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Initial briefing for the Future of Media Commission October
2020
NB. This briefing paper has been prepared by the Secretariat
ahead of the inaugural meeting
of the Future of Media Commission. It is intended as a general
orientation, lightly
introducing some of the issues pertinent to the Commission and
signposting some further
research and information. It does not purport to be a definitive
statement on, or
comprehensive analysis of, the media sector in Ireland or the
challenges that it faces. Nor
does it represent government policy on any of the issues which
the Commission will examine
during the course of its work.
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1 ABOUT THE FUTURE OF MEDIA COMMISSION
......................................................... 3
1.1 Establishment and Terms of
Reference...........................................................................................
3
1.2 Membership of the Commission
....................................................................................................
4
1.3 Secretariat
....................................................................................................................................
5
1.4 Online presence
............................................................................................................................
5
2 SETTING THE SCENE
................................................................................................
6
3 PROFILE OF THE MEDIA LANDSCAPE IN IRELAND
..................................................... 8
3.1 Print media
...................................................................................................................................
8
3.2 Online media
..............................................................................................................................
10
3.3 Broadcast media
.........................................................................................................................
11
3.4 Ireland’s Public Service Broadcasters
...........................................................................................
12 3.4.1 RTÉ
.....................................................................................................................................
12 3.4.2 TG4
.....................................................................................................................................
15
4 REGULATORY ISSUES
............................................................................................
17
4.1 Revised Audiovisual Media Services Directive
..............................................................................
17
4.2 Online Safety and Media Regulation Bill
.......................................................................................
17
4.3 Regulation of Broadcasting in Ireland
...........................................................................................
18 4.3.1 BAI annual review of output targets
...................................................................................
18 4.3.2 BAI 5-Year Review of Funding of Public Service
Broadcasters ............................................. 18 4.3.3
Governance of Public Service Broadcasters
........................................................................
19
5 FUNDING OF PUBLIC SERVICE BROADCASTING
...................................................... 19
5.1 TV Licence Collection
...................................................................................................................
19
5.2 Distribution of the Licence Fee
.....................................................................................................
19
5.3 The Broadcasting Fund and the Independent Production Sector
.................................................... 20
5.4 Reforming funding of public service media
...................................................................................
20
ANNEX I – ADDITIONAL READING MATERIAL
................................................................ 22
5.4.1 International Examples
.......................................................................................................
23 5.4.2 Print
...................................................................................................................................
23
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1 About the Future of Media Commission
1.1 Establishment and Terms of Reference The Commission and its
Terms of Reference are based on a Government Decision of 29
September 2020, and in line with a commitment in the current
Programme for Government,
Our Shared Future.
The preamble to the Commission’s Terms of Reference describes
the context for the
Commission’s work. It emphasises that well-functioning media
systems, and in particular
public service broadcasting, deliver four important public
services to Irish society, namely:
informing, educating and entertaining the Irish public with
regard to matters of Irish
culture, identity, sport, language and other matters inherent to
Ireland and the Irish
people;
ensuring that the public has access to high quality, impartial,
independent journalism,
reporting on matters of local, regional, national, European and
international
importance in a balanced way and which contributes to democratic
discourse;
bringing the nation, and diaspora, together at moments of great
national importance;
ensuring that creative Irish talent gets the opportunity to have
their work reach
audiences in Ireland and, where possible, further afield.
The preamble continues by describing how, since the foundation
of the State, these public
service aims have been, and continue to be delivered at local,
regional and national level by
a wide number of media organisations including the two
statutorily-established public
service broadcasters - RTÉ and TG4 - as well as independent
broadcasters, producers and
print media. It identifies also the increasingly important role
played by online media in the
delivery of public service aims.
The Terms of Reference then set out the goals of the Commission,
as follows:
To identify what the Irish experience has been in delivering the
above aims through
public service broadcasters, other broadcasters, print and
online media at a local,
regional and national level and the challenges created for these
media by new global
platforms and changing audience preferences in relation to how
content is delivered;
To consider the extent to which the current models of delivery
are the appropriate ones
the next 10 years;
To review best practice in other comparable jurisdictions,
particularly across the
European Economic Area in terms of providing future-proofed
models for meeting the
above four public services in light of changing audience
expectations, in particular the
preferences and behaviours of younger audiences.
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Finally, the Terms of Reference set out the tasks of the
Commission, which are to be
completed through a Report of the Commission, to be finalised
within a nine month period.
The Commission’s report is expected to:
propose how public service aims should be delivered in Ireland
over the next ten years;
describe how public service media should contribute to
supporting Ireland’s cultural
and creative sectors;
how public service media can be funded in a way that is
sustainable, gives greater
security of funding, ensures independent editorial oversight and
delivers value for
money to the public;
make recommendations on RTÉ’s role, financing and structure
within this framework;
set out how public service media is to be overseen and
regulated, having regard to our
EU obligations including the requirements of the revised
Audio-visual Media Services
Directive.
1.2 Membership of the Commission The Commission has been
constituted as an independent body whose members have been
appointed on the basis of their expertise in broadcast, print
and online media. The
composition of the Commission represents a balanced mix of
experts in public service
media, independent journalism, social media, new technology
platforms, media economics,
culture, language, creative content, governance and best
international practice.
The Commission itself is not intended to be a stakeholder
representative forum, and as such
none of its members have been appointed in an ex-officio
capacity.
It is envisaged that the Commission will engage comprehensively
with key stakeholders,
including journalists and their representatives, publishers,
regional media, and the wider
public. The membership of the Commission includes:
Professor Brian MacCraith, Chair of the Commission. Former
President of Dublin City
University
Sinéad Burke, Director of Tilting the Lens, writer and academic
active in social media,
and member of the Council of State
Alan Rusbridger, Chair of the Steering Committee of the Reuters
Institute for the Study
of Journalism at the University of Oxford, and former
Editor-in-Chief of Guardian News
and Media
Lynette Fay, freelance broadcaster with an academic background
in applied
communications
Nuala O’Connor, co-founder of South Wind Blows, writer and
documentary filmmaker
in the areas of music and the Arts
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Dr. Gillian Doyle, Professor of Media Economics at the
University of Glasgow
Mark Little, CEO and co-Founder of Kinzen, and Founder of
Storyful
Stephen McNamara, Director of Communications with the Irish
Rugby Football Union
Dr. Finola Doyle-O’Neill, Broadcast Historian at University
College Cork
Two additional members to be appointed subject to Government
Decision
1.3 Secretariat Secretary to the Commission is Andrew Munro,
Assistant Secretary at the Department of
the Taoiseach.
The Secretariat to the Commission is provided by the Department
of the Taoiseach (Prime
Minister’s Office) in liaison with the Department of Tourism,
Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht, Sport
and Media. The Secretariat includes:
Cathal O’Regan, Principal Officer, Protocol and Civic Policy
Division, Department of the
Taoiseach
Tríona Quill, Principal Officer, Broadcasting & Media
Division, Department of Tourism,
Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht, Sport and Media
Liz Lyne, Administrative Officer, Protocol and Civic Policy
Division, Department of the
Taoiseach
The Secretariat can be contacted at
[email protected].
1.4 Online presence The Commission’s website,
www.futureofmediacommission.ie, will go live on 29 October,
coinciding with the inaugural meeting of the Commission. The
website will include a secure
area where members of the Commission can access all relevant
documentation pertaining
to meetings etc., as well as a library of relevant reading
materials.
mailto:[email protected]://www.futureofmediacommission.ie/
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2 Setting the scene
While one of the aims of the Future of Media Commission will be
to elaborate its view of
what Public Service Media (PSM) currently is, and how it may
evolve in the years ahead, the
following offers a brief introduction to the question.
Defined in its narrowest sense, PSM includes statutory public
service media organisations
in direct receipt of public funding in accordance with the
Broadcasting Act 2009, of which
there are currently two just: RTÉ and TG4. A broader
interpretation of the term also
encapsulates a wide range of companies that operate media
organisations (broadcast, print
and online), providing varying levels of public service content
to their audiences. Such public
service content is sometimes commissioned by RTÉ, TG4 or the
Broadcasting Authority of
Ireland (using public monies), while at other times is produced
on a commercial or voluntary
basis.
PSM have played an invaluable role in Irish society over many
decades, supporting and
promoting civic and political discourse, culture, the Irish
language and many other
objectives.
Over the last decade, innovative technologies and new business
models have led to
transformative changes in the broadcasting, print and online
media sectors in Ireland.
Mirroring the trends seen internationally, consumer behaviour
and preferences in Ireland
are changing fundamentally, with important implications for
media providers and
publishers, content creators, journalists, broadcasters,
advertisers and consumers alike.
For example, the 2019 BAI Reuters Digital News Report on the
broadcasting sector in Ireland
shows that among those aged 65 and over, TV is the main news
source for 52%, while radio
is the main news source for another 18%. In sharp contrast,
among 18-24 year olds, only
18% rely on TV and 6% radio as their main news source, with 71%
relying on online sources.
Similar trends are revealed in the October 2019 TAM Ireland
survey, which reports that
adults aged 55+ watch TV for >250 minutes per day, adults
aged 35-54 watch >150 minutes
per day, while those in the 15-24 years age group watch just
over 50 minutes per day of TV.
While these trends are broadly in line with international
comparators, there is evidence that
the Irish public still has a relatively high level of
consumption of traditional media. For
example, 2019 JNLR figures for radio listenership show that a
large majority of Irish adults
(81%) listen to the radio on an average day, with 55% tuning
into their local or regional
station and 43% listening to a national station. Among the
younger, 15 to 34-year market,
71% listen daily. Overall consumption by Irish radio audiences
is high, with listeners tuning
in, on average, for almost 4 hours (226 minutes) per day during
the prime 7am to 7pm time
Mon-Fri.
In relation to news and current affairs, the latest Digital News
Ireland Report 2020 (Dublin
City University FuJO, BAI, Reuters Institute) shows that, over
the last five years, Irish
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consumers’ interest in news has remained consistently high, with
just under 70% declaring
themselves either extremely or very interested in news. Those
aged 18-24 show the least
interest in news content and these levels rise for each
successive age group, with 55-64 year
olds showing the highest levels of interest. More Irish people
are extremely interested in
news (26%) compared to the UK (14%) and the EU average
(20%).
The trends in media consumption have important implications for
public service media in
Ireland. Important questions arise about the future capacity of
public service media to
create specifically Irish content that reflects our individual
culture, art, music and sport, and
to reach their target audiences with that content. Similar
issues arise regarding news and
current affairs, especially important in light of topical
challenges such as online
disinformation and the erosion of public confidence in
information sources.
A concurrent phenomenon is the erosion of traditional
advertising markets and the
inexorable shift towards digital advertising, which is
significantly impacting the financial
situation and competitiveness of public and private media
organisations. Recent research
on the Irish advertising market suggests that, in a market
valued at approximately €1 billion
in 2019, Google and Facebook collected an estimated 40 per cent
of total advertising spend
and 81% of total online advertising spend.
For RTÉ, which depends both on public funding derived through
the TV licence fee and
advertising revenues, the current trends are having a critical
impact on its revenues. For the
national, regional and local print media, the shift of
advertising revenues to digital
platforms, exacerbated by the precipitous drop in circulation
and advertising revenues
during the pandemic, are a cause of significant concern for the
industry. As well as impacting
on the capacity of the broadcasting, print and online media
sectors to deliver public service
objectives, these long-term structural changes have implications
for future
competitiveness, employment, plurality of ownership, and
editorial independence.
Meanwhile, in an era of extensive online disinformation, and at
a time when the global
pandemic has caused unparalleled disruption to social and
economic systems, the role of
public service media in educating, informing and entertaining
the public in a way that
protects the fundamental underpinnings of a healthy democracy
and society has arguably
never been greater.
Previous analysis and research on the future of public service
media
Over recent years, issues around the future of public service
media in Ireland have been
subject to considerable debate and analysis, including by
successive governments, the
Oireachtas (Irish Parliament) and by academia. While beyond the
scope of this initial
briefing paper, the Secretariat will provide Commission members
with access to the various
debates and analyses that are available.
For example, the financial challenges facing public service
broadcasting and the role of the
TV Licence Fee have been examined, inter alia, by:
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the interdepartmental Working Group on the Future Funding of
Public Service
Broadcasting;
the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland (through its Five Year
Reviews of Public Service
Broadcasting Funding);
the Oireachtas Joint Committee on Communications;
NewERA (the Government’s New Economy and Recovery Authority,
which provides
financial and commercial advice to Government Ministers in
relation to State
companies);
RTÉ; and
various consultancies.
While the preponderance of analysis already undertaken has been
in relation to the future
funding of public service broadcasting, the Terms of Reference
of the Future of Media
Commission include an examination of public service media
including print and online, as
well as broadcast media.
3 Profile of the media landscape in Ireland
3.1 Print media Ireland’s print media has a long tradition of
independent journalism at national, regional
and local levels, operating in what is a competitive and
challenging sector of the economy.
As well as indigenous publications, there is strong competition
from UK publications in
particular, with a number of UK newspapers producing editions
for the Irish market. Irish
newspapers are increasingly expanding their reach through
digital editions supplemented
with audiovisual content. Ireland has a higher rate of
consumption of printed newspapers
relative to many other European countries.
The print sector has been subject to a series of consolidations
and mergers in recent years,
with a consequent impact on plurality of ownership. The sector
is being impacted
significantly by changing patterns of media consumption and
advertising, including the
impact of digital advertising.
While the print sector is not subject to statutory regulation,
the majority of publishers are
members of the Press Council of Ireland, and subscribe to the
Press Council’s Code of
Practice and to the complaints investigation functions of the
Office of the Press
Ombudsman.
Though not exhaustive, the following tables provide a good
overview of the range of
publications available in Ireland, and available circulation
figures.
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National Daily Publications with circ (average daily
circulation, Jul-Dec 2019)
The Irish Times
(circ 54,147)
Irish Independent
(circ not available)
Irish Sun
(circ 45,487)
Irish Daily Star
(circ 38,383)
Irish Daily Mail
(circ 26,265)
Irish Daily Mirror
(circ 26,158)
Herald
(circ not available)
Irish Examiner
(circ 23,387)
National Weekly Publications with circ (average circulation,
Jul-Dec 2018)
Sunday Independent
(circ 165,334)
Sunday World
(circ 123,095)
The Sunday Times
(circ 66,039)
Irish Mail on Sunday
(circ 62,630)
Business Post
(circ 26,652)
Irish Sunday Mirror
(circ 20,220)
Irish Farmers Journal
(circ not available)
Local Newspapers (Print and digital editions)
Bray People Carlow Nationalist Clare Champion Connacht Tribune
Connaught
Telegraph
Derry News Donegal Democrat Donegal News Donegal People's
Press
Donegal Post
Drogheda
Independent
Dublin InQuirer Dundalk Democrat Enniscorthy
Guardian
Fingal Independent
Gorey Guardian Inish Times Kerry's Eye Kildare Nationalist
Kildare Post
Kilkenny People Laois Nationalist Leinster Leader Leinster
Express Leitrim Observer
Limerick Leader Longford Leader Mayo News Meath Chronicle
Midland Tribune
Munster Express The Nationalist Nenagh Guardian New Ross
Standard Northern Standard
Roscommon Herald Sligo Champion Southern Star The Anglo Celt The
Argus
The Avondhu The Clare Echo The Corkman The Echo The Kerryman
The Leader Tipperary Star Tuam Herald Tullamore Tribune
Waterford News &
Star
Western People Westmeath
Examiner
Westmeath
Independent
Wexford People Wicklow People
Magazines (Print and digital editions)
Accountancy Ireland Business Plus Euro Times Hotpress Irish
Country Magazine
Irish Medical Times Law Society Gazette RTÉ Guide Siochain
Stubbs Gazette
The Gloss The Irish Field The Irish Journalist Woman's Way Work
& Life Magazine
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3.2 Online media The online media market in Ireland is
characterised by a combination of ‘born-online’ media
outlets and traditional media organisations with an online
presence. The table below shows
a selection of the online-only media in the Irish market:
Online-only media
TheJournal.ie Joe.ie breakingnews.ie Extra.ie
Her.ie Buzz.ie Carlowlive.ie Corkbeo.ie
Donegallive.ie DublinLive.ie Echolive.ie Evoke.ie
KildareNow.com OffalyExpress.ie OffalyLive.ie
Rollercoaster.ie
TipperaryLive.ie WaterfordLive.ie DerryNow.com
However, a number of traditional media organisations are
competing successfully in the
online market, as evidenced by the latest FuJO / BAI / Reuters
Institute Digital News Ireland
Report 2020, which shows that the top ten digital brands for
news consumption include a
mix of traditional and online-only media organisations:
1. RTÉ News Online (broadcaster)
2. Independent.ie (newspaper)
3. TheJournal.ie (online-only)
4. Breakingnews.ie (online-only)
5. Sky News online (broadcaster
6. BBC News online (broadcaster)
7. Irishtimes.com (newspaper)
8. Any local radio news stations (broadcasters)
9. Yahoo news (online)
10. Irish Examiner online (newspaper)
The sector faces important questions about its business model.
As reported above, recent
research on the Irish advertising market suggests that, in a
market valued at approximately
€1 billion in 2019, Google and Facebook collected an estimated
40 per cent of total
advertising spend and 81% of total online advertising spend.
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3.3 Broadcast media Broadcast media in Ireland comprise the
public service broadcasters (RTÉ and TG4), and
independent broadcasters, across radio and TV, at national,
regional and local level.
The independent broadcasting landscape has developed over the
past 25 years with the
licensing of commercial, community, institutional and temporary
sound broadcasting
services and commercial and community television services.
The BAI provides a list of the various entities licenced in the
Broadcast Sector, including:
National TV Broadcasters
RTÉ TV
RTÉ One, Two, News Now
TG4 Virgin Media
Virgin Media One, Two and Three
eir Sport
National and Regional Radio
RTÉ Radio
Incl. RTÉ Radio One, 2FM, Lyric FM, Raidio na Gaeltachta
Newstalk Today FM
FM104 98FM C103 / Cork's 96FM Beat 102 – 103 Clare FM
Cork's 96FM / C103 East Coast FM WLR FM Spin 103.8 Galway Bay
FM
Highland Radio iRadio NE &
Midlands
iRadio NW KCLR 96FM KFM
Limerick's Live
95FM
LM FM Mid West Radio Midland's 103 Classic Hits 4FM
Northern Sound /
Shannonside
Ocean FM Q102 Radio Kerry Radio Maria Ireland
Radio Nova Red FM Shannonside /
Northern Sound
South East Radio Spin South West
Spirit Radio Sunshine 106.8 Tipp FM UCB
Community TV and Radio Stations
Athlone
Community Radio
Claremorris
Community Radio
Community Radio
Castlebar
Community Radio
Kilkenny City
Community
Radio Youghal
Connemara
Community Radio
Cork Community TV DCTV Dublin South FM Dundalk 100 FM
Liffey Sound FM Near FM Phoenix FM Raidio Corca
Baiscinn
Ros FM
Tipperary Mid-
West
West Limerick 102
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3.4 Ireland’s Public Service Broadcasters
3.4.1 RTÉ
RTÉ (Raidió Teilifís Éireann) is a semi-state company and
Ireland’s primary public service
broadcaster, on television, radio and online. The radio service
began in 1926, and TV
broadcasts in 1962, making RTÉ one of the oldest continuously
operating public service
broadcasters in the world.
RTÉ, which is part-funded by the licence fee and part-funded by
commercial revenue, has a
broad remit, with responsibility for the provision of radio and
television services in both the
English and Irish languages.
Its television services are RTÉ One, RTÉ One HD, RTÉ One +1, RTÉ
2, RTÉ 2 HD, RTÉ 2 + 1,
RTÉjr and RTÉ News Now. RTÉ operates four primary radio stations
(RTÉ Radio 1, RTÉ 2fm,
RTÉ lyric fm and RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta) with five additional
digital radio services (RTÉ
Radio 1 Extra, RTÉ Pulse, RTÉ Gold, RTÉ 2XM, and RTÉjr Radio).
RTÉ, through 2rn, also
manages the free-to-air digital terrestrial television service,
Saorview.
RTÉ is required to be responsive to the interests and concerns
of the whole community
within the island of Ireland, and to have special regard for
elements that distinguish that
culture and, in particular, the Irish language.
Statutory Objectives
The Broadcasting Act 2009 sets out the statutory objects of RTÉ,
as follows:
(a) to establish, maintain and operate a national television and
sound broadcasting service
which shall have the character of a public service, be a
free-to-air service and be made
available, in so far as it is reasonably practicable, to the
whole community on the island of
Ireland,
(b) to establish and maintain a website and teletext services in
connection with the services
of RTÉ
(c) to establish and maintain orchestras, choirs and other
cultural performing groups in
connection with the services of RTÉ
(d) to assist and co-operate with the relevant public bodies in
preparation for, and execution
of, the dissemination of relevant information to the public in
the event of a major
emergency
(e) to establish and maintain archives and libraries containing
materials relevant to the
objects of RTÉ
(f) to establish, maintain and operate a television broadcasting
service and a sound
broadcasting service which shall have the character of a public
service, which services shall
be made available, in so far as RTÉ considers reasonably
practicable, to Irish communities
outside the island of Ireland,
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(g) to establish, maintain and operate, in so far as it is
reasonably practicable, community,
local, or regional broadcasting services, which shall have the
character of a public service,
and be available free-to-air,
(h) to establish and maintain non-broadcast non-linear
audio-visual media services, in so far
as it is reasonably practicable, which shall have the character
of a public broadcasting
service (such consent not being required in respect of such
services which are ancillary to a
broadcasting service
(i) to establish, maintain, and operate one or more national
multiplexes,
(j) so far as it is reasonably practicable, to exploit such
commercial opportunities as may
arise in pursuit of the objects outlined
Funding
As a public service broadcaster, RTÉ is funded through a mix of
licence fee revenues and
commercial revenues (largely derived from advertising).
Commercial income continues to
decline, primarily due to the rise of digital advertising on the
social media platforms, Brexit
uncertainty and the impact of COVID on advertising. While RTÉ’s
licence fee income has
risen since 2016, this has mainly been achieved through
replacing licence fee funding for
TG4 with exchequer funding and the increase in free licences
underpinned by contributions
from the Department of Social Protection, rather than organic
growth in income from direct
TV Licence sales. In 2019, RTÉ was allocated €197m from the TV
Licence Fee.
Between 2008 and 2014 RTÉ reduced operating costs by €127m
(c.30%). These reductions
were achieved by tiered pay reductions, a pay freeze, content
cuts (in-house and
commissioned) and other efficiency savings. Despite this, with
the exception of a small
profit in 2014 and break even in 2015, operating losses continue
to be recorded in most
years.
The total number of employees at year end 2019 was 1,714 which
is a 7% reduction
compared to December 2016. The reduction was incentivised by a
voluntary exit
programme launched in 2017. The target reduction under this
scheme was between 200
and 300 staff. However, the take up was below expectations, at
180 staff.
RTÉ has a borrowing limit of €100m under the Broadcasting Act
2009. Total borrowings are
€95m as of October 2019 so this, coupled with its challenging
underlying financial position,
means their ability to raise additional funding is
restricted
RTÉ Strategic Response
RTÉ wrote to the Minister in November 2019 to propose a revised
strategy in response to
the seriousness of their financial situation. The revised
strategy included a number of radical
measures to cut costs and raise revenue:
Pay
A 15% reduction in the fees of top presenters from January
2020.
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RTÉ Board to waive fees.
A paycut of 10% for top executives.
A pay freeze for other staff.
Reducing headcount by a further 200 through voluntary
redundancies and movement
of NSO staff to National Concert Hall.
Further work practice reforms.
Services
Closure of the teletext service Aertel (requires statutory
change).
Closure of digital stations such as RTÉ Gold, RTÉ Choice, RTÉ
Pulse, RTÉ 2XM, RTÉ Jr
radio (this requires a formal application by RTÉ, a sectoral
impact analysis by the BAI
and Ministerial consent)
More flexibility for advertising minutage (Ministerial consent
has been sought and the
BAI is currently analysing the sectoral impact of the proposed
changes).
Asset Disposal
Sale of part of the Donnybrook campus (requires Ministerial
consent).
There are a number of risks and challenges to delivering these
measures including
negotiated reforms, substantial industrial relations risks and
timing risks linked to service
closures and content cuts. In order to develop the proposals
further, RTÉ engaged PWC to
review its strategy. They have engaged with the Unions regarding
the reduced headcount,
pay issues and workplace reforms
Ministerial consent is required for a number of the measures
proposed. While RTÉ
considered the sale of a further 9 acres of the Donnybrook
campus, Government requested
that this decision be deferred until after the Commission
reports.
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3.4.2 TG4
TG4 (pronounced in Irish as TG Ceathair - see
https://www.teanglann.ie/en/fuaim/ceathair
for pronunciation)) is the free-to-air Irish-language public
service TV channel. TG4, which is
funded mainly by the Irish Exchequer, with additional income
from the sale of commercial
air-time, has responsibility for the provision of a television
service whose range of
programming is primarily in the Irish language, reflecting the
varied elements which make
up the culture of the whole of the island of Ireland with
special regard for elements that
distinguish that culture and, in particular, the Gaeltacht
(Irish-speaking) regions.
Statutory objectives of TG4
The Act sets out the statutory objects of TG4, as follows:
(a) to establish, maintain and operate a national television
broadcasting service, which shall
have the character of a public service, be a free-to-air service
and be made available, in so
far as it is reasonably practicable, to the whole community on
the island of Ireland,
(b) to establish and maintain a website and teletext services in
connection with the services
of TG4
(c) to establish and maintain choirs and other cultural
performing groups in connection with
the services of TG4
(d) to assist and co-operate with the relevant public bodies in
preparation for, and execution
of, the dissemination of relevant information to the public in
the event of a major
emergency,
(e) to establish and maintain archives and libraries containing
materials relevant to the
objects of TG4 under this subsection,
(f) to establish, maintain and operate, in so far as it is
reasonably practicable, a television
broadcasting service, which shall have the character of a public
service, to be made available
to Irish communities outside of the island of Ireland,
(g) to establish, maintain and operate in so far as it is
reasonably practicable, community,
local, or regional broadcasting services, which shall have the
character of a public service,
and be available free-to-air,
(h) to establish and maintain non-broadcast non-linear
audio-visual media services, in so far
as it is reasonably practicable, which shall have the character
of a public broadcasting
service (such consent not being required in respect of such
services which are ancillary to a
broadcasting service provided under
(i) so far as it is reasonably practicable, to exploit such
commercial opportunities as may
arise in pursuit of the objects outlined
https://www.teanglann.ie/en/fuaim/ceathair
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TG4’s five year strategy
TG4’s five year strategy seeks to extend its national reach
while also meeting the needs of
its core audience. In contrast with RTÉ, TG4 can rely on
significantly more predictable
income streams. It is less dependent on commercial revenue and
is largely exchequer
funded since 2019 which protects from the impact of licence fee
variations. TG4 will receive
€34.2m current and €3m capital in exchequer funding in 2020. A
revision of its accounting
rules means that some content can be funded through capital
funding.
As a publisher broadcaster TG4 relies to a greater extent on
independent production of
content and, as such, it retains more control over its cost
base. While TG4 carries no debt
and does not run deficits, it has, however, been constrained in
its capacity to grow audience
share due to financial limitations. Financial constraints also
mean TG4 is less able to prepare
for future challenges such as the need for increased online
content.
Funding
All TG4’s public funding comes directly from the Exchequer
rather than the TV licence fee.
In 2020 this amounted to €37.233m. The BAI 5 year review
published in 2018 recommended
an increase of €6 million in public funding to TG4 over its 2017
funding. In 2018, TG4 was
allocated an additional €2m ongoing exchequer funding,
comprising €1m current and €1m
capital funding. In 2019, TG4 was allocated €443,000 in new
Exchequer funding and in the
Revised Estimates for 2020; TG4 has been allocated an additional
€1m capital funding. This
gives a combined total of €3.443m of the €6m recommendation that
TG4 has received in
ongoing additional public funding since 2017.
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4 Regulatory Issues
4.1 Revised Audiovisual Media Services Directive The current
version of the Audiovisual Media Services Directive was agreed in
2008 and
contains rules and requirements that form the minimum standards
that television
broadcasting services and on-demand audiovisual media services
must follow in the EU.
Such services include the RTÉ player, Netflix and Now TV.
The revised Directive includes, for the first time specific
rules and requirements for video
sharing platform services such as YouTube. The revised Directive
takes a principles-based
approach and requires Member States to ensure that video sharing
platform services take
appropriate measures to protect minors from harmful content, and
all users from hate
speech and certain criminal content. The approach set out in the
Directive is, therefore,
systemic in nature and the role of national regulators is to
ensure that the measures taken
by video sharing platforms are adequate in practice to address
these requirements.
The revised Directive will require the regulation of any video
sharing platform service
established in Ireland for the entirety of the European Union.
This is likely to include very
well-known and large online services such as YouTube, Facebook
and Twitter.
4.2 Online Safety and Media Regulation Bill The Online Safety
and Media Regulation Bill transposes the Audiovisual Media
Services
Directive, which has a due date of September 2020. The General
Scheme of the Bill was
referred to the Office of the Attorney General for detailed
drafting in January 2020. The
proposed legislation brings together a number of initiatives,
including the transposition of
the revised Audiovisual Media Services Directive and certain
actions from the Action Plan
for Online Safety 2018-2019. Broadly speaking, the proposed Bill
would:
Establish a Media Commission which will have all the present
functions of the
Broadcasting Authority of Ireland;
Dissolve the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland;
Transpose the revised Audiovisual Media Services Directive,
including those provisions
of the Directive relating to the regulation of video sharing
platform services;
Establish a framework for the regulation of online safety to
address the proliferation of
harmful online content, encompassing the regulation of video
sharing platform
services, to be administered by an Online Safety Commissioner as
part of the Media
Commission;
Establish a framework for the regulation of on-demand
audiovisual media services to
be administered by the Media Commission;
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Provide the Media Commission with appropriate compliance powers,
including the
power to issue information requests, initiate authorised
officer-led investigations and
to audit the complaint or issues handling mechanisms operated by
online services; and
Provide the Media Commission with appropriate sanction powers,
subject to court
oversight, including administrative financial sanctions, the
power to compel
compliance and the power to block online services.
4.3 Regulation of Broadcasting in Ireland The primary
legislation governing broadcasting in Ireland is the Broadcasting
Act 2009,
under which the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland (BAI) is
established as the independent
regulator for broadcasting.
The Act sets out the public service remit and operation of the
two public service
broadcasting corporations - RTĖ (the original and largest TV and
radio broadcaster in the
State) and TG4 (the Irish language television broadcaster). The
Act also sets out the licensing
requirements for commercial radio and TV broadcasting, which is
overseen by the BAI.
The Act sets out the statutory basis for the Television Licence
fee. The fee, which has been
frozen at €160 p.a. since 2008, raised €163m in direct sales in
2019, and additional revenues
of approximately €60m were derived from the issuing of free
licences by the Minister for
Employment Affairs and Social Protection to qualifying
applicants under the Household
Benefit Scheme. In total, the value of licence fee revenues in
2019 was €223m.
The Act specifies the criteria for the Broadcasting Fund, which
is financed by 7% of net
licence fee receipts, generally worth €13-14m p.a.. The
Broadcasting Fund, administered by
the BAI, currently has two schemes in operation, namely the
Archiving Scheme and the
Sound and Vision Scheme – the latter which funds content
production.
4.3.1 BAI annual review of output targets
Under the Broadcasting Act 2009, the BAI is required to
undertake an annual review in
regard to the extent to which RTÉ and TG4 have met their public
service commitments in
the previous year, and on foot of that review to make a
recommendation to the Minister
regarding a licence fee modification for RTÉ, or the amount of
funding paid to TG4.
4.3.2 BAI 5-Year Review of Funding of Public Service
Broadcasters
In addition to the Annual Reviews, the BAI is obliged to conduct
Five Year Funding Reviews.
The first 5-Year Review of the funding of public service
broadcasting was conducted by the
BAI in 2012-2013 and the second in 2018 for the period
2018-2022. It recommended
additional funding of €30m per annum to RTĖ and €6m to TG4. Of
this RTĖ has got
approximately €20m to date and TG4 €3.443m.
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4.3.3 Governance of Public Service Broadcasters
RTÉ and TG4 are each subject to the Code of Practice for the
Governance of State Bodies,
which requires Oversight Agreements to be signed by the
Department and the broadcasters.
The Oversight Agreements do not include any additional
obligations; rather they describe
the roles, responsibilities and obligations of the Department,
RTÉ and TG4, as set out in the
Broadcasting Act.
RTÉ and TG4 provide detailed financial analysis to D/TCAGSM on a
monthly basis including
revenues, costs and deficit/surplus by channel, service and
broadcasting genre and between
public-service and non-public service activities. This
information is consolidated at year-end
and published in RTÉ’s and TG4’s annual reports.
5 Funding of Public Service Broadcasting
5.1 TV Licence Collection Since a low point in 2012, TV licence
sales have gradually improved year on year with direct
sales in 2019 of 1,025,534 licences. The system is not without
its challenges, with the
current evasion rate estimated be 12.57%%. While this rate has
fallen from 15.25% at the
end of 2014, it is still at an unacceptable level considering
its UK counterpart has an evasion
rate of 7%. Evasion equates to a loss of up to €33.7m per annum
to public service
broadcasting in Ireland. In addition to evasion, the number of
households required to have
a licence under current legislation is declining due to a
departure from traditional viewing
habits, with recent TAM (television audience measurement)
estimates suggesting that
approximately 10% of homes do not have a traditional TV.
Total TV Licence receipts in 2019 were €222.72m consisting of
€162.8.54m in direct sales
and a €59.9m contribution from DEASP for free TV licences issued
under the household
benefits package. Out of the total TV licence receipts received
by the Department in 2019
RTÉ received €196.54m, An Post €11.38m and the Broadcasting Fund
€14.79m. The Fund is
administered by the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland (BAI)
which receives 7% of licence
fee funds to support an archiving scheme and the independent
production of high quality
indigenous content based on Irish culture and language.
An average of 455,439 free TV licences were recorded on the
DEASP database for 2019. It
was decided as part of Budget 2020 that DEASP would increase
their annual contribution by
€10m. This has benefitted both RTÉ and the Broadcasting Fund.
RTÉ will gain approximately
€9m additional public funding as a result of this in 2020.
5.2 Distribution of the Licence Fee In 2019, a total of €222.7
million was generated by a combination of direct TV Licence
Sales
and receipts from the Department of Employment and Social
Protection. €196.5 million was
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distributed to RTÉ, €11.3 million to the collection agent (An
Post), and €14.8 to the
Broadcasting Authority of Ireland.
As of end September 2020, TV Licence receipts stand at almost
€163 million, of which total
payments to RTÉ have been ≈ €138.8 million, and total payments
to the BAI in respect of
the Broadcasting Fund were ≈ €9.6 million (7% of total licence
fee revenues).
5.3 The Broadcasting Fund and the Independent Production
Sector
The Broadcasting Act 2009 provides that 7% of net television
licence fee receipts are
payable into the Broadcasting Funding Scheme. The Fund, which is
administered by the
Broadcasting Authority of Ireland (BAI), supports two distinct
schemes: the Sound and
Vision (S&V) scheme, and the Archiving scheme. The schemes
are open to independent
producers and all broadcasters.
The total allocated to the S&V Scheme Fund to date in 2020
is €9,621,408.80
The BAI established a Covid-19 funding round (Round 35) under
the Sound and Vision
Scheme of €2.5m for commercial radio stations. The BAI received
a total of 32 applications
from independent commercial radio stations across the country.
The applications were
evaluated according to the COVID-19 Fund assessment criteria,
and all 32 applications are
being allocated funding.
The BAI is currently inviting applications from community radio
stations for awards totalling
€750,000. On 8 September, BAI launched an open funding round of
the scheme, for which
€2m in exchequer funding was secured as part of the July
Stimulus and which will amount
to €4.5m in total. Applications to this round closed on 7
October and decisions will be made
in November regarding successful applicants. This round is open
to all commercial and
community television broadcasters and public service
broadcasters.
5.4 Reforming funding of public service media There has been
considerable debate and analysis over recent years about how best
to
reform or replace the TV Licence mechanism for funding public
service broadcasting, and
whether or not to extend funding for other types of public
service media. While overall TV
licence revenues have remained relatively stable over the last
decade, the static quantum
allows no meaningful scope for additional investment in public
service media, nor can it
serve to address the decline in commercial revenues.
In their November 2017 report, the Joint Oireachtas Committee on
Communications,
Climate Action and Environment recommended the replacement of
the TV licence with a
broadcasting charge.
Subsequently, an interdepartmental Working Group on the Future
Funding of Public Service
Broadcasting examined the options and identified a number of
challenges relating to the
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introduction of a broadcasting charge. In its report of April
2019, the working group
recommended a phased approach to funding reform, starting by
putting the collection of
the television licence fee out to public tender for a 5 year
contract; a medium-term
replacement of the TV Licence Fee with a device-independent
Broadcasting Charge, and a
communications strategy to inform the public of planned
changes.
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Annex I – Additional reading material Funding
2013 VFM Introduction of Public Service Broadcasting Charge and
Public Consultation re
same. https://www.dccae.gov.ie/en-
ie/communications/consultations/Pages/Consultation-on-Public-Service-Broadcasting-
Charge.aspx
Olsberg Report: Economic Analysis of the Audiovisual Sector in
the Republic of Ireland,
2017.
https://www.chg.gov.ie/app/uploads/2018/06/economic-analysis-of-the-
audiovisual-sector-in-the-republic-of-ireland.pdf
Joint Oireachtas Committee Report on Future Funding of Public
Service Broadcasting
https://data.oireachtas.ie/ie/oireachtas/committee/dail/32/joint_committee_on_commu
nications_climate_action_and_environment/reports/2017/2017-11-28_report-on-the-
future-funding-of-public-service-broadcasting_en.pdf
2018 Report of the Working Group on the Future Funding of Public
Service Broadcasting
https://www.dccae.gov.ie/documents/Working_Group_on_Future_Funding_of_Public_Se
rvice_Broadcasting-Final_Report_2019.pdf
Irish Newspaper circulation numbers, July 2020.
https://www.ilevel.ie/print/abc-irish-
newspaper-circulation-july-2020/
Statistics
Broadcasting Services Strategy 2018-2022
https://www.bai.ie/en/consultations/draft-
broadcasting-services-strategy-bss/
A Report on market structure, dynamics and developments in Irish
Media, Mediatique on
behalf of the BAI, December 2017
https://www.bai.ie/en/media/sites/2/dlm_uploads/2018/04/180410-Mediatique-
Report.pdf
TAM Ireland TV review 2019
https://www.tamireland.ie/downloads/2019tamtvreview/
JNLR Listenership Figures February 2020
https://www.bai.ie/en/latest-jnlr-figures-
released-15/
“Old, Educated, and Politically Diverse: The Audience of Public
Service News,” Anne Schulz,
David A. L. Levy, and Rasmus Kleis Nielsen Reuters Institute
Report September 2019
https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2019-
09/The_audience_of_public_service_news_FINAL.pdf
Reuters Digital News Report Global 2020
http://www.digitalnewsreport.org/
https://www.dccae.gov.ie/en-ie/communications/consultations/Pages/Consultation-on-Public-Service-Broadcasting-Charge.aspxhttps://www.dccae.gov.ie/en-ie/communications/consultations/Pages/Consultation-on-Public-Service-Broadcasting-Charge.aspxhttps://www.dccae.gov.ie/en-ie/communications/consultations/Pages/Consultation-on-Public-Service-Broadcasting-Charge.aspxhttps://www.chg.gov.ie/app/uploads/2018/06/economic-analysis-of-the-audiovisual-sector-in-the-republic-of-ireland.pdfhttps://www.chg.gov.ie/app/uploads/2018/06/economic-analysis-of-the-audiovisual-sector-in-the-republic-of-ireland.pdfhttps://data.oireachtas.ie/ie/oireachtas/committee/dail/32/joint_committee_on_communications_climate_action_and_environment/reports/2017/2017-11-28_report-on-the-future-funding-of-public-service-broadcasting_en.pdfhttps://data.oireachtas.ie/ie/oireachtas/committee/dail/32/joint_committee_on_communications_climate_action_and_environment/reports/2017/2017-11-28_report-on-the-future-funding-of-public-service-broadcasting_en.pdfhttps://data.oireachtas.ie/ie/oireachtas/committee/dail/32/joint_committee_on_communications_climate_action_and_environment/reports/2017/2017-11-28_report-on-the-future-funding-of-public-service-broadcasting_en.pdfhttps://www.dccae.gov.ie/documents/Working_Group_on_Future_Funding_of_Public_Service_Broadcasting-Final_Report_2019.pdfhttps://www.dccae.gov.ie/documents/Working_Group_on_Future_Funding_of_Public_Service_Broadcasting-Final_Report_2019.pdfhttps://www.ilevel.ie/print/abc-irish-newspaper-circulation-july-2020/https://www.ilevel.ie/print/abc-irish-newspaper-circulation-july-2020/https://www.bai.ie/en/consultations/draft-broadcasting-services-strategy-bss/https://www.bai.ie/en/consultations/draft-broadcasting-services-strategy-bss/https://www.bai.ie/en/media/sites/2/dlm_uploads/2018/04/180410-Mediatique-Report.pdfhttps://www.bai.ie/en/media/sites/2/dlm_uploads/2018/04/180410-Mediatique-Report.pdfhttps://www.tamireland.ie/downloads/2019tamtvreview/https://www.bai.ie/en/latest-jnlr-figures-released-15/https://www.bai.ie/en/latest-jnlr-figures-released-15/https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2019-09/The_audience_of_public_service_news_FINAL.pdfhttps://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2019-09/The_audience_of_public_service_news_FINAL.pdfhttp://www.digitalnewsreport.org/
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How are PSBs Delivering against the PSB Aims
BAI Five-Year Review of Public Funding for Public Service
Broadcasters and BAI Report and
Recommendations to the Minster for Communications, Climate
Action and Environment
June 2018 https://www.dccae.gov.ie/en-
ie/communications/publications/Documents/71/Five_Year_Review_of_Funding_of_Public
_Service_Broadcasting_2018.pdf
BAI Annual Review of Performance and Public Funding of Public
Service Broadcasters, 2018
A report for the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland FINAL REPORT
November 2019
https://www.dccae.gov.ie/documents/Annual_Review_of_Public_Funding_for_Broadcasti
ng_2018.pdf
Annual Report TG4 2019 [forthcoming]
Annual Report RTÉ 2019 [forthcoming]
Younger Audience/Gen Z
https://fujomedia.eu/how-are-young-irish-people-engaging-with-journalism/
Reuters Digital News Report Ireland 2020
https://fujomedia.eu/wp-
content/uploads/2020/06/DNR-2020-Report-Web-version_DMB.pdf
An exploration of people’s relationship with PSB, with a
particular focus on the views of
young people, Qualitative Research Report, July 2020 Ofcom
https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0024/199104/exploration-of-peoples-
relationship-with-psb.pdf
EU Examples
EUROPEAN COMMISSION PRESS RELEASE Brussels, 20 November 2013
State aid:
Commission approves Danish support scheme for written media
https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_20_793
5.4.1 International Examples
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission Digital Platforms
Enquiry Final Report
Executive Summary 26 July 2019
https://www.accc.gov.au/system/files/Digital%20platforms%20inquiry%20-
%20final%20report%20-executive%20summary.pdf
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission Digital platforms
inquiry - final report
26 July 2019
https://www.accc.gov.au/system/files/Digital%20platforms%20inquiry%20-
%20final%20report.pdf
5.4.2 Print
Report on Ownership and Control of Media Businesses in Ireland
2015-2017
https://www.dccae.gov.ie/en-
https://www.dccae.gov.ie/en-ie/communications/publications/Documents/71/Five_Year_Review_of_Funding_of_Public_Service_Broadcasting_2018.pdfhttps://www.dccae.gov.ie/en-ie/communications/publications/Documents/71/Five_Year_Review_of_Funding_of_Public_Service_Broadcasting_2018.pdfhttps://www.dccae.gov.ie/en-ie/communications/publications/Documents/71/Five_Year_Review_of_Funding_of_Public_Service_Broadcasting_2018.pdfhttps://www.dccae.gov.ie/documents/Annual_Review_of_Public_Funding_for_Broadcasting_2018.pdfhttps://www.dccae.gov.ie/documents/Annual_Review_of_Public_Funding_for_Broadcasting_2018.pdfhttps://fujomedia.eu/how-are-young-irish-people-engaging-with-journalism/https://fujomedia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/DNR-2020-Report-Web-version_DMB.pdfhttps://fujomedia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/DNR-2020-Report-Web-version_DMB.pdfhttps://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0024/199104/exploration-of-peoples-relationship-with-psb.pdfhttps://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0024/199104/exploration-of-peoples-relationship-with-psb.pdfhttps://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_20_793https://www.accc.gov.au/system/files/Digital%20platforms%20inquiry%20-%20final%20report%20-executive%20summary.pdfhttps://www.accc.gov.au/system/files/Digital%20platforms%20inquiry%20-%20final%20report%20-executive%20summary.pdfhttps://www.accc.gov.au/system/files/Digital%20platforms%20inquiry%20-%20final%20report.pdfhttps://www.accc.gov.au/system/files/Digital%20platforms%20inquiry%20-%20final%20report.pdfhttps://www.dccae.gov.ie/en-ie/communications/publications/Documents/60/BAI%20%20Report%20Ownership%20Control%20Media%20Businesses%202012-2014.pdf
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ie/communications/publications/Documents/60/BAI%20%20Report%20Ownership%20Co
ntrol%20Media%20Businesses%202012-2014.pdf
THE CAIRNCROSS REVIEW: A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE FOR JOURNALISM 12TH
FEBRUARY 2019
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/atta
chment_data/file/779882/021919_DCMS_Cairncross_Review_.pdf
Government Response to the Cairncross Review
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-cairncross-review-a-sustainable-
future-for-journalism/government-response-to-the-cairncross-review-a-sustainable-
future-for-journalism
Irish Media for the Centre of Media Pluralism and Freedom:
Roderick Flynn (Dublin City
University), October 2015
https://cmpf.eui.eu/mpm-2015/ireland/
PSB in the Digital Age: Ofcom March 2018
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.ofcom.or
g.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0026/111896/Public-service-broadcasting-in-the-digital-
age.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwi0u7WqufLrAhVfaRUIHeCyBrEQFjASegQICBAB&usg=AOvVaw3nKh7
535tvdeZzEyHaZmrw
Auntie Knows Best? Public Broadcasters and Current Affairs
Knowledge Stuart Soroka et al
B.J.Pol.S. 43, 719–739 Copyright Cambridge University Press,
2012
Globalization and Pluralism The Function of Public Television in
the European Audiovisual
Market Teresa La Porte, Mercedes Medina and Teresa Sádaba The
International
Communication Gazette 2007
The significance of small differences: Cultural diversity and
broadcasting in Ireland Jim
Rogers, Neil O’Boyle, Paschal Preston and Franziska Fehr
European Journal of
Communication 2014, Vol. 29(4) 399–415
Comparative Papers
Donders K. Public service media beyond the digital hype:
distribution strategies in a
platform era. Media, Culture & Society.
2019;41(7):1011-1028.
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0163443719857616
Adapting Public Service to the Multiplatform Scenario Hans
Brudow Institute 2012
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.hans-
bredow-
institut.de/webfm_send/661&ved=2ahUKEwj5lOb3vfLrAhWRWhUIHR0BBAMQFjABegQIA
RAB&usg=AOvVaw3ZWUjB2hW14x-l7rFaEr1P
Harnessing public broadcasting for Canadians in the digital age
International benchmark
study for the CRTC Study by Cullen International November
2019
https://crtc.gc.ca/eng/publications/reports/2019-cullen/clln19.htm
https://www.dccae.gov.ie/en-ie/communications/publications/Documents/60/BAI%20%20Report%20Ownership%20Control%20Media%20Businesses%202012-2014.pdfhttps://www.dccae.gov.ie/en-ie/communications/publications/Documents/60/BAI%20%20Report%20Ownership%20Control%20Media%20Businesses%202012-2014.pdfhttps://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/779882/021919_DCMS_Cairncross_Review_.pdfhttps://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/779882/021919_DCMS_Cairncross_Review_.pdfhttps://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-cairncross-review-a-sustainable-future-for-journalism/government-response-to-the-cairncross-review-a-sustainable-future-for-journalismhttps://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-cairncross-review-a-sustainable-future-for-journalism/government-response-to-the-cairncross-review-a-sustainable-future-for-journalismhttps://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-cairncross-review-a-sustainable-future-for-journalism/government-response-to-the-cairncross-review-a-sustainable-future-for-journalismhttps://cmpf.eui.eu/mpm-2015/ireland/https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0026/111896/Public-service-broadcasting-in-the-digital-age.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwi0u7WqufLrAhVfaRUIHeCyBrEQFjASegQICBAB&usg=AOvVaw3nKh7535tvdeZzEyHaZmrwhttps://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0026/111896/Public-service-broadcasting-in-the-digital-age.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwi0u7WqufLrAhVfaRUIHeCyBrEQFjASegQICBAB&usg=AOvVaw3nKh7535tvdeZzEyHaZmrwhttps://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0026/111896/Public-service-broadcasting-in-the-digital-age.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwi0u7WqufLrAhVfaRUIHeCyBrEQFjASegQICBAB&usg=AOvVaw3nKh7535tvdeZzEyHaZmrwhttps://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0026/111896/Public-service-broadcasting-in-the-digital-age.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwi0u7WqufLrAhVfaRUIHeCyBrEQFjASegQICBAB&usg=AOvVaw3nKh7535tvdeZzEyHaZmrwhttps://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0163443719857616https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.hans-bredow-institut.de/webfm_send/661&ved=2ahUKEwj5lOb3vfLrAhWRWhUIHR0BBAMQFjABegQIARAB&usg=AOvVaw3ZWUjB2hW14x-l7rFaEr1Phttps://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.hans-bredow-institut.de/webfm_send/661&ved=2ahUKEwj5lOb3vfLrAhWRWhUIHR0BBAMQFjABegQIARAB&usg=AOvVaw3ZWUjB2hW14x-l7rFaEr1Phttps://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.hans-bredow-institut.de/webfm_send/661&ved=2ahUKEwj5lOb3vfLrAhWRWhUIHR0BBAMQFjABegQIARAB&usg=AOvVaw3ZWUjB2hW14x-l7rFaEr1Phttps://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.hans-bredow-institut.de/webfm_send/661&ved=2ahUKEwj5lOb3vfLrAhWRWhUIHR0BBAMQFjABegQIARAB&usg=AOvVaw3ZWUjB2hW14x-l7rFaEr1Phttps://crtc.gc.ca/eng/publications/reports/2019-cullen/clln19.htm
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25
EU Audio Visual Observatory
Yearbook 2019/2020 Key Trends Television, Cinema, Video and
on-demand Audiovisual
services -The pan-European picture
https://www.obs.coe.int/en/web/observatoire/-
/yearbook-2019-2020-key-trends#62890456_32492842_True
https://www.obs.coe.int/en/web/observatoire/-/yearbook-2019-2020-key-trends#62890456_32492842_Truehttps://www.obs.coe.int/en/web/observatoire/-/yearbook-2019-2020-key-trends#62890456_32492842_True