grunt started chewing and biting on his deer (raw) as soon as he sat down. I was really

disgusted. I roasted my rabbits carefully on the fire and soon a sweet smell filled the cave. Mr. Grunt imitated me and took a bite off his

deer meat again. I could see the same look of excitement in his face. Now that we were all fed and watered, I was so tired that I fell asleep almost at once on the cold

stone floor but I was soon woken up by a growling sound. Mr. Grunt, rubbing his eyes, picked up the fire to find the source of the sound. How surprised he was

when he found a large cave bear with sharp fangs standing in front of him! He screamed and dropped the fire on its foot. The bear gave a loud roar and immediately

ran away. Now Mr. Grunt is totally amazed by fire and is swishing it around. I have no idea what will happen to me in the future. n


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The SeaIsabella Bredwell–Grade 7

Gentle, lapping, wavesLightly brushing on the sands

Quiescent freedom

This type of poem is called a Haiku. They are normally about natural things. They have five syllables in the first line, 7 syllables in the middle line, and 5 syllables in the last line.


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CowardsClaudia Quek–Grade 10

Feelings: the best and worst things all crumpled up into one word. It’s disturbing how one moment you’re grateful that they exist and the next you’re trying to escape from them.

Brooke gazed at the ghostly sea, as her phone buzzed in her pocket. She fished it out with trembling hands. Tears welled up in her eyes.

New messages. All were from a blocked number.

“Kill yourself. People don’t like you.”“If I see you again, I promise you will end

up in a graveyard.”“I’m sure you would prefer to kill yourself

instead of have me kill you. So why don’t you just make it easier for all of us.”

It had been over a month since the incident, but she could still feel their fists pounding against her face, thick blood flowing down her cheek. Her face was numb; she couldn’t move. Her lips, bruised and swollen, sent a blistering feeling into her body. Marks and grazes surrounded her eyes. All she remembered was lying on the cafeteria floor, with a stabbing pain running through her veins, as the crowd of seniors dispersed. Their teasing snickers and hurtful words rang in her head over and over.

“If you died, no one would miss you.”“No one is going to go to your funeral.”“You’ll pay for what you did to him.”I don’t want to come here anymore, she

thought. Recalling the incident only sent more tears pouring out of Brooke’s eyes.

She screamed across the horizon, “I can’t do this anymore! Leave me alone!”

Wiping away her tears, she got up. She decided to take a stroll to clear her mind. The smell of sands entered her nostrils and the soothing voices of the waves tranquilized the misery wrinkled up in her heart. The fresh ocean breeze frolicking through her hair, the

soft, fine sand, filling the spaces in between her toes–she looked up just to catch sight of the beautiful sky, the clouds falling perfectly in place like a jigsaw puzzle. Positivity started to enter her head.

But it wasn’t enough to triumph over her despair.

At that moment, something glimpsed in the corner of her eye–a torn rope attached to a six-foot palm tree. Thoughts swamped her


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soft, fine sand, filling the spaces in between her toes–she looked up just to catch sight of the beautiful sky, the clouds falling perfectly in place like a jigsaw puzzle. Positivity started to enter her head.

But it wasn’t enough to triumph over her despair.

At that moment, something glimpsed in the corner of her eye–a torn rope attached to a

head once again. “No one understands me. I need to be free,” she mumbled. Her vision also caught sight of a bulky stone, covered with wet moss and dead leaves. She forcefully ripped off the rope and secured one end to the stone and the other to her leg. She hobbled past the “Do Not Cross” sign and straight into the ocean. With her body half buried in the waves, she exploded into cries. The icy seawater seeped into each crack and wrinkle in her skin, and numbed her entire body, but left her feelings alive. She glanced at her scars, and rubbed her wrists, trying to erase the cuts. But she knew she could no more destroy them than she could remove what happened from people’s memory. Her body quivering, questions flooded her mind once again. How could Drew, the man she loved so much, betray her? How could the one person she thought was perfect leave her for another? Why did everyone think it was her fault? By the time she got home, she was hysterically weeping, her piercing whimpers permeating the atmosphere. She stared into the bathroom mirror. Her teeth were chattering and her eyes singed with hate. All she wanted to do was disappear. Raging with anger, she slammed her fist onto her reflection. First came an earsplitting crack, then thousands of pieces shattered onto the floor. Her jaw dropped, eyes wide opened. She paused. What am I doing? She thought. I’m doing all this because of him. Sighing, she cleaned up the broken remnants and tried to piece her heart back together. She took two steps forward. A ghastly whiteness etched across her face. Her mouth tasted like iron. The water was close to her neck. Every touch of a wave sliced her heart into a billion pieces. Her eyes brimmed with tears enough to raise the sea level by ten inches. She gazed at the bruises on her stomach, then at the marks on her face, still engraved in her

skin from a month a go. Millions of thoughts raced through her mind, but in the end, only one prevailed. Do it. No one cares anyway. She trudged further into the ocean. The murky water was now up to her jawline. Shaking, she checked to affirm that the rope was still attached to her leg. She pushed forward. The ocean enveloped her. Menacing waves devoured her entire body. Realizing she was out of breath, she gasped for air. Struggling, she exerted all her strength and forced her head back, trying to climb that non-existent ladder of the sea. But the rock was too heavy. She panicked. Cascades of seawater stormed into her nose, her mouth. She tried to pull herself up with every tired muscle in her body. She had never felt more helpless. Her lungs were squeezed tighter by the pressure. As

she gagged, more water rushed in. She yelled, but nothing came out. Spluttering, coughing, Brooke’s airway had sealed shut. A burning sensation tore her apart. She was still floundering, but less frenzied now. But all of a sudden, she stopped struggling. Her eyes folded shut, and her body turned off.

Cowards: Everyone has an inner coward in them. The part that’s afraid. The part of you that’s scared to stand up and do the right thing. The part of you that feels like you need to drag people down with you. It took everyone too long to realize that Brooke just needed one person to stop being a coward. n


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She stared into the bathroom mirror. Her teeth were chattering and her eyes singed

with hate.


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Catenary Igloo A Mathematical Exploration of the Relationship between a Catenary Curve and the Construction

of an Igloo

Sky Zhang–Grade 12

Topic: Hyperbolic functions, geometryStimulus: ArchitectureAim: To apply the hyperbolic cosine function to the design and construction of an igloo. More specifically, create a catenary function that defines the shape of the desired igloo’s curve, and investigate the construction of the igloo based on the function.

Catenary: a curve similar to the shape of a parabola, a reflection of a naturally hanging chain held at equal height at both ends, often used in architecture for domes.

Structure Measurements

I want to build an igloo big enough for 1 person to both stand up straight and lie down

flat in. What should be the height and diameter of the structure?

Studies of compression stress on snow igloos show that to minimize compressive stress and compressive creep (the tendency for solids to gradually deform under stresses of gravity), the height-to-diameter critical proportion of

�� = 0.6 should be used.

Therefore: If the height of the igloo is 2 meters, the diameter of the igloo should be � � � � � � � � � � � meters.

The Hyperbolic Cosine Function

This is a basic exploration of the features of the catenary curve:

A catenary curve follows a hyperbolic cosine

function y = � ��

��

�� , more simply

written as � � � � � � � ��

where � is a

constant. � � � corresponds to the vertex and � determines how quickly the catenary opens up. This is shown in the graph below.

Graph 1: the effects of a in a catenary equation on its curve


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Unlike parabolic functions, when| � |>1 the graph becomes wider than � � � � � � � � � � , and when

-1<| � |<1, � ≠0, the graph is narrower than � � � � � � � � � � . But a negative value for � inverts the graph just like in parabolic functions.

The value of | � | affects the position of the vertex: when | � | was equal to 2, the vertex also moved to

(0,2); and when | � | was ��, the vertex moved to (0,0.5). Therefore, if we want the lowest point of the

catenary to be at (0,0), then the equation of the catenary should be � � � � � � � � � ��

� � � .

Function for the Igloo

Now it’s time to work out an equation for the igloo, with a 2-meter height and 3.33-meter diameter.

� is the fundamental parameter in the equation. � should be negative with its vertex at unit 2, but I will determine the absolute value of � first.

A closer look at the default catenary function � � � � � � � , translated 3 units down reveals that it is in fact already very close to the function I’m looking for. The below graph shows a reflection of an arch of 2 units height. The two vertices shown in red are at ±1.665: where the curve should ideally intersect to make the shape of my igloo.

The x-intercepts are near y = ±1.8: not very far from ±1.665. The curve needs to be narrower: a needs to decrease. After trial and error, 0.91 seems to be a reasonable value for � :

Graph 2: � � � � � � � � � � �

Graph 4: Close-up of � � � � � � � � � � � ��

� � � � � � at x-intercept

� �


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Of course, further zooms still show the line to be a little too wide off mark, but it seems that no matter how accurate I make the value of 𝑎 there will always be a point where zooming up shows that the curve does not really intersect with the ±1.665 points. However there is no benefit in narrowing down the 𝑎 value beyond two decimal places. 𝑎 = 0.91 seems to be the most rational answer: it has only 2 decimal places which is convenient to work with, and a degree of accuracy of ±0.005 (since it to intersects the x-axis at 1.665 when the graph shows 0.01 increments) which, when applied to the igloo problem is ±0.5 centimeters. It is accurate enough to not have an effect on the shape or weight distribution of the igloo.

By making 𝑎 negative we can reflect the catenary in the x-axis. Hence we have the final equation of

𝒚 = −𝟎.𝟗𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 − 𝒙𝟎.𝟗𝟏

+ 𝟐.𝟗𝟏 which

gives the outline of a catenary dome of 2 meters height and 3.33 meters diameter.

Building the Igloo

Now that the equation for the arch of the dome is worked out, how might this be applied to the actual construction of the igloo? I think it would be interesting to find out the volume of snow needed.

The dome of an igloo is not smooth: it is made up of near-rectangular bricks of snow laid on top of one another. Knowing the volume of these bricks would give the volume of the entire igloo, and the volume of snow bricks in turn depends on the length of the arch made by the igloo’s shape.

The equation for the arc length of a catenary

curve is 𝑥 = a sinh !!

. 𝑥 would be half of

the length between the two fixed points. This would give the length of the arc from the vertex to the ground.

𝒔 𝟏.𝟔𝟔𝟓 = 𝟎.𝟗𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡𝟏.𝟔𝟔𝟓𝟎.𝟗𝟏

𝒔 = 𝟎.𝟗𝟏×𝟑.𝟎𝟑𝟓𝟕(4 d.p.) 𝒔 = 𝟐.𝟕𝟔𝟐𝟓 m

This means that the total length made by the accumulated layers of snow bricks from the ground to the highest point is 2.76 meters. Now, the measurements of the bricks need to be decided. Below are the ideal measurements for snow bricks obtained from research:

40-50cm wide 50-60cm long 20cm thick

The width of each brick should be between 40 to 50cm. Because the length of the half-arch is 276cm, 276/6 = 46 so 6 layers of 46cm-wide bricks is the perfect solution. (In fact the igloo made with these measurements will be slightly shorter than a smooth catenary arch, because the straight lines will make small angles with each other and therefore not completely contribute to the overall length).

Each layer will have a slightly smaller circumference than the layer beneath it. The length of the bricks will stay the same for all layers; the number of bricks changes. The length of bricks will be decided based on the best measurement for bricks in the first layer.

Circumference = 3.33π = 10.46m = 1046cm But: 55×19 = 1045, and since 1046 is divisible by no integer between 50 and 60, 19 bricks of length 55cm to make up a circumference of 1045cm is easier for further calculations.


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The above diagrams demonstrate that because each new layer of bricks is slightly slanted inwards, the inner height of one brick differs from the outer height and the top length differs from the bottom length. Thus the shape of each brick (if all bricks are to fit tightly together) should be the end slice of a polygonal pyramid of parallelogram.

The formula for the volume of any polygonal pyramid is V=1/3area of base × height.

To find the volume of the “slice”, calculate the volume of the pyramid from the outer line of the brick to the centre, then the volume from the inner line of the brick to the centre, then take away the second volume from the first. So, the height of each “pyramid” needs to be calculated first; it can be done using a simple Pythagoras’ Theorem by forming right-angled triangles within the igloo as the below diagram shows:

Here, the length between the centre point and one of the opposite vertices of the triangle, instead of the actual height, will be used as the “height” of the pyramid to save lengthy calculations. Using Pythagoras’ Theorem, � � � � � � � � , in which � =x value of the point and � � =y value. To work out the x and y values of each point, reverse the process of the arc length calculation by using the arc-sinh.

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2

3

4

5

6

h

a

b

Diagram 1: Cross-section of igloo, divided into 6 layers

Diagram 2: Shape of one snow brick

� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �


15

Layer 1:

� � � � � � � � � � � � � ��

� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �

� � � � � � � � � � ��

Explanation: since the width of each brick and therefore the height of each layer is 0.46m, the arc length from the centre point of the arch to the top of the first layer is 2.76 – 1 × 0.46 = 2.34m. This

comes from the function � � � � � � � � � ��

, so now, in order to work out the value of � , we use the

reverse sinh function, so � � � � � � � � � � � ��

� � � � � � , and the answer is 1.523m = 152.3cm. Then we

can simply incorporate the value of � into the cosh function to work out its corresponding � value.

Below are the results for each layer following the same steps:

I also need to work out the measurements for the parallelogram shape of the bricks in each layer. This includes the bottom length ( � � ) and top length ( � � ) of each brick. The bottom length and number of bricks has already been decided for Layer 1, and the top length is the number obtained from the length of the circumference at the top of the layer divided by the number of bricks. The circumference at the base of the layer will be known as � � , and the circumference at the top of the layer � � . It is important to note that � � for Layer 1 would be the � � for Layer 2, and so on.

Now to calculate the volume: � � would be volume of the pyramid with a height that extends to the outer edge of the wall so multiply by h + 20; � � is the volume of the pyramid excluding the wall’s thickness. Taking away � � from � � would give the volume of that one brick. Then, to work out the volume of the entire layer I can simply multiply the volume of one brick by the number of bricks in that layer.

� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � E� � S�

Layer 2: � � � � � � ��

Layer 3: � � � � � � � � ��

Layer 4: � � � � � � � ��

Layer 5: � � � � � � � ��

Layer � � (cm)

� � (cm)

# of Bricks � � (cm)

� � (cm)

Height of pyramid (cm)

1 1045 957 19 55 50 157.44

2 957 842 17 55 50 157.2

3 842 689 15 55 46 166.70

4 689 508 13 55 39 180.72

5 508 278 9 55 31 194.1

6 278 0 5 55 0 200

� � � � � � L � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �

� � � � � � A � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �


16

Layer 1

𝑣! 55 + 50

2 ×46×13 ×(157.44 + 20) 142839.2

𝑣! 55 + 50

2 ×46×13 ×157.44 126739.2

Volume of brick v! − v! 16100

Volume of layer 16100×19 305900

Layer 2

𝑣! 55 + 50

2 ×46×13 × 157.2 + 20 142646

𝑣! 55 + 50

2 ×46×13 ×157.2 126546

Volume of brick v! − v! 16100

Volume of layer 16100×17 273700

Layer 3

𝑣! 55 + 46

2 ×46×13 × 166.7 + 20 144568.03

𝑣! 55 + 46

2 ×46×13 ×166.7 129081.37

Volume of brick v! − v! 15486.67

Volume of layer 15486.67×15 232300

Layer 4

𝑣! 55 + 39

2 ×46×13 × 180.72 + 20 144652.21

𝑣! 55 + 39

2 ×46×13 ×180.72 130238.88


Volume of layer 14413.33×13 187373.33

Layer 5

𝑣! 55 + 31

2 ×46×13 × 194.1 + 20 141163.27

𝑣! 55 + 31

2 ×46×13 ×194.1 127976.6


Volume of layer 13186.67×9 118680

Layer 6

𝑣! 552 ×46×

13 × 200 + 20 92766.67

𝑣! 552 ×46×

13 ×200 84333.33


Volume of layer 8433.33×5 42166.67

Total Volume of Wall of Igloo Geodesic Dome = 305900+273700+232300+187373.33+118680+42166.67 = 1160120cm3

Since 1𝑚!= 1000000𝑐𝑚!, the volume in meters cubed is equal to 1.16012𝑚!. Hence, when rounded


17

to 2 decimal places, to build an igloo in the shape of a catenary geodesic dome 1.16𝑚!of compressed snow is needed.

Conclusion

My aim of this exploration was: “To apply the hyperbolic cosine function to the design and construction of an igloo. More specifically, create a catenary function that defines the shape of the desired igloo’s curve, and investigate the construction of the igloo based on the function.” If a person wants to build a snow igloo that is spacious enough for one person to fully stand up and lie down in, the hyperbolic cosine equation that would make this catenary shape would be

𝑓(𝑥) = −0.91 cosh − !!.!"

+ 2.91. The igloo is geodesic, and building it would require 78 snow

bricks (not all the same size) that make up six brick layers, and have a total volume of 1160120cm3 , or 1.16m3, of compressed snow.

Bibliography

"Building an Igloo." Exclusive Adventure. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Aug. 2013. <http://www.exclusiveadventure.ch/en/adventure-in-switzerland/igloo-building-74>. "Catenary Mod." Math. Fullerton. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Aug. 2013. <http://math.fullerton.edu/mathews/n2003/CatenaryMod.html/>. "Catenary." Wolfram Mathworld. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Aug. 2013. <http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Catenary.html>. "The Dome of St. Paul's Cathedral, London." Maths in the City. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Aug. 2013.

<http://www.mathsinthecity.com/tours/ maths-city-london?full=1#node-263>. "Gaudi: La Sagrada Familia Museum." Adagio Journal. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Aug. 2013. <http://adagiojournal.wordpress.com/2011/11/15/ gaudis-hanging-chain-models/>. Handy, Richard. "The Igloo and the Natural Bridge as Ultimate Structures." The Igloo and the Natural Bridge as Ultimate Structures: n. pag. Print. "How to Build an Igloo." AskWiki: Professional. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Aug. 2013. <http://askwiki.net/How-to-Build-an-Igloo>. "The Perfect Dome." American Scientist. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Aug. 2013. <http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/pub/2011/3/the-perfect-dome>. Robinson, Allan. "How to Calculate Catenary." Synonym. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Aug. 2013.

<http://classroom.synonym.com/calculate-catenary-2651.html>.

Jump! Bo Kyeang Kim–Grade 10

Five. Four. Three. Two. One. Bungee!

“Yahoo...Ahhhh!” A y e l l started with a joyful

excitement and ended with a desperate cry. T h e y a l l a a s c r e a m e d and shouted as aaif it was the end of thea aworld. Lina stood on thea aside of the gondola anda cclenched her fists strongly.a cLina failed her first jumpa c a t t h i s gondola. Thisa a w a s h e r second bungeea j j u m p . People mockeda aher after she failed her first a j u m p. They thought she was too afraid of the jump, but actuallyathat wasn’t true. Lina was only asked to stay with her best friend who was afraid of bungee jumping. There was no reason for her to jump and that’s why she didn’t jump. However now she needed to jump. She found a reason to jump, a clear and definite reason.

“Who’s next?’ asked the j u m p a s s i s t a n t . L i n a

recognized him from her previous visit.“Oh no, not him again” Lina muttered to herself.

Everyone looked at one another until one woman volunteered. She looked very feminine. Her long blonde hair waved in the wind, and her white skin gleamed in the sunshine. An icy blast of wind swept through the gondola and Lina crouched down to avoid the freezing wind and looked around. Everyone looked pale and their lips turned purple and started to quiver. However, their eyes were focused on the woman. Then the safety man started counting. He strapped on the harness and guided the woman to the edge of the platform. “Ready?” He asked. Five. Four. Three. Two. One.

Bungee!

The woman disappeared from the platform. Her unfal ter ing jump

amazed all of them. Lina looked down through window,

and saw her f a l l ing straight down to the emerald

colored lake which glinted in the sun. A boat came and took her down from the bungee.

“This bungee jump is such a big obstacle,” Lina mumbled to herself and sighed deeply. Then she leaned back against the window and closed her eyes and remembered talking with her friends earlier that morning.

“Hey, I heard you are going to bungee jump again,” Hyun Ah said with surprise.


18

“Yeah? So what?” Lina answered aggressively. Lina always hated Hyun Ah. She hated her even more after that morning when Lina failed her first jump, because Hyun Ah had harassed her ever since. Hyun Ah looked at Lina strangely. “Remembered what happened the last time you tried?” Hyun Ah laughed like an evil hyena.

Lina opened her eyes and grimaced. Starring at the platform she was determined to do it this time. ‘I can’t give up this jump,’ she repeated to herself. Lina turned her head to the window and tried to hide her apprehension and worry. Just then another man bravely walked to the edge of the platform. People inside the gondola shouted together.


“Wait. Wait! Wait a moment” the man yelled. “Just a minute.” He tried to relax himself, but the jump assistant wasn’t patient enough to wait for him. His hand went up. He pushed the man out from the gondola. Everyone stared as the man fell like a chicken waving its wings to fly.

Now it was Lina’s turn. Lina felt her heart beating faster. She felt the sweat on her back and her hands. Beads of sweat appeared on her forehead, her leg started to shake and her muscles began to stiffen. Lina stood up and walked slowly to the jump assistant. Then she paused for a moment. She heard Hyun Ah’s voice in her head. ‘ I k n e w i t ! A n o t h e r f a i l u r e ! Congratulations! Ha ha ha.’

The jump assistant checked the bungee and moved back to his spot. Lina looked down, and looked into the deep, deep lake. Thousands of thoughts swam inside her head. ‘Is this safe enough?’ ‘If the bungee snaps will I die?’ ‘Will he push me like the others if I hesitate?’ Lina closed her eyes and took a deep breath to get rid of this meaningless thinking.

She mustered her courage and clenched her fist strongly. She tried to jump. She tried to jump again and again, but her body wouldn’t move. Then the jump assistant walked to her and said. “You want to give up?” “Yeah, if I could, I would give up.” Lina answered with a mocking voice. “Then just give up. You failed last jump this morning, right?” the man said.

Lina’s face filled animosity. She could hear Hyun Ah’s voice again. “Yeah, I failed my last jump, but I’m not going to fail this one.” She took another deep breath. She was resolved to jump. Lina slowly raised her arm and felt the air. The wind wasn’t warm anymore. It was fresh and cool. The sunshine was bright and warm.


She stepped off the platform and felt gravity pulling her down like a magnet and she saw an emerald colored lake waving at her. The cool fresh wind covered her body and guided her softly towards the ground. Lina spread her arms and felt the soft air sweeping through the gaps between her fingers. And then it was over. The jump was finished. Lina hung her arms and touched the surface of clean and fresh water. She was full of excitement. A man in a boat grabbed her and unhooked her from the harness. She looked at the man. “Hey, that jump was incredible,” he said. “The best I saw all day!” “Really? Thank you,” Lina replied, amazed. They arrived at the dock and Lina hopped off from the boat and walked away. Then she called back to the man. “Hey!” “Yeah?” he answered. “Any discounts for second jump?” she asked. The man smiled and winked at her. n


19

RiverDa Hee Kang–Grade 9

When Sunday morning arrives with the sunshine,I close my eyes and river comes to me.

River, river, river.She wears a maple tree skirt, sunflower sweater and sunshine flat shoes.

She doesn’t say a word, only silence.So I won’t act like a noisy bird, wait in patience.

She’s wild but mild,and her smoothness soothes me.

I used to be an angry, nervous, furious girl,but her fresh cool touches calm me down like a coke without bubbles.

Now I feel peaceful,and her smile is graceful.

When Sunday evening arrives with the sunset,I open my eyes and river leaves me.


2020

Cincy, OHJourney Martin–Grade 9

My hometown in Cincinnati has a great joint where I can buy yummy patties

wanna know the best place to dineIt smells of chili and cheese and is called Skyline

as you walk across the purple people bridge and look up to see the cloudsthey have different shapes and sizes with some that look like mounds

when the fireworks go pop pop pop off in the skyAll i wonder is why

people would ever leave this beautiful place


21


《孔乙己》情节分析

谢抒宸 Yolanda Xie–Grade 11

《孔乙己》是鲁迅继《狂人日记》

之后第二篇抨击封建制度和封建文

化的小说，文章讲述了一个没有考

上秀才的读书人的悲惨遭遇与命

运。文章由孔乙己的四次出场以及

两大段侧面描写组成，成功塑造了

孔乙己这一封建落魄的知识分子形

象，并且揭露了封建科举制度对知

识分子的毒害和科举制度的弊端。

文章的开头两段交代了社会背

景，通过交代”短衣帮”与”长衫客”这

两类人的反差对当时社会中两个不

同阶层进行了介绍。在第二段结尾

中通过”我”对孔乙己的印象的描述为

孔乙己的形象埋下伏笔。

孔乙己第一次出场主要是与”短衣

帮”的交流。孔乙己刚一出场时作者

便用正面描写描摹出了孔乙己的迂

腐与古板，”穿的虽然是长衫，可是

又脏又破，似乎十多年没有补，也

没有洗。”此处外貌描写揭露了孔乙

己被科举制度毒害程度之深，就算

长衫破旧不堪也不愿放下那读书人

的标志。他刚一进店”短衣帮”们便开

始挖苦他说”孔乙己，你脸上又添上

新伤疤了！”孔乙己对此并未回答只

是向柜里要了酒和茴香豆，用”排”出

九文大钱这一动作来反击”短衣帮”的

挑衅，从而显示自己的若无其事并

且彰显自己的地位。或许是因见他

没有回应，”短衣帮”们又变本加厉的

高声嚷：”你一定又偷了人家的东西

了！”听到这儿，好面子的孔乙己”睁

大眼””涨红了脸”争辩道”你怎么这样

凭空污人清白···”但他的回答并不是

那么铿锵有力，听起来文绉绉的，

而且是可笑的”窃书不能算偷”这样牵

强的借口，似乎沾了读书人的名分

之后，这一行径也不再低下而是高

尚了起来。然而这终究掩饰不了这

一不光彩行为的事实。所以接下来

他也只能以满口之乎者也的话来逃

避，也只有这些文绉绉、”一些难懂

的”语言能带给他些许的心灵慰藉。

而他连反驳时都念念不忘的”读书

人”的身份，也进一步揭示了封建科

举制度对他的毒害是多么的根深蒂

固。

接着作者插入了一段对孔乙己的

侧面描写反映其性格——”他有一样

坏脾气，便是好喝懒做”，我们从中


22

得知他是个很懒惰的人。但是他

的”品行却极好，从不拖欠酒钱”。从

这个侧面我们看到孔乙己偷东西固

然是因他好喝懒做，更是科举制度

对他的残害，这也是他最终走向死

亡的原因。

孔乙己第二次出场时主要交流对象

是店里的”小伙计”，作者通过孔乙己

教小伙子写”茴”字的四种写法，描绘

出了孔乙己本性的善良与热心，从

侧面表现了科举制度的无用以及对

孔乙己的深深毒害。常人只识一种

普遍写法就已足够，但是孔乙己却

不，他牢牢记住”茴”字的四种不同写

法。这种考据学的问题日常是没人

在乎的，但孔乙己却把它们当做至

宝一样看待，把它当做自己是个读

书人的标志之一，可见他的古板和

迂腐以及科举制度对他的深深毒

害。尽管孔乙己热心的讲给小伙计

听，但是小伙计却看不起他，不耐

烦地走开了。这里也表现出了孔乙

己的不被认可与尊重。

孔乙己的第三次出场是与小孩子

们的接触，与第二次出场相近与孩

子们分茴香豆同样表现了他的善

良。每当盘子里的豆不多时他便”伸

开五指将碟子罩住”说着”不多不多！

多乎哉？不多也。”小孩子也便笑着

走开了，也不难看出他难找”知音”的

孤苦、寂寞心情。

在孔乙己最后一次出场前，作者通

过掌柜和酒客的对话中侧面交代孔

乙己因偷窃被丁举人打折了腿。在

一连串的问答中尽显了人们的冷漠

无情以及彰显了统治阶层的残暴无

情。这也是和前文中孔乙己与”短衣

帮”交锋的对照，”长衫客”对孔乙己

的伤害就不再像”短衣帮”仅仅是对他

心灵上的伤害，而更多的是对他肉

体的残害。紧接着孔乙己在悲凉的

环境中悲惨登场”脸上黑而且瘦，已

经不成样子；穿一件破夹袄，盘着

两腿，下面垫一个蒲包，用草绳在

肩上挂住””他从破衣袋里摸出四文大

钱，放在我手里，见他满手是泥，

原来他便用这手走来的。”这些描写

详细写出了孔乙己当时处境的悲

惨，一个”摸”字与前文的”排”字形成

强烈对比。孔乙己的思想已经被封

建科举制度完全残害，如今就连肉

体也遭到如此摧残。尽管孔乙己是

如此的悲惨与不幸，人们依旧把他

当做昔日的笑料继续在他的伤口上

不断撒盐，但是孔乙己不再像从前

那样文绉绉的反驳，只是一句单薄

无力的”不要取笑”加上对掌柜的的恳

求的神色，最终还是在人们的笑声

中离去并且走向死亡。

鲁迅将孔乙己的四次出场作为文

章的主体，巧妙运用四次不同的场

景与不同的人群，深刻刻画出在科

举制度下被深深毒害的知识分子们

以及当时社会上冷漠的人情世故。n


23

Takeaway TroubleMarie Armstrong–Grade 10

Weeks of eating nothing but Chinese food had us all desperate for something that reminded us of home. Pizza seemed like a safe choice. It wasn’t that we didn’t like Chinese food--our family actually ate it all the time, even though we’d had a couple of nasty experiences with some Chinese takeaway in the past. Dad had found a place where he could point at the food he wanted and it was put in polystyrene boxes to take away. It was usually pretty good, but the night before, we’d had a really bad experience. One of the boxes had a mystery meat that smelled bad. Later we were told that the dish was pig’s intestines. That dish had left us all reeling in disgust.

We all studied the pizza menu carefully. Like children, we examined the pictures on the brochure, as we couldn’t read the Chinese characters.

My brother squealed, ‘”I think we get two for the price of one!”, while I was exclaiming loudly, “Look at all the cheese you get on this one!”Excitement filled the air as we bickered about what to order. This was our first pizza in China and it was a very serious matter. We’d actually

found it a big difficulty to find food that we liked for the past few weeks. We were tired of Mum’s awful pancakes and Dad’s takeaway Chinese food. We were living in a part of north Shanghai where there were very few Westerners and it was a long way to the city centre to find good Western food.

Decisions about the pizzas were made and Dad and I set off. After a short motorbike ride to the restaurant, we ordered three pizzas. We weren’t really sure WHAT we’d ordered but we were full of anticipation for the feast that was about to follow. I held onto the pizzas tightly while riding on the back of the bike home. They smelled good and kept me warm in the freezing cold. We zoomed back to our apartment block. The smell of hot pizza improved the usual odour of the elevator. Not far now the elevator jolted up to the thirteenth floor. I scurried out of the elevator, as the doors were quick to close on you. We’d made it home. The table was ready.

The first pizza box was opened with a cloud of steam.

“Yum!” I cried. “This smells amazing!”


24

Everyone dived in for their first piece of pizza. It was the Margherita, Mum’s favourite. But how did that Chinese spice end up permeating that simple Italian pizza? We ate it though, as were pretty hungry. We pushed it aside, knowing the second one would be a drastic improvement.

Pizza number two looked great but it smelled shifty.

“What’s that smell dad?” my younger brother asked worriedly.

The strange odour filled the room. I hesitantly picked up a bit of the cheesy topping and popped it inside my mouth. The pizza was a soggy, droopy piece of cardboard. Yuk! I had to spit it out. It tasted bad. What could it be? Dad and my older brothers couldn’t wait to try this smelly creation. Their faces were twisted with a mixture of horror and disgust. But they managed to eat it. Nothing could put them off. Mum and my younger brother were bitterly disappointed about our first pizza takeaway experience and had given up on eating any more. They went back to the fridge to see what they could find.

Time to eat pizza number three. This had to be it. I was not satisfied at all and my stomach was still rumbling. I slowly opened the box, unsure of what I might find within. Dad, my brothers and I all roared with horror as we opened the box.

“What’s that on the top?”

“Corn?”

“It tastes like curry!”

“Mum why is there spam?”

Did the Chinese even eat spam? This couldn’t be. It was as if the chef was experimenting! My brothers are known to eat anything. There was never any food wasted in our home, but this pizza was going to be an exception.

“Eww!” m y o l d e r brother shrieked. “’This is disgusting!”

I took a bite and had to agree. We were all bitterly disappointed. This wasn’t at all what we’d been hoping for. The taste reminded me of what I thought might be similar to the surface of the moon - alien and horrifying.

The apartment fell silent. Mum and my brother were in the kitchen making toast. Dad, my brothers and I looked at the uneaten pizza quietly. It looked as if this could be the first time we’d thrown out even a slice of pizza. Without a word, we all knew this pizza was going in the bin. I went to bed that night, my stomach longing for satisfaction. It was a devastating moment for us all.

And it was that fateful meal that changed our view on Italian takeaway in China. Over the following weeks, our next Italian meal became the focus of much discussion. We weren’t taking any chances with our next pizza. n


25

Pizza number two looked

great but ! sme"ed shi#y.

The Impact of

ESSPIN on

Education in

Northern NigeriaJeff Chang–Grade 9

Living without safe water, wi thout e lectr ic i ty, and without medical care, Nigeria has often been seen as one of the most undeveloped nations in the world. Therefore, a lot of countries in Europe and North America provide aid to the nation. However, there are quite a lot of arguments within the United Kingdom about the aid. The Education Sector Support Programme in Nigeria (ESSPIN)’s works have also been questioned. Nevertheless, ESSPIN has made a positive impact to the educat ion in Nor ther n Nigeria.

E d u c a t i o n i n N i g e r i a , especially in the Northern regions, has become one of the major factors that kept Nigeria poor. To begin with, the rapid population growth

a f f e c t e d t h e s i t u a t i o n negatively. Over the last decade, the population had grown above 166 million, ( ” In te r nat iona l Human Development Indicators - UNDP.”) while 45% of the population is under 15. (”UNICEF Nigeria - The ch i ld ren - Educat ion” ) Ostensibly, the enrollment rate of schools increased and should boost the education directly and the development indirectly, but there wasn’t significant change. In fact, the issue in Nigeria is not entirely related to number of children learning, it’s the quality. Although more students are attending school every day in the morning, the number of schools and teachers almost remains the same in these years. Together with the lack of the ability for teachers to teach effectively, this caused the problem that f ew students can learn as well as students in the UK. T h e f a c i l i t i e s a n d resources lower the children’s enthusiasm for learning. For instance, there’s only one toilet for 600 students on average, not to mention the lack o f s a f e w a t e r, electricity, and the q u a l i t y o f classrooms. At the same time, 40% are out o f school in N o r t h e r n N i g e r i a

because of quality and labor. (”UNICEF Nigeria - The ch i ld ren - Educat ion” ) According to a mother, “ E ve r yo n e k n o w s t h a t education is very important but there is no need to deceive yourself by sending your child to school if there is n o t h i n g t o g a i n b y going.” (DFID’s Education Programmes in Nigeria.) Also many families need the children to help with labor. If they aren’t educated, they won’t be able to earn more and help in the family. For example, the average increase of productivity is 9% for farmers with at least four years primary education. (”Breaking the cycle of poverty with education | Features | Canadian Feed The Children.”) As the


26

education in Nigeria is not effective, people therefore kept the poverty the same over generations and are trapped in the cycle of poverty. Standing up and facing the p r e d i c a m e n t , E S S P I N contributed to the situation positively. ESSPIN is part of t h e D e p a r t m e n t f o r International Development’s (DFID) educational program. Begun in 2008 and scheduled to end in 2014, ESSPIN put a lot of effort on improving the education of six states in Northern Nigeria. First, the focus of the program is to c h a n g e s c h o o l s comprehensively. As an environment for students to study, schools are seen as the heart of the entire project. Anyhow, ESSPIN wasn’t tackling a single problem, which most projects are doing. The central idea of the project is to improve schools comprehensively, including t e a ch e r s i m p rove m e n t , environment of schools, governance, and cooperation with communities. (”ESSPIN | Helping Nigeria create an education system sustainable, del iverable and equal ly beneficial to all”) Second, in order to succeed, ESSPIN created a high quality plan. Basically, improvement inside the school can be divided into three parts. The State Quality Management Teams are led by head education system officers, who were trained by

ESSPIN. They directed the work of the State School Improvement Teams. Just in the same way, these teams are membered with people across the education sectors in Nigeria. They guided and suppor t head teacher s ’ management in each school, whi le planning training c o u r s e s f o r c l a s s r o o m teacher s. Pur su ing th i s further, at the bottom of the ch a i n , S ch o o l S u p p o r t Officers work directly for schools with the Quality Assurance Teams, which were or ig ina l ly Niger ian but c h a n g e d a n d a r e n o w supported by ESSPIN. They ensure the aid were used properly, the process is ongoing, and advisory service is provided for every teacher. Furthermore, outside the schools, ESSPIN asked the political leaders for financial support for facilities, helped change the education system a n d g o v e r n a n c e , a n d ameliorated the intake of quality teachers. (”ESSPIN Briefing Notes.”) Lastly, this kind of superior design turned out to impact the education successfully and effectively. There has been a massive increase in most of the key results such as number of learners, children accessing safe water, number of teacher trained etc . Learners increased 245% in total and females 155%, all the targets set for teacher training are met, with success

in resources and funding. (ESSPIN 19th Quarterly Report.) It’s obvious that ESSPIN had made a positive and excellent improvement on the education in this region.

U n d o u b t e d l y, E S S P I N contributed to the schools. However, their travail is questioned. The Independent Commission for Aid Impact is a further organization that responds and checks the UK aid sent and is responsible to maximize the effectiveness. It pointed out in their critical report that the program started at an extremely challenging situation with few e f f e c t i ve t e a c h e r s a n d materials. While spending over a hundred mil l ion pounds together with another p r o j e c t , n o m a j o r improvements were made. Moreover, estimates of 3.7 million students are still not at s c h o o l . ( E S S P I N 1 9 t h Quarterly Report.) Further arguments occured when BBC News reported this point of view. The program is written as “failed” while there are certain successes. As an explanation to the report, the DFID spokesman claimed that ICAI’s data has little persuasiveness since “the team only visited one per cent of schools, most of which were in only one state in Nigeria, and they did not take into account the most recent


27

e v i d e n c e o f t h e p r o j e c t s ’ progress.” (”UK aid ‘ n o t i m p r o v i n g Nigerian education”) Indeed, in order to evaluate the program “e ffic i en t l y” and “effectually,” they won’t spend time l o o k i n g a t e a c h school. On the other hand, the report is not actually saying t h a t t h e p ro j e c t failed. For example, despite stating that, “have yet to achieve sustainable results…ESSPIN approach appears more likely to succeed over the long term.” (DFID’s Education Programmes in Nigeria.) Assuredly, the teams worked differently than many other organizations. Instead of doing and improving a single problem, they taught the local population why and how to improve as a “whole.” This means that even though there wasn’t significant improvement on one of the indicators, student learning, it will still succeed because ESSPIN transferred their skills to the natives and the aid will keep on forever.

To sum up, ESSPIN stimulated the education in Northern Nigeria thoroughly. While taking the risk to work in a relatively dreadful condition, the quality plan contributed to Nigerian education. A portion of people argued that it’s not helping because they didn’t see that the program will most likely benefit the country later on. If more organizations can see ESSPIN as a model and fight against poverty in the future, there may come a day when people are no longer suffering from hunger, thirst, and diseases. n

Bibliography“Breaking the cycle of poverty with education | Features |

Canadian Feed The Children.” Canadian Feed The Children | Children’s Charity > Fighting Child Poverty | CFTC. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Oct. 2013. <http://www.canadianfeedthechildren.ca/news-views/features/breaking-the-cycle-of-poverty-with-education>.

DFID’s Education Programmes in Nigeria. United Kingdom: Independent Commission for Aid Impact, Print.

“ESSPIN Briefing Notes.” ESSPIN | Helping Nigeria create an education system sustainable, deliverable and equally beneficial to all. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Oct. 2013. <http://www.esspin.org/index.php/ourwork/briefingnotes>.

“ESSPIN | Helping Nigeria create an education system sustainable, deliverable and equally beneficial to all.” ESSPIN | Helping Nigeria create an education system sustainable, deliverable and equally beneficial to all.. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Oct. 2013. <http://esspin.org>.

“International Human Development Indicators - UNDP.” Indices & Data | Human Development Reports (HDR) | United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Oct. 2013. <http://h d r s t a t s . u n d p. o r g / e n / c o u n t r i e s / p ro fi l e s /NGA.html>.

“UK aid ‘not improving Nigerian education.” BBC News. N.p. , n .d . Web. 13 Oct . 2013 . <ht tp ://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-20405140>.

“UNICEF Nigeria - The children - Education.” UNICEF - UNICEF Home . N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Oct. 2013. < h t t p : / / w w w . u n i c e f . o r g / n i g e r i a /children_1937.html>.

ESSPIN’s 19th Quarterly Report. United Kingdom: ESSPIN, 2013. Print.


28

http://www.canadianfeedthechildren.ca/news-views/features/breaking-the-cycle-of-poverty-with-education






http://www.esspin.org/index.php/ourwork/briefingnotes




http://esspin.org

http://esspin.org

http://esspin.org

http://esspin.org

http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/NGA.html






http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-20405140




http://www.unicef.org/nigeria/children_1937.html




최윤의《저기 소리없이 한 점 꽃잎이 지고》의 주인공 소녀에게 보내는 편지

So Hyang Kweon–Grade 11

참고: 이 글은 최윤의 중편소설 <저기 소리없이 한 점 꽃잎이 지고>의

주인공 소녀를 수신인으로 한 편지글입니다.

이름 모를 소녀에게,

안녕, 소녀야. 나는 소향이라고 해.

벌써 봄바람이 살랑 살랑 불어오는 3

월이야. 네가 어머니를 잃어버린 그때는 늦봄이었겠지. 나는 너의 그 슬픈 이야기를 최윤 작가의 ‘저기 소리

없이 한 점 꽃잎이 지고’라는 책을 읽고 알게 되었어. 나는 너의 그 안타까운 이야기를 통해 5.18 광주 민주화

운동이 얼마나 처참하고 끔찍했는지

다시 한 번 깨닫게 되었어.

처음 책을 읽었을 때는 뭐가 뭔지 사실 이해가 잘 안 됐어. 프롤로그 부분에서는 계속 무엇인가를 하지 말라고만 부탁하고 너에 대해서 설명을

하는데 그냥 좀 이상했어. 너를 보면

그냥 모른척하고 지나가고 보통 사람들과 달리 이상한 행동을 해도 그냥 아무렇지 않게 지나가라고, 또한

동정도 하지 말고, 그냥 가라고 그렇

게 이야기를 시작해서 이건 무슨 내용일까 하고 궁금했어.

그러다가 어떤 남자가 이야기를 시작하는 거야. 너에 대해서 막 설명해

줬어. 생김새부터 시작해서 네가 그

남자를 따라가고 그리고 그 남자 집에서 했던 행동들 그런 것들에 대해

설명해줬어. 그래서 점점 이야기에

대해 알게 되었지. 알고 보니, 그 남자는 네가 너의 친 오빠라고 착각하고 따라갔던 남자였어. 처음에 그 남자가 너를 학대하고 미워하고 공포심을 느끼면서 무서워할 때는 정말

마음이 아팠어. 그리고 많은 사람들이, 특히 너 같은 어린 아이들이 5.18

광주 민주화 운동 때문에 이런 비참한 대우를 받았다는 것을 알게 되니,

정말 그 역사가, 한 사람이 권력이라는 것을 가지고 남용하려고 그렇게

무고한 사람들을 학살하고 고통스럽게 했다는 것에 충격 먹었어. 또한 나는 사실 광주 민주화 운동이란 것을

잘 모르고 있었어. 전에 들어 본 적은

있었지만 이렇게 많은 사람들이 아파하고 그 충격이 컸을 것이라고는

상상도 못했어. 많은 사람들이 아파했을 거라고는 생각해봤고 그것에

대해 이야기를 들었지만 이렇게까지

심각하고 그 고통의 깊이가 깊었다는 것 알지 못했지만 이젠 알아.


29

나는 이 책을 읽고 너를 알게 되기 전에 화려한 휴가라는 영화를 봤어. 그

영화도 광주 민주화 운동에 관한 것이었어, 그런데 그 영화를 보면서도

죄 없는 광주 시민들이 그렇게 가족을 잃고 마음 아파하고 군인들에 맞서 싸우고 옆에서 사랑하는 사람이

죽는 모습을 보고 그러는 사람들이

너무 불쌍하고 내 마음이 너무 아팠어. 근데 너의 이야기를 들으니 네가

당했던 고통이 상상이 되면서 나한테 너무 그 고통이 얼마나

컸을까 하고

마음 아프게

다가왔어. 어떻게 그 고통을 견딜 수 있었니? 정말

힘들었을 거야. 그래서 아마 네가 정신을 놓아 버렸던 것 일수도 있지. 나 같아도 아마 정신을 놓던지 아님 그냥 삶을 포기해 버렸을 거야.

점점 이야기가 전개되면서 네가 네

이야기를 할 때, 나는 네가 정말 그

사건에 대해 힘들고 아프고 고통스러웠다는 걸 알게 되었어. 막 검은 휘장이 너의 머리를 막 감아서 그 날의

생각이 안 난다고 할 때 나는 그것이

아주 아픈 기억이라서 다시는 기억하고 싶지 않아서 그렇다는 걸 알았어. 그래서 너에게 나는 그냥 다 잊어버리라고 그건 너의 잘못이 아니라고 죄책감을 느낄 필요가 없다고 얘기해 주고 싶었어. 네가 받은 상처와

고통을 내가 다 이해 할 수는 없겠지만 조금이나마 너의 이야기를 들어주면서 공감해주거나 너를 보살펴주면서 도와주고 치유해주고 싶었어.

그러다가 이야기의 마지막 부분에서

네가 그 휘장은 너 스스로

만든 것이라는 것을 깨닫고 그 날에 대해 이야기를

해줄 때, 나는

그 일을 상상해보니 그 충격과 공포가 그

렇게 컸겠구나, 너 같은 그런 열다섯

살 정도의 소녀에게는 정말 큰 충격이었겠구나 하고 생각했어. 그리고

엄마가 총에 맞아서 죽을 때를 그렇게 자세하게 표현한 것에 또 한 번 놀랐어. 그리고 엄마 손을 발로 밟아서

엄마가 꽉 잡고 있는 그 손을 뿌리치고 도망쳐야 했을 때 네가 느꼈을 그런 고통과 죄책감을 상상해보니 그건 내가 아마 할 수 없는 상상일 뿐만


30

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��.

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31

Journey

to Mars?Makeila Cox–Grade 7

An unmanned space shuttle can get to Mars in

150 to 300 days, depending on how it was launched, where and when. With today’s scientific technology it would take about 180

days for a manned spaceship to get to the planet (54 million kilometers away) according to NASA. However, astronauts would have to stay on Mars for about 18-20 months before

Earth and Mars aligned to return. The return trip would also take about 180 days. In all, it would take about 30 months, or two and a half

years to go to Mars, do a mission, and return.

The maximum number for a crew that we

could have is seven people. I think this is a good number because we can fulfill the needs of a team and not have too many people to make bringing supplies and fuel difficult. Right now

we don’t have the knowledge or technology to take a lot of people on a trip to Mars because with the amount of fuel needed to carry

everything and escape Earth’s orbit you would need more fuel. This just adds to the weight so that having more than seven crew members

would be a burden.

There should be a few different roles, including: a crew commander to lead the crew

on the mission, a crew co-commander, who is second in command and guides the crew, a crew engineer who is good with technology and

fixing equipment, a crew scientist to study the

geography of Mars and who has knowledge of biology to research Mars, a crew astronomer who would be in charge of telescopes and cameras and who has knowledge of astronomy,

a crew journalist to write accounts of what is done every day to report to Earth, and finally a crew health officer who should be responsible

for health checks and keeping the crew fit.

The Commander’s IB traits are: Principled and

Thinker, because the commander has to be fair and responsible for the mission to go well, so he/she can take care of what needs to be done and they can do it well with a good view of

what is fair for each person. He/she can do their job well and is in charge of the important decisions. The Co-commander is Open-

minded and a Thinker, and must be open to different cultures and ideas so he/she can put that skill into use while doing a mission. He/

she must also think critically as his/her decisions are important. An Engineer: Knowledgeable and Reflective, so the engineer


32

must have sufficient knowledge of mechanics to operate equipment and must know how to reflect on what has gone wrong with his/her own thinking as well as the technology to be

able to improve. The crew’s Scientist: Inquirer and Knowledgeable, so the scientist must do research and try to find out more on Mars. The

scientist must know how to explore ideas and concepts of his/her environment to ensure the wellbeing of all the crew members. The

Astronomer: Thinker and Inquirer, so he/she must be able to think critically and strive to learn more about his/her surroundings and

position in space for the mission to go well. He/she can use telescopes and cameras effectively to

learn about his/her environment. The Journalist: Communicator and Open-minded, so he/she should record and write what

progress is made each day and can work well with the crew in interviews or in asking questions. He/she is able to express him/herself in a way that has cultural diversity and

may not be offensive to others, so this may contribute to improving world scientific knowledge. Health Officer: Caring and

Balanced, and is responsible for health checks and the physical and mental health of the crew. He/she must be caring towards the crew and

must have balance in their life so they can work towards the wellbeing of others.

I think I will need to weed people out too when

they come. Many sources say there were cases where there were thousands of people signing up for one company to go to Mars. Of all the

people in the world, finding seven willing to go to Mars on a scientific mission should be easy. There are people who want to do great things,

succeed, and be honored. The goal of this mission is to get to Mars, study and collect samples of dirt and rock, take measurements of

temperature, atmosphere particles, etc., and get

back to Earth. There are many people who are more than willing to risk their lives to

contribute to the development of science. n

Bibliography“200,000 apply to go to Mars.” The Independent. Version

1. Independent Digital News and Media, n.d. Web. 21 Nov. 2013. <http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/200000-apply-for-oneway-mission-to-colonise-mars--but-only-four-can-become-the-first-human-settlers-of-the-red-planet-8806144.html>.

“Blue Dragon: CrewÂ Selection.” Mars Settlement. Version 1. Blue Dragon, 9 May 2013. Web. 21 Nov. 2013. <http://marssettlement.org/2013/05/09/blue-dragon-crew-selection/>.

Cain, Fraser. “How Long Does it Take to Get to Mars?.” Universe Today RSS. Version 1. Universe Today, 9 May 2013. Web. 21 Nov. 2013. <http://www.universetoday.com/14841/>.

“Crew Roles - Mars Desert Research Station.” Crew Roles - Mars Desert Research Station. Version 1. Mars Desert Research Center, n.d. Web. 21 Nov. 2013. <http://mdrs.marssociety.org/crew-roles>.

“How Long To Mars?.” Infoplease. Version 1. Infoplease, n . d . W e b . 2 1 N o v . 2 0 1 3 . < h t t p : / /www.infoplease.com/askeds/long-mars.html>.

“How long does it take to travel to Mars?.” - Mars One. Version 1. Mars One, n.d. Web. 21 Nov. 2013. <http://www.mars-one.com/en/faq-en/22-faq-mission-features/188-how-long-does-it-take-to-travel-to-mars>.

Hudson, Paul. Explore’s Dawn. N.d. Manned Mission to Mars, Washington DC. Manned Mission To Mars. Web. 21 Nov. 2013.

Mann, Adam. “Why we can’t send humans to Mars yet, and how we’ll fix that.” Wired UK. Version 1. Wired UK, 31 May 2013. Web. 21 Nov. 2013. <http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2013-05/31/getting-to-mars>.


33

must have sufficient knowledge of mechanics to operate equipment and must know how to reflect on what has gone wrong with his/her own thinking as well as the technology to be

able to improve. The crew’s Scientist: Inquirer and Knowledgeable, so the scientist must do research and try to find out more on Mars. The

scientist must know how to explore ideas and concepts of his/her environment to ensure the wellbeing of all the crew members. The

telescopes and cameras effectively to

temperature, atmosphere particles, etc., and get

back to Earth. There are many people who are more than willing to risk their lives to

contribute to the development of science. n


http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/200000-apply-for-oneway-mission-to-colonise-mars--but-only-four-can-become-the-first-human-settlers-of-the-red-planet-8806144.html








http://marssettlement.org/2013/05/09/blue-dragon-crew-selection/




http://www.universetoday.com/14841/




http://mdrs.marssociety.org/crew-roles

http://mdrs.marssociety.org/crew-roles

http://www.infoplease.com/askeds/long-mars.html




http://www.mars-one.com/en/faq-en/22-faq-mission-features/188-how-long-does-it-take-to-travel-to-mars






http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2013-05/31/getting-to-mars






Ice CreamHa Young Park–Grade 10

Anna’s father locked his ice cream store while whistling along to his favorite tune. He picked up the big white ice cream tub and walked towards home. As soon as he got home, he put down his ice cream in front of Anna, who was having breakfast. “Look what I brought,” her father said with a big smile. Anna opened the tub with a grimace. The ice cream inside the tub looked very hard and unpalatable, like the barren ground in winter. “Dad, seriously? You brought this for me to eat?” Anna said, “This is refrozen ice-cream. I’m not your garbage bin!” Not finished with her cereal, Anna grabbed her s choo l bag and dashed out. Right before she slammed the door, her father shouted, “I can’t sell this to my customers anyway, can I?” O n t h e w a y t o school, Anna tried to figure out where things had gone wrong. Only three months ago Anna was living a ‘normal’ life. Back then her father would wake up very early and greet her for breakfast already dressed in his suit. She thought he looked like a very handsome James Bond. This looked very normal until the day he got fired abruptly. The dismissal caused many moments of panic and much anger and fear. But as the days rolled on, her father began to appreciate a life without working in a prison made of sadness, stress and instant food. It seemed like this

sudden layoff was actually a parachute that rescued him from a boring and devoted life—it gave him a chance to pursue his dream. His dream, however, would become Anna’s nightmare. Later that morning at school, Anna sat with her friends during break to eat her crispy bacon and baked potato. “Wanna grab some ice cream after school?” asked Silvia, Anna’s best friend. When she heard the word “ice cream,”

A n n a s t o p p e d chewing and swallowed with a gulp. That word sent a sudden chill to the marrow of her bones. What if the ice cream store she meant was her father’s? A n n a ’ s h e a r t pounded like beans on a hot frying pan. “Ice cream? Which place?” Anna tried to ask her as casually as possible. “You know the new one near our school?” Silvia replied. Anna froze. She n o d d e d i n s t e a d o f

answering the question. She knew this day would come, but never expected this soon. What would she say to her friends when they saw her father in aprons in an ice-cream shop? When they realized that their pocket money would become her family’s income? The thought of it was too unbearable. “Okay, see you guys after school.” Anna replied. For Anna the rest of the day felt like a year. Time crawled like a snail. She couldn’t


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give a toss about what Mr. Reed was saying about covalent bonding. She sat there shaking her leg, kicking her chair, biting her lip, and chewing her cuticles. She thought about convincing them to go to another shop. Who eats ice cream in the winter, anyway? Anna met her friends after school near the school main gate. “Hey guys, it’s a bit cold today,” she said. “No offense but why don’t we go elsewhere…?” She tried to sound them out

carefully, hoping this would work. “No, I think the weather’s fine.” “Hey Annabelle, my friend, you know I’d kill for ice cream!” “You won’t get cold eating a cup of ice cream. Besides, I hear it’s the best ice cream in town.” After failing her plan, Anna was worried even more. Her heart seemed to turn into a

lump of lead and sank heavily down and down. Time waited for no one and it quickly slipped through her fingers. Before she knew it, they were already there. From the moment she stepped into the shop she could not lift her head up. “Oh ladies, what a surprise,” her father said, “Have a seat right there.” Her friends looked confused and lost. Silvia was looking right at Anna with a stiff face, waiting for Anna to explain. A blush of shame crept up Anna’s face. “Isn’t that your father?” Silvia whispered Anna felt even more embarrassed. She was stunned into silence. Her hands were shaking and getting sweaty. Anna couldn’t take it anymore. She tried to bite down her teeth but one, two, three drops of tears fell to the ground. She ran out of the store and sat outside, crying.

‘If nothing had changed six month ago, I wouldn’t be crying like this. If nothing had changed, I wouldn’t have to eat refrozen ice cream. If nothing had changed, I wouldn’t be this embarrassed in front of my friends. If nothing…’ Anna thought. “Ting-a-ling.” The bell on the door rang. Anna looked up and saw Silvia standing there. “Anna, what’s a matter? Are you alright?” She sat down near Anna. “I’m sorry. I wanted to tell you all sooner, it’s just,” Anna gazed at the ground, “I was so embarrassed. And I didn’t know what you guys would think of me if I told you that my father started an…ice cream shop.” “Hey Annabelle, it’s so cool that your father owns this amazing shop. Believe it or not, I envy you. You know, all my father does is come back home at twelve and sleep. You should be very proud of your father.” Silvia put her hand on Anna’s shoulder, and then Anna burst into tears. Silvia’s words were touching. They went back in. “Did you enjoy it, ladies?” Anna’s father asked. “Seriously Mr. Green, this is the best ice cream I have ever tasted in my life,” Silvia beamed with a great big smile. “That’s what it’s all about ladies,” her father replied. “Putting a smile on people’s faces. No matter what kind of day you’re having or how mad at the world you may be, ice cream will always make you happy.” It was at that moment that Anna realized why her father had decided to open the shop. Anna knew it was his dream to open one but never thought he would enjoy his life more than before. His ice cream shop was filled with happy energy and the ice cream he made brought people joy. For the first time, she was proud of her father. This place was a blissful wonderland where the worst thing that could go wrong was a child dropping a scoop on the floor. n


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Parasitic Late Night StudiesAnnie Long–Grade 12

A girl, a spirit of the past,

Eyes peeled back, unblinking;

Swallowed up by the keeper’s black fluttering wings,

Signifying the brightness, a white dazzling cloud-like façade.

The reaper comes and leaves a thought;

A striking paradise caressed by God.

Oh, let me lay still, buried in the smell of

This dingy, clingy aftertaste and the stark white

Sheets stained with mocking crows,

Stygian, like the heart of Satan

On All Hallows’ Eve.


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The New AgeAnnie Long–Grade 12

The outcasts, the damned, the scoundrels, the scarredJoin them, live it; kill and runThat’s the kind of freedom we’re entitled toTake the baton and join in the fun

Feelings of dominance; Queen Bee Living in the glory and the guiltSmash the weak, terrorizeUse your innocence, enlist your pride

Turn around, back to back, we only have each other nowThe ground’s gone bare, let’s move onResistance is futile, bow downTo the new age


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TECHNOLOGY IN WORLD WAR ITony Yoon–Grade 11

It is easy to associate and limit the use of technology in battles to weapons. However, one of the factors that made the battles of World War I so different from the ones fought in the past was that technology was not only applied to kill and destroy, but played a crucial role in various fields such as mobility, communication and strategy, thereby changing the course of battle during the war.

Technology greatly affected mobility of both forces in the war. With the reliance on traditional cavalry regiments leading to no progress and heavy casualties, armored vehicles saw crucial service as a substitute to complete reconnaissance, rescue and quick search and destroy missions that traditionally were taken by cavalry units while railway substituted the transportation of troops, munitions and supplies. The Belgians and French used armored vehicles to great effect, slowing down enemy advancement. Armored vehicles played a large role in the Race to the Sea and during post-trench warfare battles as they became heavily armor-plated and armed, enabling them to cut through enemy defenses quickly, such examples being the British Lancaster/Rolls Royce armored cars and the formation of armored cyclist units. Railways proved to be a great advantage for the defenders, as they had an established railway system for use, while the invaders had to find or create a railway or such substitute to keep advancing or supplying its troops. Germany suffered difficulties fighting outside its territorial boundaries with the lack of railways for supplies to support its foremost fronts. On the other hand, the Allied forces were capable of conducting large, effective operations transporting troops from one place to another while taking refugees of cities under siege to safer destinations, owing to the

complexity of French railways. This ability was exemplified in the movement of the British Expeditionary Force and the French colonial troops of Africa and India into France and the fast, organized retreat of the Allied forces to the Marne after the fall of Charleroi that effectively allowed the Allied forces to prepare a defensive line to repel German advancement and defend Paris. Mobility therefore was a crucial technological factor that changed the course of the battles fought in the war.

C o m m u n i c a t i o n w a s a n o t h e r technological advancement that changed the course of battle during the war. The Belgians were so afraid of the Germans taking advantage of its global communications network that they destroyed their Brussels Radio station prior to German occupation, and their decision proved to be wise, for battles in World War 1 saw significant reliance on new forms of communication for the first time. The use of telephones and telegrams proved vital in communication between the front lines and Command. Although portable radios were not abundant, portable radio carriers were valuable assets to the troops on the front lines, taking on tasks that allowed for quick and effective communication along stretched trench defense to warn each other for enemy advancement and poison gas attacks as well as used to plan counter-offensives or set up defensive parameters. Portable radios were also used to direct fighter planes to their targets during bombing runs, which made them more effective. Intercepted intelligence from communications were wielded as a weapon as it could be intercepted, as demonstrated by the British with the Zimmerman files which they promptly used to encourage US intervention. Therefore, the fluidity of the battles in the war was extensively reliant on the stability of communication lines along the fronts and between Command and front lines in general.


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The tactics used among belligerents changed with the development of technology, most notably the use of land-based weapons, submarines and airplanes. With the implementation of machine-guns and artillery, battles of attrition were fought as the attackers were guaranteed greater losses in men compared to the dug-in defenders, leading both sides to use continuous heavy artillery barrages to clear defenses or set up machine-gunners along the trenches to counter large infantry advancement. On sea, the massive use of submarines by the German High Fleet as well as the development of Dreadnaughts saw both countries select the tactics of Fleet-in-being and naval blockades rather than choosing to fight head to head, for both countries were well aware that decisive victory was not achievable, until the Battle of the Jutland in 1916. The development of airplanes was another significant factor that contributed to the change of strategy in 1917~18, with more strategic bombing and infantry support focuses. Battle tactics were, throughout the war, adapting to the technology that was available at hand.

It is easy to assume that solely weapons shaped battles in WW1. However, unlike previous wars, technology showed effective potential in various fields and affected various factors of battles that made the war perhaps the most technologically driven and shaped war of that time. n


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Curley’s Wife’s JournalHui Ryeon Yeo–Grade 12

I always get awful lonely. Sure I gotta husban’ name Curley who alla time talkin’ what he’s gonna do to guys he don’t like. I don’t like him. He ain’t a nice fella. It’s nice to hear that machine, Lennie, busted Curley’s hand. Curley else gets mad at me if I talk to people. Baloney. Cuz’ of that Curley’s sick attitud’ an’ to steel against the loneliness, my eyes are keep on rollin’ 24 hours to find some guys. An’ I gotta right to be foolin’ aroun’ with other guys. Lik’ Slim is a nice fella. Other fellas except Slim look down on me alla time. They look at me as if I did somethin’ wrong. Hell do I know. If my ol’ lady let me be a movie star, I would not be here livn’ in this place with the guys an’ that Curley. Coulda been in the movies an’ had a more interestin’ life.

On’y about four o’ clock, all the guys except sonnyboy got a horseshoe tenement goin’ on. My face is heavily made up. An’ I gently go next to him. He says, George told to him that he ain’t allow to speak with me. Awful. Why ain’t I gotta right to talk to someone? I ain’t doin’ no harm to others. An’ my name is Margaret which nobody calls out. Gettin’ angry, I tell him ‘bout my story that I had never done to others cuz’ I think still, Lennie is a nice fella than the rest.

Before I came here, I lived right in Salinas. I couldn’ forget the life at that city and dream of for the rest of my life anymore. I had many nice fellas to rely on that there’s no time for me to get awful lonely. An’ Briana is one of ma fellas who support me to be an actress. If she was not ma fella, I would never dream of bein’ an actress until now. An’ frankly speakin’ there were a lot more handsome guys than guts in here. I think. Hell! My fellas in that city are gonna poke fun at me if I tell em’ I married this small guy. An’ in Salinas, I always dreamed big. Not that I on’y dreamed to be an actress but also I once hoped to meet a rich guy an’ becomes his wife. Yes I was too youn’ to hope somethin’. But at least the conditions were way much better than those in this small and shabby place. Many chances were standin’ in front of me to pick on. One day, I met this one guy in pitchers and told me he was gonna put me in the movies. He said soon’s he got back from Hollywood he’s gonna write me about it. But I did not get any letters cuz’ my ol’ lady stole ‘em. So I married Curley. From that momen’, dream of bein’ a movie star get rushed up real nicely. An’ the life of darkness started. Whil’ I was talkin’, Lennie was not listenin’ to me. Seems like Lennie also don’t care how I gotta live. Baloney. Lik’, what did I expect. My life is always full of loneliness. n

A diary entry imitating the dialect of a character from Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck.


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Issue 5

Crook’s DiaryJi Sung Chun–Grade 12

It was a good today, with all dat people comin’ into ma room an’ talkin’ long. I ain’t gonna admit it ter other men, but it gets awful lonely all alone in ma room. Mouth shut tight an’ not spittin’ out a single word; wonder why a man not go crazy. But I had good time today, jus’ until dat crazy looloo came in an’ got ever’thin’ ruined.

Tart talked ‘bout lynchin’ me jus’ ‘cause I said she’ve no rights at all ta come marchin’ an’ sneakin’ in ma room. I did not speak anythin’ that did not make sense ‘cause ma place is a colored man’s place. An’ if a black man ain’t not even allowed to play cards, no woman should be marchin’ in ‘ere all fearless an’ strong. An’ the woman musta be mad, tellin’ me such thin’s jus’ ‘cause she’s the farm owner son’s wife. Jus’ plain ridiculous! She ain’t no great thing, and I swear I can snap her arms easy. Snap! Bein’ cocky and lookin’ down on me, not carin’ in the least dat I could shut that goddamn’d stinkin’ mouth with one slap in the face. Slap slap slap! God, that’d feel too good!

But I ain’t gonna do dat, no. No, I ain’t s’posed ta do that. Lynch me, that looloo said! But jus’ s’pose dat she goes tellin’, no man’s gonna be mad enough ter step up for a colored man, ain’t that so? I’m a colored man. I ain’t

no woman naggin’ behind the backs of man, but I’m a colored man. Black skin an’ black eyes. I wouldn’t even fool that Lennie with this look. Say they’ll lynch me, I might as well be beat to death on muddy ground with sand in ma mouth. No difference. No goddamn stinkin’ difference! Jus’ ‘cause I’m a black! A Colored Man! I ain’t got no power in ma hand, nothin’ to swin’ ‘round ‘cept these two bare hands. ‘Jus ‘cause I’m a colored man. A colored man. An’ a cat can spit at ma face, an’ all I am gonna do’s crawl in the corner like a stinkin’ rat.

I don’t have no shame in ma skin, but in maself. I can’t change the color o’ ma skin an’ this is who I am. Tho’ it ain’t ‘ere no more, this bust-backed nigger had the childhood filled with chickens, fruits, and family. Ma old man would ride me on his shoulders, mom would cook me beef stew with little peas in it. An’ I dream of it every day, ‘our, and minute of ma life. Wanting a man like Lennie has George, lonely lonely an’ lonier every day. Dreamin’ of heavens one second then flappin on the muddy ground the next.

I ain’t ‘fraid of dat nutty looloo, bu’ what she can do scared me. Not standin’ up for maself an’ actin’ all coward, I ain’t no fit to sayin’ I’d go with Candy, Lennie, and ‘is guy George to that land they talked ‘bout. Those man have chased what they saw right, an’ they ain’t a coward like me. They are runnin’ ter wha they want. Ain’t no equal to me, a colored man who’d shrink behind ‘cause of some words a stinkin’ woman said.

Today’s been best day in ages. Talkin’ to man, them sittin in ma room without cringin’ the faces. Talkin’ ‘bout what they want ter do, not readin’ a book an’ talkin’ to someone. What could be better? n

A diary entry imitating the dialect of a character from Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck.


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CamaraderieSky Zhang–Grade 12

Hi friend, long time no see.Nice of you to visit,

Nice of you toFinally think of me.

You’re good, yes I’m fine too,Jealous how your hair is so shiny!

Now let’s get over with the pleasantries,And get on with business, shall we?

Tell me about life on the inside,I’d like to know

What it’s like to abideBy rules in which you take so much pride.You’ve gotten their love you wanted, fine;

You grew into the lion.But I remain the house-cat;

So what can I offer you, but a rat? Don’t flash your pretty white teeth

To smile at me.Those same white teeth

Through which you lied to me. We made a pact, you and I,Back when we were closer

Than my left eye Is with my right.So it’s funny how

We never saw eye to eye.You evaporated as water from a pond,

And I the fish, dried on the ground.Oh who knew, who knew

That the next one to enter the bubble would be you. The bubble grew walls of diamond

And I could not reach through to you.

You whispered back “You idiot, oh gee!It’s so easy!

Just break your barrier,And join the party!”

But who’s the idiot, if you please?I understand you,

You’re the one who doesn’t understand me.

My barrier, the wall of diamond,Indeed is only in my mind. But it’s one I’ll stay true to;

Dear, them diamonds don’t bend.You are the new you.

You don’t need an excuse.I’ve found bitterness is a bud you can chew;

Tried it and my heart turned blue. Now my dear friend, please go.

I can’t bear to see yourImpatience grow

At not keeping up with the social flow. No, I wouldn’t like to come with.No, I don’t believe in your myth.

I’d sooner be the dance floor your feet tread uponThan be one of you with the masks on.

Huh, you’re really leaving.I was actually hoping

That you’d remember our friendship and hug me,Weeping.

Stop asking what’s wrong with me.No, don’t ask me what’s wrong with me.

Look at yourself.Just look at yourself.


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Grandpa’s ApplesNicole Tan–Grade 10

In critical condition. May go any time. Be

mentally prepared. The doctor’s words echoed inside her, going faster and faster on the racetrack of her mind, and then they collided

into the rosy filter through which she saw the world, smashing it into pieces, and sending her spiraling back to reality. She looked at the wizened figure, laying

on the hospital bed, completely motionless. A gaunt, hollow face, sickly white complexion, and a body of bones held together by skin that

was like a crumpled plastic bag, with a waxy sheen from the harsh hospital light. Was this really her strong and stoic Grandpa? The same Grandpa, who always wanted to be better than

the best, who always wanted to win, and who held everyone to the same rigorous standards? For the first time in her life, she witnessed her

Grandpa losing, not winning. Not on the verge of victory, but losing and exhausted from fighting. This was the game of life, and nobody

can checkmate death. “Grandpa!” she calmly greeted, but she was intimidated on the inside. She wondered if her words and behavior would hold up to his

usual scrutiny. Maintaining his stern appearance, the grandfather nodded, acknowledging her

presence. But the edges of his mouth were lifting – his favorite grandchild had come. Her grandfather scrawled on his notebook. “Why…aren’t…you…in school today,” she read the Chinese aloud. Her grandfather grunted, sending waves of dissatisfaction travelling through the air. Her Chinese (or anything really) was never good enough for him. She decided to revert back to her tried and tested method of talking less.

Giving up conversation with her Grandpa in exchange with him seeing less of her shortcomings was a sacrifice she was willing to make. But it also came a cost, one that she did not foresee: closeness with her grandfather. “Did…you…eat….an…apple today,” she read the next question. “Yes, I did.” She replied. But she hadn’t eaten one since he got

hospitalized. Ever since she was little, her grandfather would cut and peel an apple for her every day,

a firm proponent of “an apple a day keeps the doctor away”. She thought about cutting an apple for

him now. It most likely wouldn’t get him out of the hospital, but at least she could break her projection of indifference and show she cared,


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something that she was never able to do. Almost immediately, she decided against it. What if she picked an apple that was not sweet, not crunchy? Then he’d be upset, thinking that

she didn’t listen to his lessons, thinking she was stupid and unable to comprehend anything. Her grandfather was the one who taught

her how to choose good apples, among many other things. “Choose an apple that is really red,” her

Grandpa would say. “Make sure it is hard, too, it means it is crunchy.” “How about this one?” she would ask, placing an apple into his hands.

“Mmmm…” “Wh…wh..what? Is….is…that a bad apple?” she would stammer.

“You didn’t pick the best one,” her grandfather would reply. Her grandfather would then reach for an apple that was out of

her sight, dropping the old apple back in the fridge. Of course, that apple would be the tastiest apple she had ever had up to that point. But

she resolved to never choose any apples in front of him anymore, because it would never be as sweet, as crunchy, or as juicy as what he

expected. She always wondered, how exactly did her grandfather know so much? Not just about apples, but about everything else. Her grandfather’s wisdom seemed infinite and beyond compare. But she never asked him anything, always thinking that she had all the time in the world, always trying to delay his awareness of the fact that she didn’t know much about anything. But it was odd, because in these last moments, she felt an emptiness inside her, and she didn’t understand why. She looked over, and saw her grandfather’s drooping eyelids. She deliberated, but then decided against asking anything. She thought back to when she told her grandfather she didn’t want apples every day.

“You know, back in my day, apples were a treat,” he had said, “they are imported, you know. During the war, we didn’t even have fruits – all we had was wild sweet potatoes that we found in the ground.” Ever since then, she never rejected any apples. She wanted to, because sometimes she felt sick of eating apples every day, but what if Grandpa saw her as ungrateful? But it was mainly because she was scared. Like how she was scared to say thank you for the apples (too awkward), scared to cut her own apples (Grandpa will say that she is cutting it wrong), or too scared to cut apples for him (Grandpa will say the apple is not sweet). All she did was accept a bowl of apples everyday without so much as a “thank you.” Then it hit her. Her cowardice of his criticism had prevented her from getting close to her grandfather. All her grandfather wanted to do was to make her a better person–he only criticized because he cared. Did she ever show care for him? Her every move, made in trepidation, caused a disconnect between grandfather and granddaughter. She walked over to his bedside. Her grandfather’s eyes were closing. She reached out, and held his ice-cold hand between hers, pouring everything she felt into that one gesture. Her grandfather looked up at her, and smiled. Yes, she didn’t have much time left, but it was better to be late than sorry. “Grandpa, I love you.” Her grandfather’s jaw trembled. He wasn’t going to write the next sentence. His damaged vocal cords worked one last time as he said, unmistakably, “I love you, too.” Water welled in her eyes as her grandfather drifted into eternal sleep, in a smile. The monitors beeped, and the line went dead. Her tears streamed down her cheeks, the emptiness inside her never to be completely filled. n


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The Traits of

OdysseusTanay Sangani–Grade 8

The Odyssey reveals six dominant traits of Odysseus that either exemplify his heroism or cause him many problems. Through his long, adventurous and ultimately successful quest back home, Odysseus’ traits of determination, righteousness, and cleverness exemplify his heroism. First, his determination: He always did whatever it took to get back home and no matter how difficult the circumstances. He showed amazing strength and never gave up.

W h i l e t h i s w a s d e m o n s t r a t e d i n several ways, one of the strongest instances was on Circe’s island. Instead of staying put on C i rce ’s i s l and w h e r e i t w a s comfortable and there was plenty to eat, Odysseus resolved to tackle the treacherous monsters Charybdis and Scylla in his effort to get back home. This is important because it shows that of the two p a t h s t h a t w e r e available to him, the easy and the difficult, Odysseus chose the

latter because he was determined to get back to his family.

Another important heroic attribute of Odysseus was his sense of righteousness. He always strived to do the right thing regardless of the consequences. This was best displayed when he accosted Penelope’s villainous suitors: “-your last hour has come. You die in blood.” (22.1260-61). He went on to slay them

despite the strong possibility of their kin plotting revenge. This shows that he did not fear the consequences of being righteous and spared no mercy for those who weren’t. The final attribute that added to Odysseus’ h e ro i s m s w a s h i s c l e v e r n e s s . H i s strategic thinking often allowed him and his m e n t o e s c a p e obstacles and survive. For example, Odysseus cleverly created a plan to escape from the Cyclops: he got the Cyclops drunk and then branded his only


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despite the strong possibility of their kin plotting revenge. This shows that he did not fear the consequences of being righteous and spared no mercy for those who weren’t. The final attribute that added to Odysseus’ h e ro i s m s w a s h i s c l e v e r n e s s . H i s strategic thinking often allowed him and his m e n t o e s c a p e obstacles and survive. For example, Odysseus cleverly created a plan to escape from the Cyclops: he got the Cyclops drunk and then branded his only

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eye with a hot metal spike. This shows that Odysseus could almost always find a way out of difficult situations using his wits. All of the traits described above exemplify Odysseus’ heroic qualities for which he is known and admired.

However, along with Odysseus’ heroic qualities, the Odyssey also reveals three major flaws of his. Prime amongst these are: arrogance, unfaithfulness, and stubbornness. The first flaw of Odysseus that causes several setbacks in his endeavor to get back home is hubris (excessive pride). This is because it c a u s e s h i m t o b e disrespectful. This is shown when he cursed the gods after the Trojan War and refused any sacrifices to Poseidon. H e a l s o o n c e t o l d Polyphemus “Kyklops, if ever mortal man inquire how you were put to shame and blinded, tell him Odysseus, raider of cities, took your eye: Laërtês’ son, whose h o m e ’ s o n Ithaka!” (9.526-30). This is important because these acts cause his 20 year endeavor to begin, the lives of his men to be lost, and his journey to be lengthened.

Odysseus’ second flaw that was another factor that caused his journey to be extended was his unfaithful behavior. During his stay on Circe’s island he was involved in a one year love affair with Circe. Not only did he betray his wife and son by doing this but he also got completely distracted from his objective of returning home. He decided to leave only after being reminded by his crew of the importance of

getting back to Ithaca quickly. This shows the actions that caused both the betrayal of his family as well as the extension of his journey.

His final flaw, stubbornness, was the cause of the deaths of many of his men. He refused to learn from his mistakes and continues to put his men in harm’s way. This is clearly shown when Odysseus and his men continued to explore unknown lands even after their bitter experience with the Cyclops. On the island of the Laistrygonês and then on Circe’s island, he

sent his men out again to find civilization, not once considering the nature of the natives: whether they would be hostile or friendly. This caused many of his men to die and also sparked some rebellion when Odysseus’ kinsmen Eur´ylokhos cried out, “-Will you go to Kirkê’s hall? Swine, wolves, and lions she will make us a l l , b e a s t s o f h e r courtyard, bound by her e n c h a n t m e n t . Remember those the Kyklops held, remember shipmates who made that visit with Odysseus! The daring man! They d i e d f o r h i s

foolishness!” (10. 467-472). This shows that his stubbornness causes him many problems, especially with his crew. All of these flaws make many people question if Odysseus was truly a hero. Overall, Odysseus is a role model for mankind because he displays characteristics that we should all strive to have while also trying to avoid the mistakes he made. n


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sent his men out again to find civilization, not once considering the nature of the natives: whether they would be hostile or friendly. This caused many of his men to die and also sparked some rebellion when Odysseus’ kinsmen Eur´ylokhos cried out, “-Will you go to Kirkê’s hall? Swine, wolves, and lions she will make us a l l , b e a s t s o f h e r courtyard, bound by her e n c h a n t m e n t . Remember those the Kyklops held, remember shipmates who made that visit with Odysseus! The daring man! They d i e d f o r h i s

Diary of a Nomad GirlJi Hyun Lee–Grade 7


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The snow on the top of the mountain started melting. The little sprouts started growing on the ground. The warm wind blew on my face. It’s spring! My favorite time is coming!My parents decided that we should move our yurt. Moving home, it’s always busy for everyone. We needed to gather all the sheep and camels we have. My favorite shepherd dog, “Xiongxiong” helped me to guard the sheep. Actually, he’s very important to me, because we grew up together. He played with me a lot, when I was bored.

My parents chose a new pasture for this season. I like this environment. The ground is flat, so we built our new home easily. And the mountains are near. The melting water becomes a narrow stream passing around us, which means we have plenty of water to live with.

Spring always means a good start to the year. We have a lot of things to hope. Some sheep are going to have lambs. If these little lambs are born healthy and strong, our herd will get larger this year. When the baby lambs are born, I need to help mother to take care of them.

Every year, some merchants pass by my yurt. I like to meet them. They come to my yurt, sometimes, they ask for water, dinner, or a few nights rest. In return, my parents get a few coins. I really enjoyed watching merchants’ goods. They always have interesting things in their bags and carriers. One of the merchants told me that the soft beautiful shiny cloth is called silk. The silk can be made into beautiful dresses. I always imagine myself wearing that beautiful dress. But the merchants told me that silk costs a lot of money. Other things the merchants take with them are all

valuable. Some generous men would leave my mother some spices for her to cook the meat. When the spices are added, the smell and the taste of the dish is better. We love the gifts they leave for us. But, really, I wish I could travel

like them. Once I talked with a merchant, he told me it’s not as easy a journey as I imagined. To me, it’s worth taking a risk to leave this place. I wanted to see more of the world. Of course, this has to be kept as a secret from my parents. They don’t like my ideas. They think I should live just like them. Moving around… I’m looking forward to this spring. Who knows what this spring will bring to me? n


48

Fine KingAnnie Long–Grade 12

My king, my king, please listen to meI am a messenger, the final coup de grace

You sit high on your throne so fine, pristineBut your heart will shatter as I wield the mace

I am but a humble serving shepherd

Please, fine king, heed my demandI do not wish so but I must be heard

As your life will play out on the palm of my hand

You’ve lived your life without a careYour gestures graceful, beautiful guillotines

The life you’ve lived, comment, we do not dare

The scenes you direct, they always end clean

The humble are we and you our king,

Our loyalty unbroken, but we must confess

We seek assurance in the form of a gold ringOr our curtains will cascade, a bloodstained mess

On the chilliest of nights a clock will chime

The end is here, no need to fear;Your fate is not locked, not a pegged down crime

But yield these words carefully, my dearFor the worst of the jeers come near

Issue 5

Image Credits


49

In order of appearance:

Ohata, Shintaro, Girls on a Balcony (2 images), 2010. Online. Art and Design News. http://www.artandesignews.com/3d-paintings-by-shintaro-ohata/. Accessed 22 November 2013.

Unknown, Neanderthal Man. 2011. Online. DeviantART. http://www.deviantart.com/art/Neanderthal-man-197636463. Accessed 22 November 2013.

Homo Erectus, source unknown.

Harris, Cindy. Summer iPad Wallpaper design. New Evolution Designs. http://newevolutiondesigns.com/25-summer-ipad-wallpapers. Accessed 9 September 2013.

Nguyen, Minh (aka Faulty AI). Drown. 2009. Online. DeviantART. http://faulty-ai.deviantart.com/art/Drown-266092198. Accessed 23 November 2013.

Bermek. Bungee. Online. DeviantART. http://www.deviantart.com/art/bungee-277795812. Accessed 20 November 2013.

Hiroyuki (aka Sheltie Wolf). Xitang. Online. DeviantART. http://www.deviantart.com/art/xitang-china-217127487. Accessed 8 November 2013.

Vladimirov, Krasimir. Sincinnati. 2012. Online. DeviantART. http://www.deviantart.com/art/Sincinnati-287723671. Accessed 24 November 2013.

DrinkDecaf. Tea House. 2007. Online. DeviantART. http://www.deviantart.com/art/Tea-House-115625471. Accessed 21 November 2013.

Farrow, Eric (aka Vespaholic). Pizza. 2005. Online. DeviantART. http://www.deviantart.com/art/Pizza-24347080. Accessed 21 November 2013.

(aka Killjoiz). Pizza Pie or Die. Online. DeviantART. http://www.deviantart.com/art/Pizza-Pie-or-Die-401156217. Accessed 23 November 2013.

Oliveira, Gabriel. Nigeria Grunge Flag. 2008. Online. DeviantART. http://www.deviantart.com/art/Nigeria-Grunge-Flag-128492877. Accessed 22 November 2013.

Ademm. Muslim Orphan Girl, Nigeria. 2001. http://www.deviantart.com/art/muslim-orphan-girl-nigeria-52283096. Accessed 25 November 2013.

Nigerian Map. CIA World Factbook. Online. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/wfbExt/region_afr.html. Accessed 25 November 2013.

Asael, Anthony. Flying Kids from Nigeria. Online. DeviantART. http://www.deviantart.com/art/Flying-kids-from-Nigeria-32790900. Accessed 25 November 2013.

Aka Letskillfruit. Keep Running. 2012. Online. DeviantART. http://letskillfruit.deviantart.com/art/Keep-Running-102042815. Accessed 26 November 2013.

Mundy, Jennifer. Astronaut. 2011. Online. DeviantART. http://www.deviantart.com/art/Astronaut-121709399. Accessed 22 November 2013.

Paolo (aka Paolorocker). Martian. 201o. Online. DeviantART. http://www.deviantart.com/art/Martian-252423490. Accessed 22 November 2013.

Urbanska, Katarszyna. Ice Cream. Online. DeviantART. http://yuke.deviantart.com/art/ice-cream-75821962. Accessed 28 November 2013.

Urbanska, Katarszyna. Keitai Love. Online. DeviantART. http://yuke.deviantart.com/art/keitai-love-63806235. Accessed 28 November 2013.

Carla (aka CrimsonnOnyxx). Keeper of Spirits. Online. DeviantART. http://www.deviantart.com/art/Keeper-of-Spirits-324974148. Accessed 28 November 2013.

Kudashkina, Natasha. Fetish Theme Body Painting. Online. DeviantART. http://www.deviantart.com/art/Fetish-theme-Body-Painting-308459067. Accessed 20 November 2013.

John (aka JDCinNYC) World War Oe images collage–various. Online. DeviantART. http://www.deviantart.com/art/Trench-Raiders-391269805. Accessed 10 November 2013.

Unknown. http://frankenstar.deviantart.com/art/party-on-191947681. Accessed 10 November 2013.

BizQ. Afro. Online. DeviantART. 2004. http://www.deviantart.com/art/afro-28120044. Accessed 14 November 2013.

Shakt, Ann. Mg8368. Online. DeviantART. http://annshakti.deviantart.com/art/Mg-8368-366563795. Accessed 26 November 2013.

Aka Bokutachiwa Mokiyan. Apples. Online. DeviantART. 2012. http://www.deviantart.com/art/apples-187244820. Accessed 23 November 2013.

http://www.artandesignews.com/3d-paintings-by-shintaro-ohata/






http://www.deviantart.com/art/Neanderthal-man-197636463






http://newevolutiondesigns.com/25-summer-ipad-wallpapers




http://faulty-ai.deviantart.com/art/Drown-266092198






http://www.deviantart.com/art/bungee-277795812




http://www.deviantart.com/art/xitang-china-217127487






http://www.deviantart.com/art/Sincinnati-287723671






http://www.deviantart.com/art/Tea-House-115625471






http://www.deviantart.com/art/Pizza-24347080






http://www.deviantart.com/art/Pizza-Pie-or-Die-401156217






http://www.deviantart.com/art/Nigeria-Grunge-Flag-128492877






http://www.deviantart.com/art/muslim-orphan-girl-nigeria-52283096






https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/wfbExt/region_afr.html






http://www.deviantart.com/art/Flying-kids-from-Nigeria-32790900






http://letskillfruit.deviantart.com/art/Keep-Running-102042815






http://www.deviantart.com/art/Astronaut-121709399






http://www.deviantart.com/art/Martian-252423490






http://yuke.deviantart.com/art/ice-cream-75821962






http://yuke.deviantart.com/art/keitai-love-63806235






http://www.deviantart.com/art/Keeper-of-Spirits-324974148






http://www.deviantart.com/art/Fetish-theme-Body-Painting-308459067






http://www.deviantart.com/art/Trench-Raiders-391269805






http://frankenstar.deviantart.com/art/party-on-191947681






http://www.deviantart.com/art/afro-28120044




http://annshakti.deviantart.com/art/Mg-8368-366563795






http://www.deviantart.com/art/apples-187244820






50

This is a publication of the IST Writing Center. For more information please

visit us online at:

istianjinelearning.org/writingcenter

http://istianjinelearning.org/writingcenter

http://istianjinelearning.org/writingcenter

INK Issue 5 · 2014-01-07 · Catenary Igloo Sky Zhang Jump! Bo Kyeang Kim River Da Hee Kang Cincy, OH ... Appendix: Description of “The Chinese Room Argument” by Edward Zalta

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