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Letters pronunciation CPÀëgÀUÀ¼ÀÄ GZÁÒgÀuÉ A C, B ¨ï C Pï,¸ï D zï,qï E E,F,J F ¥sï G Uï,eï
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H ºï I E J eï K Pï L ¯ï M ªÀiï N £ï O C,G,N P ¥ï Q Pï R gï S eï,¸ï T mï,vï U G,C V ªï W ªï,G X Pïì,gÀhiï Y AiÀiï Z gÀhiï
Vowels[¸ÀégÀUÀ¼ÀÄ]There are five vowels in English Language.They are; a, e, i, o, u
Consonants[ªÀåAd£ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ]There are twenty one consonants in English LanguageThey are; b,c,d,f,g,h,j,k,l,m,n,p,q,r,s,t,v,w,x,y,z
EAVèõÀ §½îUÀ¼ÀÄPÀ PÁ Q Qà PÀÄ PÀÆ PÉ PÉà PÉÊ PÉÆ PÉÆà PË Ka Kaa Ki Kee Ku Koo Ke Ke Kai Ko Ko Kou
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PÀA PÀ:Kam Kah
R SÁ T TÃ RÄ RÆ SÉ SÉÃ SÉÊ SÉÆ Kha Khaa Khi Khee Khu Khoo Khe Khe Khai KhoSÉÆÃ SË RA R:Kho Khou Kham Khah
UÀ UÁ V VÃ UÀÄ UÀÆ UÉ UÉÃ UÉÊ UÉÆ Ga Gaa Gi Gee Gu Goo Ge Ge Gai Go UÉÆÃ UË UÀA UÀ:Go Gou Gam Gah
WÀ WÁ X XÃ WÀÄ WÀÆ WÉ WÉÃ WÉÊGha Ghaa Ghi Ghee Ghu Ghoo Ghe Ghe Ghai WÉÆ WÉÆÃ WË WÀA WÀ: Gho Gho Ghou Gham Ghah
ZÀ ZÁ a aà ZÀÄ ZÀÆ ZÉ ZÉà ZÉÊ ZÉÆ ZÉÆà Cha Chaa Chi Chee Chu Choo Che Che Chai Cho Cho ZË ZÀA ZÀ:Chou Cham Chah
bÀ bÁ c cà bÀÄ bÀÆ bÉ bÉà bÉÊ Chha Chhaa Chhi Chhee Chhu Chhoo Chhe Chhe Chhai bÉÆ bÉÆà bË bÀA bÀ:Chho Chho Chhou Chham Chhah d eÁ f fà dÄ dÆ eÉ eÉà eÉÊ eÉÆ eÉÆà Ja Jaa Ji Jee Ju Joo Je Jee Jai Jo Jo eË dA d:Jou Jam Jah
2.Word [±À§Ý]A word is a group of letters that makes some meaning or a complete meaning¸ÀA¥ÀÆtð CxÀðPÉÆqÀĪÀ CPÀëgÀUÀ¼À UÀÄA¥Éà ±À§Ý.Ex: Mother, teacher, God, school, book, friend etc.
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3. The Sentence: ªÁPÀåA sentence is a group of words which makes a complete meaning or sense¸ÀA¥ÀÆtð CxÀðPÉÆqÀĪÀ ±À§ÝUÀ¼À UÀÄA¥Éà ªÁPÀå.”
Ex: 1. May I come in?
£Á£ÀÄ M¼ÀUÉ §gÀ§ºÀÄzÉÃ?2. He is my friend.
CªÀ£ÀÄ £À£Àß UɼÉAiÀÄ/UɼÀw3. What is your school name?
Ex: I £Á£ÀÄ, We £ÁªÀÅ, That CzÀÄ, These EªÀÅ, This EzÀÄ, Those CªÀÅ, Which AiÀiÁªÀÅzÀÄ, Your ¤ªÀÄä,It CzÀÄ, She CªÀ¼ÀÄ, He CªÀ£ÀÄ, Us £ÀªÀÄUÉ,What K£ÀÄ, Mine £À£ÀßzÀÄ,
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My £À£Àß, Our £ÀªÀÄä, Who AiÀiÁgÀÄ etc.F ªÉÄð£À J®èªÀÅUÀ¼À£ÀÄß
£ÁªÀÄ¥ÀzÀUÀ¼À §zÀ¯ÁV §¼À¸À¯ÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ.For ex:
1. Darwin lost his mobile He lost his mobile2. Sangappa is a good boy He is a good boy
Preposition is a word it gives the relation between noun and pronoun.
£ÁªÀÄ¥ÀzÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¸ÀªÀð£ÁªÀÄUÀ¼À £ÀqÀÄ«£À ¸ÀA§AzsÀªÀ£ÀÄß ¸ÀÆa¸ÀĪÀ ±À§ÝªÉà ¸ÀA§AzsÀ ¸ÀÆZÀPÁªÀåAiÀÄ. And preposition stands before the noun or pronoun, also after the verb.
And Or ButOtherwise Either SinceTill Because etc.These are conjunctions.
Examples of joining two words:17
1) Boy and girl2) Boy or girl3) Read and write4) Read or write
ªÉÄð£ÀªÀÅUÀ¼À°è ‘And’ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ‘or’ UÀ¼ÀÄ JgÀqÀÄ ±À§ÝUÀ¼À£ÀÄß eÉÆÃr¹ ºÉüÀÄvÀÛªÉ.Examples of joining two sentences:1. Prakash run fast but he missed the bus.
He She TheyThem It Girl Boy Woman ManBird Doll TreeDaughter Father Mother
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Son Village TownCountry Book etc.
3. Collective Noun:¸ÀªÀÄƺÀªÁZÀPÀ £ÁªÀÄ¥ÀzÀ
It is a name of a group of persons, places, animals, birds or things.
ªÀåQÛUÀ¼À, ¸ÀܼÀUÀ¼À, ¥ÁætÂUÀ¼À, ¥ÀQëUÀ¼À, CxÀªÁ ªÀ¸ÀÄÛUÀ¼À ºÉ¸ÀgÀ£ÀÄß UÀÄA¥ÁV ºÉüÀĪÀÅ £ÁªÀÄPÉÌ ¸ÀªÀÄƺÀªÁZÀPÀ £ÁªÀÄ¥ÀzÀ J£ÀÄߪÀgÀÄ.Examples of a group of persons: ªÀåQÛUÀ¼À UÀÄA¦UÉ GzÁºÀgÀuÉ
1. Father, mother, son, daughter E°è J®èªÀÇ MAzÉà ªÀÄ£ÉAiÀÄ°è£À ªÀåQÛUÀ¼À UÀÄA¥ÀÄ. EzÀ£ÀÄß £ÁªÀÅ ¸ÀªÀÄƺÀªÁZÀPÀªÁV PÀgÉAiÀÄĪÁUÀ Family [PÀÄlÄA§] J£ÀÄßvÉÛêÉ.Examples of a group of birds:
1. Masculine Gender: ¥ÀÄ°èAUÀA word which denotes male beings is said to
be the masculine gender.
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AiÀiÁªÀ ±À§ÝªÀÅ ¥ÀÄgÀĵÀ CxÀªÁ UÀAqÀÄ eÁwAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¸ÀÆa¸ÀÄvÀÛzÉAiÉÆà CAvÀºÀ ±À§ÝPÉÌ ¥ÀÄ°èAUÀ J£ÀÄߪÀgÀÄ.Ex: Boy Father King SonMan Ox Actor Hero Tiger Lion etc.
2. Feminine Gender: ¹ÛçðAUÀA word which denotes female beings is said to
be the feminine ginder.AiÀiÁªÀ ±À§ÝªÀÅ ¹Ûçà CxÀªÁ ºÉtÄÚ
Ask Asked AskedBend Bent BentBring Brought BroughtBuy Bought BoughtCatch Caught CaughtChange Changed ChangedCall Called CalledCut Cut CutAre Were BeenAm Was Been
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Do Did DoneHave Had HadDrink Drank DrunkDrive Drove DrivenDig Dug DugDream Dreamed DreamedEat Ate EatenEnlarge Enlarged EnlargedFear Feared FearedFall Fell FallenFly Flew FlownFind Found FoundHide Hid HiddenNeed Needed NeededPay Paid PaidGo Went GoneClimb Climbed ClimbedDance Danced DancedFolw Flowed FlowedLay Laid LaidGain Gained GainedFeel Felt FeltKeep Kept KeptJump Jumped JumpedKill Killed KilledLike Liked LikedListen Listened ListenedLove Loved LovedWear Wore WornWin Won WonSit Sat SatRead Read ReadSet Set SetHit Hit Hit
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Wet Wet WetCost Cost CostBlame Blamed BlamedDeal Dealt DealtCome Came ComeLearn Learnt LearntMeet Met MetShut Shut ShutStand Stood StoodLeave Left LeftTake Took TakenUse Used UsedThrow Threw ThrownSell Sold SoldBegin Began BegunBite Bit BittenHave Had HadHelp Helped HelpedLaugh Laughed LaughedLook Looked LookedPut Put PutWrite Wrote WrittenSing Sang SungGrow Grew Grown
11. Tenses [PÁ®UÀ¼ÀÄ]There are three main tenses in English
language.
They are:
1. Present Tense:ªÀvÀðªÀiÁ£À PÁ®2. Past Tense:¨sÀÆvÀPÁ®3. Future Tense:¨sÀ«µÀåvÁÌ®
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1. The Present Tense:ªÀvÀðªÀiÁ£À PÁ®There are four types of present tenses.
While making past continuou tense , we keep the helping verb ‘was’ infront of the first person and third person and “were” keeps infront of the second person and add “ing” to the verb.
§gÉAiÀÄÄwÛzÀÝShe was writingCªÀ¼ÀÄ §gÉAiÀÄÄwÛzÀݼÀÄIt was writingCzÀÄ §gÉAiÀÄÄwÛvÀÄÛ.
CªÀgÀÄ §gÉAiÀÄÄwÛzÀÝgÀÄThey were writingCªÀgÀÄ §gÉAiÀÄÄwÛzÀÝgÀÄThey were writingCªÀÅ §gÉAiÀÄÄwÛzÀݪÀÅ
c) Past Perfect tense:¥ÀÆtð ¨sÀÆvÀPÁ® A sentence which is stated that ‘an action is completed’ is called past perfect tense.QæAiÉÄAiÀÄÄ ¸ÀA¥ÀÆtð ªÀÄÄPÁÛAiÀĪÁVzÉ JAzÀÄ ºÉüÀĪÀ ªÁPÀåªÉà ¥ÀÆtð ¨sÀÆvÀPÁ®.
While making simple future tense “ shall” helping verv is used infront of 1st person and “ will” helping verb is used infront of 2nd and 3rd person . And keep the first form of the verb.¸Á.¨sÀÆ.PÁ® ªÀiÁqÀĪÁUÀ PÀvÀÈð ¥ÀæxÀªÀÄ ¥ÀÄgÀĵÀ«zÁÝUÀ CzÀgÀ ªÀÄÄAzÉ “shall” ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¢éwÃAiÀÄ ¥ÀÄgÀĵÀ, vÀÈwÃAiÀÄ ¥ÀÄgÀĵÀ«zÁÝUÀ “will” ¸ÀºÁAiÀÄPÀ QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀ ElÄÖ £ÀAvÀgÀ QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀzÀ ªÀÄÆ®gÀÆ¥ÀªÀ£ÀÄß EqÀ¨ÉÃPÀÄ.Person ¥ÀÄgÀĵÀ
Singular KPÀªÀZÀ£À
Plural§ºÀĪÀZÀ£À
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“I” ¥Àæ.¥ÀÄ
I shall write £Á£ÀÄ §gÉAiÀÄĪɣÀÄ.
We shall write£ÁªÀÅ §gÉAiÀÄĪɪÀÅ.
“II”¢é.¥ÀÄ
You will write¤Ã£ÀÄ §gÉAiÀÄÄ«
You will write¤ÃªÀÅ §gÉAiÀÄÄ«j
“III”vÀÈ.¥ÀÄ
He will write CªÀ£ÀÄ §gÉAiÀÄĪÀ£ÀÄ. She will writeCªÀ¼ÀÄ §gÉAiÀÄĪÀ¼ÀÄIt will writeCzÀÄ §gÉAiÀÄĪÀÅzÀÄ.
They will writeCªÀgÀÄ §gÉAiÀÄĪÀgÀÄ.They will writeCªÀgÀÄ §gÉAiÀÄĪÀgÀÄ.They will writeCªÀÅ §gÉAiÀÄĪÀªÀÅ.
***While making F.P.T, in the 1st person “shall have” and in the 2nd and 3rd person “will have” helping verb is used and verb must be in the past participle form.
Direct Speech and Indirect Speech.[¥ÀævÀåPÀë ºÁUÀÆ ¥ÀgÉÆÃPÀë ªÀiÁvÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ]
Direct Speech ¤AzÀ Indirect Speech UÉ §zÀ°¸ÀĪÁUÀ ±À§ÝUÀ¼À£ÀÄß F jÃw §zÀ°¸À¨ÉÃPÀÄ.
Direct Speech Indirect SpeechI I, he , she, itWe We , theyYou He, she, it, they, weHe, she, it He, she,itThey TheyMy, mine His, her,itsOur, ours Their, theirsYour, yours Our, ours, their, theirs
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Am, is, are Was, wereHave, has HadCan CouldShall ShouldWill Would, shouldMay MightThis ThatThese Those? Asked! ExclaimedHere ThereToday That dayTonight That nightTomorrow The following dayYesterday The day before Ago BeforeNow ThenJust ThenThus So, in that wayMust Had toPlease RequestedLast day Previous dayThe the before The other daySay to ToldSaid to ToldImperative Ordered , requestedSimple present tense Simple past tensePresent Cont. tense Past cont. tensePresent P.tense Past.P.tenseSimple past tense Past. P. tensePast cont. tense P.P.C.Tense Rules for chaging direct speech to indirect speech.
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1) Assertive Sentence:¸ÁzÁ ªÁPÀåIf the ‘reforting’ verb is in the present tense or
future tense, then the verb in the ‘reforted’ speech remains unchanged
Examples:Direct: Laxmi says , “I am writing”Indirect: Laxmi says that she is writing.Direct: Bhagirathi will say, “I am writing.Indirect: Bhagirathi will say that she is writing.Direct: He says, “I was writing”Indirect: He says that he was writing.Direct: He will say, “I was writing”.Indirect: He will say that he was reading.Direct : Dhareppa said, “She is my sister”.Indirect: Dhareppa said that she was his sister.Direct: Namadev said to Bhupal, “ I have ate an
apple”.Indirect: Namadev told Vijay that he had ate an
apple.
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2. Imperative Sentence: DeÁÕxÀðPÀ ªÁPÀå
If the reforted speech is in imperative sentence then the ‘reforting’ verb ‘say’ should be changed into order, request, command, beg, prohibited etc. And instead of “ that” infinitive ‘to’ is used.
DeÁÕxÀðPÀ ªÁPÀåªÀ£ÀÄß ¥ÀævÀåPÀë¢AzÀ ¥ÀgÉÆÃPÀë ªÁPÀåªÁV ªÀiÁqÀĪÁUÀ reforted speech £À°èAiÀÄ reforting verb ‘say’ EzÀ£ÀÄß command, request, order,beg, prohibited EªÀÅUÀ¼À£ÀÄß §¼À¸À¨ÉÃPÀÄ. E°è ‘that’ §zÀ¯ÁV “to” §¼À¸À¨ÉÃPÀÄ.Direct: Manju said “Please don’t trouble me”Indirect: Manju ordered not to trouble him.Direct: Student said to me, “Good morning sir”Indirect: Student wished me good morning
respectfully.Direct: Krishna said “Keep your heart healthy”.Indirect: Krishna advised to keep our heart
healthy.
3) Exclamatory Sentence:GzÁÎgÀªÁZÀPÀ ªÁPÀå
If the ‘reforted’ speech in exclamatory sentence, the reforting verb is changed to ‘exclam’ and then conjunction ‘that’ is used.
GzÁÎgÀªÁPÀåªÀ£ÀÄß ¥ÀgÉÆÃPÀëªÁPÀåªÁV ªÀiÁqÀĪÁUÀ ‘reforting verb’§zÀ¯ÁV exclam §¼À¸À¨ÉÃPÀÄ.[EvÀgÉ reforted verbs-pray , wish]Examples:Direct: Roopa said “ What a beautiful flower it
was!”.
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Indirect: Roopa exclaimed that it was a beautiful flower.
Direct : Prakash said “ What a great book it was!”.
Indirect: Prakash exclaimed that it was a great book.
Direct: Hurrah! “We have won the match” said all the players.
Indirect: All the players exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.
2) Interrogative Sentence: ¥Àæ±ÁßxÀðPÀ ªÁPÀå
If the ‘reforted’ speech is in an interrogative then the question mark is removed , here conjunction ‘that’ is not used , if the question starts with an ‘auxiliary’ verb then the conjunction ‘if’ or ‘whether’ should be used.
‘Reforted speech’ ¥Àæ±ÁßxÀðPÀ ªÁPÀåzÀ°èzÀÝgÉ ¥ÀgÉÆÃPÀëªÁV¸ÀĪÁUÀ question mark vÉUÉzÀÄ ºÁPÀ¨ÉÃPÀÄ. E°è ‘that’JA§ conjunction §¼À¸À¨ÁgÀzÀÄ. DzÀgÉ ¸ÀAzÀ¨sÀðPÀÌ£ÀĸÁgÀªÁV ‘if’ or ‘whether’ §¼À¸À¨ÉÃPÀÄ.Examples:Direct: Kamala said to me, “What are you
doing?”Indirect: Kamala asked to me what I was doing.Direct: Teacher said,”Where are you looking
at?”Indirect: Teacher questioned where you were
looking at.
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Opposite words «gÀÄzÁÝxÀðPÀ ¥ÀzÀUÀ¼ÀÄ[antonyms]
All X none accept X rejectArrive X depart allow X forbidBeautiful X ugly bless X curseBrave X coward bold X timidAppear X disappear bottom X topBright X dim black X whiteClean X dirty cruel X kindCold X hot clever X dullDark X light deep X shallowDry X wet close X openStrong X weak light X heavyYoung X old worst X bestSlowly X quickly far X nearHard X soft friend X enemy / foeOld X new unit X partEarly X late agree X disagreePlenty X few,less great X low, meanLoud X soft strict X lenientBroad X narrow popular X notoriousHumble X proud short X longFast X slow careful X carelessMore X few refuse X receiveBehind X infront,before full X emptyFat X lean tame X wildHealthy X unhealthy active X inactiveAble X unable lucky X unluckyHappy X unhappy fit X unfitRegular X irregular equal X unequalLove X hate remember X forget Foolish X wise sweet X bitter/ sour
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Back X front difficulty X easyIntelligent X dull correct X wrongWin X lose begin X endLaugh X weep more X lessBirth X death strange X familiarLike X dislike whole X partFresh X stale rise X fallIdle X busy glad X sadCheap X costly exit X enterence Various X few widi X narrowWarm X cool rural X urbanPeace X war quiet X noisy Obey X command superior X inferiorTragedy X commedy true X false Public X private theory X practiceJustice X injustice slim X stoutOral X written hallow X solidGuest X host belief X doubtHide X seek honour X shameMany X few modern X ancientRough X smooth success X failureInner X outer minimum X maximumNorth X south often X seldomProfit X loss question X answerRigid X flexible paid X unpaidProve X disprove possible X impossibleHope X hopeless safe X unsafeContent X discontent
MY FAMiLYIn my family we are six members . I, my mother
father, brother and two sisters. I like them very much. I help them at home. My mummy cooks our food and
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looks after us. MY father brings toys for us to play. We all help each other and share the things.My parents love me and my sister very much. My family is a happy family.
MY SCHOOLThe name of my school is Shri Taibai Kannad
Madyam Primary School Jalalpur. It is in Jalalpur. I am studying in 7th Standard. My teacher’s name is V.S. Hugar. Shri. S.P.Borganve is our headmaster .I go to school by walk. I study and play in the school . I have many friends in my school . I like my school very much. I learn many good things in my school. I go to school daily, and love my school.
MY COUNTRYMy country is India. The father of our country
is Mahatma Gandhiji. Our national animal is tiger , national bird is peacock and national flower is lotus. In India there are twenty eight states. People speak different languages but all have a feeling that we belong to one country, that is India.We all stay like brothers and sisters here. We respect our country by singing national anthem daily in our school. I love my country very much.
TELEVISION [T.V] The full form of T.V is Television. It is very useful. Through T.V we can know the day –to –day news and get information. We can also see many animals, birds through T.V . There are many programmes like quiz, competitions through which we get more knowledge. But there are some programmes which are not good .
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So we should see only good programmes and make good use of T.V.
Write a letter to your father
From,
Chinnu.V. S 6th
stdshri.T.K.M.P.School.
Jalalpur.To,Savant.K.HSai Nagar, RaibagPin: 591217 Sub: “For toure please send me Rs 1000/-“Dear pappa, How are you? I am fine here. And also I am studying well here. Our principal and teachers have decided to go for toure. Places are Hampi, Badami, Aihole, Pattadakallu, Kudalsangam.Even I want to go, so please pappa send me Rs 1000/-.Geve my love to mummy and Pallavi. Thanks Your loving:C.V.S
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Place: JalalpurDate: 23/01/2009
Write a lette to your class teacher asking him to grant you leave for two days. From, Manju.S.K 7th std Shri T.K.m.p.School. Jalalpur. To,The class teacher,7thstdShri.T.K.M.P.SchoolJalalpur. Sub: “Reagarding two days leave”Respected Sir,I ,Manu.S.K the student of your class, will not be able to attend your class on 27th and 28th January 2009.As I am not feeling well. So please sir I request you to grant me two days leave on 27-01-2009 to 28-012009. Thanking you, Your obedient
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Manju.S.K Place:JalalpurDate:26-01-2009
Writr a letter to your friend explaining your Dharmastal trip.
FromAjay.S.Bekkeri.Chennamma Circle
Hubli-24My dear kiran, Here I am well, with my study and health. This letter is about my tour of Dharmastal. I had gone to Dharmstal in January with my friends. It is very attractive. Idagunji, Gokarna, Karawar and Udupi also attractive places. You have visit once to there places Rewrite a letter about your study and health.
2. No pain, no gain3. ¥Àj±ÀæªÀÄ«®èzÉ ¥sÀ®«®è.4. Union is strength5. MUÀÎnÖ£À°è §®«zÉ.6. Barking dog seldom bite.7. ¨ÉÆUÀ¼ÀĪÀ £Á¬Ä PÀZÀÄѪÀÅ¢®è.8. penny wise pound foolish.9. Cw D¸É UÀwUÉr¹vÀÄ.10. Give a loan, an enemy own.11. zÀÄqÀÄØ PÉÆlÄÖ ±ÀvÀÄæ
PÀnÖPÉÆ.12. Where there is will there is way.13. ªÀÄ£À¹ìzÀÝ°è ªÀiÁUÀð«zÉ.14. A man is a slave to his stomach.15. ªÀÄ£ÀĵÀå vÀ£Àß ºÉÆmÉÖAiÀÄ
UÀįÁªÀÄ.16. It takes two to make a quarrel.17. JgÀqÀÄ PÉÊ ¸ÉÃjzÀgÉ ZÀ¥Áà¼É.
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18. A friend in need is a friend indeed.19. D¥ÀwÛUÁzÀªÀ£Éà £ÉAl.20. One nail dreves another.21. ªÀÄĽî¤AzÀ ªÀÄļÀî£ÀÄß
vÉUÉAiÀĨÉÃPÀÄ.22. A dog is a lion in his lane.23. ªÀÄ£ÉAiÀÄ°è ºÀÄ° ºÉÆgÀUÉ E°.24. Silence is half consent.25. ªÀiË£À CgɸÀªÀÄäw.26. Fools praise fools.27. ªÀÄÆRðzÉÆgÉUÉ ªÀÄÆRð
ºÉÆUÀ¼ÀĨsÀlÖgÀÄ.
1. a)The inglish alphabets.b)Pronounciation of letters.c).Vowelsd)Consonants.
2. Word.3. The sentence.4. The kinds of sentences.5. Parts of speech.6. The kinds of nouns.7. Noun numbers.8. The noun genders.9. The articles.10. Verbs.11. Tenses.
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a) Present tense.b) Past tense.c) Future tense.
12. Active and passive voice.13. Punctuation marks.14. Direct and indirect speech.15 . Opposite words.16. Essays.17. Letter writing.18. Proverbs.19. Figures.