Nombre: Curso: Colegio: Este libro pertenece a: Te lo ha hecho llegar gratuitamente el Mini ster io de Educación a través del establecimiento educacional en el que estudias. Es para tu uso personal tanto en tu colegio como en tu casa; cuídalo para que te sirva durante todo el año. Si te cambias de colegio lo debes llevar contigo y al finalizar el año, guardarlo en tu casa. U1 ING 2M JO (001-039).indd 1 18-10-12 11:23
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1 A communication channel is the means we use to send information from one
person to another. What are the communication channels in the pictures?
2 Look at the illustration below with your partner and answer these questions.
a. Why can they not understand each other?b. What languages are they speaking?
c. What can they do to communicate?
3 What do these symbols mean? When do we use symbols to communicate?
a. @ b. & c. $ d. e. % f. ®
SET UP
You can find more signs and symbols at http://www.guide-to-symbols.com
1 2 3 4
What’s your name? ?
dniM Teaser
Why do we communicate?People communicate witheach other for many reasons.These are some of them.- They want to spread news.- They want to warn ofdangers.
- They want to pass oninformation.
- They want to ask for help.- They want to express
a. The purpose of text ___________ is to announce a change of address.b. The purpose of text ___________ is to announce a job opening.c. The purpose of text ___________ is to offer a service.
2 Which of these actions do you need to take to contact the person orcompany making the announcements above?
a. I need to send an e-mail.b. I need to go to the place.c. I need to phone.
3 Which of the words in the box would you expect to find in a text
announcing the winner of a competition?
THINK AHEAD
WE ARE HAPPY TO ANNOUNCE…READING
Lesson 1
1
2
3
NEEDED
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C A LL MR W ONG A T
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· award · contestant · introduce · judges· meet · place · present · prize · result · runner up
D e a r c u s t o m e r s
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W e ho pe t o see y ou t her e.
Why - BecausePay attention to theseexamples: Why do people need toeat? Because they needenergy for their bodies. Why are you readingthis book? Because it isinteresting.
Notice that we always usewhy to ask for the reason /purpose of an action andbecause to give the reason /purpose of an action.Why is the equivalentof Spanish por qué andbecause is the equivalent ofSpanish porque .
1. Read these sentences from the text and notice how we link sentencesin English.
a. Roland is a paediatrician and needs to be on call day and night.b. Although by profession Jo is a school bus driver, her other interests
include painting, walking her dog and reading romantic fiction.c. She doesn’t like watching television because she thinks it is a waste of time.d. Roland Brand, besides the County Council Library & Arts Services
prize of €1,000, gets a laptop computer contributed by PC Factory.e. Roland’s working hours are long and the work is intense, but he still
likes to dedicate time to his passion: writing.
2. We usually use shorter sentences when speaking and longer sentences
in writing. Linking words provide a text with cohesion and illustrate howthe parts of the text relate to each other
We use and to add extra information, but to contrast ideas, because to explain the reason, besides to say that there is something additional
included and although to indicate a contradiction.
3. Go back to the text and copy all the sentences that contain these linkingwords into your notebook. Can you understand them better now?
MAKE CONNECTIONS
10 Join the sentences using and , but , because, besides or although.
a. Ronald’s life is very busy. He finds time to write fiction.
b. Brand gets €1,000. He also gets a laptop computer.c. Imelda is a housewife. She writes short stories and poetry.d. Roland doesn’t want to become a professional writer. He is happy with
his career.e. Jo Campbell is from London. She is a school bus driver.f. She drives a school bus. She also dedicates her time to other hobbies.
11 Study these additional linking words and their function. Which sentences fromExercise 10 can you rewrite using these options? In some cases you can / mustswitch the order of the sentences around (first sentence goes second).
13 Answer the questions and match your answers with the pictures.
UNI T 114
HAVE A CHAT
14 Choose the best linking word. (10 points)
a. In order to communicate effectively, humans developed languages,signs and / but writing.
b. Although / but sometimes people speak the same language they
cannot communicate.c. You need to learn English and / because the world is becoming more
and more globalised.d. It is easy to say I love you because / but more difficult to prove it.e. Although / besides a laptop the winner also gets a cash prize.
FAST CHECK
Your
result:
0 5
Review the lesson
6 8
Quite good
9 10
Excellent
1 2 3
a. Why do you need to put a stamp on the envelope?b. Why do you need to stop your car?c. Why do you need to use coins?
5 Listen to the two recordings. Which one is a rap and which one isa poem?
6 Listen again. Which of the two mentions different ways of communicating?
7 Listen to the text you identified and in your notebook write at leastfour ways of communicating.
8 Which expressions from Exercise 2 are mentioned in the secondrecording? Write them down in your notebook. What feelings dothey express?
9 Listen again and choose the best adjective to describe each pieceof poetry.
a. The first piece is
i. sad ii. cheerful iii. critical
b. The second piece isi. nostalgic ii. controversial iii. descriptive
4 Answer the questions and write the words in the grids. Read each lettermarked in blue. The answer gives you the subject of the listening text.
a. What do you use to send an e-mail?
b. What do you use to call your friend in another city?
c. What’s another word for talk ?
d. What do you put in an envelope?e. What’s another word for tell ?
GO AHEAD
dniM
Teaser
Why do we listen? Welisten for different reasons: forpleasure (music, bird song),to understand explanations,for instructions so that weknow how to carry out a
task, for information in thecase of the news or theweather forecast, and also toget the main idea of a storyor a narration.
1. Read these sentences from the listening text. Pay special attention to
the preposition in bold.a. We can sign a sign or write a little rhyme besides making a call.b. We can type on our computer besides using a fax or sending a scooter.
2. Compare these sentences.
a. We can sign a sign or write a little rhyme besides making a call to afriend down the hall.
b. We can make a call to a friend who lives beside us down the hall.c. We can type on our computer besides using a fax or sending a scooter.d. We can use the fax that is beside the computer on the desk.
3. Besides is a preposition that means in addition to.
Besides Paula she also invited Kate.
4. Besides is also an adverb that means also.
The film was too long. Besides, it was very boring.
5. Beside is a preposition that means next to.
Sit beside me, please!
6. Read the examples from the text again. How many actions can thespeaker take in each case?
MAKE CONNECTIONS
10 Listen again. Which of the two words is mentioned in each recording?
Recording I Recording II
a. i. rich ii. reach a. i. will ii. wheelb. i. feel ii. fill b. i. need ii. knit
11 Listen once more and choose one of these titles for each piece.
a. A Lesson in Communication b. Dance and Rapc. How I Miss my Little Girl d. When I Grow up
We use expressions suchas Well done! or Wow,what a surprise! to expressfeelings of pleasure, surprise,interest, etc. They are calledinterjections. There are otherinterjections such as Oh!,
Um or Ah! and we use themquite often, usually more inspeaking than in writing.People also use them whenthey don’t know what to say,or to indicate that they arethinking about what to say.
a. You should sit beside / besides your brother.b. No one talked to her besides / beside her mother.c. The cinema is besides / beside the supermarket.
d. She works all day. Besides / beside, she has to do the housework.
e. When she is sad she doesn’t like any company besides / beside her pet cat.
13 Form sentences putting these parts in the correct order. Change capitalsto small letter where necessary.
a. Is good at math - Although he - Before tests. - He likes to review b. Janis also likes - Cooking - Besides reading - And jogging.c. Much money - Because she doesn’t have - An economy ticket
- Grace is buyingd. But she doesn’t know - To speak French - Juliet knows how -
Much German.
14 The teacher will give you the transcript of the first recording. Practise it
with a partner. Then make a presentation to the whole class. The bestpresentation gets a good mark!
15 Complete these dialogues expressing surprise, interest, sympathy or
pleasure. Use the expressions in Exercise 2. Check with the recording and then
practise the dialogues with your partner. Role play one in front of the class.
Tick one box in each row according to your performance in this lesson.
CHECK IT OVER! ✔
COMMUNIC A TION A ND UNDERS T A NDING 21
18 Work in pairs. Your friend is telling you about the way peoplecommunicate. Write down what he / she tells you using sentences withlinking words such as and , because, or , although, besides, and but .
Example:
Jorge says that sometimes people speak the same language BUT they don’t
communicate. We need to communicate BECAUSE we live in society. To
communicate we can use different channels, for example the telephone,
e-mail OR letters.
WRITE IT DOWN
PLAY IT
Play Getting nervous in groups of four.
a. Prepare cards with these linking words: although, besides, but , and , because and or .b. Place them face up on the table.c. Player 1 reads the first sentence and all the players must try to tap the right linking word .d. The player who first puts his / her hand on the linking word says the complete sentence. If the
sentence is correct, he / she wins 10 points; if it isn’t, Player 2 reads the first sentence again.e. The game continues until all the sentences have been correctly completed.f. The winner is the player who has the most points.
Sentences
1. There is bread ___ butter for breakfast.
2. His mother won’t be there, ___ his father might.3. They are tired ___ they worked all night.4. ___ the sun was shining it wasn’t very warm.5. Is your sister older ___ younger than you.6. ___ working as a teacher, he also writes poems in his spare time.
dniM
Teaser
We always talk like this,using our home telephone
numbers.
Yes, but look at StandingBear. He bought a mobile phone
4 Considering the pictures above and the information you have discussed,what do you think the text you are going to read will be about?
THINK AHEAD
DECODING WRITINGREADING
Lesson 3
2 Choose the best definition for the word alphabet .
a. Set of symbols or characters that represent the sounds of a language inwriting.
b. Letters such as A, B, C that permit us to write messages and tocommunicate.
c. Different drawings made by hand that represent the sounds in aspoken language.
3 Which culture do you think the pictures below represent? How do youknow? Give reasons.
a. Ancient Egyptian b. Ancient Greek c. Ancient Maya.
1 2
1 Can you match the examples of alphabets (1 5) with their names (a e)?
a. Arabic b. Chinese c. Cyrillic d. Greek e. Latin
1 2
3
54
When we give the reasonfor our actions, we use theword because .I am watching this filmbecause I think it is interesting.We can also use since andas when the reason is known.Since I’m already in thecinema, I will watch themovie. As you already know, I likehorror movies.
5 Read the text on page 23 and check your predictions in Exercise 4.
6 As you can see, the report on page 23 is presented in four differentcolours. Can you match each part with the corresponding topic?
a. Progress report on the brochure
b. Progress report on the investigationc. Introductiond. Questions and requests
7 Why are some parts in the text on page 23 marked with bullet points (•)?
a. Because the writer wants to make the text more interesting.b. Because the writer wants to enumerate several ideas in a short way.c. Because the writer wants to show that he knows how to write a report.
8 What do we call the note indicated by the number (1) in the last paragraphof the text on page 23?
a. Footnote. b. Title. c. Heading.
9 Read the text on page 23 again and choose the best option to completethe sentences.
a. Prof Harding is working on the brochure
i. alone. ii. with some students.
b. The brochure will include
i. text and pictures. ii. drawings and photos.
c. Mayan writing is composed by
i. hieroglyphics and letters. ii. phonetic and other symbols.
d. Prof Harding thinks the tablet he is investigating is fromi. Mexico. ii. Honduras.
10 Read the text on page 23 again and find these reasons. Write sentences inyour notebook using because.
a. Reason(s) for writing the report.b. Reason(s) for using simple language in the brochure.c. Reason(s) for including lots of pictures in the brochure.d Reason(s) why Prof Harding needs a fast reply.
11 Now match Prof Harding’s questions in the text on page 23 (1 3) with
Dr Rasmussen’s answers below (a c).a. I think that we do not need too many copies of the brochure because it
would be a waste of money.
b. Gerald Standing is free to take photos next Thursday.c. I’m not sure if we can spare any extra people to help you any time soon.
1. Read these sentences from the report on page 23.a. As requested by you, I am writing this report to inform you of the
progress on the brochure.b. Two graduate students are helping me with the preparation of the
text and the pictures.c. Are we getting any new students to help with the brochure?d. Are we printing 5,000 copies of the brochure?
2. What do the sentences above refer to?
a. Activities happening right now.b. Activities happening in the present but not necessarily this very moment.c. Activities happening in the near future, especially planned future events.
3. All three answers are correct. Sentence a. refers to an activity happeningright now. Sentence b. refers to an activity happening in the presentbut not necessarily at this very moment and sentences c. and d. referto activities happening (or not) in the near future, especially in planned
future events.
4. Go back to the text and find three more sentences in the PresentContinous. What do they refer to?
MAKE CONNECTIONS
12 Which of these sentences refer to planned activities in the future?
a. I’m now investigating the real origin of the tablet.b. I am meeting some friends after work.
c. They are watching Batman and Robin on TV at the moment.d. Polly is coming to dinner tomorrow.e. John, are you sleeping?f. What are you doing at the weekend?
13 Complete these short dialogues with an appropriate question referring tothe underlined part.
a. A: ___________________________________________________ ?B: We are going to Arica next month.
b. A: ___________________________________________________ ?
B: No, she is not going to the party with us on Tuesday.c. A: ___________________________________________________ ?
B: He is visiting his grandparents at the weekend.d. A:___________________________________________________ ?
Tick one box in each row according to your performance in this lesson.
CHECK IT OVER! ✔
COMMUNIC A TION A ND UNDERS T A NDING 27
19 Write a short report on your progress in this lesson. Include an
introduction, one or two sentences on the READING part, and onesentence on the MAKE CONNECTIONS part.
WRITE IT DOWN
FAST CHECK
18 Change the sentences in the negative form into the affirmative formand the ones in the affirmative form into questions. (10 points)
a. He is not going to the doctor’s tomorrow. (+)
b. Conrad is travelling to Miami with his friends. (?)c. Geraldine is not meeting us for dinner. (+)d. Jim’s flight is at 6 p.m. so they are leaving him at the airport. (?)e. They aren’t planning to get married until next year. (+)
Your
result:
0 5
Review the lesson
6 8
Quite good
9 10
Excellent
PLAY IT
Invent a code and write a message using it.
a. Work in groups of four students and decide the message you would like to write.
b. Write out what you would like to write and leave spaces in between the lines for creating your code.c. These are some examples of encoding, but you can invent your own code.
i. Leave all consonants the same, but replace all vowels with the consonant that follows thatvowel in the alphabet.
ii. You can replace vowels using special symbols.Example:A = -- E = -.- I = .-. O = ..-- U = .-.-
Wht ..s th. m.ss g. s y..ng?
d. Encode your message. If you want to make it easier, include the key to the code. If not, let thereceivers work it out.
e. Swap messages with another group and decode them.
1 How would you express the following, in body language or gestures?
a. Stop! b. Come here!c. Yes. d. No.e. My stomach is hurting. f. Be quiet!
g. Hello. h. Let me think.
2 What part of the body do people most frequently use to express non-verbal communication? Rate from 1 (least common) to 5 (most common).Compare with a partner and discuss giving examples of non-verbalcommunication.
THINK AHEAD
VISIBLE BODY LISTENING
Lesson 4
dniM
Teaser
Some theories claim thatpeople can communicatethrough the transfer ofthoughts or feelings bymeans other than the five
classical senses of sight,hearing, taste, smell,and touch. This way ofcommunication is calledtelepathy .
1. Read these sentences from the listening text. Pay special attention to theverb form in bold.
a. On Wednesday all actors are meeting to discuss how to express anger.b. For example, we’re interviewing people about their gestures and
facial expressions.c. Others are meeting with psychologists to discuss communication
through body language.
2. The Present Continuous is used to talk about arrangements for events ata time later than now. There is a suggestion that more than one person
knows about the event, and that there is some preparation for the event.
a. Jim is going to Miami tomorrow so I am taking him to the airport - bothJim and I know about it and we have made the arrangements.
b. I am leaving town next Monday - I already have my ticket.
c. We are staying with friends when we get to Boston - both they and I
agree to that.
3. Listen to the last two exchanges of the conversation. Find and writetwo more example with the Present Continuous. Do they refer to futurearrangements?
BE CAREFUL! The Simple Present is used when a future event is part of aprogramme or time-table. Notice the difference between:
a. We’re having a staff meeting next Monday. b. We have a staff meeting next Monday as we always do.(It’s on the time-table.)
MAKE CONNECTIONS
8 Listen again. Are these statements true (T) or false (F)?
a. ___ Andrew Remington is a well-known actor.b. ___ Gina Radcliff is preparing a new play.
c. ___ Only 7% of our communication is in words.
d. ___ More than half of our communication takes place through
body language.
9 Listen once more and choose the correct word.
a. I’m a little worried about the word export / expert .b. I also find / found it surprising.c. We’re preparing a new play / plan.
Try to learn and use theseexpressions to expressfeelings, which are importantin everyday language.
It worries me a little.It’s really interesting.What a surprise!It’s such a pleasure.Let me tell you how happy I am.I’m also glad to be here.It’s a pleasure.I’m a little worried about her.I also find it surprising.How interesting!
10 Complete these dialogues with the question corresponding to theinformation in bold.
a. A: ____________________________________________?
B: All actors are meeting on Wednesday.
b. A: ____________________________________________?
B: Some actors are interviewing people next week .c. A: ____________________________________________?
B: Other actors are meeting with psychologists to discuss ways of communicating.
11 What arrangements have they made for the future? Write the completesentences in your notebook.
12 Connect these sentences using and , or , but , because, although, besides.
a. He knows about body language. He is a drama teacher.b. They use different costumes in the play. They use make-up.c. Lisa likes playing the guitar. She doesn’t have time to practise.d. You can use the telephone. You can use the fax machine if you prefer.e. They are doing interviews. They are also meeting with psychologists.
a. Juliet: meet Peter / train station b. Karin: go to concert / tomorrow
c. Ken and Lucy: get married / June d. Mr and Mrs Livingston: buy a new
Tick one box in each row according to your performance in this lesson.
CHECK IT OVER! ✔
COMMUNIC A TION A ND UNDERS T A NDING 33
WRITE IT DOWN
17 Observe your classmates and make notes of the body language they use.Write a short paragraph listing the gestures and expressions they use andwhat they communicate with them.
Example: Camila uses her hands a lot when she talks. She often says “ how
interesting!” when she listens to people.
T womo n o l o g u e s d o n o t m ak ead ialo g u e
.
18 This proverb about communication is “glued together”. Write it correctlyin your notebook and discuss its meaning.
1 Look at the picture carefully. It is Mr Brook Winston’s living room. What does the picture tell you abouthim? Use the correct linking words (and , or , but , although, besides, because, since, as) to connect theparts of the sentences.
a. Mr Winston lives in London ___________________ he works in Essex ___________________ usuallytravels to work by car.
b. ________________ he is a well-known pizza chef, he doesn’t like cooking at home ________________ he likes doing other things after work.
c. Mr Winston is married ___________________ he has two children.d. ___________________ playing the piano, he also plays the violin, ___________________ he doesn’t
know how to play the trumpet.
e. Mr Winston paints beautiful pictures. He usually uses oil paints ___________________ water colours.f. ___________________ he speaks German very well, he doesn’t speak French ___________________
he is taking lessons ___________________ he has some friends in France.g. He plays tennis, ___________________ he is not playing right now.h. Mr Winston uses the computer to chat to his friends in France ___________________ Spain.i. ___________________ he is a chef ___________________ knows about nutrition, he likes to eat
healthy food. He is eating a salad now ___________________ drinking a glass of milk.
12, Cl o nd a l kin Ro a d W a l kinst o w nD ubl in 12I r el a nd
D ea r S a l v a d o r ,
My na me is Cia r a ____ I ’ m f r o m I r el a nd .O r ig ina l l y, I ’ m f r o m G a l w a y, ____ I a m mo v ing t o D ubl in next mo nt h ____ I g o t a jo b t her e a s a nur se.
____ sp ea king E ng l ish, I a l so sp ea k G a el ic - t ha t ’ s t he o r ig ina l l a ng ua g e o f I r el a nd .W hen I g et t o D ubl in, I a m p la nning t o t a ke S p a nish l esso ns. ____ I l ike t he l a ng ua g e v er y much, I w o ul d l ike t o ha v e a p en p a l f r o m S o ut h Amer ica ____ p r a ct ise my S p a nish.____ I ca n p l a y t he t in w hist l e, I ca n’ t p l a y t h
e Bo d hr á n, w hich is a t yp ica l I r ish d r um. Ap a r t f r o m S p a nish, I a m p l a nning t o t a ke Bo d hr á n l esso ns w hen I ha v e a l it t l e mo r e t ime - p r o ba bl y w hen I a m a l r ea d y in D ublin.
N ext w eek, I a m t a king my f ina l nur sing exa ms ____ I a m a l it t l e w o r r ied ____ t he exa ms a r e so imp o r t a nt . O t her st ud ent s a nd I a r e g et t ing t o g et her t his w eekend t o p r ep a r e f o r t he exa ms.
W ha t ca n yo u t el l me a bo ut yo ur sel f ? D o yo u p l a y t he g uit a r ____ a ny o t her inst r ument s? W ha t o t her l a ng ua g es d o yo u sp ea k a p a r t f r o m E ng lish ____ S p a nish? I ho p e yo u w il l w r it e t o me so
o n. L o v e, Cia r a .
COMMUNIC A TION A ND UNDERS T A NDING 35
2 Read the letter below. With your partner fill in the gaps with the correct linking words and ask andanswer questions about Ciara and her plans for the future.
“Ladies and gentlemen, this is Jenny O’Connell, your Flight - Service
Manager speaking. Please put away all your hand baggage in the overheadcompartments or under your seats. The seat belt sign is on, so you need totake your seat and fasten your seat belt. Also make sure the back of your seatis straight and trays are in their full upright position.
If you are sitting next to an emergency exit, please read the specialinstructions card located by your seat. You can also ask the flight attendant tohelp you.
You need to turn off all cellular phones, pagers, radios and remote controlledtoys for the full duration of the flight because these items can interfere withthe navigational and communication equipment on this aircraft.
We remind you that this is a non-smoking flight. Smoking is prohibited on the
entire aircraft, including the lavatories.
If you have any questions about our flight today, please don’t hesitate to ask one of our flight attendants. Thank you.”
Adapted from: Posts from the Announcements Category. Retrieved June 18, 2012, from: http://airodyssey.net/category/announcements/
1 Read the two announcements and identify which one (I or II) shows these characteristics.a. Formal language b. Informal language c. Joyfuld. Serious e. Spoken f. Written
2 Read the announcements again and choose the best option to complete the sentences.
a. The twins were born withi. the same size and weight.ii. different size and weight.
b. Visitorsi. do not need to bring gifts.ii. need to bring gifts.
c. The person speaking in the second announcement isi. the pilot.ii. The Flight Service Manager.
d. The flighti. permits smoking.ii. does not permit smoking.
e. Travellersi. can use their mobile phones.ii. can’t use their mobile phones.
LISTENING - THE MORSE CODE
3 Listen to the recording. What kind of programme is it?
a. A TV programmeb. A radio programme
4 Listen again and write down the following codes.
a. Letter A: _______ b. Letter B: _______c. Number 1: _______ d. SOS: _______
5Listen once more and answer these questions.
a. Is John a pilot or a naval officer?b. What forms of communication can be used in modern times?c. When was the Morse Code invented?d. How fast can good Morse code operators write?
· My writing is coherent and follows the central idea.
· I use the correct sentence formation and sentence structure.
· I use the correct spelling, punctuation, capitalisation, and format.Reading
· I am aware of the differences in tenses, gender, and number.
· I identify the main idea and understand the text as a whole.
· I can locate details and look for specific information.Listening
· I can get the general idea.
· I understand the details and identify speakers.
· I identify the source of listening texts and recognise the format.Group work
· I share my ideas with the group.
· I listen to and respect my partners’ points of view.
· I help to solve problems and contribute with relevant information.
A l w a y s
N e a r l y A l w a y s
S o m e t i m e s
N e v e rChoose one alternative according to your performance.
Use this clue to work out your score
Never = 0
Sometimes = 1
Nearly Always = 2Always = 3
If you get:
0 - 10 = Watch out! You must look
back and review the whole unit. Ask
your teacher and / or a classmate for
additional help and remedial work.
11 - 22 = Not too bad, but there
are areas you still have problems
with. Identify those areas and ask
your teacher and / or a classmate for
additional help and remedial work.
23 - 34 = You are doing fine, but you
can certainly do better. Get togetherwith a classmate and review your
weak points.
35 - 45 = Congratulations! Great
progress - you may look ahead to the
new unit and help your classmates who
need to review.
FINAL CHECK ✔✔
WRITING
9 Join the sentences in this text about communicating using linking words.
Communication is a process between at least two people. When you communicate,
you understand what other people want to tell you. You offer your own feelings and
reactions. You are not born with communication skills. You learn communications skills.
We learn communication skills observing other people. We use words and sounds tocommunicate. We also use other means such as gestures and facial expressions.
Communication is important. It helps us to understand each other.
May / might 1. Study these sentences from the text paying special attention to the
words in bold.
a. You may take the full tour in a horse-drawn carriage.
b. Kids may use the playground facilities or the video room.
c. The cheese farm tour might take an additional 45 minutes.
d. It might take up to four hours by coach or three and a half hours by train.
2. What do the sentences express?
a. Suggestion. b. Polite request. c. Possibility.
3. The answer is c - we are expressing that something is possible (we are
making a prediction) now or for the future. The only difference is the
degree of possibility.
a. It may rain tomorrow - it is quite possible it will rain tomorrow(+).
b. It might rain tomorrow -it is less possible it will rain tomorrow(–).
4. Go back to the reading text. Find and copy all the sentences with may or
might. Can you identify the degree of possibility?
Say and tell mean decir , butthey are used differently.You say something, but youtell someone something.I said goodbye / I said goodbye to Mary, but I amtelling Mary a story .Certain expressions arealways used with tell : tell jokes, tell the truth, tell a lie ,while others are always usedwith say : say prayers, say good bye , say hello .
Dnger 10 Write at least three other questions you could ask the Hobbiton Manager
before you book a holiday. Ask your partner to answer them.
11 Choose the correct word, say or tell .
a. I get really angry when you tell / say lies.
b. When you see Sean, could you tell / say hello for me?c. Please, could you tell / say your sister that I can’t meet her tonight?
d. They tell / say Georgette is French, but she could also be Canadian.
12 Choose may or might .
a. Where is he from?
He ______ be from Cataluña because his name is Ignasi Barceló.
b. What do you think you will do on your winter holiday?
I’m not sure yet. We ______ go to Valdivia or Puerto Montt.
c. Look at the clouds! They are heavy and black.
Yes, it ______ rain really soon.
d. Is she from Canada?
She ______ be. Why do you ask?
Because of her accent - she speaks French but with a different accent.
13 Make predictions using may / might and the prompts provided . Write the
sentences in your notebook.
a. class / organise / picnic or a party
b. you / study / gastronomy or marketing
c. your friend / go to Arica or Calama
d. petrol prices / increase or decrease
e. you / see the film The curious case of Benjamin Button on Saturday
2 Match the descriptions (a - d) with the words below (i - iv) and the
pictures of the natural phenomena (1 - 4).
a. Visible and very fine water drops or ice particles suspended in the
atmosphere at high altitudes.
b. A visible flash of light happening when there is an abrupt natural
electric discharge in the atmosphere.
c. Frozen precipitation in the form of white hexagonal ice crystals fallingdown in soft, white flakes.
d. Water condensed from atmospheric vapour and falling in drops.
i. cloud ii. lightning iii. rain iv. snow
eic mcliate mihud nwid ogf
1 2
3 4
dniM
Teser
So it’ s true. It
IS raining cats
and dogs.
You can find lots of words related to the weather, the climate and
natural phenomena at www.weatherwizkids.com
Not all plurals in English areformed by adding -s or -es.One irregular plural is theword phenomenon, whoseplural is phenomena.Other words (mainly of Latinorigin) that form their plural inthe same way are:bacterium - bacteria
Whatever you might need - we have it! Maybe you want to stay in ahotel or you might prefer a hostel. Or maybe you’d love to get one of the cabins.
Hotels
Right in the centre of San Pedro de Atacama. This is the best choicefor a tourist who visits alone or in small groups. The rooms are single,double, and twin; and besides, we also have triple rooms for smallfamilies. All rooms have a private bath and we also include buffet breakfast. Our staff, who speak several languages can take you on atour of the nearby geysers.
Hostels
Quite near the centre of the town. This is the best choice for grouptourism and people on a budget. You may choose one of the severaloptions we have on offer, starting from single rooms to rooms thataccommodate up to six people. Single rooms have a private bath, butthe multiple guest rooms share a bathroom located in the corridor.
Cabins
Located 7 km from San Pedro de Atacama and 2 km from TulorVillage, the cabins are in the beautiful Ayllu de Coyo oasis, surrounded by native trees. The owners, native to San Pedro, offer a selectionof cabins each with a double room, a private bath, a fully equippedkitchen, and a barbecue.
Adapted from: (2010, March 31). La guía turistica de San Pedro de Atacama. Retrieved June 17, 2012, from http://issuu.com/sanpedrochile.com/docs/guiasanpedroatacama10
Comments fromprevious visitors
John, Washington I stayed in SanPedro for two days.I had a wonderfultime! The peoplewe met during ourstay were friendlyand helpful.
Stella, MarseilleMy mother stayedin one of the cabinsfor seven days.According to her,they were cleanand comfortable.Besides, she lovedthe people whoworked there.
2 Answer the questions and compare your answers with another student.
a. Do you prefer bananas or strawberries?
b. Would you rather have chicken or meat?
c. Which do you like better: cookies or candy?d. Which is your favourite vegetable?
e. Would you rather eat something sweet or salty?
3 Which words from Exercise 1 would you expect to find in a brochure
about healthy eating?
dni
M
Teas
er
Vitamins and minerals aresubstances that are found infoods we eat. Our bodiesneed them to work properly,so that we grow and developjust like we should. When itcomes to vitamins, each onehas a special role to play.For example:• vitamin D in milk helps our
bones.• vitamin A in carrots helps us
to see at night.• vitamin C in oranges helps
our body to heal if we geta cut.
• B vitamins in leafy greenvegetables help our body tomake protein and energy.
HOW TO GROW HEALTHY Do you want to stay healthy? I am sure you do.
This brochure offers you tips on how
to stay healthy and keep fit.
Tip 1
First of all, you should get enough sleep for a young person who needslots of energy in themorning. Next, get some
good breakfast. Breakfast is a meal that fills your“empty tank” after a long night without food and
it can help you do better in school. You can eateasy-to-prepare breakfasts that include cold cerealwith fruit and low-fat milk, whole-wheat toast,
yogurt with fruit, or an egg sandwich.
Tip 4Do you prefer exercising orsitting in front of a TV? Would you rather go for a bike ride orread a book? Vigorous work-outis good for you because when you breathe hard, your heart works better, you havemore energy, and you look and feel your best. Startwith warm-up exercises that stretch your musclesand include 20 minutes of aerobic activity, such asrunning or dancing. Do it in a gym or in the park,where you can also meet your friends.
Tip 2Would you rather take a busor ask your parents to drive you to school? If your schoolis not too far, why don’t youinvite a group of friends whocan all walk with you when you go to school? Itcan be fun talking along the way.
Adapted from:The International FoodInformation Council, (n.d),How to Grow Health , Retrieved June 26, 2012,from http://www.foodinsight.org/
Tip 3What is your favourite snack:chocolate or cookies? If you snackall the time on salty crisps orsugary cookies, it’s not the rightkind of food in the middle of themorning. Choose snacks thatcome from different food groups,which may be a glass of low-fatmilk, an apple or celery sticks with peanut butterand raisins, or some dry cereal. If you eat smart atmost meals, then cookies, chips and candy are OK
for occasional snacking.
Tip 5You don’t have to give up foodslike hamburgers and ice creamto eat healthy, but choose theones you like the best and besmart about how often and howmuch you eat. Your body needs nutrients, whichare products such as protein, carbohydrates, fatand many different vitamins and minerals such asvitamins C and A, iron and calcium from a varietyof foods. You can talk to a nutritionist who can tell you about different types of food.
Tip 6 Your dad is probably sittingin front of the TV and maybe your mum is reading a paper.Come on, mum and dad!Let’s get going because beingactive is much more fun with friends or family.People who are active live longer and happier lives.
Tip 7 A healthy eating style is like a puzzle with many parts. Each
part is different. There are foodsthat have more fat, sugar, or saltwhile others have more vitaminsor fiber. Eat a little of all these foods becausewhat makes a diet good or bad is how the foods fittogether. Balancing your choices is important.
Tick one box in each row according to your performance in this lesson.
CHECK IT OVER! 4
WE ARE WHA T WE EA T 79
PLAY IT
Five teens are shopping and each one is choosing one product. Use the clues to guess
which person is buying which product. Write the name of the product and tick the right
column. Who can do this the fastest in your group?
a. Jenny is a strict vegetarian and she does not eat any meat, fish, or poultry. Additionally,her favourite colour is red, so she’s getting this vegetable which is an intense red and is
often used in salads.
b. Jeremy has a sweet tooth and although his mum says he should eat more fruit, Jeremy
ignores her advice and is buying a product made of flour, sugar, cream, and jam.
c. Charlene is an athlete and she has just come back from a cross-country race. She is very
thirsty. She doesn’t like soft drinks, so she’s buying this product that is generally made
from fruit.
d. Gemma’s mother is organising a barbecue for Gemma’s dad. Lots of guests are coming
and they will eat salads and this grilled product.
e. Mike is going for a picnic tomorrow and he wants to take something that he can pack
easily and eat without using a plate. He is planning to put some cheese and ham on it.
5 Listen again and tick the foods mentioned by Carl.
6 Listen again and check which art forms listed below Carl has used
during his career.
a. collage b. graffiti
c. landscape d. mosaic
e. portrait f. sculpture
g. seascape h. still life
7 Listen once more and choose the best option.
a. When Carl was a child his father
i. had an Italian restaurant. ii. worked in an Italian restaurant.
b. Food is as important as
i. air and water. ii. work and water.
c. When creating his food art Carl can take
i. a few days. ii. seven to ten days.
d. Carl started working with food because he got
i. food art as a Christmas present. ii. a commission from a supermarket.
GO AHEAD
· broccoli · butter · fish · lettuce · mushrooms· olives · pasta · pizza · spaghetti · tomatoes
Artists use many different artforms including: A portrait: a likeness of aperson that shows the face.
A landscape: a picturethat shows places such asmountains, a city or fields. A collage: a composition ofmaterials and objects thatinclude paper, fabric, wood,glass, etc. pasted over asurface. A still life: a painting ofinanimate objects such as fruitor flowers. A mosaic: a picture ordecorative design made byplacing small coloured piecessuch as stone or tile ontoa surface.Graffiti: Drawings or wordswritten or spray-painted onwalls. A seascape: A picture thatshows the sea or the ocean.
S ome people say that being a restaurant reviewer is the best job in the world, but sometimes it is not. Visiting The Crazy
Cows was a disappointing experience. Besides, the decorationwas crazy too - metal seats in repulsive black and white leatherand pictures of cows on the walls. Although I had a booking fora table for two, it took the staff 20 minutes to accommodate us.“We have too many guests and not enough waiters,” the manager explained. The appetiser arrivedhalf an hour later - a cold tomato soup with some old bread. When the steak came (well- done,please, I asked) it was still red and looked uncooked. I asked for some garlic sauce for the meat
but they didn’t have any! The experience was too bad to wait for dessert. “Do you have any freshcoffee?” I asked. Guess what. They didn’t have any! I was really shocked when I received the bill.It was too expensive. I didn’t leave a tip and was really angry when I left the restaurant. It was awasted evening. Take my advice and don’t visit The Crazy Cows!
T he second restaurant was El Mariscal. It has some potential because of its great location and an exceptional selection of
ingredients. The food is excellent and the service impeccable, thestaff are friendly, well-presented, and very polite. The decorationis cheerful, with lovely photos of the ocean and some greentransparent fish on the wall; the place has a great atmosphere. In general, it was the best meal Ihave had for a long time. It was well-cooked and it came very quickly. First of all, I had musselswith some parmesan cheese. They were delicious and really fresh. For the second course, I chosesalmon, which came with butter and pepper sauce and some spicy potato purée, and asparagus.Last, I had some lovely dessert - passion fruit mousse -and to top it off, I drank a cup of strong
black coffee. Only one thing was not quite right - they didn’t have any artificial sweetener forcoffee - just sugar. The meal was not too expensive either. I would definitely recommend El Mariscal for a delicious meal.
C afé Dolce Vita is a lively and authentic Italian restaurant witha typical decoration of simple tables covered with cheerful
red tablecloths and pictures of Italian landmarks such as Romeand Venice. The best thing about the restaurant is the price! If you order before 7 in the evening, you get two dishes for theprice of one - a really good offer if you consider their size. I hadsome Pasta Alfredo and my partner had cannelloni with spinach and a little cheese. We had some
tiramisu for dessert - really delicious. The restaurant didn’t get full marks because the servicewas not very good - the waiter was too slow- but overall, I would recommend the place mainly because when we finished the food, I felt really good and I thought that this is what restaurantsare all about - a good meal.
Adapted from: Three New Restaurants comments. (n.d.)Retrieved Jun 26, 2012, from http: //www.menumania.co.nz/restaurants/dolce-vita-cafe
7 Read the text again and identify which restaurant each pictures illustrates.
8 Read the reviews again and write the name of the restaurant(s).
a. The writer would recommend _________________________________.
b. He would not recommend ____________________________________.
c. He loved the decoration in ____________________________________.
d. He hated the decoration in ____________________________________.
e. The food was too expensive in _________________________________.
f. The food was good value in ___________________________________.
g. The service was excellent in ___________________________________.
h. The service was not too good in ________________________________.
9 Overall, which was the best restaurant in the writer’s opinion?
5 Read the restaurant reviews and check your predictions in Exercise 4. List
all the elements mentioned. Which ones were not mentioned?
6 Read the reviews again and complete this chart.
Appetiser
Main course
Dessert
Other
TheCrazy Cows
31 2
Too and enough areadverbs used to modifyadjectives and indicatedegree. Too means morethan necessary and itprecedes the adjective.Enough means sufficientand it usually follows theadjective.He is too old to play thischildren’s game.He is old enough to buy a car.
Enough can also be usedwith nouns. In such cases,enough usually precedes theword.I have enough money for the CD player.There aren’t enough people for the football team.In some cases, enough canstand alone.I have had enough of thisnonsense.
Bear it
in mind
Too is also an adverb thatmeans also . It is used inpositive sentences to indicatea coincidence. We place itat the end of a sentence. Jane speaks French. Samspeaks French too .I love chocolate and I love pizza too .
d. I’m preparing a delicious stone soup which I’ll be happy to show to you
/ to share with you.e. There is / isn’t enough for everybody.
MAKE CONNECTIONS
Clauses are groups of wordswhich have meaning, but areoften not complete sentences.
Some clauses begin with theword when.Examples: when she was agirl / when I saw him.Other clauses begin withwhile .Examples: while I waswalking / while she wassleeping.When we talk about thingsthat happened in the past, weusually use the Simple Pasttense after when; while , whichexpresses the idea of “duringthat time” is usually followedby the Past Continuous.Examples: I was cookingwhen she came in.She came in while I wascooking.
Bear it
in mind
TAKE A CLOSER LOOK
The Past Continuous
1. Read these sentences from the text.
a. While she was walking through the centre of the village she saw an
even bigger house.
b. While she was doing this the villagers came out of their houses.
2. Can you notice that one action was interrupted by another action in the
past?
3. We use the Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was
interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter action in the Simple Past.
Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time.
4. Read some other examples.
a. I was not doing anything when you phoned.
b. What were you doing when the postman came?
c. It started to rain while we were walking on the beach.
5. We can also express parallel actions happening in the past.
a. I was studying while he was making dinner.
b. Were you listening while he was talking?
6. Look at the pictures illustrating the story on page 93 again. Can you write
two more sentences about them using the Past Continuous? Can you
3 Complete the instructions in this recipe using a few , a little, a lot of , any ,
some.
Mix flour, __________ baking powder, and __________ salt. Add the butter (this is where I use my hands,
to rub the butter into the flour). Add milk gradually, stirring until soft dough is formed. Turn out on slightly
floured board and lightly “knead” for __________ seconds, enough to shape. Roll 1/2 inch thick and cut with a biscuit cutter. Bake on ungreased sheet in a hot oven for 12-15 minutes. Makes 12 big biscuits or
__________ tiny tea biscuits. Notice that we do not put __________ sugar into the dough, but we add
__________ jam and / or cream at the table. These are great served with tea.
4 Inspector Dell is investigating a robbery at Mr Rich’s house. A diamond ring worth 30,000 Euros was
stolen! Look at the pictures, and ask and answer the questions. Can you guess what happened to the ring?
Example:
Inspector Dell: Miss Rich, what were you doing at eight o’clock last night when the ring was stolen?
Guinness World Records is an annual referencebook which contains aninternational collection ofworld records, includinghuman successes and theextremes of the natural world.
nM easer
1 Read the adjectives in the box. Can you place them along the line according
to size, starting with the smallest on the left to the biggest on the right?
2 Which sentences below indicate personal experiences? How do you
know?
a. I want to thank all our friends and neighbours who helped us create
this scone.
b. All their neighbours and friends were grateful for the experience.
c. I’ve calculated that if I shoot some 50 balloons I can land on the field
quite safely.
d. Scientists have calculated that if he shoots some 50 balloons he can
land on the field quite calculated safely.
3 You are going to read two texts related to these pictures. What do you
think they are going to be about?
4 Make or do? Put the verb in the correct form.
a. So, what are you going to _________, a cake or pancakes?b. Do you know what Sheila is _________ right now?
c. Have you _________ your homework?
d. While Greg is _________ the dishes Susan can _________ breakfast.
You can find all kinds of records online accessing the home page of the book
http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com
We use the verb do
a. when someone performsan action, activity or task:do a crossword ; do the washing.
b. when referring to work ofany kind: do your work ;do homework .
c. when speaking aboutthings in general: I am not doing anything today .
We use the verb make forconstructing, building orcreating: make a dress;make food , make breakfast .These activities usually createsomething that you cantouch.
A family of bakers is todaythe holder of a new record,creating a colossal scone whichis 700 times bigger than atypical scone you can buy inany bakery.The Hallet family’s creationis going to become the mostimportant part of the world’slargest tea party organised forthe Torquay Food Festival.Mrs Hallet, a baker byprofession and, together withher family, the creator of thehuge scone, told us today: “If you want to make a giantscone, you start by collectingthe ingredients; you’ll need alot! To make a scone similarto ours you need 13kg of flour,2.5kg of butter, 9kg of milk,2kg of sugar, 600g of bakingpowder, 120g of salt, 12.5litres of cream, and 20kg of strawberry jam.”
This is the first time Mrs. Halletis making a scone this size, butshe says she is going to keepmaking enormous scones inthe future. “As a baker, I usually make breadand cakes, but they are normalbread and cakes that you canbuy from my shop in Torquayevery day. Our massive scone ismade according to a 100-year-old recipe I inherited from mygrandmother who was a farmer
and which I’ve always wantedto make. One day, as I wastalking to my family they said: “You’ve got to make somethingreally big and unusual”. So Isaid: “I’m going to make a reallyenormous scone. This year, ourtown of Torquay is organisinga Food Festival, so we’re
going to donate this giganticscone to the event. This is anunforgettable experience for allof us”.Mrs Hallet also said: “I wantto thank all our friends andneighbours who helped uscreate this scone.”
This is a report from our USAcorrespondent, Jenny Rush,who in two days’ time is goingto witness an unusual andspectacular event.Ken Crouch, a garage owner,will make his childhood dreamcome true. Ever since Kenread The Wizard of Oz hehas wanted to fly and thisMonday, he is going to fly
across the blue Oregon sky… in a chair tied to 150 hugemulti-coloured party balloons.The chair is going to fly overthe mountains on its 318-km journey across the desert. If the weather conditions arestable, Ken will land on a fieldwhere reporters from variousnational and internationalmedia are going to interviewhim about his personalexperience.
Something that everybody isasking about and which seemsto be the most difficult part of the journey is the landing.Ken explains: “Yes, it’scomplicated, but someonesaid: why don’t you take yourair gun with you? So I’m goingto shoot the balloons, to letthe air out. I’ve calculated thatif I shoot 50 balloons I can land
on the field quite safely. I haveto shoot them one by one toget a soft landing.” The whole trip across Oregonis going to take 9 hours tocomplete. Ken’s wife and histwo teenage sons are going tofollow his adventures overlandin a jeep.We are not sure how safeKen’s adventure, is but wehave to say it looks like onecolourful journey.
I. RECORD BREAKING SCONE
II. AN UNUSUAL JOURNEY
Adapted from: Daily Mail (April, 20, 2008), Record Breaking Scone. Retrieved June 30, 2012, from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-560877/Pictured-The-worlds-biggest-scone--700-times-larger-normal-scone-taking-18-HOURS-cool.html
Adapted from: An Unusual Journey. (n.d) Retrieved June 26, 2012, from http://www.enotes.com/oregon-trail-reference/oregon-trail
Compare these sentences.You’ve got to do it right . ~
You have to do it right .Both sentences express anobligation, something thatis needed or necessary.They can be usedinterchangeably.Here are some moreexamples.We’ve got to hurry up . ~We have to hurry up .She’s got to study more . ~She has to study more .
5 Read the two texts and check your predictions in Exercise 3.
6 What is the source of the two stories?
a. An encyclopaedia. b. A newspaper.
c. A scientific magazine. d. A website.
7 Why did the protagonists of the two stories decide to do something big?
a. They want to help other people.
b. They are following their dreams.
c. It is a family tradition.
d. They want to break a world record.
8 Read the text again and write down what the numbers in this chart refer to.
9 Which of the ingredients in the pictures are not needed for the giant scone?
10 Read the stories again. Use the question words below as clues to
a. We are going to donate this gigantic scone to the event.
b. I’m going to make a really enormous scone.
c. In two days’ time Jenny Rush is going to witness an unusual and
spectacular event.
2. What kind of actions do they refer to?
a. Planned actions for the future.
b. Unplanned actions in the future.
Going to + infinitive is used to refer to planned actions in the future.
3. Go back to the text. Find and copy all the sentences that refer to
planned actions in the future.
11 Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form to indicate planned future
actions.
a. It _______________ a sunny day tomorrow. (be)
b. They _______________ lunch quite soon. (eat )
c. Sue says she _______________ her snack with me. (share)
d. The school _______________ in the competition this year. (take
part )
12 Answer these questions about yourself and your personal experiences.
a. What are you going to do after you finish school?b. Are you going to see your friends this weekend?
c. When are you going to have your birthday party?
d. Where are you going to go on holiday next year?
13 Go back to the text and find all the words denoting professions or
people‘s activities. Copy them into your notebook using have got and
have to.
14 Re-write the sentences in your notebook using have got to and have to.
Example: It’s necessary to use some butter and milk.
You’ve got to use some butter and milk.You have to use some butter and milk.
a. Our car is so dirty. It’s necessary to wash it.
b. We are late. It’s necessary to hurry up.
c. Don’t lie. It’s necessary to tell the truth.
d. Ken wants to land safely. It’s necessary to shoot 50 balloons one by one.
One of the most commonsuffixes (particles we add tothe end of words to makenew words) is the suffix -er .It means the doer ormaker of something andis frequently used withprofessions: baker, farmer,teacher, waiter, writer.Other common suffixes toindicate professions are -or ,-ist, -ant, and -man/woman:creator, director, supervisor;dentist, journalist, scientist;accountant, assistant,attendant; barman, fireman,policewoman.
13 Complete these sentences expressing plans, intentions, or certainty. Use
the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
a. A: So, what’s the plan for today’s lesson?
B: We __________ a landscape using water colours. (paint)
b. Look! The car on your right __________ an accident. (have)
c. A: What __________ in that empty lot? (do)
B: They __________ a big shopping centre. (build)
d. Look at the clouds. I’m sure it __________. (rain)e. A: __________ your friends at the weekend? (visit)
B: I think I __________ at home. (stay)
f. A: Where __________ Kelly __________? (study)
B: She __________ for a scholarship at a British university (apply)
14 Fill in the blanks in this story with last, first, next, second .
Susan’s going to make a peanut butter and jelly sandwich. __________ , she’s
going to put peanut butter on one slice of bread. __________ , she’s going to
spread jelly on another slice of bread. __________ , she’s going to put the two
slices of bread together. __________ , she’s going to eat her sandwich. I’m
sure, it’s going to be delicious.
Going to + infinitive (continued)
1. Read these sentences that express plans or intentions.
We’re going to travel to Europe. We’re going to see lots of old buildings
and museums. (a plan for the future).
I’m going to be a famous scientist when I finish school. (this is my
intention for the future).
2. Read these sentences that express certainty for the future.
Watch out! That tree is going to fall!
Don’t worry. I know you are going to pass the exam.
The sky is very dark; it’s going to rain tonight.
3. Read these sentences from the recording. Which one expresses a plan
or intention and which one certainty for the future?
a. We are not going to do anything complicated.
b. Careful with the scissors! They are going to fall from the desk!
MAKE CONNECTIONS
You have probably heardthe expression: I’m gonna …..I’m gonna do it. Or I’mgonna come.It means: I am going to ….This is a slang expressionsome English speakers use.You should be aware thatit exists but try not to use it,especially in formal situations.
Greek is an Indo-Europeanlanguage spoken in Greece,Cyprus, and the MiddleEast. English has borroweda large number of words
from Greek. They canbe grouped into severalcategories:Educational and sporting: gymnasium, mathematics.Mythology: amazon,Pegasus.Social and political:democracy, demographic .Terms from Christianity: Eucharist, catholic .Theatrical: drama, chorus. Animals: buffalo, crocodile .
Place names: Egypt, Ethiopia.The vast majority of Greek borrowings arescientific terms: astronomy,geography, biology,anthropology , and many,many others. Can you addmore words to this list?
You can check the origin of a word (its etymology, also Greek origin!)
at the following site: http://www.etymonline.com
1 Match the pictures (1 - 3) with the titles (a - c). Do you know any other
Greek myths? Which ones? Tell your classmates.
a. Part-human and part-horse
b. Zeus and the gods of Mount Olympus
c. The Trojan Horse
2 Which Chilean myths do you know? Describe one in your group.
3Read the words in the box. Which ones do you think have a positiveconnotation, which ones a negative and which ones a neutral
connotation? Use a dictionary if necessary.
4 Which words from Exercise 3 would you expect to find in a myth about a
I. _________________________Atlas, a Greek giant, and one of the firstborn sons of Earth, didnot like the way Zeus and his
friends ruled the world, so oneday he decided to lead a revoltagainst the Mount Olympusgods and take the throne byforce for himself. Zeus, who wasquite vengeful, got very angrywith him. ______. (1) “I wish Iknew what kind of punishmentto give you,” he thought. “Iknow! As of now, you’re goingto hold the weight of the worldupon your shoulders.” From
that day on Atlas had to standin the middle of the universe, allalone, holding the earth on hisshoulders.
II. _________________________One day, the hero Herculesapproached Atlas with anunusual request.“Good morning. How are youdoing today?”Atlas’s nose started to itch very
badly. “I wish I could scratchmy nose,” he thought, but hecouldn’t drop the weight.“The same as every day. I wishI were somewhere else, but I’mhere”. “What can I do for you?”he said aloud to Hercules.“Can you do me a favour?”Hercules asked.“What would it be? I wish Icould move, but as you cansee, I’m stuck here for ever and
ever,” Atlas answered.“I have some very urgent work to do as I’ve got to get the
Hesperides golden apples. (2)_____________.”The Hesperides werespectacular nymphs who lived
in an orchard guarded bythe terrible hundred-headeddragon Ladon.“And?” Atlas asked.“Well, if you get the apples, I’llhold the earth for you. It’s thatsimple. So - what do you say?Do we have a deal?”Atlas, who was rather naïve,thought for a while aboutmaking an excuse.“Hmm, he’ll hold the earth for
me if I get him the apples. Fineand good - but I’m not going totake the earth back from him!(3) _____________!”
III. ________________________So Atlas passed the Earth toHercules and set off to get thegolden apples.(4) _____________ “Got theapples, but I’m not goingto take back the earth,” he
laughed. ”You think I’mstupid? All the time I stoodhere wishing I could besomewhere else and now is myonly chance.”Hercules, who was much smarterthan Atlas, said: “That’s OK; I’lldo my best and keep holdingthis weight, but why don’t we dosomething before I’m stuck heretill the end of times? Could youhold it for a while so that I can
scratch my nose?”Atlas remembered how heoften wished he could scratch
his nose and couldn’t.“Will you take it back from meafter you scratch your nose?”“Of course I will. You have my
word of honour,” lied Hercules.Atlas put down the basket withapples and took the earth fromHercules’s shoulders.“In a moment I’m going to befree like the wind. All the thingsI’m going to do! And stupidHercules will stay here for ever,”Atlas thought to himself.But Hercules picked up the
basket with the apples andstarted to walk away.
“Hey, what do you think you’redoing? Aren’t you coming
back?” Atlas yelled.“I wish I could, but I’m terribly
busy right now,” Herculesanswered and kept walking.“Cheerio!” he shouted andquietly kept walkingand neverlooked back.
Adapted from: Buxton, R. (June 28, 2004) The Complete World of Greek Mythology. London: Thames and Hudson.
it has in a text? How is itdifferent from a title? Whilea title is an identifying namegiven to a book, play, film,musical composition, orother work or part of work (for example a chapter) aheading is usually a lineof text serving to indicatewhat the passage belowis about. A title can be alonger line of text or just oneword, for example Jaws orThe Wonderful Adventures
of Alice in Wonderland , buta heading is a summary ofwhat a given text or a pieceof text is about.
Bear it
in mind5 Read the text and check your predictions in Exercise 4.
6 Read the text again and choose one heading (a - d) for each paragraph
(I - III). There is an extra heading you do not need to use.a. How Atlas defeated the dragon
b. Smart Hercules - silly Atlas
c. Hercules asks for a favour
d. Atlas’s crime and punishment
7 Some sentences (a - d) have been removed from the paragraphs. Can you
put them back into the corresponding spaces (1) - (4)?
a. In two days he returned with a full basket.
b. It‘s an ideal job for a giant like you.
c. For a long time he was not sure how to punish Atlas.
d. Let him hold it for ever.
8 Look at the expressions in bold in the text. Who do they refer to?
Paragraph I
a. with him
i. Atlas ii. Zeus
Paragraph II
b. who lived
i. the nymphs ii. the dragon
c. from him
i. Atlas ii. Hercules
Paragraph III
d. his nose
i. Atlas’s ii. Hercules
9 What is the author’s opinion of the following protagonists?
12Work with a partner and choose one of the jobs advertised here. Follow
the prompts to role play the interview. Take turns to be the interviewer
and the candidate.
Interviewer: Greet and invite candidate to sit.
You: Respond.
Interviewer: Ask candidate which position he / she is applying for.You: Reply.
Interviewer: Ask candidate’s name and age.
You: Reply.
Interviewer: Ask candidate about his / her experience.
You: Mention your past and present jobs and the languages you speak.
Interviewer: Ask candidate about his / her duties.
You: Answer.
Interviewer: Ask candidate about his / her computer skills.
You: Answer.
Interviewer: Ask candidate any other relevant question(s).
You: Answer.
Interviewer: End the interview.
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Description: To work closely with library/inf ormation managers in the day-to-day runningof a library or information service.Th
is involves assisting service users to locate information and resources, often requesting items held in other libraries; there is considerable contact with people in other departments,as well as the public.Hours as f ollows: Tuesdays 1 - 3; Thursdays 1 - 3 Fridays 9 - 2; Saturdays 9 - 1=13 hours per week. Applicants to have library and customer service experience.
2 Carol and her friend Gina are discussing the wedding. Using the list in Exercise 1 and your sentences
prepare a conversation between the two friends with Gina asking questions and Carol answering them.
Example: Gina: Are you going to rent a limousine?
Carol: No, we aren’t. We are going to use my car.
3 Match the two parts and write the complete sentences in your notebook.
If you are going to do something, I am definitely not coming; I can’t stand him!
If you are going to drive, I will just leave the room.
If you are going to travel abroad, she should watch foreign films.
If he is going to keep shouting at me, make sure that you do it well!
If John is going to come to the party, make sure you don’t drink any alcohol.
If she is going to study languages, don’t forget to take your passport.
4 What is Davina’s life like and what would she like it to be? Fill in the blanks in her story.
My name is Davina, but I really don’t like myname. I wish _________.I am really very tall and I wish ________________________________________.My parents and I live on a farm in the
country, but I wish __________.On the farm, I spend a lot of timelooking after the animals; I wish____________________.All my best friends live very far away and I wish ______________.Next week there is a rock concertin Colchester, but I can’t go. I wish____________.
1 Read the text and these sentences that were removed from it. Put them back in their
corresponding places (1) - (5).a. is taking us around Calbuco
b. parties to thank mother nature for good weather
c. The biggest curanto in the world
d. we took a boat tour
e. where people do winter sports
5 pts.
During our journey in Chile, we saw andexperienced many interesting sights andadventures. We visited Santiago with its
beautiful Plaza de Armas and we ate fish inthe Central Market. We went to Valparaíso,where (1) ____________ and we bathed inthe Pacific Ocean in Viña del Mar. We alsowent to a beautiful skiing resort - ValleNevado - (2) ____________ and where the
view is really spectacular, but one of themost interesting experiences was our visit toCalbuco, in the south, where we learnt thetradition of curanto.
“The dish comes from the nearby islandof Chiloe, where I was born,” explainsRoberto, our tourist guide, who(3) ____________. “It’s still cooked theoriginal way, in underground ovens, heatedwith hot stones and covered with leaves. Itis really delicious and especially good on
a cold day - we get lots of cold days in thesouth of Chile!”Many cultures of the world used to cook their food by burying it all in the earth andthe Araucanians, native from Chile, alsofollowed this tradition. With the arrival of spring, and thankful for the end of winter,they organised (4) ____________. They
made big holes in the ground and put lotsof different food inside: food they collectedfrom the ocean, some food from the animalsthey caught, and all kinds of vegetablesthey planted. In their language, curanto means hot stones.
Calbuco, located some 56 kilometres fromPuerto Montt became famous when itentered the Guinness Book of Records for theworld’s largest curanto. Roberto says: “Weexpected 2,000 people for dinner, but 5,000showed up!” (5) ____________ was 160metres long and used 5 tons of shellfish.
Adapted from: (August, 2, 2010) Making Curanto.Retrieved June 25, 2012, from http://eatingchile. blogspot.com/2010/08/curanto-chiloes-ancient-
2 Which pictures below show an alternative lifestyle? Express your point of view.
Use the expressions below:
In my view / in my opinion/ from my point of view/ I feel /I believe
3 What kind of family is your family? Talk to the people in your group.
4 Considering the pictures, the title of the lesson, and the exercises above,
what do you think the texts will be about?
traditional
out of the
ordinary common
alternative typical irregular
unusual extraordinary different
1 2 3
4 5 6
To narrate personalexperiences we usuallyspeak in the first person,singular (I) or plural (we) .We also use possessiveadjectives such as my or our , and possessivepronouns such as mine andours. Some expressions wecan use are: I know…We saw…. I experienced …, etc.
T his g ir l I k now , T ony a K ay is a pr of essional danc er and she has wor k ed in f ilm and t heat r e sinc e she was 15. She believes t hat we ar e what we eat and she say s t hat she pr ef er s t o be an apple and not a st eak ! T ony a say s t hat it was dif f ic ult f or her bec ause she g r ew up on a f ar m and had t o wat c h t he wor k er s k ill animals t hat wer e t hen sold t o loc al super mar k et s. H er par ent s wer e r eally annoy ed wit h her f or her r adic al views but when she was 8 she dec ided t o bec ome a veg et ar ian and f or t he last 11 y ear s she has been a veg an - a st r ic t veg et ar ian who eat s no animal f ood or dair y pr oduc t s and does not use pr oduc t s suc h as leat her . I t is ver y impor t ant f or her t o f ollow her ideals. She say s t hat animals ar e k illed by humans f or f ood , but in f ac t we c ould all just eat veg et ables and f r uit and st ill live happy and healt hy lives. She say s t hat she is t he best example of a healt hy per son who never eat s animal pr oduc t s.
She insist s t hat she hasn’t been sic k sinc e bec oming a veg an and , as an at hlet e , her body r ec over s in half t he t ime it used t o.
I know this guy whosename is Gregory Pike.He is famous becausea video about him andhis pets - Mousey, Kitty,and Booger - is posted onYouTube and it is visited
by many people everyday. In the video you cansee the animals standingone on top of the otherand they all look happyand friendly! You can seethat Greg loves his pets
because they are welllooked after.Pike seems to be a strangeguy, but who cares? Itdoesn’t matter if you orI approve of his lifestyleor not because as I seeit, we are free to live ourlives the way we want to.In Santa Barbara, wherehe lives as a homeless
person, he is treated withrespect and admiration.Wherever he goes he isgreeted and offered smallpresents, and restaurantskeep leftover food forhim. He keeps some of itfor himself, gives a littleto the animals and offersthe rest to other homelessguys he knows from thestreets of Santa Barbara,
which proves, once again,that humanity isthe message.
For a lo ng t i me, m y fr ie nd Jorge a nd h is w ife Sa ndra l i ved a ha p p y
l ife i n Sa nt iago, C h i le. T he y were b us y do i ng t he ir jo bs a nd
ra is i ng
t he ir da ug hter, b ut o ne da y, o ut of t he b l ue, t he y dec ided t hat
c it y l ife was not for t he m. At f irst, t he y were not s ure a bo ut t he ir
dec is io n, b ut t he n t he ir da ug hter Is idora got s ic k w it h ast h m
a, so
t he y made u p t he ir m i nds, pac k ed t he ir bags a nd mo ved to t he
mo u nta i ns. T he y no w l i ve i n a ho use t hat is b u i lt of ado be a nd t he
dr i n k i ng water t he y use for coo k i ng a nd was h i ng is p u m ped fro m a
near b y strea m. E lectr ic it y is ge nerated b y so lar pa ne ls o n t he roof of
t he ho use. T he y p la nt t he vegeta b les t he y eat a nd e xc ha nge
t he rest
for t h i ngs s uc h as bea ns a nd r ice. Fro m t i me to t i me Jorge, w ho is a
co m p uter e ng i neer, is as k ed to f i x or progra m me a fe w co m p uters.
He goes i nto to w n a nd ear ns so me mo ne y; Sa ndra, w ho is a
fa ntast ic coo k , se l ls her ho me- made ja ms a nd preser ves a nd so t he y
ca n pa y t he b i l ls. At f irst, t he ir pare nts were a n no yed w it h Jorge a nd
Sa ndra, b ut no w t he y are co n v i nced it is a good l ifest y le. Jorge a nd
Sa ndra sa y t h is is a ver y pos it i ve e x per ie nce for t he w ho le
fa m i l y.
T he y a lso be l ie ve t hat t he ir hea lt h y a nd stress-free l ifest y le
11 Which of these sentences are in the Passive Voice and which ones use adjectives?
a. We are pleased to know that you can come.
b. I am shocked by your action.
c. Two million bikes are produced each year by that company.
d. She is worried she cannot get there on time.
e. Hundreds of people are offered new houses.
f. Copper is exported from Chile to all parts of the world.
MAKE CONNECTIONS
TAKE A CLOSER LOOK
The Passive Voice
1. Read these sentences from the text paying special attention to the verbform in bold.
a. The pets are well looked after.
b. The drinking water they use for cooking and washing is pumped
from a nearby stream.
c. A video about him and his pets is posted on YouTube.
d. It is visited by many people every day.
2. Notice that in sentences a, b and c we do not know who carried out the
actions, although in some cases we can guess.
a. The pets are well looked after by their owner / by Gregory.
b. Water is pumped from the stream by Jorge and Sandra.
3. Notice that in sentence c we know who carries out the action, but what
is important is the action itself and not the people who do it.
4. Study the form of the Passive Voice.
The animals are abandoned in the streets of Santa Barbara.
Object + is/are + past participle.
5. Go back to the text and find three more sentences in the Passive Voice.
Is the performer of the action stated explicitly? If not, can you guess?
Copy the sentences in your notebook; underline the elements in
Point 4. in different colours.
Compare the sentences in A and B. A The pets are abandoned .The boy is punished .The girls are invited to a party.BThe pets are frightened.
The boy is bored.The girls are interested inthat film.
The structures of the twogroups of sentences look identical but they expressdifferent ideas. The sentencesin A are in the PassiveVoice, while the sentencesin B use the verb to be andan adjective.
Danger
12 The following chart shows quantities of juice that are produced in a
factory. Say / write how much is produced each month.
10,000 litres of apple juice are produced in the factory in January.
January February March
Apple juice 10,000 litres 15,000 litres 12,000 litres
Apricot juice 6,000 litres 7,000 litres 8,000 litres
Orange juice 8,000 litres 10,000 litres 10,000 litres
B: In Mrs White’s opinion Lisa istalented but a bit lazy.
UNI T 5142
13 Use the clues provided to write sentences in the Passive Voice.
Example: English is spoken all over the world.
14 Rewrite these sentences in your notebook using the Passive Voice.
a. Tourists spend a lot of money in that city.
A lot of money _____________________________________________.
b. My father generally writes these text messages.
These text messages _________________________________________.
c. Archeologists often discover ancient tombs.
Ancient tombs ______________________________________________.
d. People eat millions of bars of chocolate every day.
Millions of bars of chocolate ___________________________________.
Br ow n Hill C ompr ehensiv e Sc hool
St udent ’ s name: Li s a B u c k l e y C lass: 1s t y e a r C .
Sub j ec t T eac her O pi ni onAr t Mr s W hit e T alent ed, but a bi t laz y .E nglish Ms Jones Q uic k t o lear n.Hist or y Mr Spenc er E nt husiast ic .Mat hsMr St ephens Good st udent .Music Miss D elaney E x c ellent st udent .Sc ienc e Miss Jac k son Sat isf ac t or y .Spanish Ms C ast r o Must impr ov e.Spor t s Mr C r ossing Har d w or k er .
3 You will hear a radio programme where a young man is dedicating a
song to a girlfriend. Why do you think he is doing this? Choose one
alternative.
a. He needs to say he is sorry.
b. He would like to see her again.
c. He wants to tell her he loves her.d. He wishes she didn’t have to go away.
4 Which of these songs do you think he wants to dedicate to her?
a. You and me
b. In my life
c. Always on my mind
d. I will always love you
5 Listen to the first part of the programme and check your prediction inExercise 3.
6 Listen again and find the answers to these questions.
a. What time is the programme on?
b. Who is the programme for?
c. How much time does the listener have to talk about his problem?
d. What would he tell his girlfriend if she was listening to the programme?
7 Listen again and complete these sentences.
a. Others would like to say ______________________________________.
b. I just need to tell someone ____________________________________.c. I have to get in touch with her _________________________________.
d. I have to tell her to think of the things ___________________________.
8 Listen to the second part of the programme and check your
prediction in Exercise 4.
9 Listen to the song again. What kind of song is it?
a. Happy. b. Nostalgic.
c. Funny. d. Tragic.
e. Sad. f. Nice.
g. Bitter. h. Warm.
GO AHEAD
You can find a huge collection of lyrics at www.elyrics.net
Learning English throughsongs is a very good and funidea. However, you shouldbe careful because often songlyrics contain very colloquial,abbreviated and sometimeseven incorrect expressionssuch as ‘cause, I ain’t, Iwanna, I’m gonna, etc.
7 Some words in the text are in bold. Read again and find out what they
refer to.
a. Paragraph I
it – refers to _______________
him – refers to _______________
b. Paragraph IIit - refers to _______________
c. Paragraph III
they – refers to _______________
8 Read the text once more. Are these statements true (T) or false (F)?
a. _______We have previous experience with disappearing civilisations.
b. _______Weather, corrosion and earth tremors might destroy our cities
within five years.
c. _______Nearly immediately, there will be no lights.
d. _______Within 20 years, humans will still be the master species.
e. _______What may finally remain will be an overgrown jungle.
9 Insert the definite article the where necessary.
Dear John,
How hav e y ou been? As f or me, I hav e f inally ar r iv ed in _ _ _ _ USA landing at _ _ _ _ JFK Air por t on a f light f r om _ _ _ _ V ienna, _ _ _ _ Austr ia. We f lew ov er _ _ _ _ Spain and the v iew of _ _ _ _ P y r enees was spectacular ! At the beginning of the jour ne y , ther e was a q uick stopov er in _ _ _ _ R io de Janeir o; I had r eall y hoped to see _ _ _ _ Amazon, but unf or tunatel y it is in another par t of _ _ _ _ Br azil. _ _ _ _ New Y or k is spectacular . T his af ter noon we had a q uick walk in _ _ _ _ Centr al P ar k and tomor r ow we ar e planning to v isit _ _ _ _ Statue of Liber t y . If we hav e time, we will also see _ _ _ _ Empir e State Building.
I am sta y ing at a little hotel called _ _ _ _ Madison, which is located on the cor ner of _ _ _ _ 42nd Str eet and _ _ _ _ 5th Av enue.
T hat’s all f or now. Send m y lov e to mum and dad.
a. Why does the narrator believe the story is true?
b. Where did the narrator’s dad live when he / she was a child?c. How far did Esteban drive his car?
d. What did the owner of the car have to do at the end of the story?
e. Why?
5 pts.
I know it is hard to believe, but it must be true because myfather told me this story, andmy father never lies. Whenhe was a child, my fatherlived in the mining town of Antofagasta, far in the northof our country. His parentshad a small house with a tiny
garden and next door liveda young man called Esteban,who was a mining engineer.The mine was quite far fromthe city of Antofagasta andEsteban had to drive to work nearly 80 kilometres each day.His car was very small andvery old and it always made alot of strange noises. One dayearly in the morning, whenEsteban left home to go to
work, he turned on the engineand he was not surprised tohear that it started making
a strange purring noise, justlike a cat. He turned on theradio and drove happily formany kilometres, ignoring thefunny noise. Next day, whenhe got into the car, there wasthe noise again! This time thepurring was even stronger.“I wish I had a new car”,
Esteban thought. “I wouldlike to have a shiny new Fordor a Jeep.”After a while, the noisegot louder.“It must be the engine. I haveto take it to the garage andget it checked”, he said tohimself.The third day, the car purredeven more and this timeEsteban got really curious.
Engines, even old ones, don’tusually purr! He stoppedat the side of the road and
opened the bonnet of the car.Can you imagine his surprisewhen he saw two scaredyellow eyes looking up athim? It was Lottie, my dad’scat stuck between the engineand the water tank! It took Esteban nearly three hours toremove the water tank and
free the terrified kitty! Estebanwas late to work, but my dadwas really grateful for gettinghis pet back safe and sound.
IV .2012 New Y ork City Saint Patrick ’s Day Parade
Saturday , March 17th, 2012 11:00 a.m. Starting @ 44th Street and Fif th AvenueSo f ar, the traditional New Y ork Parade has marched 250 times - this year we are marching once again. How many times have you watched us on T V f rom the comfort of your sitting room? How many times have you wanted to be part of us? So come and join us this time and have some f un with the Marching Band.Y ear af ter year we have celebrated this great Irish tradition right in the heart of New Y ork. T his time, come and celebrate with us. Be proud of your Irish roots - be part of this great f estival. For those of you who are not Irish, we should explain why we celebrate. Saint Patrick’s Day, colloquially S t . P a d d y ’s D a y o r P a d d y ’ s D a y , is an annual festivity which has f or centuries celebrated Saint Patrick, one of Ireland’s patron saints.
Get up! Get out! Put on your leprechaun suit! Fly your Irish f lag!Come and join us in this wonderf ul f estival of peace and joy.
MAKE CONNECTIONS
TaKE a CLOSER LOOK
The Present Perfect
1. Read these sentences from the texts.
a. Diwali has been for centuries the most popular of all the festivalsfrom South Asia.
b. We have not visited all the houses in our street yet.
c. How many times have you wanted to be part of us?
2. Which time do the sentences express?
a. The past b. The present c. Neither
3. The sentences in Point 1 use the Present Perfect tense, which indicatesthat an action happened at an unspecified time before now; the exact
time is not important.
4. We CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions
such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I
lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use thePresent Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once,
many times, several times, before, so far, already, just, yet, etc.
5. Examine the structure and the examples.
Subject + has / have (not) + past participle We haven’t seen that film yet.
Tina has made lovely costumes.
6. Go back to the text and find more examples of the Present Perfect
tense. Identify the elements and copy them into your notebook. Use
Tick one box in each row according to your performance in this lesson.
CHECK IT OvER! ✔
TRADI TIONS, TRADI TIONS 181
WRITE IT DOWN
15 Look at the picture below. What kind of tradition /
custom is it? Do some Internet research and write a
paragraph about it. Present it to the class. Compare
your presentations.
PLaY IT
Play the Blip game (sometimes known as Coffee pot ).
1. Play in groups of six students.
2. Choose a verb from the box below that indicates something that you have done recently.
3. The group must discover the verb through YES / NO questions using mainly the Present Perfect
tense, but other tenses can be accepted.
4. The nonsense word Blip should replace your chosen verb until a player asks a question using thereal verb. If this is correct, it is that player’s turn to choose a verb.
5. The aim of the game is not to guess the meaning of the word Blip straight away. When you
think you know the meaning of the word Blip, you could ask further questions which make
the meaning of the word Blip clear to the rest of the group or which amuse the student who is
Do animals and humanscommunicate? Yes, they doand we can see it every dayin our interactions with ourpets. When an owner getsangry with her / his dog,the pet does not necessarilyunderstand every word, butis able to understand themessage by interpreting cuessuch as the owner’s position,
her / his tone of voice,and body language. Inexchange, the owner knowsthat her / his dog is happywhen it wags its tails or thatit is hungry when it tries toopen the bag where its foodis kept.
1 Match the words in the box with the definitions below (a - c).
a. a person who speaks many languages.
b. a person who studies a language or languages, mainly their form and
behaviour.
c. a speaker of a particular language who has spoken that language since
he or she was a child.
2What languages do these young people speak? Look at the pictures(1 - 4) and then complete the sentences (a - d).
4 Considering the title of the lesson and the exercises you have done, what
do you think the listening text will be about?
a. How all languages change with time.
b. What the changes in English will be like.
c. Why languages change with time.
· acceptable · American · Australian · billion · Briton · communicating · completely · consonant · different · difficult · expect · express · human · information
· language · lecture · linguist · million · minority · native· personal · plural · present · pronounce · question · respectively · sign · similar · singular · symbol
· system · traditional · verb · version
False cognates are pairs ofwords in different languagesthat are similar in form, buthave a different meaning,that is to say, they appearto be or are sometimesconsidered cognates whenin fact they are not. Oneexample is the word lecture ,which looks similar to theword lectura in Spanish;however, a lecture is a
presentation on a givensubject delivered before anaudience or a class, as forthe purpose of instruction.
Dnger
5 Listen to the recording and check your predictions in Exercises 3 and 4.
6 Copy this chart into your notebook. Listen again and complete it with
the changes linguists think will take place in English.
GO AHEAD
Now
“th” in this
“th” in think
Information
Furniture
He runs
She walks
Friend
Send
In the future
3 Examine the words in the box.
a. What do they have in common?
b. Why are there two words in a different colour?
c. Can you develop a definition of language from the words in this box?