Ingles 2

FACULTAD MEDICINA HUMANA 2011-I

MEDICAL ENGLISH

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL PEDRO RUIZ GALLO Página 1

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INTEGRANTES:

CALLIRGOS LOZADA CLAUDIA CAROLINA

CARRANZA TORRES YESSICA

HUAMAN SEMINARIO YASMINA DEL PILAR

PALACIOS APAESTEGUI ALBERTO

PEREZ PEREZ SANDRA GUISSELY

ZAMORA TALAVERANO EVA MARIA

MARIJUANA


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1. CONCEPT AND ORIGIN

Marijuana is a psychoactive substance obtained from the cannabis

sativa, a wild bush that grows in temperate and tropical zones,

extracting its resin hashish, and marijuana leaves. His most important

psychoactive component is delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC),

containing more than sixty plant related components.

2. TYPES

2.1. RAW: This is the type most widely consumed, with 3-22% THC

2.2. PROCESSED FORMS:

QUIFA: The Quifa is a powder that can be sieved from the leaves and

flowers of cannabis plants. It is consumed either as a powder or

compressed form to prepare cakes of hashish.

Hashish, a concentrated resin is produced from the flowers of the

cannabis. It can be eaten or chewed.

Hash oil: This oil is a blend of essential oils and resins extracted from

mature cannabis flowers through the use of different solvents. It has a

high ratio of cannabinoids, between 40-90%, and is used in a variety of

foods from cannabis.

Resin Waste: Waste collected in a pipe. The build has some psychoactive

properties, but it is difficult to use because it causes irritation to the

throat and lungs.

One suggestion from harm reduction, waste is not to consume any

substance combustion, by the accumulation of carcinogens and

mutagens.

3. MODES OF ADMINISTRATION


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Cannabis is consumed in many different ways, most of which involve

inhaling smoke from small pipes, bongs (portable version of the hookah

with water chamber), wrapped in paper or wrapped in leaf snuff dull.

Cannabis has also been used as an active ingredient in tablets, extracts,

tinctures and medicines were formulated compound that professional,

manufactured and sold to doctors and hospitals.

4. MECHANISM OF ACTION

The initial metabolism of cannabinoids in marijuana smoke occurs in the

lungs, while oral cannabinoids are metabolized in the gastrointestinal

tract and liver. More than 30 metabolites of THC and 20 each of

cannabinol and cannabidiol. Many of these metabolites are also

psychoactive. One of the main psychoactive metabolite is 9-carboxy-

THC, which crosses the blood brain barrier more easily than other THC,

and therefore may be more active in the THC, thus the neural level

action.

5. TABLE ADDICTIVE

The long-term use of marijuana can lead to

addiction, ie search and compulsive drug use

despite knowing its harmful effects on social

functioning in the family, school, work and

recreation. People who have consumed

marijuana for a long time report irritability,

difficulty sleeping, decreased appetite, anxiety

and cravings, all of which makes it difficult to stop using it. These

withdrawal symptoms begin about the day after initiating abstinence,

reaching a peak after two or three days, and dim one or two weeks after

having used the drug last.

COCAINE


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1. CONCEPT AND ORIGIN

Cocaine is an alkaloid derived from the coca plant. It's a nervous system

stimulant and hunger suppressant, was used in medicine as an

anesthetic, even in children, specifically in eye and nose surgery but is

currently prohibited. A central nervous system, specifically acting as an

inhibitor of the reuptake of serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine,

increasing the effect of these neurotransmitters, causing different

actions at the systemic level.

In most countries, cocaine is a prohibited drug.

2. STYLES

There are basically two chemical forms of cocaine salts and crystals of

cocaine (as freebase or crack). Hydrochloride, the most common form of

powder cocaine, dissolves in water, and when abused, can be used

intravenously (into a vein) or intranasally (nose). The free base refers to

a compound that has not been neutralized by acid to produce the

corresponding salt. This form of cocaine can be smoked, and does not

decompose as it does the hydrochloride.

3. EFFECTS AND MEDICAL PURPOSES

Cocaine increases the risk of thrombosis, stroke and myocardial

infarction, accelerates atherosclerosis and causes transient paranoia in

most addicts. Continued use by nasal aspiration of cocaine (snorting)

can cause nasal congestion, ulceration of the mucous membrane, to

even perforation of the nasal septum. While cocaine produces increased

sexual arousal can also cause sexual impotence or erectile dysfunction.

Cocaine can cause cardiovascular complications in the arteries of the

heart and brain, which can cause heart attack.


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Cocaine is the best known local anesthetic. Due to the high danger of

addiction and marked toxicity is not used more. Cocaine serves as a

substance for many local anesthetics such as lidocaine, benzocaine and

escandicaína.

When using the intranasal route the onset of action is within two

minutes (five to ten minutes when using the IV) and the maximum effect

occurs between fifteen and twenty minutes up to an hour. When

administration is oral absorption rate is low and the duration of action is

prolonged.

4. ADDICTION

Cocaine is a very potent drug for the brain, people who use it become

addicted.

Some of the most serious common problems caused by large doses

and / or constant consumption are:

• Heart problems, including heart

• Respiratory effects, including respiratory failure

• nervous system problems, including stroke

• Digestive problems including constipation

Withdrawal Syndrome: Caused by the cessation of drug use and has

three phases:

Crash: severe depression, agitation, anxiety, sleep, hyperphagia and

restless sleep for three or four nights.

Abstinence: anergy, anhedonia, intense need to take drugs, improved

between 16 and 18 weeks.


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Extinction: in acutely (suddenly, leaving the drug is abruptly) are

seizures, heart arrhythmia, tremors, irritability, hallucinations,

palpitations, hypertension, sweating, and hyperreflexia.

ALCOHOL AS A DRUG

It is a drug because it can generate at least one of these three

phenomena: dependence, tolerance and / or withdrawal symptoms.

UNIT: The desire of the consumer to "continue consuming a drug"

because he feels pleasure or to reduce tension or avoid an upset.

GRACE: When you need increasing amounts of the drug to feel the

same effect as the previous times. That's why when one is not

accustomed to drinking alcohol is drunk faster and with less.

Withdrawal: Occurs when drinking stops abruptly and is manifested

clinically by tremor, sweating, tachycardia and anxiety.

EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL

Physical Effects

Alcohol is not exposed to any process of digestion so that most of

the small intestine first passes and then be absorbed by the

bloodstream. Only a small portion goes directly into the

bloodstream through the stomach walls. In the blood alcohol is

metabolized (broken down to be removed or used by the body)

through the process of oxidation. That is, it merges with oxygen

and breaks down so that its basic elements leave the body as

carbon dioxide and water. The first oxidation is the liver, which

breaks down approximately 50% of alcohol consumed in one

hour. The rest remains in the bloodstream to be removed slowly.


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Psychological Effects

Alcohol first affects the central nervous system and excessive and

prolonged interference can cause brain damage. It is popularly

believed that alcohol increases arousal, but many actually

depresses brain centers. The feeling of excitement precisely

because the depressed some brain centers reduce tensions and

inhibitions and the person experiences feelings of sociability

expanded or euphoria. Therefore it is said that alcohol "anesthesia,

internal auditing." However, if the alcohol concentration exceeds

certain levels in the blood interferes with higher mental processes

so that visual perception is distorted, motor coordination, balance,

speech and vision also suffer heavy damage. Heavy amounts of

alcohol reduce body aches and pains and induce sleep. But

continuous use irritates the stomach lining even to develop

ulcers.Additionally tends to accumulate fat in the liver, interfering

with its operation. In chronic alcoholics are raised serious brain

disorders, liver (cirrhosis) and cardiovascular (increased blood

pressure and thus the risk of a heart attack). Even, there is

evidence that alcohol increases the level of triglycerides

(saturated fat or vegetable in the arteries) and with it the risk of a

heart attack. Finally, as is well known, alcohol causes physical

addiction and psychological dependence.

What harm caused by alcohol in the body?

At any given time depend on its concentration in the blood which in turn

is determined by the following factors: amount ingested over a period of

time, presence or absence of food in the stomach to retain the alcohol

and reduce its absorption rate, weight body, liver and efficiency of the

person who eats


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HEALTH HAZARDS

Toxic amounts of alcohol has different effects in the body, most of them

negative, because the only thing positive is that it helps to lower blood

cholesterol.

A nervous system: In the acute consumption, depending on the amount

and type of person are altered progressively higher functions, especially

the practice and attention, which is why it is advisable not to drive while

intoxicated, other are alterations in language and memory. In the

chronic consumption: it has been shown that in addition to some

alterations in higher functions already described, there is damage to

nerve cells, and many of them die, this demonstrated that the brain of

an alcoholic for many years weighing less than a non-alcoholic.

In the digestive system: the most affected organ is the liver, about 20%

of alcoholic cirrhosis ends. The liver also can suffer steatosis or alcoholic

hepatitis. Drinkers patients who have hepatitis B, have more risk to lead

to cirrhosis than those who do not drink alcohol and have had a history

of hepatitis B.

It is more likely that smoking next to the cancer occurs in the mouth.

The acute consumption is one of the causes of erosive gastritis, which

can result in gastrointestinal bleeding is an emergency, it is also why a

person with acid peptic disease (gastritis or peptic ulcer) is prohibited

from drinking alcohol completely.

The pancreas also can be affected, alcohol is the main cause of both

acute pancreatitis and chronic pancreatitis.

In the immune system, are described as an alcoholic has diminished

defenses and is easier to get sick.

In the cardiovascular system have been described cardiomyopathies as

a result of alcohol consumption, and increases in blood pressure after


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acute ingestion. Wine consumption (2 glasses per day at most helps to

lower blood cholesterol), knowledgeable about addiction doctors do not

recommend that, until you have exhausted other possibilities to lower

cholesterol and have ruled out any possibility of addiction to alcohol .

In the skeletal system: It is said that favors the development of

osteoporosis.

In the endocrine system: Alcohol promotes the secretion of prolactin,

which is why long time in alcohol, the test, we sometimes find little

lactea secretion from the nipples. Gynecomastia is described in some of

them.

In the reproductive system: In heavy drinkers have found cases of

impotence in men and infertility in women.

In the pregnant woman: fetal alcohol syndrome, which in a severe form

of their presentation, the newborn presented low weight and craniofacial

malformations. And in a mild form of the fetal alcohol sndrome, can be

perceptible and manifest later with minor learning disorders. So it is

absolutely forbidden to drink alcohol during pregnancy.


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SNUFF

The snuff is a plant product obtained from the leaves of various plants of

the genus Nicotiana, Nicotiana tabacum in particular). Is consumed in

various forms, the main drag. His particular nicotine content makes it

addictive. Lawfully marketed worldwide but has many restrictions to

smoke in many countries because it has adverse effects on public

health.

Its composition is formed by the alkaloid nicotine, which is found in the

leaves in variable proportions (from less than 1% to 12%). The rest is

called tar, a dark, resinous substance made up of various chemicals,

many of which are generated as a result of combustion (hydrogen

cyanide, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, ammonia,

etc.)

EFFECTS OF SNUFF

The snuff is a central nervous system stimulant that, however, produces

relaxation addicts. Smoking increases the tolerance (it holds more), so

that acute effects (dizziness, vomiting, sweating), becoming less

noticeable.

Psychologically, nicotine facilitates concentration, memory and active to

some extent, controlling weight gain by increasing energy expenditure,

reduce the sense of smell and taste, and keep busy in the smoker

smoking instead of eating. Each person also has its special

considerations regarding the snuff feelings attached to them.

On a physical level, nicotine increases heart rate, respiratory rate, blood

pressure and coronary flow. During the combustion of snuff, some of its

elements are transformed into carbon monoxide, poisonous emissions


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contributing to the emergence of heart disease. When carbon monoxide

enters the bloodstream, tends to replace the oxygen in red blood cells

forming carboxyhemoglobin. In smokers, up to 10% of the total

hemoglobin can be carboxyhemoglobin, which is to say that their tissues

are 10% less oxygen.

HEALTH HAZARDS

Smoking increases 10 times the chance of developing a myocardial

infarction. 85% of deaths from lung cancer is directly related to smoking.

The consumption of snuff is the leading cause of preventable disease

and preventable mortality in developed countries. Children of smokers

are 70% more likely to be hospitalized for respiratory diseases. Finally,

the weight of newborns whose mothers smoked less compared with

those children of nonsmokers.

It is also the snuff causing 80% mortality from chronic lung processes.

In the snuff found multiple substances that are largely unhealthy. These

include their adverse effects:

Tars (benzopyrene and nitrosamine) accounted for 30% of all cancers

(bladder, kidney, pancreas, stomach, etc.) and 90% of lung cancer.

Carbon monoxide, which is responsible for more than 15% of

cardiovascular disease.

Nicotine produces physical dependence. Some of the diseases produced

are:

Cardiovascular Disease:

Smoking has an effect on the arteries of medium and small size are

responsible for distributing blood throughout the body, so that the

condition of this system (cardiovascular tree) affects all organs of the

body noble, so arise following cardiovascular disease:


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Infarction or angina pectoris: Increased constriction of the arteries

(spasms) and platelet aggregation (accumulation of cells that favor clot

formation) predispose to these problems in the circulation of the

coronary arteries. The release of substances that speed up the heart and

pressure in the context of a diseased heart predisposes to sudden death.

For this reason it is not possible to make a reliable prognosis of those

patients who smoke, even if their laboratory or instrumental tests are

normal.

Cerebrovascular Disease:

It is due to a lack of blood coming temporarily or permanently a portion

of the brain that causes mass known pictures of hemiplegia, stroke,

paraplegia, paresis, and so on. The cause of these conditions is

atherosclerosis, stenosis and thrombosis of arteries supplying the brain,

which undergo the same process described occlusion in the coronary

arteries.

Sleep Disorders

People who smoke have more sleep problems than nonsmokers. In

general, besides more sleep difficulties also experience more changes

during it, which leads them to sleep worse and less sleep. This causes

many smokers are drowsy, irritable and tired during the day. To counter

this, just more smoke, which creates a vicious circle that is very difficult

to leave if you continue to smoke.

The origin of these sleep disorders can be diseases or disorders caused

by snuff. But in the very act of smoking, combining multiple factors

including the stimulant effects of nicotine cravings that occurs during

sleep, high blood pressure and pulse rate (typical of the smoker) and as

its tendency to take stimulants such as coffee.

While only one in five non-smokers snore, almost half of those who

smoke regularly do something that keeps going to leave the snuff.


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Improved sleep evidently obtained after cutting to snuff, although during

the first days as a result of withdrawal (which disappears soon after

quitting), it is common for these disorders are even more pronounced

during a short time.

Peripheral vascular disease

Smoking is closely related to the condition known as intermittent

claudication or "glass disease" characterized by pain in one or two of the

legs when walking, forcing you to stop and hide looking glass. The

extreme degree of this disease involves lesions of the foot and limb

gangrene requiring amputation. This disease is mediated by the

atherosclerotic lesion (occlusion by fat and blood clots) of the arteries of

the limbs. The regression results in cessation of symptoms and

improvement of the disease when it is not terminal. The outcome of

palliative surgery for this disease is much better if accompanied by the

cessation of snuff.

Pulmonary Disease:

Smoking has a direct relation with chronic obstructive pulmonary

disease - COPD (is reported in 80-90% of patients who suffer from this

condition), which in advanced stages have high mortality from

respiratory failure. Also the smoker is exposed more to chronic

bronchitis by the irritant effect of snuff components in contact with the

bronchial cells. This predisposes to infection by bacterial and of course,

cancer (see later). Also exposed to greater inflammatory nasal, throat

and other respiratory infections.

Hormonal Problems:

Women who smoke enter menopause about 5 years earlier than

nonsmokers. Smoking and nicotine may alter the amount of hormones

related to reproductive function. Male smokers have reduced the

mobility of their sperm. Women are at higher risk for osteoporosis


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Cancer:

The annual mortality from cancer due to smoking is 30% (of the total of

all deaths from this disease). Lung cancer has increased 250% from

1950 to 1992. There is a causal relationship between smoking and lung

cancer. This relationship was also found for cancer of the mouth, larynx,

esophagus, bladder, kidney, stomach, pancreas, cervix, and blood.

Cigarette smoke is a complex mixture of more than 4000 components,

many mutagenic and carcinogenic.

Hypertension and Smoking:

Epidemiological studies show that the average blood pressure in

smokers is higher than in non-smokers. It has likewise shown a sharp

increase in blood pressure after smoking a cigarette.

Impotence and snuff:

Smoking is one of the oldest inhabited implicated as responsible for

erectile dysfunction (difficulty with erection). The effect of nicotine on

erectile tissue constrictor (the arteries close), both corporal smooth

muscle with consequent difficulty to relax during the phase of

tumescence, and at the level with decreased vascular dilation of the

arteries, necessary to increase blood flow into the corpus cavernosum

(muscle of the penis). Studies using color Doppler evidence allowed the

reduction of the caliber of the cavernous arteries.

Smoking more than 7 cigarettes per day produces vasoconstrictive

effects on the penile arteries, as well as promote atherosclerosis. The

impotence smoking patient has 50% more than non-smokers and 70% of

impotent men are smokers.

the condition of This system (cardiovascular tree) Affects all Organs of

the body noble, so Arise Following cardiovascular disease:


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Infarction or angina pectoris: increased constriction of the arteries

(Spasms) and platelet aggregation (Accumulation of cells for clot

formation That) predispose to These Problems in the circulation of the

coronary arteries. The release of Substance That speed up the heart and

pressure in the context of a diseased heart predisposed to sudden

death. For This reason it is not possible to make a reliable prognosis of

Those Patients Who Smoke, Even If Their laboratory or instrumental

tests are normal.

ECSTASY

Ecstasy is a psychoactive drug with stimulant properties and

empathogens bitter taste. today is known XTC, MDMA is also sold under

the following names: In the United States: E, Euphoria or Adam, in

Mexico: Cross, in Spain: Dolphin Pasti, Pajarito, sun, tulip, Star . MDMA is

particularized by a sense of emotional openness and affective

identification with the other. This property would be mediated by

increased levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin in neuronal synapses

and other neurotransmitters, especially norepinephrine and to a lesser


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extent, dopamine. Serotonin activity is functionally related to mood and

mood.

A.)ORIGIN OF ECSTASY

In 1912 the company accidentally isolated Merck MDMA (3,4-

metilendioximetanfeta-mine), not finding a specific medical application,

abandoned their research labs. Between 1953 and 1954 the U.S. military

took over the investigation. was not until the 80's, when the likes of the

American chemist Alexander Shulguin, he found his MDMA

terapéuticos.El significant benefits achieved great popularity among

California underground culture and nightclubs. The sellers, in a

marketing action, renamed it the ecstasy. In 1985, the U.S. government

declared this illegal substance even though many scientists argue over

their properties to bring out thoughts and repressed memories.

B.) INTAKE FORMS

The most common way of ingesting it orally.

When presented in the form of pills, absorption

is faster and more complete if it is placed

under the tongue, in the case of capsules,

regularly dissolve in water or fruit juices. An

alternative way of taking is through aspiration, in which case it produces

a more immediate effect but its duration is reduced. The effects

becoming apparent between 20 and 60 minutes after ingestion, its peak

action occurs between one and two hours later, after which it gradually

decreases until it disappears within four to six hours. On reaching the

brain, MDMA causes the release of dopamine and norepinephrine. It

stimulates the central nervous system causing changes in the emotional

sphere.

C.)THERAPEUTIC USES


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Being classified as a entactogens (intersubjective contact generator at

deep levels), several psychologists and psychiatrists included in their

therapy reported excellent results to uncover repressed memories, helps

people to get in touch with feelings not usually available. Dr. Ingrici,

Cambridge professor who used the drug with more than 500 patients,

found very useful to cure fears, increase self-esteem and facilitates

communication, so that one of his best courses of action is in the pairs

who want to know themselves to develop their personalities.

D) EFFECTS OF ECSTASY

o Physical:

Energy, high sensitivity and reduced anxiety to physical contact, greater

tolerance to fatigue, tachycardia, arrhythmia and hypertension, loss of

appetite, dry mouth, sweating, dehydration, hyperthermia, increased

alertness, insomnia. At high doses it produces nausea, vomiting,

tremors, motor hyperactivity, chills and severe dehydration or heart

problems may experience acute renal failure, which could lead to death.

o Psychological:

Anxiety, irritability, feelings of euphoria, pleasure state, a feeling of

empathy with others, talkativeness, omnipotence. High doses can

produce anxiety, panic, confusion, insomnia, psychosis and severe visual

or auditory hallucinations.

When these sensations fade, comes exhaustion, fatigue, anxiety and

depression, conditions which can last several days. Given the large

number of people who are supposed to have used ecstasy in the last

decades, this drug can lead to abuse and dependence.

E.)HEALTH HAZARDS


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High doses can cause agitation, seizures, dehydration, vomiting and

hallucinations. Ecstasy affects the

domestic production of the

neurotransmitter serotonin, one of the

mechanisms through which regulates

body temperature, so when the

effects of ecstasy are combined with

physical activity like dancing, you may

experience a loss of control body

temperature and suffer what is known

by the name of "heat stroke" and

dehydrated.

In order to combat dehydration and re-hydrate the body, people need to

regulate the amount of liquids they consume. However, it is estimated

that ecstasy also has the ability to distort the brain's ability to know

when a person has taken enough fluids. This is why excessive

consumption of water can also cause a distortion in the cellular structure

with subsequent cell death in some cases. Many vital organs like the

liver, heart, lungs and brain are particularly susceptible to this distortion

of cell structure.

Ecstasy can in some cases able to produce a "hangover effect" the day

after having used it. Symptoms may include:

* Muscle aches.

* Loss of appetite.

* Insomnia.

* Loss of concentration.

* Depression


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Ecstasy does not produce physical dependence. However, this does not

preclude its use can become problematic for the life of those who take it

regularly and systematically.

HEROIN

Heroin is a highly addictive drug and illegal

in most countries. It belongs to opiates,

which is the most abused and most rapidly

acting and is classified, like them, within

the substances central nervous system

depressants. Heroin is made from

morphine, which is found naturally in the

Papaver somniferum, where leave is taken and latex (opium). Usually

sold as white or brownish powder or as a sticky black substance known

on the streets as "glue" or "black tar".

In 1883, Heinrich Dreser (chemical), isolated a new opiate morphine

clorhidrato thanks, getting diacetylmorphine, which is the scientific

name of the heroine. was initially thought of heroin as a substitute for

morphine, which produced great addition, and for that reason his name

was chosen. Soon it was shown that this compound addiction was

stronger compared with morphine

Some are natural opiates (morphine, opium and codeine) and others are

synthetic (made in the laboratory from the poppy) Demerol, methadone,

heroin is an opiate etc.La semi - synthetic: it is produced from morphine

through a chemical process and is about 3 times stronger than this.

A.)EFFECTS OF HEROIN


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The short-term effects of heroin abuse appear soon after the first dose

and disappear in a few hours. After an injection of the drug, the user

says he feels an outbreak of euphoria ("rush") accompanied by a warm

flushing of the skin, dry mouth and heavy extremities. After this initial

euphoria, the user is "flying" ("on the nod"), a state in wakefulness

alternating with drowsiness and mental faculties are disturbed due to

the central nervous system depression.

Heroin causes the following effects: sedation, euphoria, analgesia,

respiratory depression (major cause of death by overdose of this

substance users), suppression of cough fulminant (Bayer advertising in

the 20 highlights this fact), miosis Nausea and vomiting, gastrointestinal

effects, cardiovascular, kidney, urinary.

B.)HEALTH HAZARDS

Heroin addiction can have serious health consequences, including fatal

overdose, spontaneous abortion, collapsed veins, and infectious

diseases, including HIV / AIDS and hepatitis.

The effects of long-term heroin appear after the drug has been used

repeatedly for some period of time. The chronic user may suffer

collapsed veins, infection of the endocardium and heart valves,

abscesses, cellulitis, and liver disease. There may be pulmonary

complications, including various types of pneumonia as a result of poor

state of health of the abuser, as well as the heroin's depressing effects

on respiration. In addition to the effects of the drug, heroin sold on the

street may have additives that do not dissolve easily and clog the blood


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vessels to the lungs, liver, kidneys or brain. This can cause infection or

even death of small patches of cells in these vital organs.

C.) TOLERANCE, ADDICTION AND WITHDRAWAL

The regular heroin use produces tolerance to the drug, which means the

abuser must use more to get the same intensity or effect. This use of

higher doses leads, over time, physical dependence, in which the body,

having adapted to the presence of the drug, withdrawal symptoms may

occur if reduced or abandoned their use.

Abstinence, as in the regular addict can occur as early as several hours

after the last administration of heroin, causes a desire to use the drug,

restlessness, muscle aches and bone pain, insomnia, diarrhea and

vomiting, cold flashes with goose bumps ("cold turkey"), in the form of

kicking movements ("kicking the habit") and other symptoms. Among

these, the main peak by 48 hours to 72 hours after the last dose and

subside after a week or so. The sudden withdrawal users who rely

heavily on drugs and are in poor health sometimes fatal, although it is

believed that the suppression of heroin is much less dangerous than

alcohol and barbiturates.

D.) HOW TO TREAT HEROIN ADDICTION?

. Addiction to opiates (drugs related to opium) are brain diseases and

disorders that they can be effectively treated. The first doctors strongly

recommend greater access to maintenance treatment programs on the

basis of painkiller called methadone to people who are addicted to

heroin and other opiate drugs, and second the elimination of federal and

state laws and other barriers, that impede access to these programs. He

also stressed the importance of providing psychological counseling

substance abuse, psychosocial treatment and other services to give


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support to the patient, that encourage the continuation and success of

treatment programs for methadone maintenance.

LSD

Lysergic acid diethylamide, LSD or LSD-25 is

a semisynthetic psychedelic drug of the ergoline family. It is one

of most psychedelic substances known and powerful. Induce altered

states of consciousness, sometimes compared with those

ofschizophrenia or mystical experience. Colloquially, itisknown as

acid, tripod or gut (English trip, journey).

Under the influence of hallucinogens, people see images, hear sounds

and feel sensations that seem real but are not. Some hallucinogens also

produce rapid, intense emotional swings. Among the chemicals that

alter mood, LSD is one of the most powerful. Discovered in 1938, is

manufactured from lysergic acid, found in ergot, a fungus that grows on

rye and other cereals.

The drug was used by scientists and psychiatrists to his experiments

withschizophrenic patients, but soon, in the 50, the drug rapidly into the

public domain.There were three reasons for this success: first, its high

activity, as outlined, the second is the ease of concealing a

colorless, odorless and tasteless, like LSDpreparations, being able

to place a few drops on sugar cubes, water, blotting paper, or other

media anodyne going unrecognized, the third reason is the relative

ease of clandestine synthesis, from lysergic acid in pharmaceutical

laboratories.

It is currently one of the psychoactive chemical with the greatest

potential to alterconsciousness. Hallucinogenic drug is par excellence.


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INHALANTS

WHAT ARE INHALANTS?

Inhalants are substances

that are used to "get well"

among the most common

are the queues, glues,

paints.... They

release chemicals, altering temporarily, but

reversible cerebral performance.

They are substances of domestic and industrial use, gasoline,

glues, cleaning fluids, aerosols, gas lighters, etc....

They encourage their consumption of readily available, are

sold indiscriminatelyin many shops:

Low cost

Sale authorized

A rapid and intense effect, immediate inhalation

is absorbed through the lungs.

WHAT ARE THE MOTIVES AND FORMS OF USE OF INHALANTS?


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Curiosity among teenagers and reality. Integration group, be part

of a group.Peer pressure and

pleasure-seeking.

Consumption alternatives are

usually:

Soak a cloth

or handkerchief

with gasoline or solvent and inhale deeply.

Place glue on a plastic bag and inhale through the mouth or

nose.

Sprays directly through the nose or mouth.

WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF INHALANTS?

Similar to drunkenness, feel good, slurred speech, blurred vision,

disorientation, mental dullness, drowsiness....

Like alcohol, inhalants are central nervous system depressants,

general depression that can lead to sleep, stupor or coma.

Irritation. Conjunctivitis of theeyes and upperrespiratorytract,

lacrimation, cough, gastritis, inhibition of appetite and headache.

WHAT ARE THE RISKS AND HARM ASSOCIATED WITH INHALANT

ABUSE?

Gastrointestinal disorders (nausea, vomiting, kidney and

liver disorders)

Arrhythmias.

Disordered breathing (chronic bronchitis, pulmonary edema).

Chronic conjunctivitis. Sudden death fromheartfailure,

deathfrom aspiration of vomit, death from ventricular arrhythmia.


MEDICAL ENGLISH

On a psychological level appearance of visual

hallucinations. Irritability,decreased concentration, impaired school

performance, truancy.

CRACK

The crack is a drug derived from cocaine.

It is made in clandestine laboratories macerating coca leaves with

kerosene. Is added sodium bicarbonate to increase volume and decrease

its cost, and make more manageable the substance. It has a high degree

of impurities, so its usage is pulmonary.


MEDICAL ENGLISH

MECHANISM OF ACTION

Because crack is smoked, enter the bloodstream quickly, producing the

individual:

To be smoked, the alkaloid reaches the brain faster, in larger

quantities and has a synergistic effect with other chemicals that

have been used for processing.

Produces a feeling of euphoria, central nervous system stimulation

almost immediately.

Generates panic attacks, insomnia

A few minutes later the euphoria is replaced by anxiety, fear,

depression or apathy considerable. These psychological effects

unpleasant (dysphoric) can be combated by smoking more.

If the individual continues to smoke, can have hallucinations,

delusional perceptions, ideas frankly paranoid or psychotic

behavior

Due to the speed of effects, almost immediate, the crack became very

popular in the early 1980s. Another reason for its popularity is that it is

economic.

EFFECTS

considerable euphoria

causes numbness,

dry mouth,

burning sensation in eyes,

palpitations,

headache, muscle twitching,


MEDICAL ENGLISH

increase in reflexes and dilated pupils.

Chronic use produces

insomnia, weight loss, hypertension, cardiac arrhythmia, tremors,

sexual indifference, access chronic cough, paranoia, delusions of

parasitosis, miniaturized visual perceptions and lung infections.

The biggest problem with this is cocaine derivative that is highly

addictive, although leading to addiction is not physical, but

psychological and strong.

An overdose can cause cardiac arrest or respiratory arrest caused

by vasoconstriction, so that any suspicion should be considered a

medical emergency. Meanwhile it is kept clear airway and apply

artificial respiration if necessary.

COCAINE BASE PASTE OR PACO

It's not a drug, it is worse than that: it is the waste of a drug. Arises as

waste from kitchens or laboratories where cocaine is produced, emerges

as a result of an industry that seeks ways to bring to market their waste.

CONSUMPTION


MEDICAL ENGLISH

It performs home through pipes where the product is mixed with metal

shavings and snuff cigarette ash.

EFFECTS OF PACO

The stages through which a consumer passes when paco consume

three.

1. Stage of euphoria

Euphoria.

sensation of pleasure.

Ecstasy.

Enhancing the mood.

hyperexcitability.

Feeling very competent and capable.

2. Dysphoria Stage

Feeling of anxiety, depression and insecurity.

urge to continue smoking.

sadness, apathy.

sexual indifference.


MEDICAL ENGLISH

3. Binge

Stage in which the person begins to consume continuously when it still

has the blood dose to avoid dysphoria.

4. Psychosis and hallucinations Stage

PBC consumption can cause psychosis or loss of contact with reality.

HEALTH HAZARDS

The sulfuric acid in the compound produces emphysema and lung

cancer in the medium term.

The kerosene dissolves myelin coating the axons, preventing the

transmission of electrical impulses

in neurons.

The combustion of kerosene

produces carbon monoxide, which

replaces oxygen in red blood cells

from the blood.

Their consumption during

pregnancy causes severe

mutations in the fetus.

Progressive degradation of the

skin and muscles.

Accelerated Reduction of body weight

Reluctance and insomnia.

Nausea and vomiting.

hypertension, tachycardia.


MEDICAL ENGLISH

AMPHETAMINES

Amphetamines are substances derived from the

"Beta-phenyl-isopropyl amine." Drug are drugs,

addictive (Moderate-High) and neurotoxic. The most

common are: Benzedrine, Dexedrine and

methylamphetamine. They are a strong stimulant

and inappropriate relationship with all sports to reduce fatigue. One of

its most common application is to aid in weight reduction.

Amphetamines are a type of drug that stimulates

the central nervous system. They come in tablets

or capsules of different shape and color. May be

legal if they are consumed under strict medical

supervision, however, the abuse occurs when the

same are bought and used unlawfully.

How They're Used: Amphetamines are swallowed, inhaled or injected.


MEDICAL ENGLISH

EFFECTS OF AMPHETAMINES:

Physical symptoms include:

Increases alertness.

Aggressive and violent

behavior.

Increased energy and

motor activity.

Feeling of wellbeing.

Increased security and

confidence.

Decreased sleep and fatigue

Increase the speed of thought

and language.

It suppresses the appetite.

Increased blood pressure and

body temperature

Increased heart rate.

Stimulation of the cerebral

cortex.

Electro desynchronization in

the electroencephalogram (EEG)

Behavioral changes occur in:

Psychomotor agitation,

Feelings of grandeur

Alertness, fights

Impairment of thought processes.

In normal doses, its effects vary by individual and intake conditions.

They can produce pleasurable effects, hyperactivity and overwhelming

sense of energy, but also cause tremor, anxiety, irritability, anger and

sudden unmotivated, amnesic disorders and incoherence. In the last


MEDICAL ENGLISH

phase described depression, paranoid pictures paranoid delusions,

hallucinations and behavioral disorders. Amphetamine use can lead to

aggressive actions, like barbiturates and alcohol, for their great euphoric

effect, coupled with a lack of control in the inhibitory instincts.

Such situations occur when the doses given, usually intravenously over 2

gr. It has been shown greater potential than amphetamines cocaine,

both in its height and the duration of the effects.

HOW AMPHETAMINE ACTS IN THE BODY?

Amphetamine is a direct agonist of presynaptic

receptors for noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine

(DA) to central nervous system.

THERAPEUTIC USES:

Amphetamine stimulates the central

nervous system to improve wakefulness

and increasing levels of alertness and

ability to concentrate.

Promotes higher cognitive functions

such as attention and memory (particularly working memory) and

shows its effects on executive functions.

Reinforcing effects produced by associating specific behaviors with

pleasurable emotions (reward).

A behavioral level, reinforces the systems

involved in the regulation of responses to

specific emotions, reduces levels of impulsivity

(self), in the case of obesity, it has been used

due to its action on the hypothalamic centers

that regulate appetite.

Finally, an agent activating the sympathetic nervous system,

peripheral adrenergic effects, resulting in an increase in the level


MEDICAL ENGLISH

of motor activity, resistance to fatigue, cardio-respiratory activity,

particularly in the thermogenic metabolic processes of the body,

leading to greater fat burning.

RISK OF ADDICTION:

The risk of dependence and addiction is as high as that of cocaine, as

their tolerance levels are low, requiring increasingly higher doses to

achieve the same effect. Having started with therapeutic doses of 10 to

30 mg, after three or four weeks regular users may need up to 500 mg

to experience the same effects, which seriously affects many people

without habit. Although it does not cause physical dependence in the

strict sense, the potential for psychological dependence is high.

Withdrawal can last a few weeks. It is manifested by anxiety, fatigue,

sleep disturbance, irritability, intense hunger, and severe depression,

symptoms that can last up to a month.


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